Trans-Siberian Railway
1
Trans-Siberian Railway
Trans-Siberian Railway
Bridge over Kama River, near Perm in 1912
Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal Amur Mainline in green
Line length:
9,289 km (5,772 mi)
Track gauge:
Broad 1,520 mm (4 ft 11 5⁄6 in)
Legend
Trans-Siberian Railway
2
0 Yaroslavsky Terminal, Moscow
59 Khotkovo
73 Sergiyev Posad
Moscow - Vladimir Oblast border
112 Alexandrov
Balakirevo
Vladimir - Yaroslavl Oblast border
145 Berendeevo
Ryazantsevo
Silnitsi
200 Petrovskoye
224 Rostov Yaroslavski
Semibratovo
Kozmodemyansk
Trans-Siberian Railway
3
289 Volga River
356 Danilov
to Vologda and Arkhangelsk
Sot
394 Lyubim
Seksha
Yaroslavl - Kostroma Oblast border
Brodni
Korega
450 Bui
Rossolovo
Khramki
501 Galich
Krasilnikovo
Loparevo
Monakovo
Antrolovo
Nikkolo-Ugol
Trans-Siberian Railway
4
Nikolo-Poloma
Nomzha
Yelenskiy
Neva
Nelsha
Brantovka
Petrushino
Kostrikha
651 Manturovo
Vocherovo
Shekshema
Varakinskiy
Vetluga River
698 Sharya
Zeblyaki
Yakshanga
Burunduchikha
Kostroma - Kirov Oblast border
Trans-Siberian Railway
5
Suprotivniy
Metil
Gostovskaya
Shabalino
818 Svetcha
Yuma
Kapidantsi
Atsvezh
Darovitsa
to Nizhni Novgorod & Moscow
870 Kotelnich
Vyatka River
Bistryagi
Orichi
Strizhi
Lyangasovo
Chukhlominskiy
Trans-Siberian Railway
6
957 Kirov
975 Pozdino
Poloy
995 Bum-Kombinat
Prosnitsa
Ardashi
Rekmino
1052 Zuevka
Kosa
Falenki
1127 Yar
Kirov Oblast - Udmurtia border
Kozmil
1165 Glazov
1194 Balyezino
Pibanshur
1221 Cheptsa River
1223 Chepsta
Trans-Siberian Railway
7
Kez
Kabalud
Kuzma
Udmurtia - Perm Krai border
Borodulino
Subbotniki
1310 Vereshchagino
Zyukay
1340 Mendeleevo
Grigorevskaya
1387 Chaikovskaya
Shabunichi
1410 Overyata
Kurya
1432 Kama River
Trans-Siberian Railway
8
1436 Perm
1452 Ferma
Mulyanka
Yug
Yergach
1534 Kungur
Kishert
Shumkovo
Tulumbasi
Kordon
Perm Krai - Sverdlovsk Oblast border
Shamary
1672 Shalya
Sarga
Sabik
1729 Kuzino
1748 Krylosovo
1770 Pervouralsk
Trans-Siberian Railway
9
1777 Europe - Asia border
Iset River
1816 Yekaterinburg
Shartash
Putevka
Kosolino
Gagarskiy
Bazhenovo
Gryaznovskaya
1912 Bogdannovich
Pishminskaya
Yelanskiy
1955 Kamyshlov
Aksarikha
Oshchepkovo
Proselok
2033 Talitsa
2064 Yushala
Trans-Siberian Railway
10
Bahkmetskoye
Tugulym
Karmak
Sverdlovsk - Tyumen Oblast border
2144 Tyumen
Voynovka
Ozero Andreyevskoya
Vinzili
Bogdaninskaya
2222 Yalutorovsk
Tobol River
Zavodoukovsk
Novaya Zaimka
Vagay
Omutinskaya
Lamyenskaya
Golishmanovo
Karasulskaya
Trans-Siberian Railway
11
2431 Ishim
Ishim River
Maslyanskaya
Novo Andreyevskiy
Tyumen - Omsk Oblast border
Mangut
2565 Nazyvayevsk
Dragunskaya
Lyubinskaya
2712 Omsk
Kormilovka
2760 Kalachinsk
Ivanovka
Omsk - Novosibirsk Oblast border
Karatkansk
2885 Tatarsk
Kabakly
Trans-Siberian Railway
12
Chany
Ozero Karachinskoye
Koshkul
Tebisskaya
3040 Barabinsk
Kozhurla
Ubinskaya
Kargat
Kokoshino
3212 Chulym
Duplenskaya
Lesnaya Polyana
Chik
3322 Ob
Trans-Siberian Railway
13
3335 Novosibirsk
Mochische
Oyash
Chebula
3463 Bolotnaya
Novosibirsk - Kemerovo Oblast border
3491 Yurga
Tom River
Talmenka
Yashkino
Kholkino
Branch line to Tomsk
3570 Tayga
Likhtach
3602 Anzhero-Sudzhensk
Yaya
Izhmorsk
Berikulsk
Trans-Siberian Railway
14
Antibesskiy
3715 Mariinsk
Suslovo
Tyazhin
Itat
Kemerovo Oblast - Krasnoyarsk Krai border
3849 Bogotol
Kritovo
Chulym River
3917 Achinsk
3960 Chernorechsk
Kozulka
Zeledeyevo
Kacha
Minino
Trans-Siberian Railway
15
4101 Yenisei River
Zlobino
Zikovo
Sorokino
Kamarchaga
Balay
4227 Uyar
4262 Zaozyornaya
Kamala
Solyanka
Boshnyakovo
4343 Kansk-Yeniseiski]]
4375 Ilanskaya
Ingashiskaya
Tinskaya
Reshoti
Klyuchi
Krasnoyarsk Krai - Irkutsk Oblast border
Trans-Siberian Railway
16
Yurti
Biryusinsk
4520 Baikal Amur Mainline junction
4555 Razgon
Alzamay
4631 Kamyshet
Uk
4680 Nizhneudinsk
Khingoy
Khudoyelanskaya
Sheberta
Utay
4794 Tulun
Shuba
Tulyushka
4875 Kuytun
