Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
• History 1 (E) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the
Industrial Revolution and its impact on the development of modern economic
systems ....
• History 8(A} Explain how 17th and 18th century European scientific
advancements led to the Industrial Revolution.
• History 8(8} Explain how the Industrial Revolution led to political, economic, and
social changes in Europe.
• History 8(E} Explain the effects of free enterprise in the Industrial Revolution.
• Economics 17(A} Identify important changes in human life caused by the Industrial Revolution.
• Economics 17(8} Summarize the role of economics in driving political changes as related to ...
the Industrial Revolution.
• Economics 18(A} Identify the historical origins and characteristics of the free enterprise
system, including the contributions of Adam Smith, especially the influence of his ideas found in
The Wealth of Nations.
• Economics 18(8} Identify the historical origins and characteristics of communism, including
the influences of Karl Marx.
• Economics 18(C} Identify the historical origins and characteristics of socialism.
• Economics 18(F} Formulate generalizations on how economic freedom improved the human
condition, based on students' knowledge of the benefits of free enterprise in ... the Industrial
Revolution.
• Culture 24(A} Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras
of world history.
• Culture 24(8} Describe the major influences of women such as Queen Victoria during major eras
of world history.
• Science, Technology, and Society 28(A} Explain the role of textile manufacturing and steam
technology in initiating the Industrial Revolution and the role of the factory system and
transportation technology in advancing the Industrial Revolution.
• Science, Technology, and Society 28(E} Identify the contributions of significant scientists and
inventors such as ... Louis Pasteur and James Watt.
In this chapter, you will learn about important changes in the way things are made that
began in Great Britain and spread to the rest of the world. You will also learn how the
Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in where people lived, working conditions, and standards of living.
QUESTIONS
__ How does the free enterprise
CIIctt>rn,',nrl,,?
. - What factors caused the Industrial Revolution?
. - How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people lived?
238
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
239
SOCIAL SlUPIES TERMINOLOGY IN lHIS CHAPrER
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ecot1omic Freedom
Free Et1terprise
Law of Supply at1d tlemat1d
Adam Smith
Laissez-faire
lt1dustrial Revolutiot1
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mass Productiot1
Spit1t1it1g Jet1t1Y
Steam Et1git1e
James Watt
tlomestic System
Urbat1izatiot1
•
•
•
•
•
•
Capitalism
Louis Pasteur
Ut1iot1s
Karl Marx
Commut1ism
Socialism
A. Economics describes how people meet their needs. In a free enterprise
system, people are free to choose what to produce and what to consume. Adam
Smith in The Wealth of Nations explained how this system works.
B. Geography and other advantages set the stage for the Industrial Revolution
starting in Britain. Britain had coal, iron, running water, and harbors. It had a
strong middle class, political stability, a colonial empire, and global trade.
C. New inventions in textile manufacturing triggered the Industrial Revolution.
The spinning jenny allowed many threads to be spun at a time. James Watt's
improved steam engine drove textile machines. Production moved from the
home to factories, where large numbers of people worked on machines.
D. The power of the steam engine was next applied to transportation technology.
Steamboats and railroads made travel cheaper, safer, and faster.
E. The Industrial Revolution led to economic, social, and political changes. Massproduced goods became cheaper. Families moved from the country to towns
and cities. As workers' conditions worsened, some called for social reform.
F.
Critics of the Industrial Revolution included Karl Marx. Communists believed
that eventually workers would overthrow capitalist factory-owners in a violent
revolution and abolish private property. Early socialists also criticized laissezfaire capitalism, believing workers should be given greater rights and opportunities, and that governments should own some businesses.
G. The Industrial Revolution encouraged a rising middle class in Italy and Germany,
who demanded unification. Both countries were unified by wars.
Economics is how people meet their needs by making, distributing, and using goods and
services. Economists study how people work and earn money, how they save and invest
money, and how they use their time, energy, and money to satisfy their needs.
Name
240
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
THE THREE ECONOMIC QUESTIONS
People have unlimited wants - things that they would like to have Qr to do. We can never
be wholly satisfied because we have limited resources to meet these unlimited wants. We
have only so much time, energy, and resources to satisfy our needs and desires.
