AFN SHVEL
kTbruaz rgahrTrgyhk-lgkypTakgzgd
gdhk-ahsHh rgs iup iTdr†
2006 dbhkhrpqrgybhuu
334Ω333 'nub
er†h-uhb
r g nub- . r P / k -/h
rgyfga hfsrn
irgyarguu†b ovrçT
hemukhrP jb
iTkhs c†c
.rP rgzsbut
x†s igdbgrcumxhurT hsF wicgkxek†p iahsHh iht rgphy
gyfhagd wrgdhhya iahsHh iht gbgchuvrgs x†s iut grgfgv
iht icgk-ghkhnTp g˙ry x†s wkank whuu ghmhsTry iut
rgbgdhht rgs rTp apb-,rhxn x†s rgs† w",hc-oukaI
w.rP /k-/h zht ourT huzT /",ub≤n ˙rsI iht ruykue iut vbunt
-gd gfgknhyxek†pI gb˙z iht wsHh rgfgkykguu rgs
iht huu wozhshxj irhzhkTgsht um ybg†b igdbTdrgs w"xgyfha
"drgc hhuum iahuumI w"rgfgv l†b yahb chutI igdbukhhmrgs hs
/grgsbT iut
iht ipTagd lhut .rP y†v igdbukhhmrgs rgxhut
yb˙v zhc ichkcgd zht ahb†n gng†P i˙z /irgbTaz grgsbT
gb˙z /dbuyfhs rgahsHh rgs iht rguugsga rgahyg†P T huu
yhhe gbgsk†d hs iut erTn iykT iphut yfTb ˙c xgnTrs
xrgyTgy gahsHh iup xgbhc hs ;hut ir†uugd ykhPagd igb˙z
iguugd .rP zht ogs rgxhut /ykguu rgs iup ikhhy gkT iht
T iup lhrsn T iut yxHhhxg iut yxhmhkcuP rgycTdTc T
xTd-gbTkdgm ;hut zhuv i˙z iht /xrgc˙ra gahsHh rus og˙b
gxhurd gfkgzT yngrTuugdxhut lhz ic†v garTuu iht
rgykT wdrgcbgx˙uu rhtn gayht waT ouka huu iybTkTy
/grgsbT k†m T iut gbzhmTe
rTp ignubgdb† lhz .rP y†v igdbukhhmrgs gb˙z iht
iht huu wgbgd†kargs iut gngr† hs idge vkuug rgs
rgs iup vfrgn rgrgyhc rgs rTp rgs† w"d˙uua gayb†cI
.rP zht aHgsht /"gbgsHh T iup xgF TI iht huu whurp rgahsHh
iut dbudguuTc-rgygcrT rgahsHh rgs um ybg†b iguugd
kghmgPx wicgk ifgkypTakgzgd-ahsHh iht ehygy iguugd
igb˙z xg iguu wvnjkn-ykguu rgyarg rgs iup ir†h hs iht
ign ignguu isHh gz†knhhv iut gbgyhkgd khp huzT iguugd
/ipkgv yprTsgd y†v
rgyhhuum rgs ,gac irgdTkyhuy iut x†ygd hs iht
yxhhry yPgagd isHh gyehb˙Pgd hs ic†v wvnjkn-ykguu
hs zT wychhkdgd iut igdbupTa xgmrP iup dbuehyunrgs iut
w;ux T um ignue yguu ihs-,hk iut sr†n iup vkann gahmTb
shk ynhrTc i˙z iht yehrsgdxhut ykuc huzT xg y†v .rP huu
:"yahb ihhnI
wipTaTc ≈ gnaygre T zht ykguu hs yahb ihhn
///kdgb iut iyxhup yhn dguu T ifTn
!ihhs ,hku ihs ,hk wyahb ihhn w†
-†esgr rgzsbut iup rgshkdyhn hs ˙c iygcgd ic†v rhn
-urfz ≈ xgPg ic˙rab† ik†z hhz ohrçj grgsbT iut ghdgk
iht imrP idguu ≈ lhz ynueTc xg x†uu wigebTsgd w,ub
-gdP† geTy lhz y†v gn iut icgk ifgkbgzrgP iut iahsHh
-†bnke ehkgz iut imrP idguu kehyrT rgrgdbgk T /ipur
thruk ouka iup ignuegdb† zht †ygd rgbkhuu iht iayhuu
