Indentured Indian Immigration to Natal, 18601870 with special reference to the Hindu Caste
System and its implications
By
Pathmaloshini Moodley
1981
INDENTURED
WITH
INDIAN
SPECIAL
N&Tt+L
IMMIGRATION TO
REFERENCE
ITS
TO
THE
HINDU CASTE
.
1860
-
1870
SYSTEM AND
IMPLICATIONS
PATHMALOSHINI
MOODLEY
Submitted i n p a r t f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e requirements f o r the degree o f
BACHELOR OF
ARTS
(HnNnURS)
i n t h e D e p a r t ~ ~ ~ eo nf t H i s t o r y
i n t h e Faculty. o f A r t s
a t the U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westvi-le
SUPERVISORS
DATE
:
SUBMITTED:
P r o f e s s o r S. Bhana
Dr. J B Brain
NOVEMBER
1981
SUMMARY
To t h e people o f t h e West, t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f I n d i a a r e t h e l e a s t
understood and t h e most e a s i l y misunderstood o f a l l men.
This project
has two themes : f i r s t l y , t o probe t h e reasons as t o why many I n d i a n s
l e f t I n d i a f o r South A f r i c a and secondly, t o e x p l o r e t h e Hindu c a s t e
system, a Pan-Indian phenomenon.
A l t h o u g h I n d i a n i n d e n t u r e i n t o South A f r i c a has been s t u d i e d and w r i t t e n
about, i t i s remarkable j u s t how much more t h e r e i s t h a t i s undiscovered.
While much i s w r i t t e n about t h e I n d i a n s from t h e t i m e t h e y came t o South
A f r i c a i n 1860 t o t h e p r e s e n t day, r e s e a r c h l e a d i n g t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n
I n d i a p r i o r t o 1860 and t h e p o s s i b l e reasons as t o why t h e y l e f t
has been n e g l e c t e d .
T h i s s t u d y t h e r e f o r e i s designed t o g i v e some
L
i n s i g h t i n t o t h e geographic, h i s t o r i c a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l background
o f I n d i a , i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e Presidency o f Madras i n t h e South o f I n d i a
and t o show how c a s t e operated i n a t y p i c a l South I n d i a n v i l l a g e .
I
have attempted t o g i v e an e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e r u l e s , r e g u l a t i o n s and r e s t r i c t i o n s o f t h e Hindu c a s t e system.
From t h e s h i p p i n g l i s t s o f t h e L o r d George B e n t i n c k and Tyburnia, I
have t r i e d t o a n a l y s e t h e c a s t e , sex, age and r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s
o f t h e I n d i a n s on board t h e s e s h i p s .
,
I f i n t h e s e pages, I can h e l p o t h e r s o f t h e West t o come f a c e t o f a c e
w i t h t h e immense and i n t r i c a t e problems which c o n f r o n t a l l who d e s i r e t o
know, and s h a l l enable them t o understand b e t t e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s and
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 1 i f e i n t h e Land o f Vedas,
f o r my l a b o u r s .
I w i l l f e e l amply r e p a i d
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wish t o express my s i n c e r e thanks t o Professor S. Bhana, Head o f t h e
Department o f H i s t o r y , and D r J .B. Brain, Department o f H i s t o r y f o r
t h e i r v e r y a b l e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h i s study.
I am p a r t i c u l a r l y g r a t e f u l
f o r t h e i r p e r c e p t i v e c r i t i c i s m s and t h e i n t e r e s t which t h e y have shown.
I am a l s o g r a t e f u l f o r t h e a s s i s t a n c e g i v e n by :
Andhra Maha Sabha o f South A f r i c a ;
The Tamil A s s o c i a t i o n o f South A f r i c a ;
M r Bala Naidu, U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westville;
Joan Mckenzie,
L i b r a r i a n a t t h e University o f Natal;
Miss P. Naidu and Miss F. D. Kajee who typed t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ;
and my f r i e n d s from t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Durban-Westville who a s s i s t e d
i n v a r i o u s ways.
F i n a l l y , t h e completion o f t h i s H i s t o r y assignment i s i n no small
measure due t o t h e understanding and s a c r i f i c e o f my f a m i l y .
P.
MOODLEY
NOVEMBER
1981
(iii)
CONTENTS
PAGE
SUMMARY
(i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
(ii)
L I S T OF TABLES, MAPS AND I L L U S T R A T I O N S
(iv)
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER :
ONE
: CONDITIONS I N SOU'TH AFRICA AND I N D I A
TWO
:
SURVEY OF CASTE I N I N D I A
CONCLUSION
MAPS
AND
ILLUSTRATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
I N APPENDICES
APPENDICES :
A
: . S H I P P I N G L I S T S OF LORD GEORGE BENTINCK
B
: S H I P P I N G L I S T S OF TYBURNIA
SOURCES
LIST
OF
TABLES, MAPS AND
ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLES :
1 : AREA, POPULATION OF MADRAS PRESIDENCY I N 1871
2
: REGIONAL D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMIGRANTS
3
: SEX
4
: CASTE D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMIGRANTS
5
: AGE
MAPS
MAP
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF EMIGRANTS
DISTRIBUTION
AND
OF
OF
EMIGRANTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
INDIA
MAP SHOWING AREAS OF RECRUITMENT OF I N D I A N LABOURERS
PLAN OF MADRAS
PLAN
OF
A
TYPICAL
SOUTH
INDIAN
VILLAGE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO
INDIA
The sub-continent o f I n d i a i s i n t h e shape o f a t r i a n g l e s t a n d i n g upon
i t s point.
I t s s t r e t c h e s over two thousand m i l e s from t h e Himalayas i n
t h e N o r t h down t o t h e southern t i p j u t t i r i g o u t i n t o t h e I n d i a n Ocean.
This g r e a t t r i a n g l e f a l l s i n t o t h r e e c l e a r d i v i s i o n s .
There i s t h e
n o r t h e r n mountain w a l l and i n t h e south t h e Peninsular Plateau.
Between
them l i e s t h e g r e a t p l a i n formed by t h e v a l l e y s cf t h e Indus and t h e
Ganges where t h e mass o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s have always l i v e d .
Nine o u t o f t e n I n d i a n s 1 i v e i n v i l l a g e s and most a r e farrr~ers. I n t h e
towns, t h e slum q u a r t e r s o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l workers a r e i n marked c o n t r a s t
t o t h e e l e g a n t splendour o f t h e f i n e s t b u i l d i n g s .
Such v i o l e n t c o n t r a s t s ,
many k e p t going by t h e t r a d i t i o n a l c a s t e system, a r e accepted w i t h amazing
?
equanimity by t h e I n d i a n people.
The c l imate i n I n d i a i s v e r y v a r i e d and almost everytype o f d i s a s t e r
can descend upon t h e l a n d .
comes i n summer w i t h t h e
The g r e a t e s t problem i s water.
south west monsoon.