Kharik
Trans-Siberian Railway
17
Kimeltey
4940 Zima
Tiret
Zalari
Irkutsk Oblast - Ust-Ordynsky border
Golovinskaya
5027 Kutulik
Zabituy
Ust-Ordynsky - Irkutsk Oblast border
5061 Cheremkhovo
5087 Polovina
Belaya
5124 Usolye-Sibirskoye
5133 Telma
Kitoy
5160 Angarsk
5170 Meget
5178 Irkutsk-Sort
Trans-Siberian Railway
18
5185 Irkutsk
Kaya
Goncharovo
B. Lug
Podkamennaya
Kultuk
5312 Slyudyanka
Utulik
5358 Baykalsk
Murino
Irkutsk Oblast - Buryatia border
5390 Vydrino
5426 Tankhoi
Pereyemnaya
5477 Mysovaya
5530 Posolskaya
Timlyuy
5562 Selenginsk
Trans-Siberian Railway
19
Talovka
Tataurovo
Selenge River
5655 Trans-Mongolian line junction
Talitsi
5675 Onokhoy
Zaigraevo
Chelutay
Ilka
5734 Novoilinski
Kizma
Buryatia - Zabaykalsky Krai border
5784 Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky
Balyaga
Tarbagatai
Novo-Pavlovka
Tolbaga
Trans-Siberian Railway
20
Khokhotay
5884 Bada
Zhipkhegen
5932 Khilok
Khushenga
Kharagun
6053 Mogzon
Khilok River
6093 Sokhondo
6125 Yablonovaya
Lesnoy
Ingoda
Chernovskaya
Kadala
Trans-Siberian Railway
21
6199 Chita
Peschanka
Atamanovka
Novaya
Makkaveyevo
6265 Darasun
6293 Karaymskaya
6312 Trans-Manchurian line junction
Urulga
Zubarevo
Razmakhnino
Solntsevaya
6417 Onon
6446 Shilka-Pass.
Kholbon
6496 Priiskavaya
Nerchinsk
Trans-Siberian Railway
22
6532 Kuenga
Branch line to Sretensk
6593 Chernyshevsky-Zabaikalski
6629 Bushuley
Khoktonga
6670 Zilovo
Ulyakan
Uryum
Sbega
6789 Ksenevskaya
Kislyy Klug
Arteushka
Razdolnoye
6906 Mogocha
Taptugari
Semiozernyy
7010 Amazar
Zhanna
Trans-Siberian Railway
23
7075 Zabaykalsky Krai - Amur Oblast border
7119 Yerofei Pavlovich
7211 Urusha
7266 Takhtamigda
7273 line to BAM
7306 Skovorodino
7323 Bolshoy Never
Taladan
Gonzha
7501 Magdagachi
Sulus
Tigda
7602 Ushumun
Sivaki
Mukhinskaya
Bereya
7723 Shimanovskaya
7772 Ledyanaya
Trans-Siberian Railway
24
Buzuli
7815 Svobodny
Zeya River
M. Chesnokovskaya
Serishevo
7873 Belogorsk
7875 line to Blagoveshchensk
Vozhayevka
Pozdeyevka
Yekaterinoslavka
7992 Zavitaya
8037 Bureya
Domikan
8088 Arkhara
Rachi
Kundur-Khabarovskiy
Amur - Jewish Autonomous Oblasts border
8198 Obluchye
Trans-Siberian Railway
25
Kimkan
8234 Izvestkovaya
Birakan
Teploye Ozero
Londoko
8306 Bira
8351 Birobidzhan
In
8480 Volochayevka
Dezhnevka
Nikolayevka
8512 Priamurskaya
8523 Khabarovsk
Korfovskaya
8598 Verino
8621 Khor
Trans-Siberian Railway
26
Dormidontovka
8642 Vyazemskaya
Rozengartovka
8756 Bikin
Khabarovsk - Primorsky Krai border
Zvenevoi
Burlit-Volochayevskiy
Luchegorsk
Guberovo
8890 Dalnerechensk
8900 Lazo
Ruzhino
Lesozavodsk
Shmkaovka
Sviyagino
9050 Spassk-Dalny
Muchnaya
9109 Sibirtsevo
Trans-Siberian Railway
27
Ipplolitovka
Ozernaya Pad
Dubininskiy
9177 Ussuriysk
Varanovskiy
Nadezdinskaya
line to Nakhodka
9255 Uglovaya
km 284 2706 3332 4098 4516 5642 8515 9289
Station
Yaroslavl
Irtysh River
Ob River
Krasnoyarsk
Taishet
Ulan Ude
AmurJ.A. Oblast - Khabarovsk Krai border
Vladivostok
The Trans-Siberian Railway (Russian: Транссибирская магистраль Transsibirskaya Magistral') is a network of
railways connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan. It is the longest railway in the world.
There are branch lines to China through Mongolia and Manchuria, with service continuing to North Korea.
Trans-Siberian Railway
History
Route development
In March 1890, the future Tsar Nicholas II personally inaugurated and blessed the construction of the Far East
segment of the Trans-Siberian Railway during his stop at Vladivostok, after visiting Japan at the end of his journey
around the world. Nicholas II made notes in his diary about his anticipation of travelling in the comfort of "The
Tsar's Train" across the unspoiled wilderness of Siberia. The Tsar's Train was designed and built in St. Petersburg to
serve as the main mobile office of the Tsar and his staff for travelling across Russia.