rhn /.Tz iht iguugd ihua zht rgnub rgs iguu ktråh iht
/rgnub iehsgnue ogs iht ieursP† wrsb-hkc woht ikguu
*y˙mr†h
iyx90 oum ≈ .rP /k-/h
gyb†r†yq(ghdgk†esgr) ayhuu†fnhx vjnå
b
eguuT zht .rP auchhk-ejmh ybhz ˙crTp igb˙z r†h ehmb˙
ikTpgdeguuT iut /1915 jxP sgunv-kuj ykguu rgs iup
hhuum gyarg hs ic˙rab† if†b ahyc˙ra i˙z ˙c rg zht
iht okug-,hc rgabgd oum iur† i˙z /shk ˙b T iup ,urua
igm yhn /okug rgehPge-yrgsbuv T yhhkdTc y†v garTuu
rgs ir†uugd ykgyagdphut rçe i˙z ;hut zht rgygPa r†h
lrus ir†uugd yrgyagm yhb xb-hP-kg zht x†uu w".rP kvutI
/ikTsbTuu gahay˙s hs
hhuum grgsbT hs iup ykhhygdxhut lhz y†v .rP /k-/h
≈ ruyTrgyhk rgahsHh rgbrgs†n rgs iup xrgehxTke
ifhuv i˙z yhn ≈ ofhkg-ouka iut ohrpx-rfun gkgsbgn
i˙z iup igdburhkunr†p gyphyrTp iut ozhkTuyegkgybht
xrgehxTke grgsbT hs huu /ihntn-hbT ifgkykguu-ahsHh
ukhpT iut aHgrcgv iht ic˙ra ichuvgdb† .rP lhut y†v
-y˙m gaHgrcgv iht ohrntn yfgkybpgrTp rgygPa
iht iyphra gahsHh gb˙z ymgzgdrgcht lhut huu wiyphra
hs iup rgbhht iguugd rg zht y˙m rgckgz rgs iht /aHgrcgv
w.bgrgpb†e-lTrPa rgmhuu†brgay rgs iup ir†yThmhbht
˙c y˙z wlTrPa rgkTb†hmTb T um ahsHh ichuvrgs y†v x†uu
/aHgrcgv yhn y˙z
ichragd .rP y†v ofhkg-ouka iut gkgsbgn huu huzT
y†v iut icgk iahsHh iehyk†ngs iup iy˙zby†a hs idguu
iup ,ughçm iut guuyxyhre†Phv hs wkhPa˙c oum wyrhehyhre
x†sI igdbukhhmrgs hs iht huu wisHh gynurprTp khhy
yhb rgc† zht .rP /sbT"t ".Te gnurp hsI w"kn˙rya
ic†rdgd r†b wehyhre rgahkhFån rgs ˙c ihhya ichkcgd
2005 wzuhb aHuazs igHshhbTe iup yeursgdrgcht*
2006 dbhkhrpΩrgybhuu q334Ω 333 'nub q kguua iphut
10
eukhP ry†hP
/garTuu iht okug-,hc rgabgd iphut .rP-kvut rgs
.rP auchhk-ejmh ixhurd idguu ruyThbhn gbhhke T
uugbgageq(ghdgk†esgr) v"g iTnc˙ra kthjh
zht'x /;kT-.ne rhn iup grgykg iut grgfgv lgkdbHh ybrgkgd /;r†s T
ghk†uuTP l†brgs lhn y†v .rP /"xbP†eum xxud o˙cI xgmrP dubgd iguugd
ruyTrgyhk rgahsHh rgs iht ihua ihc lht /rgc˙ra iahsHh T rTp yfTngd
/r†h 92 ykT ihua ihc'f /icgk x†s yrgdbgkrTp rhn y†v ahsHh /r†h 70 ourT
T yhn i†ygd d†z T x†s c†v'f iguu /lht aue ahsHh wyhb lht c˙ra ahsHh
x†s igbgpg o˙c gehhbhk rgs ;hut wrgcngyPgx iyarg ogs wehrum asuj
iht okug rgs y†v wign†b xncnr ;hut hhmhk iahsHh rguugbgage iht r†hbrgk
ypkgv rehg ogs id†z um izhuuTc yhb c†v'f zT wygnuazgm lhz huzT ixhurs
/.rP auchhk-ejmh ixhurd rgzsbut ebTs T zht .kT x†s iut
/tcr vna ase,hu ksd,h /y˙mr†h iyx90 xgmrP ˙c wsbhmT x†s lht d†z