Every society has limited resources to meet the unlimited wants of its members. Therefore, every society must answer three basic economic questions:
In other words, every society must decide what things to produce with its limited
resources. It cannot simply satisfy all of its members unlimited wants. Which wants and
needs should it satisfy? What should it produce to satisfy these wants? Who should control
how those goods and services are made? Finally, who should receive the goods and services that a society produces?
Societies answer these three basic economic questions in different ways. In some
societies, people follow tradition to answer these questions. They produce whatever their
ancestors produced, using the same time-honored traditional methods. In other societies, a
ruler or the government tells everyone what to do and decides who gets what is produced.
A third way to answer these questions is based on economic freedom.
FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM
In these societies, people are free to do whatever they want. People enjoy economic
freedom - the freedom to make their own choices in deciding what to buy, where to work,
and what to make. This is known as the free enterprise system.
In the free enterprise system, individuals enjoy the freedom of making their own economic decisions. People have the right to own property - such as possessions, homes,
factories, farms, and businesses - and to use their property as they see fit. Some individuals invest their money or time in private businesses to produce and sell goods and services.
In doing this they hope to make a profit (extra money that is made after all expenses are
paid). In a free enterprise system, several producers often make the same goods or promote
the same services. This gives consumers a choice in the type of goods available and how
much they want to pay. It also forces producers to attract consumers by improving quality
and reducing prices. Less efficient producers are unable to compete and go out of business.
When they can compete successfully, producers are often able to increase their business
and make a larger profit.
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY
241
In a free enterprise system, government interference is limited. The government supplies
some services, sets rules, and acts as a referee to settle disputes and make sure the economy
is functioning smoothly. Otherwise, the three basic economic questions are answered by
the free interplay between producers (those who make and sell goods and services) and
consumers (those who buy and use goods andservices).
The Law of Supply and Demand. Supply refers
to how much of a good producers make available.
Demand refers to how much of a product consumers are willing to buy.
In a free enterprise system the interaction of
supply and demand determines prices and what
goods are produced. For example, if demand for a
product or service is high, prices go up. If demand
is low, prices will go down.
THE INTERACTION OF SUPPLY
AND DEMAND
High Demand/
Short Supply
Low Demand/
Large Supply
ADAM SMITH:
Prophet of Free Enterprise
Adam Smith, a Scottish professor, was the first to
explain how the free enterprise system works. His book,
The Wealth of Nations, was published in 1776, the same
year as the Declaration of Independence.
Smith explai ned how production benefits from the
division of labor, in which workers specialize in particular steps of the production process. He also explained
how the laws of supply and demand determine prices
and production. Inefficient producers go out of business,
and only those producers who make the best goods ahd
sell at the best prices survive. In this way, the entire
economy benefits. According to Smith, each person pursues his or her own interests in a free enterprise system,
but an "invisible hand" guides individual actions so
that they actually work for the common good.
Adam Smith
(1723 -1790)
Smith attacked the restrictive system of British mercantilism, which had led the
American colonies to declare their independence. Smith thought mercantilism was a
waste of resources, encouraging the inefficient production of goods. Smith favored a
government "hands off," or laissez-faire, policy.
The free enterprise system, which flourished in Britain, played an important role in
the Industrial Revolution. It allowed investors and business owners to put their resources
where they had the greatest benefit for the economy.
Name
242
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY
Explain how Adam Smith's theory of the "Invisible Hand" works in our economy.
-
-
__
___
-
_____
_________1
While the American and French Revolutions encouraged political change, a different kind of revolution
was stirring in Europe. It was an economic revolution.
The effects of the Industrial Revolution were just as
far-reaching as the effects of the political revolutions
that took place in America and France.
The Industrial Revolution brought about fundamental changes in the way goods are
made. It introduced mass production (the large-scale production of identical goods) and the
use of new sources of energy to meet human needs. People started making goods in factories
instead of at home, and they began to use steam power to run machinery. Science also became
more closely linked to technology, resulting in a stream of constant innovations.
CAUSES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution first began in Great Britain in the 1700s. There were several
important factors that made Great Britain ready for the Industrial Revolution:
large Colonial Empire. Britain's
far-flung colonial empire brought
valuable raw materials to her
ports. Running a colonial empire
contributed to the development
of sophisticated financial and
commercial skills.
Powerful Middle Class. A large
and powerful middle class participated in government and
promoted free enterprise and
economic improvement. They
brought together capital, labor,
and new industrial inventions.
