Today’s Plan
• AP Exam Registration Information
• Course Selection Information
Monday
March 6, 2017
Quiz - Chapter 33
• You know the drill!
Tuesday
March 6, 2017
I’m so sorry to do this
to you, but I need your
Chapter 34 outlines to
be complete for
Monday, March 13th.
Socratic Seminar: FDR and the Shadow of War
• Which idea(s) in this chapter do you think is most significant when
studying America’s path to WWII?
• Evaluate the following statement: Self-interest was more important
than idealism in driving American foreign-policy decisions during the
period 1895-1945.
• Which parts of the chapter . . .
• did you not understand?
• made you think, “WHY DO I NEED TO KNOW THIS???”
• How do ideas found in the chapters manifest themselves today?
Consider the following . . .
1. Prior to September 1st, 1939, how did the actions of Adolf Hitler lead to
WWII?
2. Prior to December 7th, 1941, what were the three most significant events
to occur in the European theatre of WWII?
3. Between September 1st, 1939 and December 7th, 1941 what were the
three most significant events leading up to America’s entry into WWII?
4. How was the U.S. path to WWII similar and dissimilar to the path to
WWI?
• Be ready to share and defend your answers!
Wednesday
March 7, 2017
Consider the following . . .
1. Prior to September 1st, 1939, how did the actions of Adolf Hitler lead to
WWII?
2. Prior to December 7th, 1941, what were the three most significant events
to occur in the European theatre of WWII?
3. Between September 1st, 1939 and December 7th, 1941 what were the
three most significant events leading up to America’s entry into WWII?
4. How was the U.S. path to WWII similar and dissimilar to the path to
WWI?
• Be ready to share and defend your answers!
Thursday
March 9, 2017
&
Friday
March 10, 2017
Unit 5: Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901-1945
• Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912
• Chapter 29: Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War, 1913-1920
• Exam: Chapters 28-29, Monday, February 13th
• Chapter 30: American Life in the “Roaring Twenties”, 1920-1929
• Chapter 31: The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932
• Chapter 32: The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939
• Exam: Chapters 30-32, Friday, March 3rd
• Chapter 33: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941
• Chapter 34: America in World War II, 1941-1945
• Exam: Chapters 33-34, Wednesday, March 15th
• Unit Essay: Progressive Era
Chapter 33
Franklin D. Roosevelt and the
Shadow of War, 1933–1941
“The epidemic of world lawlessness is spreading. When an epidemic of physical
disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the
patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the
disease. . . . There must be positive endeavors to preserve peace.”
Franklin D. Roosevelt, Chicago “Quarantine Speech,” 1937
I. The London Conference
II. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the
Russians
III. Becoming a Good Neighbor
• Foreign Policy vs. Domestic Economic Policy
• London Economic Conference (1933) – foreign policy vs.
domestic economic strategy
• Isolationism kept the U.S. from attending which contributed to
nationalism and lack of cooperation.
• Americans withdrew from Imperialism.
• U.S. recognized the Soviet Union’s existence (1933).
• FDR began a new era in relations with Latin America: “Good
Neighbor Policy”
• Nonintervention—particularly denounced the Roosevelt Corollary
to the Monroe Doctrine
• FDR greatly improved relations with western hemisphere nations.
Just Another Customer, 1933
The United States recognizes the
Soviet Union.
V. Storm-Cellar Isolationism
• Spread of Totalitarianism (the individual is nothing; the
state is everything) & fascism (add nationalism).
• Joseph Stalin’s communist USSR, Benito Mussolini’s fascist Italy,
Adolf Hitler’s fascist Germany under Nazi control, military control
in Japan
• In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied themselves in the RomeBerlin Axis.
• Japan left the LON in 1935 and later joined Germany and Italy in
Tripartite Pact.
• Americans wanted protection through isolation.
• In 1934, Congress passed the Johnson Debt Default Act which
prevented “debt-dodging nations” from borrowing further in the
United States.