/in† !.rP auchhk-ejmh ign†b rgxhurd rgs yehkhhvgd iut yxhhrdgd i˙z k†z
***
hs ignuegdb† zht rgnub ogs ixhka o˙c iykTvgd ic†v rhn ,gac
iht ir†uugd ryphb zht iTnc˙ra kthjh rgc˙ra rgs zT vghsh gehrghury
zht rg /u"xa≤ ukxF 'j w2005 rgcngmgs iy9 ogs wehy˙rp wuugbgage
rgcht yhd gbhrTn vbnkT i˙z /r†h 92 iup rgykg iht yhuy ieHur T icr†yagd
gb˙z iup xhurT zht x†uu lTz gymgk hs tn≤xn zht ruyThbhn hs zT
i˙z suçF /,ufz rgxhurd T kTbruaz rgzsbut rTp zht'x /ybgv gahrgpTa
/ebgsb† iehyfhk
11
s
chhvb† gnTx o˙c zT yxhhuu ykguu h
-ouka iup iykTvgd yhb .rP y†v
iht xhurT yhhd ?rgc˙ra T zht'x /ignfhkg
icgk gbgsHh rgsgh ˙c rht yguu werTn
-ga kxhc T irgv kfgkgya-erTn isgh
/id†k†b†n grgf˙r iut grgb
TzT i˙z yprTsgd r†b y†v'n iut
ic†v yprTsgd r†b y†v'n w.rP rgxhurd
ourT r†h gfgkyg iht wjuF xgmrP
-ouka um ir†p um ignue kghmgPx
oht iygc w"rgsurcI oht ipur wignfhkg
wrg zT oht id†z wi˙z kjun oht k†z rg
iup /yz˙rdgd yhb huzT k†n ihhe y†v w.rP
xhurT ysgr xnfhkg-ouka d†k†b†n ihht
/ek†p gahsHh gmbTd x†s
rgrgsgh yxhhuu x†s /xbhht zht x†s
r†b xhhuu gyhhuum x†s /xg yxhhuu x†uu
/yfTngd ghkTe lhn y†v .rP /ihhkT lht
r†h ehmfT yhn ignuegdr†p zht x†s
iht krgrgk T iguugd yk†ngs ihc'f /ehrum
2006 dbhkhrpΩrgybhuu q334Ω 333 'nub q kguua iphut
*.rP
iut kdbHh rguugarTuu T
er†h-uhbq(ghdgk†esgr) drgcsk†d gayht
-gd iut wvhuuk xgmrP um igdbTdgd ihc
rgn rgyrgsbuv yhn lht ihc igdbTd
lhn y†v gn /rgybzhuy tn≤xn wisHh
wskgp ogs ;hut yz†kgdxhurT yhb
lhn y†v rgygPa 4Ω3 d†y T rgc†
-b˙rT wrhy iup rgyhv rgs wrnua rgs
ihc lht zT ebgsgd lht iut [///] wyz†kgd
T ;hut k†n x†s ihua ihhkT wixgzgd
ykT zht x†uu rçe xgmrP icgk wihhya
oht c†v lht iut dgy 6 w5 w4 iguugd
oht c†v'f wimrP woht wybghhkgd
[///] ahb†n i˙z ybghhkgd
iphut ydhhkrTp ybgv yhn igdbTdgd
iut iahb†n yrhyhmgr y†v iut iybhv
ybgv hs yhn wigdbTdgdf†b oht ihc lht
y†v gn x†uu ogs ;hut ydhhkrTp
wiybhv T i˙z yprTsgd y†v ybhhngd
ydhhkrTp wiguugd yahbr†d zht x†uu
rhn zht'x iut wiahb†n yd†zgdf†b iut
i†e d†y iehyb˙v zhc /ahb†n ichkcgd
w25 wid†z rhn†k wxhurT x†d T icgd lht
igb˙z x†uu iahb†n yhn ,urua 40 w30
/isbUuuarTp yhb k†n ihhe
xgmrP ignuegd zht'x iguu [///]
lht wlht ebgsgd r†b yahb zht wvhuuk
s
/TzT izguugd zht imrP yhn vågn h
x†uu wksHh rgsurc rgrgykg i˙n
[///] y†v 18Ω17 tn≤xn yk†ngs zht
y†v ksHh /P†e ifgkrgsbUuu T yTvgd
iup ahb†n .bTd irhyhmgr ybgegd
rg huu ebgsgd lht iut wehbhhuubxhut
iut zhuv irgcht ihhdnurT ydgkp