Rainfall
"Everything depends upon
t h e amount o f t h e prolonged deluge."
The p l a t e a u i n t h e south i s t h e most backward area where famine always
h i t s hardest.
Apart frorn t h e c o t t o n grown on t h e b l a c k s o i l o f t h e Deccan,
t h e r e i s l i t t l e beyond p r i m i t i v e a g r i c u l t u r e .
The peasants a r e s u s p i c i o u s
o f o u t s i d e i n f l u e n c e and progress i s n e c e s s a r i l y slow.
1
.
India 1965.
Annua 2 Review, p . 6 .
Madras i s t h e premier p o r t and c i t y i n t h e south and i s a modern B r i t i s h
product,
d i s t i n c t i v e i n i t s western appearance
and n o t n e a r l y as t r u l y
I n d i a n as t h e o l d telnple c i t i e s w i t h i n t h e presidency, namely Tanjore,
Coonjeeveram, T P i c h i nopoly and Madural . The 1 and o f Madras i s p i e r c e d
b y t h r e e g r e a t r i v e r s , t h e Godbwari, K i s t n a and t h e ~ a v e ( r i . The f i r s t
census conducted i n r e g u l a r form i n t h e Madras Presidency 1871 showed
t h a t t h e Hindus numbered 28, 863, 968;
t h a t i s Roman C a t h o l i c s 397, 071;
and o t h e r s 4328.
Moslems 1, 857, 857;
and P r o t e s t a n t s 93,228;
Christians
J a i n s 21,254
However, C h r i s t i a n s a r e more numerous i n Madras t h a n i n
any o t h e r p a r t o f 1 n d i a S 2 The Hindus, 92,3% o f thewhole, a r e sub-divided
i n t o 16, 159, 610
Sivaites,
that i s
D e s t r u c t i o n i n t h e Hindu t r i a d ,
worshippers o f Siva, God o f
11, 657, 311 V i s h n u v i t e s who worship
t h e God Vishnu, t h e p r e s e r v e r , 154, 989 L i n g a v a t s who a r e a l s o a s e c t o f
S i v a i t e s b u t who d e r i v e t h e i r name from t h e
p r a c t i c e o f c a r r y i n g about
on t h e i r persons t h e ' L i n g a ' o r emblem o f Siva;
and 892, 068 a r e o f
o t h e r sects i n c l u d i n g H i l l t r i b e s .
Most o f t h e people i n t h e south and i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e presidency o f
Madras, speak one o r o t h e r o f t h e D r a v i d i a n languages namely Tamil,
Telegu, Kannada o r Malayalam.
And t h e most dominant element o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n i s t h e proto-Meditteranean t y p e which i s noted f o r i t s
medium s t a t u r e , l o n g and narrow head, medium nose, e i t h e r s t r a i g h t
o r acquil ine.
Over t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e area o f Madras a r t i f i c i a l i r r i g a t i o n i s
2.
Encyclopaedia
Britannica,
9 t h e d i t i o n , VoZ XV, p. 185.
i m p o s s i b l e because t h e r e a r e no dams and c u l t i v a t i o n i s dependent upon
t h e 1 ocal r a i n f a l l which r a r e l y exceeds f o r t y inches a y e a r and i s 1 i a b l e
t o f a l l irregularly.
The Malabar Coast i s t h e o n l y p a r t where t h e
r a i n f a l l brought by t h e South West Monsoon may be t r u s t e d b o t h f o r i t s
amount and i t s r e g u l a r i t y .
Over t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e Presidency
t h e r a i n y season i s caused by t h e South East Monsoon which breaks about
t h e end o f September.
The d e l t a s o f t h e Goddvari, K i s t n d and ~ a v e ' r i
r i v e r s a r e t h e o n l y areas on t h e East Coast where a r t i f i c i a l i r r i g a t i o n
i s a b l e t o save t h e people from r i s k o f occasional s c a r c i t y .
O f t h e t o t a l c u l t i v a t e d area about 8m i s r e t u r n e d as ' d r y ' l a n d o r
t h a t which i s s o l e l y dependent on l o c a l r a i n f a l l .
15% as ' w e t ' l a n d
i r r i g a t e d from r i v e r channels and about 3% f a l l o w and p a s t u r e and 2%
as garden l a n d i r r i g a t e d from w e l l s .
The p r i n c i p a l f o o d s t a p l e s a r e r i c e , 'cholam',
'varagu'
.
The most common o i l seed i s g i n g e l l y .
tobacco, sugar-cane,
'kambu',
' r a g i ' and
Garden crops comprise
c h i 1 1 i e s , b e t e l - l e a f and p l a n t a i n s .
The f r u i t
t r e e s a r e cocoa-nut, areca-nut, date, palmyra palm, j a c k , tamarind
and mango.
Special crops i n c l u d e c o t t o n , i n d i g o , c o f f e e , tea, cinchona.
The f i r s t c o f f e e p l a n t a t i o n was opened i n t h e Wainad i n Madras i n 1840.
Today c o f f e e covers 131, 348
1880
-
1881.
acres o f Madras.
Tea covered 4000 acres i n
Tobacco i s grown e x t e n s i v e l y i n G o d i v a r i and K i s t n a d i s t r i c t s .
Because i r r i g a t i o n i s f a i r l y s t a b l e i n t h e d e l t a s i t was v e r y populous
b u t d e s p i t e t h i s my sample3
3.
See Table 2
shows t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t number o f people
came from t h e i n l a n d d i s t r i c t s , and v e r y few f r o m t h e D e l t a and c o s t a l
regions.
The g r e a t e r p a r t of Madras i s h e l d by t h e c u l t i v a t o r s d i r e c t from t h e
government under t h e t e n u r e known as Ryotwari.
The peasant i n e f f e c t
became t h e p r o p r i e t o r o f t h e l a n d w i t h a r i g h t t o mortgage, l e a s e o r s e l l
h i s land.
T h i s system was i n t r o d u c e d by S i r Thomas Munro i n Madras
when he was i t s governor from 1820
-
1827.
Ryotwari i s a mode o f s e t t l e m e n t w i t h small farmet
so small, indeed
>,
t h a t t h e i r average h o l d i n g i s on r e c e n t f i g u r e s o n l y about 63 a c r e s .
The system possesses t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s :
The r e g i s t e r e d o c c u p i e r
i s , so f a r as concerns governments, f r e e t o a l i e n a t e encumber and
4
devise h i s land a t d i s c r e t i o n ,
s u b j e c t t o unimportant q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ,
he may a t any t i m e re1 i n q u i s h
any p o r t i o n o f h i s holding, he can never
be ousted unless ,he f a i l s t o pay r e g u l a r l y t h e assessment f i x e d on t h e
l a n d o r any o t h e r charge by law r e c o v e r a b l e as l a n d revenue i n which
case h i s l a n d may be attached and s o l d t o t h e e x t e n t necessary t o d i s charge t h e debt;
no a d d i t i o n a l charge may be imposed on account o f
r
improvements e f f e c t e d a t t h e r y o t s c o s t , b u t a separate charge may be
made f o r m i n e r a l s e x t r a c t e d and t h e r a t e o f assessment i s l i a b l e t o
a l t e r a t i o n on t h e e x p i r y o f t h e s p e c i f i e d p e r i o d f o r which i t has been
f i x e d and t h e n o n l y .