Adolf Hitler Reviewing
Troops, Berlin, 1939
IV. Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements
VI. Congress Legislates Neutrality
VII. America Dooms Loyalist Spain
• Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934
• Hull: Tariff barriers choke off foreign trade – lower them!
• Hull: Economic barriers lead to military barriers.
• FDR could lower the existing rate by as much as 50%, provided that
the other country involved was willing to respond with similar
reductions – reciprocal.
• Stopped treating tariffs like treaties, which meant FDR did NOT need
Senate approval.
• Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937
• Congress tried to legislate the nation out of war.
• Stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a
foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect:
• No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship
• No sale or transport munitions to a belligerent
• No loans to a belligerent
• As the United States retreated, dictators became bolder
(Franco, Hitler, Mussolini)
“The Only Way We Can Save Her,”
1939
VIII. Appeasing Japan and Germany
• In 1937, Japan invaded China for Manchuria’s rich
natural resources – FDR did nothing.
• The Quarantine Speech by FDR in Chicago, 1937
• Called for “positive endeavors” to “quarantine” the
aggressors—presumably by economic embargoes, but the
idea was rejected by the public.
• Economic disagreement might lead to military disagreement.
• Hitler grew bolder in Europe – all against the Treaty of
Versailles.
• Introduced compulsory military service in Germany.
• In 1935 he marched into demilitarized German Rhineland.
• In March 1938, Hitler occupied German-speaking Austria
(Anschluss).
• Then, he made demands for the German-inhabited
Sudetenland of neighboring Czechoslovakia.
• Conference held in Munich, Germany, September 1938
• Democracies were not ready for war, so they gave in to Hitler’s
demands – appeasement.
• Six months later, Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia.
The Munich Conference supposedly
brought “peace in our time.”
Major contributors: Chamberlain, Daladier,
Hitler, Mussolini, and Ciano are pictured
above.
IX. Hitler’s Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality
• Joseph Stalin was key – which side would he take?
• On August 23, 1939, Stalin shocked the world by signing a
nonaggression treaty with the German dictator – Hitler-Stalin Pact.
• This meant Hitler would NOT have to fight a two-front war.
• Stalin was plotting to turn his German accomplice against the
Western democracies.
• Hitler demanded Poland to return the land she took from
Germany in World War I & invaded on September 1, 1939.
• Britain and France declared war, but could do nothing for Poland.
• FDR proclaimed neutrality while Allies begged for American arms to
fight Germany – prevented by Neutrality Acts.
• The Neutrality Act of 1939 provided that the European
democracies might buy American war materials on a “cashand-carry” basis.
• This kept Americans out of harm’s way and helped the economy.
Poland Falls to the Nazi
Juggernaut, 1939
X. The Fall of France
• “Phony war” period followed the collapse of Poland.
• There was “calm” while Hitler shifted his army from Poland for
an attack on France.
• Soviets attacked Finland.
• “Phony war” ended in April 1940.
• Hitler overran Denmark and Norway, then the Netherlands
and Belgium.
• By late June France was forced to surrender.
• Meanwhile, the British elected Winston Churchill as prime
minister.
• Americans woke up as it seemed even Great Britain might
fall.
• FDR called for huge airfleets and a two-ocean navy, which
could check Japan’s growth.
• Congress appropriated $37 billion, more than the total cost of
World War I.
• Congress passed a conscription law, the first peacetime draft.
Hitler in Paris
Images like this helped to shake America
out of its isolationist dream.
XI. Refugees from the Holocaust
• Jewish communities in Eastern
Europe were frequent victims attacks.
• November 9, 1938: Mobs ransacked
more than seven thousand Jewish shops
and almost all of the Germany’s
synagogues
• About 30,000 were sent to
concentration camps in the wake of
Kristallnacht, the “night of broken
glass”
• By the end of the war, 6 million Jews
had been murdered in the Holocaust.
Shattered Jewish Storefronts in Berlin
XII. Bolstering Britain
• Battle of Britain
• In August 1940 Hitler launched air attacks on Britain,
preparatory to an invasion scheduled for September.
• British held out for months, and Hitler eventually
postponed the invasion.