The main route of the Trans-Siberian originates in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Vokzal, runs through Yaroslavl,
Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita and Khabarovsk to Vladivostok via southern Siberia and
was built from 1891 to 1916 under the supervision of government ministers of Russia who were personally
appointed by the Tsar Alexander III and by his son, Tsar Nicholas II. The additional Chinese Eastern Railway was
constructed as the Russo-Chinese part of the Trans-Siberian Railway, connecting Russia with China and providing a
shorter route to Vladivostok and it was operated by a Russian staff and administration based in Harbin.
The Trans-Siberian Railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects hundreds of
large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At 9,259 kilometres (5,753 miles),[1] spanning a
record seven time zones and taking eight days to complete the journey, it is the third-longest single continuous
service in the world, after the Moscow–Pyongyang (10,267 km, 6,380 mi)[2] and the Kiev–Vladivostok (11,085 km,
6,888 mi)[3] services, both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes.
A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Tarskaya (a stop
12 km east of Karymskaya, in Zabaykalsky Krai), about 1,000 km east of Lake Baikal. From Tarskaya the
Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin and Mudanjiang in China's Northeastern Provinces (from where a
connection to Beijing is used by one of the Moscow–Beijing trains), joining with the main route in Ussuriysk just
north of Vladivostok. This is the shortest and the oldest railway route to Vladivostok. Some trains split at Shenyang,
China, with a portion of the service continuing to Pyongyang, North Korea.
The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as
Ulan-Ude on Lake Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaan-Baatar before
making its way southeast to Beijing.
In 1991, a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic
work. Known as the Baikal Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at
Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the
Amur River at Komsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk), and reaches the Pacific at Sovetskaya Gavan.
On October 13, 2011 a train from Khasan made inaugural run to Rajin in North Korea.[4]
War and revolution
28
Trans-Siberian Railway
In the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), the Trans-Siberian Railway was
seen as one of the reasons why Russia lost the war. The track was a
single track and as such could only allow train travel in one direction.
This caused strategic and supply nightmares for the Russians, as they
could not move resources to and from the front as quickly as would be
necessary, as a goods train carrying supplies, men and ammunition
coming from west to east would have to wait in the sidings whilst
troops and injured personnel in a troop train travelling from east to
west went along the line. Thus the Japanese were quickly able to
Start of Trans-Siberian railway in Moscow.
advance whilst the Russians were awaiting necessary troops and
supplies. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the railway served as
the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the Allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok
during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War. These forces supported the White Russian government of
Admiral Alexander Kolchak, based in Omsk, and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural Front.
The intervention was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of
track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita.[5]
The Trans-Siberian also played a very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion
using heavily armed and armoured trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the
Russian Civil War at the end of World War I.[6] As one of the few organised fighting forces left in the aftermath of
the Imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their
organization and the resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing
onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia through Vancouver in Canada,
through Canada to Europe, or the Panama Canal to Europe also through Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Port Said and
Triest.
Demand and design
In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region as well
as between Siberia and the rest of the country. Aside from the Great Siberian Route, good roads suitable for wheeled
transport were few and far between. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transport;
during the cold half of the year, cargo and passengers travelled by horse-drawn sleds over the winter roads, many of
which were the same rivers, now ice-covered.
The first steamboat on the River Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844; but the early beginnings
were difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing on the Ob system in a serious
way. Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863, on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s.
29
Trans-Siberian Railway
30
While the comparative flatness of Western Siberia was at least
fairly well served by the gigantic Ob–Irtysh–Tobol–Chulym
river system, the mighty rivers of Eastern Siberia—the
Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River (the Angara
below Bratsk was not easily navigable because of the rapids),
and the Lena—were mostly navigable only in the north-south
direction. An attempt to partially remedy the situation by
building the Ob-Yenisei Canal was not particularly successful.
Only a railway could be a real solution to the region's
transport problems.
The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the
completion of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway in
1851.[7] One of the first was the Irkutsk–Chita project,
proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with
a view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River, and consequently, to the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor,
Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, was anxious to advance the colonisation of the Russian Far East, but his plans could
not materialise as long as the colonists had to import grain and other food from China and Korea.[8] It was on
Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted.
Snow in the end of April, Nazivaevskaya (Называевская)
station, Siberia.
Before 1880, the central government had virtually ignored these projects, because of the weakness of Siberian
enterprises, a clumsy bureaucracy, and fear of financial risk. Financial minister Count Yegor Kankrin wrote:
"The idea of covering Russia with a railway network not just exceeds any possibility, but even building
the railway from Petersburg to Kazan must be found untimely by several centuries".[9]
By 1880, there were a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways to
connect Siberia with the Pacific, but not eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia
with central Russia a pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the route actually
constructed, alternative projects were proposed:
• Southern route: via Kazakhstan, Barnaul, Abakan and Mongolia.
• Northern route: via Tyumen, Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseysk and the modern Baikal Amur Mainline or even through
Yakutsk.
Railwaymen fought against suggestions to save funds, for example, by installing ferryboats instead of bridges over
the rivers until traffic increased. The designers insisted and secured the decision to construct an uninterrupted
railway.
Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities demanding transport, the
Trans-Siberian did not have such a priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided
to lay the railway outside the existing cities. Tomsk was the largest city, and the most unfortunate, because the
swampy banks of the Ob River near it were considered inappropriate for a bridge. The railway was laid 70 km to the
south (instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk, later renamed Novosibirsk); just a blind branch line connected
with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade.