P r e v i o u s l y a share i n t h e produce o f t h e i r l a n d c o u l d be claimed by a
sovereign, o r by a grantee o f t h e l a n d revenue d e r i v i n g h i s r i g h t from
4.
H . H . D o d w e l l : The Cambridge H i s t o r y of India, VoL 6, p . 1 5 4 .
t h e sovereign o r by a 'Zamindar'(1andlord)who claimed t h i s among other
r i g h t s of the sovereign.
In the absence of any court of law, t h e nature
of t h e sovereign's r i g h t s and the c u l t i v a t o r s tenure was determined not
by law b u t by the interplay of three forces
-
the power of the sovereign,
the custom of t h e v i l l a g e and t h e economic condition of the d i ~ t r i c t . ~
The Hindu j o i n t family system, where a l l land i s held i n common by members of the household, and the lack of stock tended t o divide u p the land
i n t o smaller holdings.
In many v i l l a g e s , especial ly i n the i r r i g a t e d t r a c t s
there was a t r a d i t i o n of a j o i n t settlement and a cornmod ancestry and
the whole v i l l a g e was held in shares, the lands in some of them being
periodical l y r e d i s t r i b u t e d .
Madras however in t h e course of time had discovered new potential
f o r raw materials 1 ike iron-ore, magnesite and 1 i g n i t e .
The u t i l i s a t i o n
of natural resources l i k e waterfalls t o generate e l e c t r i c i t y and t o
establ ish industries was a modern phenomenon which he1 ped a g r i c u l t u r e
and industries.
Two railway companies and t h e continuous seaboard of
the Madras Presidency had created a widely diffused t r a d e in Madras.
The geography of Madras has had another,
on the c u l t u r e of t h e south.
no l e s s important e f f e c t
The s i t u a t i o n of idadras in the south of
the Peninsula has saved i t from the exotic cultural and p o l i t i c a l i n f l u ences brought in by t h e Kushans, Afghans, Turks and Mughals in the North,
even a s the Madras Presidency i t s e l f i s broken
ui
i n t o a number of sub-
regions by t h e hi1 1 s and r i v e r s and these have developed t h e i r own subregional d i a l e c t s as well a s cultural variations largely due t o poor
5.
H . H . Dodwell : The Cambridge History of ~ n d i a ,VoZ 6 , p.
54.
.
9
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Jay30 h e ueyq Jaqqaq pue aJow a ~ n q ~ nu ze k~ p u ~quaL3ue 40 slekquassa
ayq paukeqaJ A[ Lnjssamns sey yqnos ayq csa;~nqua3 qua3aJ uk s a x 0 4
~ e ~ n q l n~ 3[ J O M40 33eduk ayq paAka3aJ e k p u ~ ~ [ ! 3 'aqeueq i n s 40 LeJnpeW
u! q u a w u ~ a ~ o4akJq
6
e pue X ~ n q u a 3yquaaqJno4 ayq uk suoksehu! w i l
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.sa!qk [!3e4 q ~ o d s u e ~ q
CONDITIONS
IN
CHAPTER
ONE
SOUTH AFRICA
AND
INDIA
I n d i a n s m i g r a t e d f r o m I n d i a t o many p a r t s o f t h e globe b u t no I n d i a n c o l ony was t h e r e s u l t o f a s i n g l e mass m i g r a t i o n t o r e 1 i e v e congestion o r t o
expand dominions, r a t h e r I n d i a n c o l o n i z a t i o n was always a means t o
" c u l t u r a l expansion and cnmmercial e n t e r p r i s e . " 7
But t h e r e was a s p e c i a l
c l a s s o f I n d i a n e m i g r a t i o n under t h e i n d e n t u r e system between 1835
-
1917
which was unique i n some r e s p e c t s .
The a g r i c u l t u r a l r e v o l u t i o n and t h e expansion o f European i n f l u e n c e i n
d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d n e c e s s i t a t e d adequate manpower t o e x p l o i t
t h e v a s t resources a t hand.
The a b o l i t i o n o f s l a v e r y i n 1833 and t h e
general r e l u c t a n c e o f b l a c k s t o work aggravated t h i s s i t u a t i o n and a
system o f i n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r was devised i n 1835.
I t was r e a l i z e d t h a t
I n d i a c o u l d be an i d e a l c o u n t r y f o r t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f l a b o u r e r s u r g e n t l y
needed f o r t h e sugar p l a n t a t i o n s o f t h e c o l o n i e s and t h e Government o f
I n d i a was approached by t h e p l a n t e r s through t h e i m p e r i a l government.
The i n d e n t u r e system was a h i g h l y organised and p e c u l i a r system o f r e c r u i t i n g cheap l a b o u r on c o n t r a c t .
The m i g r a n t undertook t o work as
a l a b o u r e r f o r f i v e years i n t h e c o l o n y f o r a wage and t h e c o s t o f h i s
passage.
On t h e e x p i r y o f t h e i n d e n t u r e d p e r i o d t h e I n d i a n l a b o u r e r c o u l d
e i t h e r renew t h e c o n t r a c t o r s e t t l e i n t h e c o l o n y t o work as a f r e e
l a b o u r e r o r r e t u r n t o I n d i a a t t h e expense o f t h e i m p q r t i n g c o l o n y .
7 , J.C. Jha :
Indentured Indian Migration,
History, 1970, VOZ 4 8 , p . 3 3 5 .
Journal o f Indian
HQW d i d N a t a l come t o a v a i l i t s e l f o f t h e p r o v i s i o n o f I n d i a n l a b o u r
under t h e system o f i n d e n t u r e a l r e a d y worked o u t f o r M a u r i t i u s and t h e
West I n d i a n c o l o n i e s ?
I n o r d e r t o answer t h i s , i t i s necessary t o l d o k
a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n Natal d u r i n g t h e mid-nineteenth century.
D u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1838
-
1843 N a t a l was a V o o r t r e k k e r R e p u b l i c b u t
once t h e V o o r t r e k k e r s had reached t h e sea and seemed l i k e l y t o t a k e posse s s i o n o f t h e o n l y good harbour o n t h e Natal c o a s t l i n e , t h e " s e n s i t i v e - . ness o f B r i t i s h sea-power awokeu81nd i t was d e c i d e d i n 1843 t o annex
Natal.