• Debate intensified in the United States over how to
respond.
• FDR’s choices:
1.
2.
Assume “Fortress America” defensive position
Support Britain by all means short of war itself
• Supporters of aid to Britain formed propaganda groups
like the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies
• The isolationists organized the America First Committee.
• Britain was in critical need of destroyers.
• 1940: FDR agreed to destroyers-for-bases deal with
Great Britain.
XII. Bolstering Britain
“We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas
and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the
air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and
in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and if, which I
do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated
and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the
British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New
World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation
of the old.”
Winston Churchill
June 4, 1940
XII. Bolstering Britain
• Battle of Britain
• In August 1940 Hitler launched air attacks on Britain,
preparatory to an invasion scheduled for September.
• British held out for months, and Hitler eventually
postponed the invasion.
• Debate intensified in the United States over how to
respond.
• FDR’s choices:
1.
2.
Assume “Fortress America” defensive position
Support Britain by all means short of war itself
• Supporters of aid to Britain formed propaganda groups
like the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the
Allies
• The isolationists organized the America First Committee.
• Britain was in critical need of destroyers.
• 1940: FDR agreed to destroyers-for-bases deal with
Great Britain.
XV. Charting a New World
• Three Major Events of WWII (so far):
1. The fall of France in June 1940
2. Battle of Britain, July – October 1940
3. Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941
• Atlantic Conference of August 1941
• Meeting of Churchill and Roosevelt on a warship off the
coast of Newfoundland.
• They developed the Atlantic Charter
• Formerly accepted by Churchill and Roosevelt, later the Soviet
Union.
• Outlined goals of the democracies for a better world at war’s
end.
• It argued for the rights of individuals rather than nations – antiTotalitarian.
• Laid the groundwork for later advocacy on behalf of universal
human rights & self-determination – huge to the UN.
Unexpected Guest, 1941
XIV. A Landmark Lend-Lease Law
XVI. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler’s U-boats Clash
• The Lend-Lease Bill (1941) was praised by the
administration as a device that would keep the
nation out of war rather than drag it in.
• The passing of lend-lease was in effect an economic
declaration of war.
• Results of lend-lease:
• Factories went to full production.
• America became more prepared for war.
• As hostilities grew, Lend-Lease would need to be
protected by U.S. warships – convoy system
• Americans began to turn away from neutrality.
• In November, 1941, Congress tore down the Neutrality
Act of 1939 – another economic declaration of war.
Main Flow of Lend-Lease Aid
The Convoy System
A common sight on
the Atlantic, 1941
XVII. Surprise Assault on Pearl Harbor
• Japan, since September 1940, had been a formal military
ally of Nazi Germany.
• Japan was dependent on immense shipments of steel, scrap
iron, oil, and aviation gasoline from the U.S.
• Because of Japan’s actions in the Pacific, the U.S. (1940) an
embargo on the sale of goods to Japan.
• In mid-1941 the United States froze Japan’s assets in the United
States.
• Japan’s leaders were faced with two alternatives:
1.
2.
They could give into America
Break the embargo by taking supplies from other Pacific
regions
• Japan chose option 2 – the only question was: Where
would Japan strike?
• Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941
• About 3,000 casualties were inflicted on American personnel.
• Many aircraft, battleships, and smaller ships were destroyed.
• Fortunately for America, the three priceless aircraft carriers
happened to be outside the harbor.
The Battleship West Virginia
XVIII. America’s Transformation from Bystander to
Belligerent
• Japan’s gamble in Hawaii paid off only in the
short run.
• In the beginning of 1942, Japan was able to take
control of much of the Pacific and Southeast Asia.
• WWII’s Dilemma
• Americans wanted to stay out of the conflict, but
they did not want Britain to be knocked out.
• To keep Britain from collapsing FDR extended the aid
that invited attacks from German submarines.
• They also wished to halt Japan’s conquests in East
Asia.
• To keep Japan from expanding, FDR cut off vital
Japanese supplies with embargoes that invited possible
retaliation.