The railway was instantly filled to its capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. Together with low speed and low
possible weights of trains, it upset the promised role as a transit route between Europe and East Asia. During the
Russo-Japanese War, the military traffic to the east almost disrupted the flow of civil freight.
Trans-Siberian Railway
31
Construction
Full-time construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway began in 1891
and was put into execution and overseen by Sergei Witte, who was
then Finance Minister.
Similar to the First Transcontinental Railroad in the USA, Russian
engineers started construction at both ends and worked towards the
centre. From Vladivostok the railway was laid north along the right
bank of the Ussuri River to Khabarovsk at the Amur River, becoming
the Ussuri Railway.
In 1890 a bridge across the Ural River was built and the new railway
entered Asia. The bridge across the Ob River was built in 1898 and the
small city of Novonikolaevsk, founded in 1883, grew into the large
Siberian city of Novosibirsk. In 1898 the first train reached Irkutsk and
the shores of Lake Baikal about 60 kilometres (37 miles) east of the
city. The railway ran on to the east, across the Shilka and Amur rivers
and soon reached Khabarovsk. The Vladivostok – Khabarovsk section
was built slightly earlier, in 1897.
Train entering a Circum-Baikal tunnel west of
Kultuk
Russian soldiers, as well as convict labourers from Sakhalin and other
places were pressed into railway-building service.
Lake Baikal is more than 640 kilometres (400 miles) long and more
Vladivostok terminus of the Trans-Siberian
Railway
than 1,600 metres (5,200 feet) deep. Until the Circum-Baikal Railway
was built the line ended on either side of the lake. The ice-breaking
train ferry SS Baikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS Angara built in
about 1900, made the four-hour crossing to link the two
railheads.[10][11] The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov
(1849–1904) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England by Armstrong Whitworth. They were
"knock down" vessels; that is, each ship was bolted together in
England, every part of the ship was marked with a number, the ship
was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit
form to Listvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble
The train ferry SS Baikal in service on Lake
them.[11] Their boilers, engines and some other components were built
[11]
Baikal
in Saint Petersburg
and transported to Listvyanka to be installed.
Baikal had 15 boilers, four funnels, and was 64 metres (210 ft) long.
She could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on her middle deck.[10][11] Angara is smaller, with two
funnels.[10][11]
Completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries, but from time to time the Circum-Baikal
Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916.[10][11] Baikal was burnt
out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War[10][11] but Angara survives.[10] She has been restored and is permanently
moored at Irkutsk where she serves as offices and a museum.[10]
In winter, sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion
of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake.
With the completion of the Amur River line north of the Chinese border in 1916, there was a continuous railway
from Petrograd to Vladivostok that remains to this day the world's longest railway line. Electrification of the line,
Trans-Siberian Railway
begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 tonnes.
Effects
The Trans-Siberian Railway gave a positive boost to Siberian agriculture, facilitating substantial exports to central
Russia and Europe. It influenced the territories it connected directly, as well as those connected to it by river
transport. For instance, Altai Krai exported wheat to the railway via the Ob River.
As Siberian agriculture began to export cheap grain towards the West, agriculture in Central Russia was still under
economic pressure after the end of serfdom, which was formally abolished in 1861. Thus, to defend the central
territory and to prevent possible social destabilisation, in 1896 the government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff
break (Челябинский тарифный перелом), a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar
barrier in Manchuria. This measure changed the nature of export: mills emerged to create bread from grain in Altai
Krai, Novosibirsk and Tomsk, and many farms switched to corn production. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported
on average 501,932 tonnes (30,643,000 pood) of bread (grain, flour) annually.[12]
The Trans-Siberian Railway also brought with it millions of peasant-migrants from the western regions of Russia
and Ukraine.[13] Between 1906 to 1914, the peak migration years, about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia.[14]
The Trans-Siberian line remains the most important transportation link within Russia; around 30% of Russian
exports travel on the line. While it attracts many foreign tourists, it gets most of its use from domestic passengers.
Today the Trans-Siberian Railway carries about 200,000
containers per year to Europe. Russian Railways intends to at
least double the volume of container traffic on the
Trans-Siberian and is developing a fleet of specialised cars
and increasing terminal capacity at the ports by a factor of 3 ~
4. By 2010, the volume of traffic between Russia and China
could reach 60 million tons (54 million tonnes), most of which
will go by the Trans-Siberian.[15]
With perfect coordination of the participating countries'
The Trans-Siberian is a vital link to the Russian Far East.
railway authorities, a trainload of containers can be taken
from Beijing to Hamburg, via the Trans-Mongolian and
Trans-Siberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo travel times are usually significantly longer[16]—e.g.,
typical cargo travel time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days.[17]
According to a 2009 report, the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia's Pacific ports to the western
border (of Russia, or perhaps of Belarus) were around 12 days, with trains making around 900 km per day, at a
maximum operating speed of 80 km/h. However, in early 2009 Russian Railways announced an ambitious
"Trans-Siberian in Seven Days" program; according to this plan, $11 billion will be invested over the next five years
to make it possible for freight traffic to cover the same 9000 km distance in just seven days. The plan will involve
increasing the cargo trains' speed to 90 km/h in 2010–12, and, at least on some sections, to 100 km/h by 2015. At
these speeds, freight trains will be able to cover 1,500 km per day.[18]
32
Trans-Siberian Railway
33
Developments in shipping
On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland and Germany agreed to collaborate on a cargo train
service between Beijing and Hamburg.[19]
The railroad can typically deliver containers in 1/3 to 1/2 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a
20% reduction in its container shipping rates. With its 2009 rate schedule, the TSR will transport a forty-foot
container to Poland from Yokohama for $2,820, or from Pusan for $2,154.[20]
One of the complicating factors related to such ventures is the fact that the CIS states' broad railway gauge is
incompatible with China and Western and Central Europe's standard gauge. Therefore, a train travelling from China
to Western Europe would encounter gauge breaks twice: at the Chinese-Mongolian or the Chinese-Russian frontier
and at the Ukrainian or the Belorussian border with Central European countries.