With N a t a l under B r i t i s h r u l e , many e m i g r a t i o n schemes were
devised i n B r i t a i n t o b r i n g s e t t l e r s o u t t o Natal.
However many o f t h e
Boers who had p r e v i o u s l y s e t t l e d i n N a t a l , now t r e k k e d o v e r t h e Drakensberg, l e a v i n g t h e s e t t l e r s t o f e n d f o r themselves.
This exercise
1 ed them i n t o e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n w i t h a v a r i e t y o f s u b - t r o p i c a l p r o d u c t s ,
i n c l u d i n g t e a , c o f f e e , a r r o w r o o t sugar and i n d i g o .
0;t
i n t h e end i t
was proved t h a t sugar was t h e main c r o p f o r t h e hot, humid c o n d i t i o n s
of Natal
.
Sugar however depends upon a s t e a d y s u p p l y o f l a b o u r and
i t was t h i s f a c t o r t h a t was l a c k i n g .
It was d i f f i c u l t t o understand how a s h o r t a g e o f l a b o u r c o u l d a r i s e i n
a c o l o n y s e t t l e d b y some 20 000 b l a c k s .
t h e t y p e o f economy o f t h e b l a c k s .
F i r s t o f a l l t h i s was due t o
They were a p a s t o r a l people,
p r a c t i s i n g a small amount o f e x t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e and even t h e l a t t e r
was l e f t m a i n l y t o t h e women.
The second f a c t o f was a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e
system o f t r i b a l r e s e r v e s i n t r o d u c e d b y S i r T h e o p h i l u s Shepstone.
This
system a l l o w e d t h e b l a c k s i n N a t a l t o c o n t i n u e t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l methods
8.
M. Palmer : The H i s t o r y o f t h e I n d i a n s i n Natal, p.
9
o f subsistence a g r i c u l t u r e and c a t t l e h e r d i n g
.
Furthermore Shepstone
s t e a d i l y b l o c k e d any p r o p o s a l s f o r compulsion o f l a b o u r on t h e b l a c k
population.
I n t h e s e circumstances, i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e p l i g h t o f t h e European
p l a n t e r was a s e r i o u s one and i t i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e y
e x p l o r e d e v e r y p o s s i b l e means o f s e c u r i n g a n adequate s u p p l y o f l a b o u r .
However i t soon became a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e o n l y p r a c t i c a l source o f l a b o u r
f o r t h e sugar p l a n t a t i o n s was a s u p p l y o f I n d i a n i n d e n t u r e d i m m i g r a t i o n .
Under t h e c o n t i n u e d p r e s s u r e o f t h e p l a n t e r s , t h e Government o f N a t a l
was u l t i m a t e l y compel 1ed t o open n e g o t i a t i o n s and t h e governments o f
B r i t a i n and I n d i a r e l u c t a n t l y consented t o t h e p l a n .
It was a r e l u c t a n t
move because t h e government o f I n d i a f e l t t h a t e m i g r a t i o n t o M a u r i t i u s
and t h e Caribbean was s u f f i c i e n t .
Nevertheless emigration t o Natal
was f i n a l l y s a n c t i o n e d by A c t X X X I I I o f 1860 on 7 August.
t i o n Agency was w a i t i n g , W.M.
The Emigra-
C o l l i n s t h e Postmaster General o f Natal
was s e n t t o Madras as E m i g r a t i o n Agent i n March 1860, and t h e f i r s t
s h i p , t h e T r u r o , f r o m Madras a r r i v e d a t Durban on 16 November 1860.
So I n d i a n e m i g r a t i o n on a l a r g e s c a l e and over l o n g d i s t a n c e s was a
phenomenon novel t o t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y and had t o w a i t upon p r e v i o u s
s e t t l e m e n t o f European c o l o n i e s and i n v e s t m e n t o f c a p i t a l i n p l a n t a t i o n
agricul ture.
I n d i a n ' c o o l ies19 had o n l y u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r t o s e l l and
were t h u s f o r c e d t o move i n t o a r e a s where t h e r e was a s k i l l e d w h i t e manager i a l group t o d i r e c t them and where t h e i r " d o c i l i t y and c a p a c i t y f o r
l a b o u r i n g were welcome".
9.
10.
10
Coolie, i s a Portuguese term for
H-Tinker, p . 41 - 42.
'load-bearers, dockers ' C u l i ' , See
I . M . C m p s t o n . A Survey o f Indian Immigration t o B r i t i s h Tro i c a l
Population S t u d i e s Journal, Vol 9 & 10,
158C o l o n i e s t o 1910,
5.
1
The success o f t h e t r a f f i c from an economic p o i n t o f view may be measurid
i n t h e almost m e t e o r i c r i s e i n e x p o r t f i g u r e s from p l a n t a t i o n products
and t h e establishment o f new i n d u s t r i e s .
T h i s c o u l d be seen i n Natal
where Natal sugar exported
a t t h e end o f 1860 was £32,005 almost f o u r
11
times g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e preceding year which was £8,368.
While t h e i n d e n t u r e system was a success from t h e economic p o i n t o f
view, i t should be remembered however t h a t t h e r e was a l o w p r o p e n s i t y
among t h e people o f I n d i a t o m i g r a t e due m a i n l y t o i n e r t i a , ' t o t h e
r e s t r a i n t s imposed and s e c u r i t i e s o f f e r e d by t h e v i l l age community
and j o i n t f a m i l y and t o r e l i g i o u s o b j e c t i o n s ' .
12
Furthermore t h e peasant was f a r from being t h e business man.
He
seldom l e f t h i s v i l l a g e which f o r generations has been a s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t
u n i t i n which men l i v e d i n c l o s e r e l a t i o n t o God and man and t h e s o i l .
T r a v e l a1 so i n v o l v e d t h e r i s k o f breaking c a s t e r u l e s . I 3 To emigrate
meant t o c r o s s t h e "Kala Pani", t h e t e r r i b l e b l a c k waters w i t h t h e
consequent l o s s o f c a s t e .
T h i s was a g r e a t d e t e r r e n t t o e m i g r a t i o n .
There was a l s o t h e dread o f f o r c i b l e conversion t o C h r i s t i a n i t y coupled
w i t h a dread o f t h e unknown, common t o a1 1 ' i g n o r a n t , u n t r a v e l l e d peop1.e'
There was a l s o a s t r o n g s u s p i c i o n t h a t t h e whole system was n o t working
11. R.F. Osborne : V a l i a n t Harvest, p. 66.
12. K.L. G i l l i o n : The Sources o f I n d i a n Emigration t o F i j i , Population
S t u d i e s Journal, 1956, Vol 9 & 10, p. 14
3 .
See Chapter 3 .
14. K.L. G i l l i o n : The Sources o f I n d i a n E h i g r a t i o n t o F i j i ,
S t u d i e s Journal, 1956, Vol 9 & 10, p. 141.