hs qwo≤xv-in yxhhuu rhtI /irhyhmgr
qwahp igb˙z rhn q/oh T zht ykguu
yhb igdbhka q(wyfgv igb˙z khhy)
/"'ahb rapt wyd†z ///yfgka
izguugd ihc x†uu lhz ebgsgd'f iut
-nurT zht rg /rgn yahb w8Ω7 tn≤xn
.rP-kvut o˙c xrgc˙ra gahsHh yhn
xgkgazsbT-x†kq(ghdgk†esgr) rThkea van
wsbTk-.rP i˙n wsbTk-.rP i˙nI
sbTrc iup iut rg˙p iup zht x†uu
///"rgshuu igbTyagdphut icgk oum
z
r†hkea van ebTs T
w.Te ghbhP whemhk† chhk whexuu†bTdTe ohrptwsrTpx sus w? ≈ xyfgr iup
grgsbT hhuum whxePhk ;xuh yxhkTbruaz-ktråh rgs wrThkea van wihcur vxsv
rhn igbge ybfgrgdxhut yahb irguu x†uu hs /gehrgnT-ours iup xrghhyar†p
/ixhuu zsbut yz†k wtcrsT w†h ybge rht chut /irhmhphybgsht yahb
-ykguu rgyhhuum rgs iup ;ux if†b r†h xeg
T ykguu rgs iup yegngdP† y†v x†uu wvnjkn
ihhya ihhe iz†kgd yahb iut ek†p rgzsbut iup kyhrs
iup lgkygya iut ygya gahsHh hs iht ihhya T ;hut
"sbTk-.rPI iht icgk gahsHh x†s y†v wikhuP
o†rd†P rgmkge rgs odv /ifTuurgs iht iykTvgd
ogbht vkvc T yfTrcgdb˙rT y†v 1946 rgnuz iht
iut wçuaHh iahsHh ogbgnuegdphut icgk oum
vyhkPv-,hrta rgs iup isHh rgybzhuy rgehksbgm
iut ybTv iht e†yargsbTuu ogs ignubgd ic†v
gyehyhhuugdfrus yukc ahsHh yhn hs yz†krTp
ykgyagdb˙t yTvgd l†s lhz y†v ≈ srg gahkhuP
yrhb†hmebup ic†v xg /icgk ahsHh kTnr†b ygnF T
iguugd wohnu,h rTp ignhhvrgsbhe iut ikua gahsHh
T iut xrgc˙ra gahsHh gPurd gehsby˙yTc T
wrgfhc gahsHh icgdgdxhurT y†v x†uu dTkrTp
hhz rgshht) igburhyTa gkT iup ighhyrTP gahsHh
iahyxhbun†e ogs lrus ir†uugd yrhshuuehk igbgz
wigdbuy˙m gahsHh icgdgdxhurT ic†v (ohazgr
dbuehypgaTc igbupgd ic†v ,uf†kn-hkgc gahsHh
rgshuu y†v rgyTgy-ahsHh iut iuuhyTrgP††e iht
2005 whemgkTuu aTazs iut w1993 wiTnahp gkgd yhn iguhuurgybht iup*
2006 dbhkhrpΩrgybhuu q334Ω 333 'nub q kguua iphut
12
auchhk-ejmh iut chhk ehmht
s"n wr†nhyk†cqx†n ihnhbc
s
/chhk ehmht rhn ipur xrgzsbut kdbHh og
rhn ic†v ghmhsTry-vjPan chkum yahb
†h zht ign†b rgs ay†f wehmht ichkegdxhut
yahb lhut iut /,ujPan gshhc iht iTrTp
-ejmh zht rgehsfgcgb TzT `,uç† hs suçFk
ogs wiguugd ubhç†
iut icre T xbyTy
!rTb T xbuz ogs
rgs y†v lgkybdhht
-gd ij-tmun ign†b
chkum teuus iguu
gbrgs†n r†d hhuum
ic†v x†uu xejmh
geTy ubhç†-ejmh
iht
yegyarTp
-nut ogs :kyrTd
ejmh ogbgnuegd
x † n i h e h h t v b j x†n ihehht chhk ehmht
-b† i˙z suçF wihcr
wiuprgs ehsbrgv /imrP auchhk-ejmh iut webgs
kguua iphut iup gar†yeTsgr gçuaj hs y†v
/x†uu rTp irgv yk†uugd
yrhzhk†cnhx wysgrgd uuHTb iut rumhec