Passenger fares
A number of privately chartered services are operated, and one tour operator even commissioned the construction of
their own train, jointly owned by themselves and Russian railways. The train, officially named Golden Eagle
Trans-Siberian Express was launched on 26 April 2007 by Prince Michael of Kent.[21] Current rates (02.10. 29.12.2012) are EUR 161.- for the complete itinerary from Moscow to Vladivostok in a couchette coach and EUR
336.- in a sleeping car. A 2-persons-sleeping compartment is only available on train 001 / 002 'Rossiya' at EUR
955.-, however. There is a Rail Pass for all Russian trains introduced 2012 as well, valid 30 days 1st and 2nd class.
Travel to Peking / China from Moscow: taking the trains to Zabaikalsk or Blagoveschtschensk, passing the border
and getting a Chinese ticket at the counter in Manzhouli or Heihe respectively cost in couchette coaches via
Zabaikalsk EUR 226.-, via Blagoveschtschensk EUR 240.- (September 2012). The direct trains 004 via Mongolia
and 020 via Zabaikalsk cost from Moscow about triple and do not have couchette coaches but only sleeping
cars.[22][23]
Routes
In general, the lower the train number the fewer stops it makes and
therefore the faster the journey. The train number makes no difference
in the duration of border crossings.
Trans-Siberian line
A commonly used main line route is as follows. Distances and travel
times are from the schedule of train No.002M, Moscow-Vladivostok.[1]
• Moscow, Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal (0 km, Moscow Time).
• Vladimir (210 km, MT)
• Nizhny Novgorod (461 km, 6 hours, MT) on the Volga River. Its
railroad station is still called by its old Soviet name Gorky, and is so
listed in most timetables.
View from the rear platform of the Simskaia
railway station of the Samara-Zlatoust Railway,
c. 1910
• Kirov (917 km, 13 hours, MT) on the Vyatka River.
• Perm (1,397 km, 20 hours, MT+2) on the Kama River
• Official boundary between Europe and Asia (1,777 km), marked by a white obelisk.
• Yekaterinburg (1,778 km, 1 day 2 hours, MT+2) in the Urals, still called by its old Soviet name Sverdlovsk in
most timetables.
• Tyumen (2,104 km)
Trans-Siberian Railway
34
• Omsk (2,676 km, 1 day 14 hours, MT+3) on the Irtysh River
• Novosibirsk (3,303 km, 1 day 22 hours, MT+3) on the Ob River
• Krasnoyarsk (4,065 km, 2 days 11 hours, MT+4) on the Yenisei
River
• Taishet (4,483 km), junction with the Baikal-Amur Mainline
• Irkutsk (5,153 km, 3 days 4 hours, MT+5) near Lake Baikal's
southern extremity
• Ulan Ude (5,609 km, 3 days 12 hours, MT+5) eastern shore of Lake
Baikal
• Junction with the Trans-Mongolian line (5,622 km)
• Chita (6,166 km, 3 days 22 hours, MT+6)
• Junction with the Trans-Manchurian line at Tarskaya (6,274 km)
• Birobidzhan (8,312 km, 5 days 13 hours), the capital of Jewish
Autonomous Region
Bashkir switchman near the town Ust' Katav on
the Yuryuzan River between Ufa and Cheliabinsk
in the Ural Mountains region, c. 1910
• Khabarovsk (8,493 km, 5 days 15 hours, MT+7) on the Amur River
• Ussuriysk (9,147 km), junction with the Trans-Manchurian line and Korea branch
• Vladivostok (9,289 km, 6 days 4 hours, MT+7), on the Pacific Ocean
Services to North Korea continue from Ussuriysk via:
•
•
•
•
Primorsk (9,257 km, 6 days 14 hours, MT+7)
Khasan (9,407 km, 6 days 19 hours, MT+7, border with North Korea)
Tumangang (9,412 km, 7 days 10 hours, MT+6, North Korean side of the border)
Pyongyang (10,267 km, 9 days 2 hours, MT+6)
There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example:
• Some trains would leave Moscow from Kazansky Rail Terminal instead of Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal; this would
save some 20 km off the distances, because it provides a shorter exit from Moscow onto the Nizhny Novgorod
main line.
• One can take a night train from Moscow's Kursky Rail Terminal to Nizhny Novgorod, make a stopover in the
Nizhny and then transfer to a Siberia-bound train
• From 1956 to 2001 many trains went between Moscow and Kirov via Yaroslavl instead of Nizhny Novgorod.
This would add some 29 km to the distances from Moscow, making Vladivostok Kilometer 9,288.
• Other trains get from Moscow (Kazansky Terminal) to Yekaterinburg via Kazan.
• Between Yekaterinburg and Omsk it is possible to travel via Kurgan Petropavlovsk (in Kazakhstan) instead of
Tyumen.
• One can bypass Yekaterinburg altogether by travelling via Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, and Petropavlovsk; this
was historically the earliest configuration.
Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of
kilometers.
Trans-Siberian Railway
Trans-Manchurian line
The Trans-Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow-Beijing[24] follows the same route as the
Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita and then follows this route to China:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Branch off from the Trans-Siberian-line at Tarskaya (6,274 km from Moscow)
Zabaikalsk (6,626 km), Russian border town; there is a break-of-gauge
Manzhouli (6,638 km from Moscow, 2,323 km from Beijing), Chinese border town
Harbin (7,573 km, 1,388 km)
Changchun (7,820 km from Moscow)
Beijing (8,961 km from Moscow)
The express train (No.020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days.