Population
.14
t o t h e i r disadvantage a s u s p i c i o n v e r y n a t u r a l l y a r i s i n g from t h e p a u c i t y
o f news.. To t h i s l i s t c o u l d be added t h e f a c t t h a t i t was an a l i e n system,
d i s l i k e d by t h e upper castes o f I n d i a .
I f I n d i a n s i n general r e s i s t e d emigration, what then accounts f o r t h e
v a s t numbers t h a t l e f t I n d i a i n t h e l a t e n i n e t e e n t h and e a r l y t w e n t i e t h
centuries?
I n t r y i n g t o f i n d a reasonable answer i t i s necessary t o
c o n s i d e r t h e p e r i o d of B r i t i s h r u l e i n I n d i a 1850
-
1857, which I b e l i e v e
c o u l d have played a major r o l e i n causing t h e people o f I n d i a t o e n l i s t
f o r indenture.
When i t came t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e i r laws, t h e B r i t i s h found i t
d i f f i c u l t t o adapt because l a r g e s e c t i o n s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n were exempted
Furthermore
from t h e o p e r a t i o n o f c e r t a i n acts, on r e l i g i o u s grounds.
t h e laws i n t r o d u c e d by t h e B r i t i s h d i d n o t always prove e f f e c t i v e
because t h e v a l u e o f e x e c u t i v e d e c i s i o n s was destroyed by t i m e and by
t h e d i s t a n c e between London and C a l c u t t a .
When i t came t o education, t h e B r i t i s h r u l e r s were n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n
promoting t e c h n i c a l knowledge o r t e c h n i c a l change i n I n d i a , except t o
I
t h e e x t e n t t o which i t was necessary f o r t h e "smooth f u n c t i o n i n g o f
i t s r u l e and t h e economic expl o i t a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y " 5!
Education under
t h e B r i t i s h was a1 ways c h a r a c t e r i s e d as being e x c e s s i v e l y 1 i t e r a r y ,
16
which produced " q u i l l d r i v e r s r a t h e r t h a n t e c h n i c i a i s " .
15. N.'V. Sovani : B r i t i s h Impact o n I n d i a a f t e r 1850
o f World History, 1954, V o l 1 & 2, p. 103.
-
1857, Journal
16. N . V . Sovani : B r i t i s h Impact on I n d i a a f t e r 1850
o f World H i s t o r y , 1954, VoZ 1 & 2, p . 103.
-
1857, Journal
The o l d l e a d e r s h i p o f I n d i a under t h e Kushans, Afghans, Turks and Mughals
was c o m p l e t e l y wiped o u t and t h e new l e a d e r s h i p t h a t arose came m a i n l y
from t h e educated Brahmans.
t h e o r e t i c a l than p r a c t i c a l
.
As a r e s u l t t h e new l e a d e r s h i p was more
Though i n t e l l e c t u a l s p e c u l a t i o n was f r e e ,
t h e people o f I n d i a were prevented from t r a n s l a t i n g any new ideas i n t o
practice.
The Brahmans saw t h i s as an i n s u l t t o t h e p r e v a i l i n g e t h i c s
and modes o f behaviour and condemned any o p p o s i t i o n from t h e people i f
i t were n o t i n t u n e w i t h t h e p r e v a i l i n g t r a d i t i o n a l behaviour p a t t e r n and
a g a i n s t popular f o l k ways.
It i s t h e r e f o r e e v i d e n t t h a t B r i t i s h r u l e i n I n d i a 1850
-
1857 c o u l d
have caused g r e a t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among t h e I n d i a n people.
From my sample17it has been e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t 74,21% o f t h e people came from
t h e Madras Presidency.
The reason f o r t h i s c o u l d be t h a t t h e s t a t e s t h a t
make up t h e Presidency were c o m p l e t e l y under f o r e i g n domination,
It
would be o n l y n a t u r a l t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t d i s c o n t e n t would be
i n these s t a t e s . Furthermore these s t a t e s under B r i t i s h r u l e had t o
m a i n t a i n t h e i r own army.
T h i s prevented f i n a n c e from being used i n areas
most needed and i t was these people who needed t h e government f i n a n c e
t h a t became staunch enemies o f t h e B r i t i s h .
It has been suggested t h a t t h e r e was concern t h a t B r i t i s h r u l e would
b r i n g w i t h i t f o r c e d conversion t o C h r i s t i a n i t y s i n c e e m i g r a t i o n was
g r e a t e s t from Madras where t h e number o f C h r i s t i a n s i s s a i d t o be
greatest,18
i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s c o u l d have been a reason f o r a
17. See Tab Ze 2 .
18. ~ n c y c l o p a e d i aBritannica, 9th e d i t i o n , VoZ XV, p . 1 8 5 .
.
l a r g e number o f Hindus from Madras wanting t o emigrate.
O f my sample '%7,49% o f t h e m i g r a n t s were Hindus.
What c o u l d p o s s i b l y
be t h e cause f o r such a h i g h number o f Hindus e m i g r a t i n g ?
I am i n c l i n e d
t o b e l i e v e t h a t c e r t a i n s o c i a l reforms brought about by B r i t i s h r u l e
c o u l d have been t h e cause o f t h i s .
Hindu r e 1 i g i o u s customs were a1 so
d r a s t i c a l l y a l t e r e d during the period o f B r i t i s h r u l e .
d u r i n g t h e g o v e r n e r s h i p o f L o r d W i l l i a m B e n t i n c k 1828
T h i s c o u l d be seen
-
1835 when Hindu
Law had been m o d i f i e d t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t a Hindu becoming a c o n v e r t i n
C h r i s t i a n i t y would be e n t i t l e d t o h i s share o f t h e f a m i l y p r o p e r t y .
P r e v i o u s l y a Hindu c o n v e r t t o C h r i s t i a n i t y was considered as being an
o u t c a s t who had t o r e l i n q u i s h a l l f a m i l y t i e s .
Although B e n t i n c k ' s
i n t e n t i o n s were good, t h e Hindus considered him an i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e
Hindu r e l i g i o n and c r e a t e d g r e a t d i s c o n t e n t among them.
Also Bentinck's
a b o l i t i o n o f 'Sati", t h a t i s t h e s e l f - i m m o l a t i o n o f wives on t h e f u n e r a l
pyres o f t h e i r husbands was considered a d i s r e s p e c t t o t h e Hindu way o f
life.
Furthermore, t h e l e g a l i s a t i o n o f Hindu remarriage was regarded
by t h e Hindus as an unwarrantable i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t h e i r s o c i a l and
re1i g i o u s practices.
Furthermore t h e c a s t e system, which I w i l l d i s c u s s a t a l a t e r chapter,
was t h e most i m p o r t a n t aspect o f Hindu 1i f e , so t h a t any l a w passed i n
o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s system was regarded by t h e Hindu as an a t t e m p t t o
c o n v e r t them t o C h r i s t i a n i t y .
