Units 4 and 6 Reports from Single and Multiple References
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Unit 6 Reports from Multiple References Model
Book 1
I. Topic 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Book 3
Book 2
I. Topic 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I. Topic 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fused Outline
I. Topic 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Clincher
Procedure for finding topics in the three mini-books on Dolphins (located at the end of this document)
•
•
•
•
To find possible topics, identify the key words in each topic sentence of each paragraph of the
mini-book. The clincher sentence can help too.
Write down the topics for each book (see chart below)
Find topics that occur in more than one book. Choose these to create an outline on one topic for
each book that contains that topic (see page A-37 for sample outline on migration)
Fuse the details from each outline to create a fused outline for writing. (Sample fused outline and
resulting paragraph is included on page A-37.)
Dolphin mini-book SM1a
Dolphin mini-book SM1b
Dolphin mini-book SM1c
Playful
whales
fishers
Migrate/mating
swimming
communities
Species/whale
families/community
migration/mating
Appearance
enemies/humans
language
Echolocation/communication
learning/humans
humans/enslave
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Sample outline for Dolphin mini-books on the topic “migration.”
Since only books a and c have information on “migration,” there are only two outlines to fuse.
Book SM1a
I. Topic: migration
1. north, summer, mating
2. Canadian dolphins ø ! tropics
3. migrate, follow, favorite fish
4. Atlantic-cod
5. pacific-salmon
$
Book SM1c
I. Topic: migration
1. migration, mating, linked
2. N. in spring. S. fall
3. Atlantic sp. Nova Scotia! New England
4. mating, summer
5. calves, born 1 yr later
$
Fused Outline
I. migration
1. north, summer, mate
2. calves, born 1 yr later
3. south, fall
4. Canadian dolphins ø travel ! tropics
5. follow food,
6. Atlantic/cod
7. Pacific/salmon
Clincher
$
Sample paragraph from fused outline above including all the
dress-ups (underlined) and sentence openers (numbered) learned thus far:
Plenty to Eat
by Jane Student
[6] Dolphins migrate every year. [2] In the summer, the dolphins swim north where they will mate.
[1] The baby dolphins, which are called calves, are born a year later. [4] Traveling south in the
fall, dolphins hungrily follow their favorite food. [1] Atlantic dolphins enjoy cod while Pacific
dolphins prefer salmon. [3] Interestingly, Canadian dolphins do not travel as far south as the
other groups of dolphins. Because dolphins migrate, they have plenty to eat all year long.$
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was cylindrical. Peanuts snorted a spray
SM1a
from his blowhole and nudged the blue
3 ball. Probably he thought, “How stupid
1 this trainer is!” Peanuts the dolphin was
reflects
topic & title
using his powerful echolocation system.
!trong vb.
Echolocation
Dolphins
qual. adj.
when cl.
Dolphins migrate north in the summer 1
when their mating and birthing season begins. During the autumn the largest herds 2
because cl.
3
4
strong vb.
3
strong vb.
2
5
1
Dolphins
1
Sub-adult dolphins are the most playful. When travelling in large herds, the
young are most rambunctious. In the
Pacific Ocean one youngster leaped ten
feet in the air and landed on the deck of
a boat. What a surprise that must have
been! Occasionally they steal fish from
killer whales and playfully harass and
tease them. Standing upright, a dolphin
can tailwalk to a boat and shake hands
with its flipper. Regularly dolphins visit
Australian beaches because they want to
play with the swimmers. Young dolphins
are fun-loving creatures.
DOLPHINS
SM1a
strong vb.
3
5
!"#$%&'(
strong vb.
3sss [5:4:3]
1
"ly"
1
2
which.cl.
which cl. 6,5
1
3
)*+,-
congregate on their movement south. Since
they are well protected against the cold,
Canadian dolphins do not migrate as far
south as the tropics. Generally they migrate
to follow the fish. The Atlantic species enjoy cod. Pacific dolphins eat salmon. Both
like squid. Migration and mating closely
follow the source of food.