rgbrgs†n T l†b icgrya x†s zsbut rTp .rP
x†uu ifTrPa gahsHh ;hut ruykue rgahsHh
i˙z ˙x wyrguu iut d†uu gahsHh ic†v ˙x k†z
/ahyxhbTnuv omgc iut wirgs†n wlgkykguu
yahb y˙uu wlhz yhhyarTp wrhn igbgz ogs iht
:(!gymgk hs yahb wlgkybp†v iut) gyarg hs
ichuvgdb† y†v gn ybhz r†h yrgsbuv T ihua
/k†cnhx T iut rgz˙uudguu T huu .rP irg˙p um
igbgz wo≤xv-in wxrgbghhk gkT yxUuuTc yud
rgs idge vshrn T l†b /x†uu rTp ,uchx hs
iehy˙zbhht iT iut yhheahsHh rgkgb†hmhsTry
iut ruykue rgahkhuP rgs yhn iTn†r
iht yrgegdehrum lhz .rP y†v wypTakgzgd
iut icgk iahsHh oum ir†h rg1880 gygPa hs
rgahsHh rgs iht dguu ogbgdhht iT yfTngd
rgs
/ruyTrgyhk
rgaHgrcgv
iut
x†s zT igzrgs y†v .rP rgbgnuegdehrum
˙x wicgk gahsHh gaHgP†rhht-jrzhn gmbTd
y†v wyrhzhbrgs†n ckTv ˙x wkgb†hmhsTry
chkum ikTpgm ihht iht iykTvgd lhz
chkum :,uchx gfgkrgbht iut gfgkrgxhut
huu rgn iguugd zht igdbudbhsTc gbgh iht /xgbhc gahsHh ;hut ycgkgdphut
rgs irguu yergngdP† lgkrg˙p k†z ikhuP iht zT wlgkrhyTb
rgahsHh rgs iup rgehxTke ogbup d†y-irhucgd rgyxyrgsbuv
ipTagd wsbTk iehz†s ogs iht w†s y†v rgfkguu w.rP /k-/h ruyTrgyhk
rgs iht yfTngd ynhrTc oht ic†v x†uu werguu gfgkrgsbUuu gb˙z
/ykguu-ahsHh rgmbTd
wur l†b ypTaebgc iut urnut iup y˙m gbgh ymht lhz lht i†nrgs
ipg lht iut wvyhkPv-,hrta rgbgh iup khhy T iguugd ihhkT ihc lht iguu
iyxyrgsbuv ogs suçFk lucknTz ogbup rgygkc gykgdrTp ihua hs
lht /1951 r†h iht garTuu iht xhurT zht x†uu w.rP /k-/h iup d†y-irhucgd
wxrgc˙ra gahsHh iup igngb gybTeTc yr†s gz iut luc x†s rgygkc
lht zhukc whhz iup yahb rgbhhe wzsbut iahuum †yahb rgn igbgz gfkguu
shk ahyxhnhyP†-ehygnut i˙n yr†s zht ichkcgd iut wichkcgd ihc ihhkT
:"imrP /k-/h umI
wihua †yahb rgn zht erTn rgykT rgsI
!i˙rT kua iht :rgn yahb ypur ign
wiuak ahsHh i˙z wek†p x†s ≈ l†s iut
/"ihhdrTp yahb yguu dbTzgd i˙s huu
rgckTv T ygnF ?y˙m rgbgh ybhz ˙crTp ihua igbgz ir†h iphuu
,uçruj hs iup y˙uu wykguu rgsbT iT iht dbTk ihua ihc lht !yrgsbuvr†h
ybfhhmTc shk iehsrgygPa T iht c†v lht x†uu wsbTk-ahsHh iahkhuP iht
iahyxhnhyP†-ehygnut ogs yhn .kT l†b lhz rgb lht iut w"sbTk-.rPI
!ihhdrTp yahb yguu dbTzgd i˙s huu wiuak ahsHh i˙s wek†p i˙s ≈ khpgd
***
iphut iup gar†yeTsgr g˙b hs wrgeum gça iup kuuhrc ogs iht
isbucrTp zht x†uu "xgPgI ic˙ra um lhn ygcrTp hz ifkguu iht wkguua
wkskhc T yhn ///rgyrguu hs iyhhkdTc lhut hz ygc wimrP idguu ,uburfz yhn
≈ iut ign†ckT gykT gb˙n iht i†ygd luz T lht c†v wub /lgkdgn chut