T h i s was t h e general f e e l i n g d u r i n g
Governor D a l h o u s i e ' s term o f o f f i c e 1848
19. See T a b l e 4.
-
1856, when a r u l e had been
made whereby t h e p r i s o n e r s had been p r o h i b i t e d f r o m p r e s e r v i n g t h e i r own
e x c l u s i v e pots.
T h i s was a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e c a s t e r u l e s which forbade
persons o f a p a r t i c u l a r c a s t e from d r i n k i n g o f a vessel o f a lower
caste.
Yet a g a i n t h e Hindus and even t h e Musl ims f e l t an i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h
t h e i r way o f 1 i f e when t h e B r i t i s h i n t r o d u c e d a new t y p e o f c a r t r i d g e
which was s a i d t o be . s t e e l b u l l e t s of cow
and p i g .
This agitated the
minds o f Hindus as w e l l as Moslems who saw i t as an a f f r o n t on t h e i r
r e s p e c t i v e r e l i g i o n s , t h e cow being sacred t o t h e Hindus and t h e p i g
being taboo
t0
Musl ims.
These a r e j u s t a few p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s which m i g h t have accounted
f o r t h e v e r y h i g h percentage o f Hindus t h a t came t o South A f r i c a i n
my p a r t i c u l a r samples.
These a r e by no means t h e s o l e reasons b u t
c o u l d be regarded as t h e cause o f a general d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among t h e
H i ndus
.
Even i n t h e economic sphere, a d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h B r i t i s h a g r i c u l t u r a l
p o l i c i e s seemed t o have p r e v a i l e d i n I n d i a .
The r y o t w a r i system i n t r o d u c e d
i n Madras, d i s r u p t e d t h e o l d a g r a r i a n system and gave r i s e t o a new
s o c i a l order.
The land revenue was so h i g h t h a t t h e peasant was f o r c e d
t o t a k e loans from 'moneylenders' whose i n t e r e s t charges were a l s o h i g h
so e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e peasants was a common f e a t u r e o f t h i s system.
I n d i r e c t l y t h i s system provided a prosperous business f o r t h e emerging
c l a s s o f money1 enders.
The new r e n t r e c e i v i n g l a n d l o r d s , money-lenders
and businessmen came t o form t h e nucl eus o f t h e new mfddle-class and
were t h e f i r s t t o a v a i l o f t h e b e n e f i t s o f B r i t i s h education w h i l e t h e
v i 1l a g e c u l t i v a t o r s , a r t i s a n s and o t h e r "menials c o n s t i t u t e d t h e
proletariat".
20
A l l t h e systems of c o l l e c t i o n o f l a n d revenue destroyed t h e powers o f t h e
o l d c l a s s o f i n t e r m e d i a r i e s 1 i k e t h e l a n d l o r d s (zamindars) and v i l l a g e
c o u n c i l s (panchayats), w h i l e these bodies have been c o r r u p t , t h e y
n e v e r t h e l e s s h e l d t o g e t h e r r u r a l s o c i e t y s i n c e a n c i e n t times.
was r e p l a c e d by c o m p e t i t i o n .
21
way t o i n d i v i d u a l ism".
"Co-operation
The c o l l e c t i v e l i f e o f t h e v i l l a g e gave
P r i c e s , r e n t s and wages a l l came t o be determined by c o n t r a c t between
t h e buyers and s e l l e r s .
Furthermore t h e opening o f t h e v i l l a g e t o
f o r e i g n imports gave a d e a t h
blow t o t h e v i l l a g e c r a f t s and i n d u s t r i e s .
The v i l l a g e a r t i s a n l o s t h i s custom and t h e market f o r h i s wares.
From
an i n d u s t r i a l worker, he was transformed i n t o a l a n d l e s s l a b o u r e r seeki n g work i n a g r i c u l t u r e ,
labourer.
sometimes as a t e n a n t and o t h e r times as a wage
The i n c r e a s i n g c o m p e t i t i o n f o r l a b o u r f r o m i n d u s t r y , e s p e c i a l l y
c o t t o n , and p u b l i c works was t h e main cause o f d i v e r s i f i c a t i o n and t h e
o v e r a l l t r e n d away from I n d i a .
The d e s t r u c t i o n o f c o t t a g e i n d u s t r i e s and t h e i n s u f f i c i e n t growth
o f i n d u s t r i e s which f o l l o w e d i t , s t e a d i l y increased t h e pressure on l a n d .
As a r e s u l t t h e r e were densely populated d i s t r i c t s where t h e l a n d was
unable t o support an e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g number o f people dependent on
agriculture.
E m i g r a t i o n frorr~rny sample was g r e a t e s t i n areas where
t h e pressure o f p o p u l a t i o n r e l a t i v e t o resources was g r e a t e s t and t h e
' l a n d l o r d s ' zamindars most p o w e r f u l .
An i n c r e a s e i n t h e numbers depen-
20. V.C.
Pandey, L.N. Muckerjee and U.S. K u a t t r i : Modern ~ n d i a ,p. 553.
21- V.C.
Pandey, L.N. Muckerjee and U.S. K u a t t r i : Mcdern I n d i a , p. 5 5 4 .
d e n t on t h e l a n d was accompanied b y f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f h o l d i n g s u n t i l t h e s e
reached uneconomic l e v e l s, indebtedness grew and c u l t i v a t o r s 1o s t t h e i r
land.
Once t h e y were reduced t o t h e p o s i t i o n of l a b o u r e r s t h e y became
a l i e n a t e d t o some e x t e n t from t h e s o i l .
Most emigrants y e r e i n f a c t
l a b o u r e r s and n o t c u l t i v a t o r s .
Many o f t h e l a n d h o l d e r s i n t h e Madras Presidency worked p a r t o f t h e t i m e
f o r wages, as h o l d i n g s were small and t h e h i g h e r wages t o be earned
overseas were made more a t t r a c t i v e by t h e f a c t t h a t " p r i c e s had been r i s i n g
f o r some t i m e w h i l e wages had n o t k e p t pace'22 o t h e r s who l e f t t h e
v i l l a g e s o f t e n d i d so t o a v o i d t h e pressure f r o m r e l a t i v e s .
To t h e t y p i c a l I n d i a n u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r e r w i t h o n l y t h e c l o t h e s on h i s
back and famine round t h e c o r n e r , t h e symbolic f i g u r e o f t h e new c o n d i t i o n s was t h e peasant p r o p r i e t o r o r prosperous shopkeeper.
The emigrants
were u s u a l l y " u n s k i l l e d l a b o u r e r s o f t h e c l a s s accustomed t o wander f o r t h
i n search o f s e r v i c e , accustomed t o r e c u r r e n t unemployment, famine and
d e b t " . 23
While a general d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h B r i t i s h r u l e p r e v a i l e d , i t would be
i n c o r r e c t t o see t h i s as a s o l e reason f o r e m i g r a t i o n .