Fifty species of the dolphins—also called
porpoises—belong to the whale family.
In the whale family all ninety species are
mammals, which means they breathe air,
are warm bodied, and have live young
which suckle. All mammals have hair. Although dolphins are born with whiskers,
they lose them soon after birth. The smallest Canadian porpoise is 150 centimeters;
the largest reaches three meters. Normally
dolphins are the smallest mammals in the
whale family.
2 In appearance dolphins are gray or black
with a white belly. They have two fins
1
)*+,
called flippers, which are like hands. As
with humans, the bone structure of the
flipper shows four fingers and a thumb.
Swimming on their backs, dolphins have
been seen happily waving good-bye with a
flipper. The tail fin is forked, used to steer
and, like a propeller on a boat, used to increase speed. Breathing is through a blow
hole on top of the head. Behind the eyes
are two ear holes. Undoubtedly dolphins
are beautiful in appearance.
!"#$%&'(
simile
which cl., 2
4
"ly"
1
1
2
3
Q
4
Equipped with an echolocation system
that is better than human sonar, porpoises
can hear a vitamin capsule dropped into
the water ten meters away. When a trainer
slipped a round object into the water and
asked a dolphin, "Is there anything out
there?" it nudged the red ball, meaning
"yes." "Is it cylindrical?" the trainer con-
1 which cl.
Q
5
tinued. The dolphin, which was named
4
strong vb.
Peanuts, nudged the red ball. Dropping
an angle iron into the water, he asked if it
1
simile
5
2
"ly"
reflects
topic & title
as cl.
5
6, 2
SM1b
Dolphins learn quickly. Despite sad experiences with fisherman, they seem to know
that humans have goodwill for them.
When caught in a net, they often lie there
calmly expecting to be freed as if saying
to the group, “Hey! take it easy fellas—it’s
just a routine we gotta go through.” Off the
coast of Costa Rica there is a herd called
the untouchables. When a net is laid and
before the bottom is tightly closed, the
untouchables dive under it like an arrow,
taking all the fish with them. So dolphins
are learning to deal with humans.
Dealing with Humans
Dolphins are designed for swimming. In
shape their bodies are smooth, sleek, and
streamlined. Glistening with shiny skins
which feel like rubber, they can stay out
of the water if kept wet. Porpoises carry
Dolphins are small whales. Reaching
thirty-five meters and 80,000 kilos, the
baleen whales are the largest in the family. Toothed whales are middle-sized, the
smallest being the beluga at four meters
and one and a half tons. Among dolphins,
the average size is about three meters, and
they weigh about 500 kilos. Four major porpoise species inhabit Canadian waters: the
Atlantic squidhound and a close relative,
the Atlantic jumper, and Dall’s dolphins.
Porpoises are whales, not fish.
if cl.
which cl.
4
alliteration
6,2
d. closing
1
2
1
1
4 d. opening
Dealing with Humans
DEALING WITH HUMANS
SM1b
Dealing with Humans
SM1b
a thick layer of blubber or fat to keep
their bodies warm and to store food for
when cl. migration or when it is scarce in winter.
3sss [4:4:4] Dolphins swim long distances. They do
"ly"
3 not tire. They move extremely fast. Incredibly a porpoise can swim faster than thirty
kilometers an hour.
4
6,5
6
3
qual. adj.
strong vb.
2
3
strong vb.
because cl.
1
Moving in families or large communities,
they are led by the most powerful male.
Dolphins hate to be alone. Although average herds include 100 animals, some have
over 2,000. They are sociable creatures.
Frequently they travel and feed with
other marine mammals such as seals and
sea lions. Remarkably they exhibit a curiosity about people and seek out human
company. In return they inspire people's
affection because of their intelligence, permanent smile, and playfulness. Dolphins
also attempt to bring other creatures into
their community.
SM1b
3
6
5
when cl.
5
until cl.
strong vb.
"ly"
2
qual. adj.