Agricultural Improvements.
British farmers used scientific
methods to boost productivity,
such as enclosing common lands,
rotating crops, and careful animal breeding. Fewer people were
needed to work on farms.
Name ________________________________________ Dme ________________
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
243
With its favorable geography, colonial empire, political stability, global trade, prosperous agriculture, and thriving middle class, Britain was ready for something dramatic
to happen in its economy. Advances in science also helped set the stage. Inventors and
business owners took a "scientific approach" to solving problems. Because of scientific
advances, British manufacturers had technical skills to build new machines.
INNOVATIONS IN TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
A series of British inventions then triggered the Industrial Revolution. Advances
in science helped inventors take a practical approach to problems. The revolution
began in textiles and spread to other fields.
For centuries, cotton and wool were pulled
and twisted on a spinning wheel to make
thread or yam. The spinning jenny (1764)
used a single wheel to control several spindles at a time. This replaced the single spindle on conventional spinning wheels. This
allowed many threads to be spun at once.
Larger quantities of threads could soon be
made quickly and inexpensively.
The spinning jenny greatly increased output.
Other similar inventions improved both spinning and weaving. James Watt, a Scottish
inventor, improved the steam engine (1769) by creating separate chambers for the steam
to get hot and to cool down. Watt's improved steam engine made steam power available·
for mechanical purposes. His improvements allowed factory construction to be placed anywhere, since factories were no longer dependent on water to power their machines.
THE SHIFT FROM HOME TO FACTORY
Before the Industrial Revolution, craftsmen worked at home, spinning wool, cotton, and linen
by hand, and then weaving the thread or yam into finished cloth. Merchants often dropped off
raw materials and collected the cloth. This was known as the domestic system.
During the Industrial Revolution, large numbers of workers began working together
in factories. In factories, workers could be supervised and could use machines driven by
water or steam power. The rate of production in the new factories was astonishing by the
standards of the time. As a result of these improvements, the price of cloth decreased and
the demand for textiles rose. Raw cotton was imported in England, largely from the Southern United States. In England, it was then spun into thread and woven into cotton cloth in
factories. From there, the cloth was shipped all around the world.
England's plentiful supplies of coal and water provided the resources needed for steam
power to run the factories. Its engineers and craftsmen were skilled at making machinery.
As the demand grew for less costly British textiles, more and more factories were built,
employing greater numbers of workers.
Name
244
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
: ACtiNG- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN
Weavers in the domestic system could not compete with factory
production. This 1788 petition by weavers in Leeds (Great Britain)
shows them complaining about the effects of machines on workers:
•
•
•
Why did Lobley oppose the new industrial machinery?
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
WORKING CONDITIONS
While factory owners grew richer and more powerful, the conditions of the new "working class" worsened. Early factories were often appalling places to work, with unsafe and
unpleasant conditions. Work hours were long, and workers received barely enough pay to
live on. Women and children also worked. Children were used to crawl in and clear the
machines, a dangerous task. In hard times, factory workers lost their jobs and were left to
beg, steal, get local poor relief, or die of starvation.
URBANIZATION
Fewer workers were needed on farms because of improvements in agriculture. With the
shift of work to factories, large numbers of workers moved from their farms and homes in
the countryside to cities. The migration from rural communities to cites marked one of the
largest population shifts in history. Cities became crowded and highly unsanitary. Factory
smoke greatly polluted the air. Local governments were often unable to cope with the needs
of large numbers of workers.
Nrune ________________________________________ Dme ________________
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
245
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
ACtiNG- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN
POPULATION OF SELECT BRITISH CITIES, 1685-1881
UIII
4,000
30,000
400,000
29,000
100,000
206,000
Liverpool
4,000
35,000
555,000
Manchester
6,000
45,000
394,000
Nottingham
8,000
17,000
112,000
Birmingham
•
Bristol
*
*
•
*
*
•
••
According to the chart, which city showed the greatest rate of change between 1760
and 1881? _____________________________________________
Why did these cities grow faster in the period 1760-1881 than in 1685-1760?
How would you expect a city like Liverpool to have changed as its population •
increased from 35,000 to 555,000 people?
Using the Internet or your school library, research one of these cities and describe
how it was affected by the Industrial Revolution .