As seen from t h e
o u t s i d e , B r i t a i n was hoping t o c u r e what she t h o u g h t were s o c i a l and
economic i l l s , and was t h e r e f o r e n o t c o n s c i o u s l y 'aware o f t h e resentment
i t brought.
22.
G i l l i o n : The Sources of Indian m i g r a t i o n t o Fiji, Population
s t u d i e s Journal, p . 144.
K.L.
23. K.L. CiZZion : The Sources o f Indian Emigration t o F i j i , Population
stucztuczies
Journal, p . 1 4 4 .
Certainly the group most affected were t h e Hindus and they constituted
the greatest number of emigrants.
d i f f e r e n t reasons.
S t i l l others l e f t India f o r very
If the closely woven f a b r i c of j o i n t family and
village community l i f e was an obstacle t o spontaneous emigration i t a l s o
imposed pressures which some peopl e found into1 erabl e . And those with
a s p i r i t of adventure, those who had been outcastes and those who had
quarrelled with r e l a t i v e s were among those who l e f t t h e i r v i l l a g e s and
were picked u p by r e c r u i t e r s .
Then there were a l s o the females who though small in number comparison
t o the males.
My sample shows 71,56% males a n d 28,44% females l e f t to
give t h e i r men a family l i f e i n South Africa b u t a greater number of
them l e f t f o r non-economic reasons.
Besides the wives and females children
of t h e emigrants, there were f o r instance widows or women who had been
deserted, o r were escaping from bad husbands or tyrannical mothers-in-law.
Emigration must have seemed " t o some of them an honourable a l t e r n a t i v e
t o a l i f e of p r o s t i t u t i o n . " 24
Surprisingly from my sample there were among the emigrants those of the
higher castes who could have come under a great deal of f a l s i f i c a t i o n by
saying t h a t they were a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s and labourers, men accustomed t o
working hard.
Castes l i k e the Rajputs, 63% and Musselman, 7,34% and
Maratta, 16% had owing t o extravagance, l o s t more land than other c a s t e s .
These people could also have come f o r reasons of health
-
cholera, small pox
were, widespread in India.
24. K.L. G i l l i o n : The Sources of Indian m i g r a t i o n t o F i j i , Population
Studies JournuZ, p. 1 5 1 .
25. See Table
4.
25
Since the south was always prone t o droughts and famine, i t would be only
natural to assume t h a t the one who l e f t would be the victim of famine or
drought.
B u t such a person was not wanted by t h e colonies due to under-
nourishment and i n e r t i a , so i f people l e f t because of the constant t h r e a t
of famine o r droughts, they did so because of the f e a r t h a t hung over
I t i s important t o note t h a t t h e Government of India never saw
them.
emigration a s a means of relieving famine.
Then there was t h e t h r e a t of unemployment who faced many unskilled workers.
With the growth of industries and railways, a1 1 jobs were taken up and
even i f jobs were available, they were not ski1 led enough t o do i t .
For
those who depended on the land, t h e f a i l u r e of t h e harvests; which in
happened frequently coul d have pushed people out of
the south
India.
I t was a t t h i s psychological moment t h a t t h e colonial planter held out
earnest e n t r e a t i e s and rosy promise t o these depressed and oppressed
people.
B u t i t should a l s o be remembered t h a t s t i l l others from my
sample especially t h e Christians 4,38% and Musselmans (Muslims) 7,34%
came f o r p r o f i t or personal venture. 26
I t should a l s o be noted t h a t the recruiting agents were s e l e c t i v e when
i t came t o the emigrants.
Those who did come were selected on the basis
of physical f i t n e s s and were predominantly young men in the age group
20
-
3 0 years.
27
26: See T a b Z e 4.
27. See T a b Z e 5 .
CHAPTER TWO
SURVEY
OF
CASTE
IN
INDIA
The word ' c a s t e ' i s derived from t h e L a t i n term ' c a s t u s ' which
s i g n i f i e d p u r i t y o f breed.
I t was the term used b y Vasco Da Gama and
h i s f e l l o w Portuguese adventurers, c e n t u r i e s ago, as t h e y landed upon
t h e south-west coast o f I n d i a and began t o study t h e s o c i a l and r e l i g i o u s
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e people.
I
Other c o u n t r i e s have o r have had t r i b a l connections, c l a s s d i s t i n c t i o n s ,
t r a d e unions, r e l i g i o u s sects, p h i l a n t h r o p i c f r a t e r n i t i e s , s o c i a l g u i l d s
and various o t h e r organisations.
But " I n d i a i s t h e o n l y l a n d where a l l
these a r e p r a c t i c a l l y welded t o g e t h e r i n t o one c o n s i s t e n t and mighty
whole which d i c t a t e s t h e every d e t a i l o f human r e l a t i o n s h i p and c o n t r o l s
the whole d e s t i n y o f man f o r time and e t e r n i t y " . 28
The t r a d i t i o n a l l y accepted theory of the o r i g i n o f caste t o t h e Hindus
i s t h a t Brahma the f i r s t God o f the Hindu t r i a d t h e Creator, was
t h e immediate source and founder o f t h e caste order.
"For he caused
the august Brahman t o proceed out o f h i s m o ~ t h " , ~ ~ h e n hc ies s u p e r i o r
s t a t u s , f o l lowed by t h e r o y a l and war1 ike K s h a t t r i y a who emanated from
h i s shoulders, then the t r a d i n g caste, Vaishya from h i s t h i g h s and t h e
menial Sudra from h i s f e e t .
So t h a t an e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e o f t h e caste
system i s t h e system o f h i e r a r c h y from the p r i e s i l y down t o t h e menial
castes
.
28. J.P. Jones : India : I t s Life- -gad T h p ~ g h t p. 9 2
2 9 . J.P. Jones : ~ n d i a: I t s Life and ~ h o u ~ p.
g , 94
Various d e f i n i t i o n s o f caste have been p u t forward.
Kroeber, an
a n t h r o p o l o g i s t defines caste as "an endogamous and h e r e d i t a r y
s u b d i v i s i o n o f an e t h n i c u n i t occupying a p o s i t i o n o f s u p e r i o r o r
i n f e r i o r rank o r s o c i a l esteem i n comparison w i t h o t h e r s u b d i v i s i o n s " . 30
Hutton defines caste as "a c o l l e c t i o n o f f a m i l i e s o r groups o f f a m i l i e s ,
b e a r i n g a common name, c l a i m i n g a comnon descent from a m y t h i c a l ancestor,
human o r devine, p r o f e s s i n g t o f o l l o w t h e same p r o f e s s i o n a l c a l l i n g and
regarded as a homogenous commlrni t y N . 3 1 G.S.