hs /.rP-kvut o˙c xrgc˙ra gahsHh iup skhc T igbupgd !igbupgd c†v'f
:TzT zht skhc ogbup gyfhagd
iht sbTyaphut iup d†yr†h ogs iergnP† o˙c wr†h xgsgh
y†yayPhuv rgahkhuP rgs iht ignuephubum lhz idgkp w†ygd rguugarTuu
zht xg iut /ykguu rgs iht ohçuaHh gahsHh gbgshharTp iup xrghhyar†p
k†nebgs-†ygd o˙c yhhefgkrg˙p rgs l†b zT wghmhsTry T iguugd ihua
okug-,hc rgabgd iphut eguuT xrgc˙ra gahsHh iup ghmTdgkgs T k†z
w.rP iup rçe iahk†cnhx iphut w.rP-kvut o˙c .bTrebgnukc T idhhk iut
xrgsbuzTc T iguugd ghmTdgkgs hs zht k†n x†s /i†zgbhs iut hex-bT
sbTkxur iup rgbgnuegd rgs iguugd zht zsbut iahuum k˙uu wgçuaj
l†b y†v rgfkguu whexuu†bTdTe ohrpt rgc˙ra rgahsHh rgyxUuuTc
xTd-gbTkdgm ;hut zhuv-.rP ogbht rghhdb˙t iT i˙z um ,ufz ogs yTvgd
ic†v /ahsHh lucknTz xgmrP iht erguu gyarg gb˙z ifgkybpgrTp um iut
rgs iup rgehxTke ogs yhn dbusbhcrTp gyegrhs ihn T ykhpgd gkT rhn
///ykyhhegd rgshuu lhz y†v "yhhe gbgsk†d hsI /ruyTrgyhk rgahsHh
13
2006 dbhkhrpΩrgybhuu q334Ω 333 'nub q kguua iphut
iht iyhhefTuua hs igzrgs (xrguy-ruykue gahyxhbuhm
gaHgP†rhht-jrzhn hs zT yk†uugd y†v .rP /ghzhuu xgmrP
ykT iahuum yhhe gbgsk†d hs huu igbhs k†z ruykuexek†p
-;ux iut ydhuygd yahb rgc† xg y†v /˙rp iut ourp w˙b iut
hs zht yk†ngs ukhpT /idhuy ybgegd yahb ;ux-kF
hs rTp k†na um iguugd ruykuexek†p
gkgruykue xgmrP iahuum gyxgc
˙x wxrghhdf†b iut xrgky˙myhn
x†uu wiyxhahsHh gxhuugd ˙x iyxHgrcgv
iut xrgyhhrc xgPg um ycgryagd ic†v
gahyxhbuhm-ahyxhkThm†x hs /xrg˙rp
kjr aybgnruykue iut ihrguy
yehrsgdxhut xg y†v i†xkgbgmTe
:iuakv hsusb hhxg rht iht r†ke iut ;rTa
:iuak iup igdburgsbTuu] ,unharu ,uxn
og :çhç†-k≤) [igkehyrT iut ighhxg
y˙k-gdbuh rus rht rTp *:(1946 wsccug
iut .rP x†uu yhhefgknhyxek†p hs zht
um wxhz knhuc um iguugd yehshhrPgd ic†v xrgphukf†b gb˙z
oum ,ubnjr rht iht ahyxhkTb†hmTb um teuus iut wahnhhv
rgkTb†hmTb T um irhp um ruykuexek†p rgs um iut ek†p
wehybge wy†v ihhkT .rP iut /dbu˙bTc rgfgkbgzrgP iut
rg y†v ir†h gymgk gb˙z iht /ogkc†rP hs ykhpgd
-kguu iht ighhxg gehsbahuybT hhr T wy˙z ihht iup wichragd
ik†z hhz xrgky˙myhn gb˙z irxun ybgegd r†b y†v rg gf
gyxuP gfkgzT vnusFu l"b≤ oum ihhdehrum w"ahsHhI ic˙kc
gkThbgd gbhuzT iht rg y†v y˙z rgrgsbT rgs iup iut `shhr
",uhågnI iut erTn iykT iphut yfTb ˙c huu erguu
gbgdhht hs idguu teuus ,uepx gphy yehrsgdxhut
/igdbubgp†v
zsbut rTp idhuy yahb ghzhuu i˙z ige rgfhz whuu ˙x iut