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Improvements in transportation accelerated advances in industrialization. Sterun engines were
applied to sterun boats in the early 1800s. They were also used to power locomotives, creating
the first railroads in the 1820s. Railroads unified the economy of a region by linking cities,
factories, towns, and the countryside together. At the srune time, railroad construction required
vast runounts of coal, iron, and steel, greatly stimulating the growth of heavy industry.
The Industrial Revolution led to important changes in society. A new middle class of
capitalists, composed of merchants, landowners, and bankers, emerged. These people
helped to develop the free enterprise system (also known as capitalism).
Name
246
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
Role of the Entrepreneur. The
means of production fJactories)
were owned by people known
as entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs
organize, manage, and assume
responsibility for a business in
hopes of making a profit.
farm workers left their homes
in the countryside for jobs in
more populated and industrialized areas. These workers provided their labor, for which they
received wages.
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
Nineteenth-century governments
followed a policy of laissez-faire.
This meant that the government
did not interfere in relations
between workers and busi ness
FAMILY LIFE IN THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The
Industrial
Revolution
brought many changes to family life. In pre-industrial times,
most people lived in villages.
They were peasant farmers or
craftsmen. Husbands and wives
worked together in the fields
or at home, spinning thread and weaving cloth. Children leamed from their parents and
.
worked alongside them. Few went to school.
With the rise of industry, all this changed.
Many men, women and even children began
working in factories. Some children were sent
to work in factories or mines to crawl in small
spaces, until new laws limited child labor.
The factory whistle told them when to come
to work and when to go. Less time was spent
by family members at home or together. Often
younger unmarried men and women served as
unskilled factory workers.
People moved from villages into towns and
cities. Conditions became more crowded and
In the early days of industrialization, many
whole families huddled into small apartments,
women worked in factories.
sharing rooms. Many families had less access to fresh water, sunlight, and fresh air. Diseases
like cholera and typhus could spread quickly.
While the capitalist classes enjoyed fabulous wealth, historians still debate whether
the living standards of workers improved or actually worsened in the early decades of the
Industrial Revolution. Later in the century, municipal reforms led to improvements in public water supplies and sewage, although they did not eliminate crowded living conditions.
Reformers also introduced free public education for children.
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UNLAWFUL
To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
Scientists like Louis Pasteur also played an
important role in improving living conditions for
people of all social classes. Pasteur believed most
diseases were caused by germs - tiny creatures
that could only be seen under- a microscope.
Many doctors at first resisted Pasteur's "germ
theory" of science. However, Pasteur was able to
show how better sanitary practices, like washing
hands and boiling instruments before operations
or delivering babies, could reduce infections and
deaths. Pasteur also developed new vaccines to
combat diseases like anthrax and rabies, which
he also thought were caused by germs. He pioneered the heating of liquids to kill germs.
247
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895J.
REFORM MOVEMENTS
The changes caused by the Industrial Revolution brought about both social and political
reforms, first in Great Britain and then in the rest of Europe.
'* Social Reforms.
The misery of the
working classes and the injustices of
capitalism began to disturb the conscience of the new middle class. They
also feared working class violence.
This led Parliament to ban women and
children from working in the mines,
to limit working hours to ten hours,
and to bring about safer working conditions. Poor law reform established
work houses for the unemployed.
Queen Victoria was a popular monarch. Victoria favored social reforms to
Children often labored in British Jactories.
help her subjects. With her husband,
Prince Albert, she also favored many private efforts to help the poor.
'* Municipal Reforms.
Municipal reform made cities cleaner and more healthful places
to live. Public health officials improved the quality of drinking water and introduced
sewer systems to make cities safer and to prevent the spread of diseases like cholera.
Street lamps and police forces made cities safer. Governments also introduced the first
free public elementary schools to prepare their citizens for adulthood.
'* Workers' Unions.
Some workers organized into unions and threatened to strike if they
did not obtain higher wages and better conditions. Even those favoring conservative
values like Otto von Bismarck in Germany, introduced social reforms, such as social
security insurance, in order to win the favor of the working classes.
Name
248
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING TH E TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
.. PoLiticaL Reforms. The rising middle class of factory owners, merchants, and bankers
demanded greater political power. In Great Britain, the old House of Commons represented the counties and many old towns, known as boroughs. Many new towns had no
representation at all. The Reform Bill of 1832 gave greater representation in Parliament to the new towns and extended voting rights to the middle class. Liberals argued
these gradual reforms would avoid a revolution. Later reform bills gradually extended
voting rights to the working classes. By the late 19th century, all adult males could vote
in Britain, but not women.