6,1
1
Dealing with Humans
Fishermen are the dolphin's main enemies.
Both seek fish. Men claim that uncontrolled
dolphin population growth will destroy
fish stocks. In Japan fishermen have
cruelly herded dolphins to the beaches
with speedboats and clubbed thousands
to death until the sea turned blood red.
Since herds swim above schools of tuna,
Americans and Russians have drowned
thousands of dolphins in their nets when
catching fish. Because oceanariums will
pay 25,000 dollars for a dolphin, some
fisherman will drown fifty or more just to
catch a few live dolphins. It is profitable.
Repeatedly humans and dolphins meet
on the fishing grounds.
4
3
4
1
7
who cl.
metaphor
simile
simile
"ly"
SM1c
Do humans make dolphins their slaves?
Attendants at an oceanarium secretly
loaded dolphins into a van and released
them into the Pacific. Claiming that they
were “like humans in dolphin suits,” one
argued that people had no right to hold
“intelligent, feeling beings like dolphins in
captivity." Forcefully another claimed that
the oceanarium was like a “concentration
camp for my friends." Sentenced to six
months in jail, they believed scientists were
merely businessmen and slave holders
who only made money for the oceanarium.
Do we have to enslave dolphins in order
to study them?
Enslaving Dolphins
where cl.
simile
Dolphins cooperate within their commu- d. opening
qual. adj.
"ly"
strong vb.
4
6
strong vb.
3
5
2
2
3sss [4:4:4]
6,1
Enslaving Dolphins
Dolphins are expert fishers. They possess
over 100 sharp teeth for catching them.
They do not chew. Fish are swallowed
whole. Gulp! and it’s gone. Like cows and
sheep, porpoises have several stomachs
where digestion takes place. With one
eye open and half of the brain still awake,
they sleep about three hours each day.
While sleeping, they float with the head
just below the surface. Automatically the
blowhole breaks the surface every thirty
seconds to breathe. They do not wake.
Possessing a sonar system ten times more
efficient than any invented by humans,
they can easily detect fish anywhere in
their watery environment.
ENSLAVING DOLPHINS
SM1c
Enslaving Dolphins
5
5
"ly"
4
1
5
strong vb.
when cl.
while cl.
SM1c
nities. When a mother is giving birth, the
family gathers to guard against attackers. If the mother is too weak to push the
newborn to the surface for its first breath,
another female—an auntie—will do so.
Thereafter the auntie will tend the baby
when the mother is absent. Keeping them
near the surface to breathe, this kindly
auntie will look after a whole kindergarten
while a mother dives for food. If an adult
dolphin is sick, the others will push it to
strong vb. the surface, towing it to allow the animal
1 to rest. Dolphins have been known to push
qual. adj. drowning humans and other sea mam3 mals toward the shore. Truely, dolphins
1
2
d. closing cooperate well.
strong vb.
4
qual. adj.
For dolphins, migration and mating are
linked. They travel north in the spring
and south in the fall. Leaving the north
around Greenland and Baffin Island, the
Atlantic species move ahead of the growing ice to Nova Scotia and New England.
SM1c
6
3
4
simile
metaphor
3 because cl.
3
1
6
strong vb.
1
5
strong vb.
qual. adj.
when cl.
5
Enslaving Dolphins
While the mating occurs one summer, the
calves are born about a year later when the
temperature rises and the warm weather
returns. The herds have moved north.
Usually migration and mating are related
to climate.
Believing that dolphins speak a complex
language, some scientists seek to teach
them English, to respond to commands
such as “Fetch the ball” or “Touch the
ring." Since they can make sixty-four
different sounds, scientists seek to learn
dolphin speech by using computers. A
few are convinced that dolphins can even
communicate with other species of marine
mammals. Dolphins like children quickly
become bored. One scientist argues, “In
mathematics one must design complex
puzzles or dolphins lose interest." Probably porpoises are fascinated with people
because of their speech. Possibly they want
to learn a human language.