There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow or
anywhere in Russia, west of Manchuria, to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical
(gauge break) inconveniences of crossing the border twice. However, assuming sufficient patience and possession of
appropriate visas, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in
Harbin, Grodekovo, and Ussuriysk).[25][26][27] Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from
Harbin east:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Harbin (7,573 km from Moscow)
Mudanjiang (7,928 km)
Suifenhe (8,121 km), the Chinese border station
Grodekovo (8,147 km), Russia
Ussuriysk (8,244 km)
Vladivostok (8,356 km)
Trans-Mongolian line
The Trans-Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude, and then
follows this route to Mongolia and China:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Branch off from the Trans-Siberian line (5,655 km from Moscow)
Naushki (5,895 km, MT+5), Russian border town
Russian–Mongolian border (5,900 km, MT+5)
Sükhbaatar (5,921 km, MT+5), Mongolian border town
Ulan Bator (6,304 km, MT+5), the Mongolian capital
Zamyn-Üüd (7,013 km, MT+5), Mongolian border town
Erenhot (842 km from Beijing, MT+5), Chinese border town
Datong (371 km, MT+5)
Beijing (MT+5)
35
Trans-Siberian Railway
Cultural importance
• The Trans-Siberian Railway is the theme for the Trans-Siberian Railway Panorama and 1900 Trans-Siberian
Railway Fabergé egg.
• In the videogame Syberia the protagonist travels by train through Russia/Siberia - a clear reference to The
Trans-Siberian railway
• The Corto Maltese comic Corte sconta detta arcana/Corto Maltese en Sibérie has the Trans-Siberian Railway as
part of the story that takes place in the Russian Revolutionary period of the 20th century.
• The cult film Horror Express starring Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee and Telly Savalas is set aboard the railway.
• In the play Fiddler on the Roof and the film version, Tevye's daughter, Hodel, takes the Trans-Siberian Railway to
Siberia after her fiancé is exiled there.
• A small number of German Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans-Siberian to escape Europe after the start of World
War II (while the Molotov Pact was in force), including the Mathematician Kurt Gödel and the mother of the
actor Heinz Bernard[28]
• The 2008 thriller Transsiberian takes place on the railway.
• The 2012 Television show An Idiot Abroad features Karl Pilkington (friend of actor Ricky Gervais & producer
Stephen Merchant) traveling the length of the railway.
References
[1] CIS railway timetable (http:/ / www. poezda. net/ en/ train_timetable?tr_code=898975:À), route No. 002, Moscow-Vladivostok. Archived
(http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5lkUp91UV) 2009-12-03.
[2] CIS railway timetable (http:/ / www. poezda. net/ en/ train_timetable?tr_code=881437:Á), route No. 002, Moscow-Pyongyang. Archived
(http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5lkX4O3hf) 2009-12-03.
[3] CIS railway timetable (http:/ / www. poezda. net/ en/ train_timetable?tr_code=907081:Ô), route No. 350, Kiev-Vladivostok. Archived (http:/
/ www. webcitation. org/ 5lkXgIZEu) 2009-12-03.
[4] "Russia train makes inaugural run to NKorea" (http:/ / www. businessspectator. com. au/ bs. nsf/ Article/
Russia-train-makes-inaugural-run-to-NKorea-MLE7U?OpenDocument& src=hp17). October 13, 2011. .
[5] Benjamin Isitt, "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918," Canadian Historical Review 87, no 2 (June 2006): 223-264 (http:/ /
www. isitt. ca/ research/ journal-articles/ mutiny-from-victoria-to-vladivostok-december-1918-chr-article/ ); Canada's Siberian Expedition
Digital Archive (http:/ / www. siberianexpedition. ca); Siberian Expedition website (http:/ / www. siberianexpedition. blogspot. com)
[6] First World War - Willmott, H.P.; Dorling Kindersley, 2003, Page 251
[7] Based on a chapter of: Problem Regions of Resource Type: Economical Integration of European North-East, Ural and Siberia. / Managing
editors: V. V. Alexeev, M. K. Bandman, V. V. Kuleshov—Novosibirsk, IEIE (http:/ / ieie. nsc. ru), 2002. ISBN 5-89665-060-4.
[8] G. Patrick March. Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Praeger/Greenwood, 1996. ISBN 0-275-95648-2. Pages 152-153.
[9] Столетие железных дорог // Труды научно-технического комитета Комиссариата путей сообщения. Вып.20—М., 1925. Century of
Railways // Works of scientific and technical committee of Communications Commissariat. Issue 20—Moscow, 1925.
[10] "Irkutsk: Ice-Breaker "Angara"" (http:/ / www. lakebaikaltravel. com/ baikal-travel-guide/ landmarks-baikal/ 83-irkutsk-ice-breaker-angara.
html). Lake Baikal Travel Company. Lake Baikal Travel Company. . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
[11] Babanine, Fedor (2003). "Circumbaikal Railway" (http:/ / www. irkutsk. org/ baikal/ railway. htm). Lake Baikal Homepage. Fedor
Babanine. . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
[12] Храмков А. А. Железнодорожные перевозки хлеба из Сибири в западном направлении в конце XIX—начале XX вв. //
Предприниматели и предпринимательство в Сибири. Вып.3 (http:/ / new. hist. asu. ru/ biblio/ predpri3/ index. html): Сборник научных
статей. Барнаул: Изд-во АГУ, 2001.
Khramkov A. A. Railroad Transportation of Bread from Siberia to the West in the Late 19th–Early 20th Centuries. // . Collection of scientific
articles. Barnaul: Altai State University publishing house, 2001. ISBN 5-7904-0195-3.