Imagine you are standing for election to the British Parliament. Write a short speech
in favor of or against the proposed Reform Bill of 1832.
MARX AND THE BIRTH OF COMMUNISM
Two critics of the new capitalist system were Karl Marx (1818-1883)
and Friedrich Engels. Their ideas were published in the The
Communist Manifesto (1848). Marx later wrote Capital (1867).
Marx's ideas became the basis of Communism. Marx believed that
workers created value through their labor. He believed that business
owners used their power to take advantage of workers by taking for
themselves most of the value of what the workers produced.
The capitalist, Marx said, only paid workers the minimum they
needed to survive. The rest that they produced, known as the "surplus
Karl Marx
value," was kept by the owner for himself. Over time, owners would
get richer and richer, while their workers, known as the proletariat, would get poorer.
Marx predicted that the conditions of workers would become so bad that they would eventually rise up and overthrow their capitalist rulers in a violent revolution.
After the revolution, Marx predicted that workers would establish an equal society and
live in perfect harmony. Marx called this system "Communism." In pure Communism,
everything would be owned in common. There would be no private property. There would
also be no social classes in a Communist system. Cooperation would replace competition,
allowing everyone's needs to be met. During his lifetime, Marx believed that a Communist
revolution would soon occur in an industrialized country in Western Europe.
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
To PHOTOCOPY
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
UNLAWFUL
249
: ACtiNG- AS AN AMATEUr{ HlsrOr{IAN
•
: The following excerpt is adapted from Marx and Engel's
• The Communist Manifesto (1848).
•
•
•
•
How does Marx view the past? Use examples from the text in your answer. Then explain
• what he predicts what will happen in the future.
··•• -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -:
•·- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - •
•
•
----------------------~-----------
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
SOCIALISM
Other critics of the new industrial conditions did not go as far as Marx and Engels. They
did not call for a violent revolution. These critics were called socialists. However, they did
think it was necessary to improve conditions for workers.
Socialism first began in the 1800s as a political movement in response to the injustices
of industry and the exploitation of workers. Many workers had to work long hours for
low wages in unsafe conditions. Socialist reformers preached more state influence, equal
rights, and an end to the inhumane treatment of workers. These reformers believed the best
way to safeguard workers would be to pass laws to protect workers and even to have the
government own some businesses for the workers' benefit. They formed their own socialist
political parties across Europe.
Socialists disagreed with the Communist belief that workers' conditions could only be
improved through violent revolution. Socialists believed that workers could improve their
own conditions by political action. Later socialists argued that the government should own
basic industries and also provide essential services, like free schooling, low-cost housing,
inexpensive public transportation, and a national health program.
Name
250
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING TH E TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
Complete the graphic organizer below by describing some of the effects of the illdustrial
Revolution on Europe.
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The constant stream of innovation triggered by the illdustrial Revolution led to a "Second
illdustrial Revolution" in the late 19th century. This was based on improvements in the chemical, steel, and petroleum industries, and by the introduction of electricity. Thomas Edison
(1847-1931) developed the phonograph, motion pictures, and the electric light bulb in the 1870s
- inventions based on electricity. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
Other inventors developed the intemal combustion engine - an engine running on petroleumbased gasoline. Scientists like Polish-born Marie Curie (1867-1934) also started studying
radioactivity. She became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize for her discovery of radium.
-------I
- -1 111 : - In I-f~'
I ~ I,; .t< ._IIXAJl,"
-
-
-
-
---------~
-------------~---------------
ill the last chapter, you learned how the French Revolution and Napoleon unleashed the forces of nationalism. ill the first half of the 19th century, conservative
statesmen like Prince Mettemich managed to contain
nationalist forces. illdustrialization strengthened the
power of the middle classes, who demanded national
independence and unity in many places across Europe.
Business leaders especially hoped to benefit from unified national markets. Skillful politicians and journalists also channeled worker discontent into nationalism.
Name ________________________________________ Dme ________________
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
251
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY AND GERMANY
Following the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 in Italy and Germany, statesmen like
Count Cavour in Italy and Otto von Bismarck in Germany managed to unify their nations
through skillful diplomacy and the use of force.