ogbup wgP†rhht-jrzhn iup y˙uu huzT wd†y iehyb˙v o˙c
huu wgy†kc T iguugd xg zht vyn-ka) vkgn-ka-"kygyaI
rgyxgrd rgs rTp ≈ iut w(igbTyarTp yud y†v ihhkT .rP
iup ≈ Uuu argsbT iut wktråh wgehrgnT iht isHh yhhvrgn
/ihhkT ahsHh
y†v ihhkT .rP zT ≈ dburhyTyxb†e gyarg hs ukhpT
/igngbumb† rguua zht ≈ zgybhx i˙z yfhhrdrgs lgkbgzrgP
iuz ogs :gyTy T huu yfhhrdrgs yahb xg rg y†v rgfhz
gkTb†hmTb-ahkhuP T icgdgd rg y†v w(!huzT) iThmuk wogb˙z
< < < 5 1 < < < wyrxungd oht y˙m um y˙m iup ay†f) dbuHmrgs
iut wyhhengr† rgehsbxeTuu T chkum wozhyhngxhybT ogs
hs /ruykue rgahsHh rgs iup iyhhefTuua gfgkrgbht hs chkum
wipurgdb† xg y†v eurgna tbj huu wghzhuu-autHh gehz†s
-khcgz˙r gypTvrgyxun gb˙z iht yehrsgdxhut .rP y†v
l†brgs iut grghrTe-ahsHh i˙z iup chhvb† gnTx o˙c rgs
iht wid†z um huzT wignUuuagdphurT hz zht
yfTb ˙c iut "y†ya gyhuy hsI huu erguu
/erTn iykT iphut
iut rgr†ke rgs chkum yahb rgc†
imrP igzgd ign y†v ghzhuu rgfgkrgshua
i˙z chkum wyrgerTp r†b wrgz˙uudguu T huu
ruykue gahsHh hs ighucumrgcht icgrya
ehsbc†v /is†c iyxgp T ;hut
lhz .rP y†v wouv≤ iht yeuegdb˙rT
um uuUrP iehr†hdbTk T iht ipr†uugdb˙rT
gahsHh x†s wruykue gahsHh hs iguugyTr
iT ehsbfuz /lht iahsHh ogs iut wek†p
ignuegd y˙m rgs yhn rg zht wdguuxhut
gkTb†hmTb wgfgkykguu g˙b T ipTa k†z gn zT ebTsgd oum
-jrzhn rgs iup teuus ik†cnhx grht iPga k†z x†uu ruykue
izghdhkgr iahshxj iut ruykuexek†p rgaHgP†rhht
ic†v xrghhdr†p gehsbrhzhbrgs†n gb˙z x†uu rgdhhya
iut gahshxj gfkgzT iht /ybTv rgs yhn yfTngdeguuT
yahb chutI gynhrTc r†d hs huu ,uhågn gfgknhyxek†p
yuuUrPgd rg y†v "drgc hhuum iahuumI hm "rgfgv l†b
iut ghdhkgr-ek†p gaHgP†rhht-jrzhn hs iguugyfhsrgcht
gbrgs†n rTp xbdhht iahyxhbTnuv ihn T iht ,uhågn grht
gykT gehsapb-rxun wohnjr-hkgc ohhcr gb˙z yhn /isHh
yk†uugd rg y†v vnusFu rgyfgy gahsHh gfgkrg wisHh
gkT hs zT dburhyTyxb†e hs isHh gbrgs†n rTp irgPrgerTp
lhz ˙c ihua idhk ghmTzhkhuuhm rgaHgP†rhht rgs iup ,ushn
hhz rTp igbgpgphut iut ruykue rgahnhhv wrgbgdhht rgs iht
rgeHgp-ipTa wrgbgdhht iT iup kTuue iehchht iT
/ghd†k†yhn
xrghhdf†b iut xrgky˙myhn gahyxhahsHh ,urus hhuum
yfhhrdrgs geTy y†v .rP zT ichhkd yk†uugd ic†v xgmrP
lrus ifhhrdrgs um hhz huzT huu grgsbT izhuugd iut ikhm hs y†
gehyb˙v wrhn igbge wirghusTc oum /icgk iut ipTa rghhz
rgs um /ebTsgd-hTuukv rghhz yhn ikhhyyhn yahb lhz wiy˙m
wymbrg igHmTc yahb lhz ign ige dburhyTyxb†e rgyhhuum
kghmgPx) xrgehyhre gxhuugd ic†v yk†ngs ukhpT iut