[13] Subtelny, Orest (2000). " Ukraine: a history. (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=HNIs9O3EmtQC& pg=PA262& dq&
hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". University of Toronto Press. p.262. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0
[14] N. M. Dronin, E. G. Bellinger (2005). " Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, 1900-1990: the interaction of climate and
agricultural policy and their effect on food problems (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=9a5j_JL6cqIC& pg=PA38& dq&
hl=en#v=onepage& q=& f=false)". Central European University Press. p.38. ISBN 963-7326-10-3
[15] "Transsiberian Railway (from Russian Railways official website)" (http:/ / eng. rzd. ru/ isvp/ public/ rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=87).
Eng.rzd.ru. . Retrieved 2012-04-23.
[16] China-to-Germany Cargo Train Completes Trial Run in 15 Days (http:/ / www. bloomberg. com/ apps/ news?pid=20601100&
sid=aqUyRa4wf95g& refer=germany). By Patrick Donahue. Bloomberg.com, 2008-01-24
36
Trans-Siberian Railway
[17] Mitsui talking to Russian railway operator on trans-Siberian freight service (http:/ / www. marketwatch. com/ story/
mitsui-talking-to-russian-railway-operator-on-trans-siberian-freight-service) By Hiroyuki Kachi. MarketWatch.com, last update: 6:41 a.m.
EDT July 20, 2007
[18] Trans-Siberian in seven days (http:/ / www. railwaygazette. com/ news/ single-view/ view/ 10/ trans-siberian-in-seven-days. html), Railway
Gazette International, 05 May 2009
[19] "Beijing to Hamburg fast cargo rail link planned" (http:/ / www. chinapost. com. tw/ business/ 2008/ 01/ 11/ 138592/ Beijing-to. htm). The
China Post. 2008-01-11. . Retrieved 2012-04-23.
[20] "Chapter 4: Freight Rates" (http:/ / www. unctad. org/ en/ docs/ rmt2010_en. pdf). Review of Maritime Transport (United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development): 89. 2010. ISSN 0566-7682. . Retrieved 31 December 2011.
[21] (http:/ / www. gwtravel. co. uk/ trains/ golden_eagle_launch. htm)
[22] rzd.ru
[23] http:/ / transsibtickets. wordpress. com
[24] CIS railway timetable (http:/ / www. poezda. net/ en/ train_timetable?tr_code=886684:À), route No. 020, Moscow-Beijing. Archived (http:/
/ www. webcitation. org/ 5lkXvgGHo) 2009-12-03.
[25] Harbin-Suifenhe train schedule (http:/ / www. travelchinaguide. com/ china-trains/ viewd. asp?tid=K607& tt=kttk& s=harbin& e=suifenhe).
[26] Grodekovo-Harbin schedule, Nov 2006 (http:/ / www. poezda. net/ en/ train_timetable?tr_code=570245:À+ ) (Note that Russian train sites
give incorrect kilometre distance between Chinese stations).
[27] Grodekovo-Ussuriysk schedule, Nov 2006 (http:/ / www. poezda. net/ en/ train_timetable?tr_code=592448:À+ ).
[28] http:/ / jonathanlowenstein. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 04/ journey-of-lifetime-my-grandmother. html
• Marks, S.G. Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917,
1991, ISBN 0-8014-2533-6
• Faulstich, Edith. M. "The Siberian Sojourn" Yonkers, N.Y. (1972–1977)
• Thomas, Bryn, The Trans-Siberian Handbook, 6th ed, 2003, Trailblazer, ISBN 1-873756-70-4
• (Russian) Калиничев, В. П. Великий Сиберский путь (историко-экономический очерк), 1991, Транспорт,
Москва, ISBN 5-277-00758-Х
• Omrani, Bijan. Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian and Silk Road (http://books.google.com/
books?id=I7USQgAACAAJ&dq=omrani+asia+overland&hl=en&ei=pL43Tq-1I5SyhAeGzdmoAg&sa=X&
oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA) Odyssey Publications, 2010 ISBN
962-217-811-1
External links
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Virtual Video Tour (http://www.google.ru/intl/ru/landing/transsib/)
Traveler Exposure (http://moralesrojas.es/Transiberiano)
The Trans-Siberian Railway: Web Encyclopedia (http://www.transsib.ru/Eng/)
Moscow-Vladivostok: virtual journey on Google Maps (http://www.google.ru/intl/ru/landing/transsib/en.
html)
View through train window - movie (http://www.google.ru/transsib)
Siberian Expedition website (http://www.siberianexpedition.ca)
Maps - Photos - Videos (http://www.transsiberianrailway.eu)
Journals, photos, videos and a breakdown of costs from a British traveller's website (http://www.globalcitizen.
co.uk/wp/trans-siberian-railway-travel-tips/)
For timetables, see Travel planner of German Railways (http://reiseauskunft.bahn.de/bin/query.exe/en)
(covers Europe, as well as at least each branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway) and time-table with distances (pdf)
(http://www.lernidee-reisen.de/_ressourcen/inhalte/produkte/statisch/transsib_individuell/transsib_2004.
pdf); note that Moscow time applies for railways throughout Russia.
A 1903 map of Trans-Siberian railway (http://www.parovoz.com/maps/transsib.jpg)
Life on Trans-Siberian Railway 2012 (http://www.travel61.com/trans-siberian-trip/)
• Google Earth Trans-Siberian Railway placemarks and path (http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/
Number/29196/an//page/vc/vc/1)
37
Trans-Siberian Railway
• The Man in Seat 61 (http://www.seat61.com/Trans-Siberian.htm) - detailed guide for travel from London to
China and Japan.
• Delivery in Russia by traines (http://www.dostavka-v-rossiju.com.ua/index.php) - servise for senders from
Ukraine to Rossia.