ITALY (1859-1860)
For centuries, Italy had consisted of
a number of smaller states. Nationalists called for the unification ofItaly
into a single country. Count Camillo
di Cavour (1810-1861) was Prime
Minister of the state of Piedmont in
Northern Italy. He became famous
by writing an essay on railroads.
In the new industrial age, railroads
could help unite Italy economically.
Cavour enlisted. French support to
defeat Austria, driving the Austrians out of Northern Italy. Cavour
next annexed Northern and Central
Italy to the Kingdom of Piedmont.
ITALIAN UNIFICATION: 1859-1870
•
Joined with Sardinia 1859
•
Joined with Sardinia 1861
to form Kingdom of Italy
IIJ Joined with Italy by 1870
onOMAN
EMPIRE
The nationalist leader Giuseppe
Garibaldi, along with his secret
revolutionary society, overthrew
the unpopular Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies (Naples). Garibaldi agreed
to join this area to Cavour's enlarged
Piedmont. By 1860, Italy had become
a united nation. The ruler of Piedmont became the first King of Italy.
GERMANY (1863-1871)
Like Italy, Germany still consisted of a number of smaller states. Chief rivals for the leadership of Germany were the two largest German states -- Prussia and Austria. Austria
contained many non-German lands and peoples. The leaders of Austria did not want to see
Germany united, since Austria could not bring its non-German territories into Germany.
Economics strengthened Prussia's hand. Prussia organized the German states into a
customs union (known as the Zollverein). Other German states adapted their economies
to Prussia. Then Prussia's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, followed a policy of "blood
and iron" to unite Germany. Liberals had failed to unite the German states in 1848; now
Bismarck achieved unification through Prussia's economic and military power.
Name
252
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
Prussia had industrialized faster than
Austria and France. Bismarck combined
skillful diplomacy and Prussian military
might to achieve German unification.
Prussian military leaders made use of
new technologies, like the railroad and
the rifle, to build the most powerful army
in Europe.
After a series of successful wars
against Denmark, Austria, and France,
Germany was finally united in 1871.
The King of Prussia became the Kaiser
(emperor) of Germany.
------------------------------ ------------------------------,
"*
"*
"*
"*
Economics
Basic Economic Questions: (1) What will
be produced? (2) How will it be produced?
(3) Who gets what is produced?
Free Enterprise. Producers make what they
want; consumers buy what they need. Supply and demand determines prices.
Adam Smith. Explained the free enterprise
system; stated the "Invisible Hand" theory.
Karl Marx. Felt capitalists oppressed work-'
ers; one day workers would overthrow capitalists and establish a classless society;
private property would be eliminated.
Pre-Conditions for
IndustriaL RevoLution
.. Great Britain was ready for changes due to
its favorable geography.
.. Britain had good transportation and communication systems.
.. Global trade and prosperous agriculture.
.. Strong commercial outlook and a global empire.
Scientific advances in the 17th and 18th
centuries made inventors open to new ways
of doing things. They had the technical skills
to build the new machines.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~
"*
~------------------------------+------------------------------~I
"*
"*
"*
"*
IndustriaL RevoLution
Textile Revolution. The spinning jenny and
other inventions increased the production of
cotton thread and cloth.
Factory System.
• Goods were made in the factory instead of
at home.
• Goods were made by machines instead of
by hand.
Steam Engine. James Watt's improved steam
engi ne powered the new machi nery.
Transportation Revolution. Steam power
was used to power steamboats and railroads.
Impact of IndustriaL RevoLution
I
I
Economic Impact. Mass production of goods
made them more available and cheaper.
.. Social Impact. People moved from the countryside to towns and cities.
• Conditions for many workers worsened .
.. Political Impact.
• Reform movements demanded social
change, such as a 1O-hour work day and a
ban on child labor.
• Middle class supported reforms in England, like the Reform Bill of 1832.
• Led to unification of Italy and Germany.
I
I
I
*
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~------------------------------ -------------------------~----~
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The Industrial Revolution
253
Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.
Use the text and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
"It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes
had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the
painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which
[endless] serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled.