lhz y†v .rP iguu
um yrgegdehrum
wyhheahsHh rgs
yahb rg y†v
igngbyhn ybgegd
/iuz ogs
/ B. Harshav, Language in Time of Revolution (Berkeley: Univ. of California, 1993) iht dbumgzrgcht rgahkdbg iht lhz ybhpgd hhxg rgs*
2006 dbhkhrpΩrgybhuu q334Ω 333 'nub q kguua iphut
14
eukhP ry†hP
ikhuP iykT iup ;Trd†y†p rgdbuh rgs
s
ogs iht xghpTrd†y†p h
ikhuP iht rgyrg iup rgnub
imrP /k-/h yhn isbucrTp
iup ir†uugd ignubgd igb˙z
T zht ry†hP /eukhP ry†hP
wazs†k iup ;Trd†y†p rgdbuh
hs irhybgnue†s ogs icgdgdrgcht zht yxbue xbgnguu wikhuP
-jrzhn iht ,unuen gahr†yxhv gahsHh iut ruykue gahsHh
sbTkay˙s iht lhut xbymgk iut wikhuP iht rehg rgs wgP†rhht
iht ahsHh yhn "gruybTuuTI i˙z ichuvgdb† y†v rg /isguua iut
iut azs†k iht cukeruykue iahsHh ogs iht ir†h rg1990 hs
k†n hhuum zht iut wgarTuu iht ghmTsbup-ouka rgs iht rgygPa
rgs iht oTrd†rP rgs ;hut lTrPa hs igbrgk lhz ignuegd
iht l˙rb˙uu kthrut b"t ruykue iut ruyTrgyhk wlTrPa rgahsHh
x†s iup ghmeTsgr rgs iht ygcrTgd lhut y†v rg /er†h-uhb
iaybgn grgykg yebgsgd rg ay†f /garTuu iht yr†uu gahsHh
yb˙v igb˙z wy†yanhhv i˙z iht ahsHh ysgrgd k†n T ic†v x†uu
rht /xrgsgr-ahsHh gbgrhucgd 3Ω2 r†b ichkcrTp azs†k iht
ogs ;hut ygcrT i˙z idguu igry†hP yhn isbhcrTp lhz ybge
/ [email protected] xgrsT
yrgsbuvr†h iyx17 iht yhucgd kua wihagrcga :xebhk ichut
-gbTkdgm gehsrgHrp hs) xTd-.rP iut uu†mhkTuu d†r iphut zhuv :iybut
iup ichkcrTp l†b garTuu iht ohbhbc gymgk hs iup rgbhht /(xTd
e u k h P r y † h P i u p r g s k h c /iy˙m xgmrP
auchhk-ejmh iut chhk ehmht
xgsgh x†uu wx†s i†ygd .rP y†v gb˙z igbungbrgybut iut
ahrgpga ykdbTrgd lhz :i†y igbge hTuukv k†z sbhe gahsHh
-ruykue rgahsHh rgs yhn wifTrPa gahsHh ;hut wlgkrg iut
iut iahsHh iyhn iut wyhhrc rgs iht iut dbgk rgs iht vaurh
/krud ifgkaybgn
rgbrgs†n rgs iht r†xgp†rP-;khvgd zht x†n ihnhbc
zb†azs o˙c igz†P xehkgp b"t gyfhagd rgaHgP†rhht
/ygyhxrguuhbut-xbhePTv
>>>14>>>
y†v w.rP wrg iguu iut w(aHgrcgv igbrgk lhz k†z rg wlgcgb
ybgegd yahb rg y†v wyhheahsHh rgs um yrgegdehrum lhz
ogs yPTzgdb˙t y†v iThmuk wyrgerTp /iuz ogs igngbyhn
rTp ahPhy iguugd zht x†uu yhheahsHh iut ahsHh um kuyhc
/.bgdhkgybht rgahsHh rgyrhzhb†k†P rgs
?imrP l†b sbhe ogs ign†b T icgd gaz x†uu rTp zht
ogs chkum r†b wigbupgd y†v rg x†uu wogs chkum yahb
,uhågn gyxgc hs iht /lhz yhhyarTp wyfuzgd y†v rg x†uu
51
2006 dbhkhrpΩrgybhuu q334Ω 333 'nub q kguua iphut