• Guide to the Great Siberian Railway (http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.ndlpcoop/mtfxtx.nb0004) (1900)
• The Great Siberian Railway, in the North American Review (Volume 170, Issue 522, May 1900).
• The Trans-Siberian Railway: A Traveller's Anthology (http://www.signalbooks.co.uk/book.
php?a=1904955495)
• Der Reisebericht (http://m-hesse.com/russland/russland.html) detailed travel guide and photo gallery
(German)
• official RZD-fares to Vladivostok and Peking, 2012 (http://transsibtickets.wordpress.com)
38
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
Trans-Siberian Railway Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=517353785 Contributors: 4rdi, Ae-a, Afterwriting, Ahruman, Akersmc, Alain, Alex Bakharev, Alexf, Algorithme,
Alsandro, Altenmann, Amornoguerra, Andrew Shane, Anthony Appleyard, Apoivre, Apollo1758, Aris Katsaris, Armando, Arthena, Arz1969, AussieLegend, Austriacus, BD2412, BOARshevik,
BaomoVW, Beagel, Beland, Berek, Bletch, Bobblewik, Bobrayner, Brickie, Bryan Derksen, Bseker, Caiaffa, CanisRufus, Celarnor, Charles01, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, ChrisCork,
Chrisminter, Chzz, Cimbalom, Ckatz, Cla68, Clarityfiend, Cliopudicam, Colonies Chris, Comm. makatau, CommonsDelinker, Corti, Culturalrevival, CultureDrone, Czyrko, DARTH SIDIOUS 2,
DanielMurdoch, Datepalm17, Davecampbell, Dbstraight, DelftUser, Delirium, Dino, DnetSvg, DocWatson42, Doroamitabul, Dpol, DraKyry, DragonflySixtyseven, EagleFan, Eagles247,
Ecthelion83, Edward, EiDdluohSsreggiN, El Mayimbe, Eldumpo, Emeraude, Enzymes, Eraserhead1, Ezhiki, FDT, Farjiadmi, FocalPoint, Fratrep, Freezing in Wisconsin, G-Man, Geofftosrvrip,
Ghirlandajo, Gif32, Goran.S2, Goudzovski, Grafen, Grendelkhan, Groggy Dice, Gsarwa, Gurch, Harryboyles, Heart Like a Wheel, Hillsbro, Hmains, Howard Percy, Hugo999, Hunnjazal,
Hypergeek14, Ilgiz, Imroy, Ingolfson, Insider, InvictaHOG, Inwind, Itinerant1, ItsJames, Itsmejudith, JH-man, Jarsonic, Jason Recliner, Esq., JasonAQuest, Jauhienij, JayEsJay, JeremyA,
Jim.henderson, Jim1138, JimmycurN, Jncraton, Jodal, Joeldp, Joey80, JohnPannellUK, JohnnyTwain, Johnred32, Josce, Jpatokal, KGasso, KNewman, Keithmall, KingMax96, Kinu, Kmorozov,
Koavf, Koraki, Kotasik, Kransky, Kumasukiyaki, Kusunose, LOL, LaFoiblesse, LakeToba, Larysa Fabok, Latebird, Lawrence96, Lawsonstu, Leelee Sobieskihamper, Leotolstoy, Lesgles, Lilac
Soul, Lotje, MBK004, Ma8thew, Mackensen, Magnus Manske, Mahjongg, MakeChooChooGoNow, Maksdo, Man vyi, Mandarax, Marek69, Masha niggol, Matthewmayer, Matthiashess,
Mattisse, Max Schwarz, Maxim, Mhclearinghouse, Miaow Miaow, Michalides, Mimihitam, Minesweeper, Mini-Geek, Mintleaf, Mjminc, Mneubert, MoiraMoira, Monedula, Moryak, Motacilla,
Mrg3105, Mschel, Mschlindwein, Mudkip3DS, Mulad, Myrtone86, Nageeb, Namazu-tron, Nat Krause, NatureA16, NawlinWiki, Nemo bis, Nickieee, Nomadtales, Noosahead,
Northamerica1000, NuclearWarfare, Nzseries1, O wingless o, Olivier, Oneiros, Open2universe, Optimist on the run, Ortolan88, Outlook, OverlordKain, Ozzieboy, Pathoschild, Patrick, Paul.h,
PaulHanson, Peter Horn, Peter M Dodge, Peterlin, Petri Krohn, Peyre, PhantomOTO, Phinn, Phlebas, Pil56, Pjacobi, Pne, Postlebury, Qutezuce, R'n'B, RaseaC, Ratibgreat, Rich Farmbrough,
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Smk956, Snarius, Sole Flounder, Someone else, Spearhead, Stefan Kühn, Stefan Milosevski, Steroid83, Steverwanda, Steveshelokhonov, Sunray, Svetovid, Svmich, TGCP, TLE12, Tabletop,
Tarquin, Telaviv1, Tertulia, ThatDeznaGuy, The Cunctator, The Thing That Should Not Be, The71, Thingg, Thryduulf, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Tim Chynoweth, Tm1729, Tnxman307,
Tobby72, Tomeasy, Towel401, Tygrrr, Tyhopho, Uspn, Vadmium, Valérie75, Vfp15, Vianomada, Vmenkov, VolatileChemical, Wavelength, Whagers, Whoke6118, Wikieditor06, Wikiliki,
Wikimandia, WilliamJE, Woohookitty, Worldtraveller, XJamRastafire, XLerate, XtoF, Yabbox, Your Lord and Master, Ztaffanb, Zzuuzz, Ъыь, ‫ﺭﻭﺧﻮ‬, ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬, 고구려인, 481 anonymous edits
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