It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with ill smelling dye .... "
-
1
Charles Dickens, Hard Times
The author of this passage describes conditions caused by the A unification of Italy and Germany
B rise of the factory system
C domestic system
D Revolutions of 1848
First, £XAMINE the question. It tests your ability to interpret a written text. Hard Times was a novel by Charles Dickens about the horrid
conditions brought about by the Industrial Revolution. KECALL what
you know about the Industrial Revolution. Remember that factories
created thick smoke, air pollution and harsh living conditions for factory workers. If you t,PPLY what you know to these choices, you will -And
that Choices A, C, and D do not relate to the text since they do not
describe the conditions of the Industrial Revolution. The best answer is
Choice B since the passage is all about the rise of the factory system.
Now try answering some additional questions on your own.
2
Which describes a major social effect of the Industrial Revolution in Europejji?m'-'~iIi
F the growth of the middle class
G an increase in nomadic herding
H a decline in urban population
J a decrease in international trade
3
What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believe would result when communism
finally emerged as the dominant political and economic system?
A Only two classes would exist in society.
B Workers would abolish private property.
C Central governments would gain in strength.
D Citizens would own their individual homes and farms.
emsfl.
Name
254
Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL
To PHOTOCOPY
4
A long-tenn effect of the Industrial Revolution in Europe was F an increase in the number of small fanns
G a decline in international trade
H a general rise in standards of living
J a strengthening of the economic power of the nobility
5
With which statement would Adam Smith most likely agree?
A Government should interfere as little as possible in the economy.
B Revolution is the only solution to a country's economic problems.
C Elimination of most agriculture is necessary in order to industrialize.
D Mercantilism is the best policy to promote economic growth.
6
Which statement best describes a significant contribution of James Watt?
F He was the first person to identify the laws of supply and demand.
_$8
G His efforts at refonn led to the abolition of child labor in Britain.
H He was the first to explain the workings of the free enterprise system.
J His work on the steam engine allowed steam to power factory machinery.
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer questions 7 and 8.
7
Which conclusion is best supported by the
infonnation on the map?
A Britain's natural resources encouraged the growth of industrial cities.
B In 1830, Britain had an unfavorable
balance of trade.
C Britain's prosperity unified its people.
D People emigrated from Britain
because of industrial pollution.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
IN BRITAIN ABOUT 1830
.... Cities of 100,000
to 300,000 people
• Cities of over
300,000 people
NORTH
SEA
8
Which geographic factor explains why the
Industrial Revolution began in England?
F England had a smooth coastline.
G England had abundant coal and iron
resources.
H England had many scenic waterfalls.
J England contained numerous mountain ran:ges.
9
Which scientist helped improve social conditions by taking steps to prevent diseases
spread by genns?
A Galileo
C James Watt
D Louis Pasteur
B Sir Issac Newton
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
CHAPTER 15: The IndustriaL RevoLution
255
Use the passage and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
"By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his
own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of
the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases
led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention .... Pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more [effectively] than
when he really intends to promote it."
10 This passage most likely appeared as part ofF Karl Marx's Capital
G Adam Smith's The Wealth o/Nations
H Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince
J Marx and Engels' The Communist Manifesto
11 What was one important influence of Queen Victoria on British society?
A She financed improvements on Watt's steam engine.
~~Utt'2Nm'
B She rallied the public against the growth of unions in Britain.
C She supported the introduction of social reforms and charitable programs to
improve the lives of the poor.
D She took power back from Parliament to modernize British society.
12 How did changes in textile manufacturing help initiate the Industrial Revolution?
F Textile manufacturers used raw materials recently discovered in
@f2l!x,.
the Americas to introduce new products to Europe.
G Textile manufacturers were the first to combine steam power and machinery in
factories to mass produce goods.
H Textile manufacturers introduced changes in methods of transportation to obtain
raw materials.
J Textile manufacturers used highly skilled workers who were more productive
than unskilled workers.
13 Which political changes did the Industrial Revolution help bring about in nineteenthcentury Europe?
lilltiml!il.
A Industrialists from different countries cooperated to prevent
political change.
B The growing middle classes encouraged the national unification of Italy and
Germany.
C The rulers of Russia introduced more democratic practices to accelerate economic
development.
D Revolutionaries inspired by Marx and Engels' The Communist Manifesto successfully overturned several-European governments.
14 In the late 1800s, one response of British workers to unsafe working conditions wasF to take control of the government
H to return to farming
~i'
G to set minimum wages
J to form labor unions