Ghurye defines caste "as
groups w i t h a w e l l - d e f i n e d l i f e o f t h e i r own, the membership whereof,
u n l i k e t h a t o f v o l u n t a r y associations and o f classes was determined n o t
32
by s e l e c t i o n b u t by b i r t h " .
The f i r s t and foremost feature of t h e Hindu caste sys tem i s t h a t o f
i n t e r m a r r i a g e between the castes.
"None except members o f totemi s t i c
clans, can w i t h impunity, l o o k beyond t h e sacred borders o f t h e i r own
33
caste f o r conjugal b l i s s " so l o n g as castes remain endogamous t h e y w i l l
preserve t h e i r i n t e g r i t y and t h e i r foundations w i l l never be removed.
Next i n importance t o t h e connubial i s the convival l e g i s l a t i o n o f
caste.
It i s the business of every member o f a caste t o conserve t h e
p u r i t y o f h i s 'gens' by e a t i n g o n l y w i t h h i s f e l l o w castemembers.
Under no circumstance can he i n t e r d i n e w i t h those o f a c a s t e below h i s
own.
Not o n l y must he n o t e a t w i t h those o f h i s own connection b u t he
must be very scrupulous as t o t h e source o f t h e a r t i c l e s which he i s
about t o eat, he must know who handled them and & s p e c i a l l y who cooked
them.
Some a r t i c l e s o f food, such as f r u i t are n o t s u b j e c t t o p o l l u t i o n w h i l e
E.R.
Leach : Aspects o f Caste i n South Ind<,a, Ceylon and NorthWest Pakistan, p. 10
Hutton : Caste i n ~ n d i a
Ghunyo : Caste, CLms
Occupation,
4g
p. 2
Jones : India : I t s L i f e and Thought, p. 105
-48'
o t h e r s ; p r e e m i n e n t l y w a t e r , a r e t o be v e r y c a r e f u l l y guarded a g a i n s t
t h e p o l 1u t i n g t o u c h o f t h e 1ower castes.
"Fi r e p u r i f i e s , water pol 1 utes.
It would f a l l o w t h a t t h e y c o u l d e a t sweetmeats and c h o c o l a t e s t o g e t h e r
w i t h l o w e r castes b u t c o u l d n o t d r i n k t e a o r coffee o r a c c e p t a n y t h i n g
on a p o r c e l a i n vessel r a t h e r than
The r a t i o n a l e o f t h i s i n t e r d i c t i o n i s d o u b t l e s s t h e d e s i r e t o p r e s e r v e
the p u r i t y o f caste blood.
"As f o o d becomes p a r t o f t h e body, t h e
Hindu b e l i e v e s i t s h o u l d n o t be s u b j e c t e d t o t h e p o l l u t i n g t o u c h o f
35
outsiders".
T h i s urgency i s i n c r e a s e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t d i f f e r e n t castes p r e s c r i b e
different articles o f diet.
The " S i v a r ' , f o l l o w e r s o f L o r d Shiva, a r e
s t r i c t v e g e t a r i a n s and w i 11 have absol u t e l y no communion w i t h meate a t e r s , even though t h e l a t t e r may be o f a h i g h e r c a s t e t h a n themselves.
O t h e r r e s p e c t a b l e castes w i l l touch o n l y c h i c k e n meat, some meat, v e r y
few p o r k
w h i l e no c a s t e w i l l p e r m i t t h e k i l l i n g o r e a t i n g o f b e e f ;
t h e cow b e i n g t h e most s a c r e d and commonly worshipped animal o f I n d i a .
Another f a c t o r c a s t e i s r e l a t e d t o i s o c c u p a t i o n .
Trade castes n o t
o n l y p r e s c r i b e t h e one a n c e s t r a l o c c u p a t i o n t o t h e i r members, t h e y a l s o
w i t h equal d i s t i n c t n e s s and s e v e r i t y p r o h i b i t t o a1 1 w i t h i n t h e i r ranks
any o t h e r work o r t r a d e .
So i n a l l these l e g i o n s castes n o t o n l y has a
man h i s s o c i a l sphere and s t a t u s a s s i g n e d t o h i m b u t he i s a l s o t i e d t o
the trade o f h i s ancestors.
Furtherniore he i s exp$cted t o confine
h i m s e l f t o a n c e s t r a l t o o l s and methods o f work i n t h a t way o f 1if e .
These f o u r , t h e connubial
, the
convival , are the constant factors o f the
3 4 . J.P. J o m s : India : I t s Life and Thought) p . 105
35. J.P. Jones : India : I t s ~ i f and
e
Thought, p. 107
c a s t e e x i s t e n c e and a c t i v i t y i n I n d i a .
T h e r e a r e however o t h e r f u n c t i o n s
t h a t c a s t e assumes i n c e r t a i n l o c a l i t i e s and under c e r t a i n circumstances.
D e f i n i t e forms o f r e l i g i o u s observance a r e o f t e n e n j o i n e d , c e r t a i n
p l a c e s o f p i 1 grimage a r e s a n c t i o n e d , m a r r i a g e forms p r e s c r i b e d ,
m a r r i a g e o b l i g a t i o n s defined,
d i v o r c e made p o s s i b l e o r i m p o s s i b l e and
t h e 1 i m i t o f m a r r i a g e expenses s e t .
So t h e c a s t e system permeates p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y department o f I n d i a n
life
-
s o c i a l , economic, r e l i g i o u s , even p o l i t i c a l .
To add t o t h i s
t h e p e n a l t i e s i n f l i c t e d b y c a s t e f o r v i o l a t i o n o f i t s r u l e s a r e many and
severe.
I t i s h a r d l y t o o much t o say t h a t " t h e r e i s no o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n
t h a t i s more a b s o l u t e i n i t s power, more w i d e r e a c h i n g i n t h e sweep o f
i n t e r e s t s and more c r u s h i n g i n i t s punishment, t h a n i s c a s t e " . 3 6
I t would seem a t t h i s p o i n t a p p r o p r i a t e t o show how c a s t e o p e r a t e s i n
a t y p i c a l South I n d i a n v i l l a g e .
The v i l l a g e s o f t h e south, and e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e of t h e Madras
P r e s i d e n c y a r e d i v i d e d i n t o a number o f m u n i c i p a l i t i e s and a l s o has a
number o f s ~ n a l lm a r k e t towns and p o r t s b u t t h e b u l k o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n
was s u p p o r t e d b y a g r i c u l t u r e , p e t t y t r a d e and h a n d i c r a f t s .
v e r y 1 it t l e mechanised i n d u s t r y .
There was
Rai lways and bus s e r v i c e s 1 i n k e d t h e
l a r g e r towns and roads 1 i n k e d t h e l a r g e r v i l l a g e s .
3 6 . J . P . Jones : India : I t s L i f e and Thought, p . 11 5
I n South I n d i a t h e v i . l l a g e i t s e l f appears t o have been t h e b a s i c " u n i t
')
o f r e g u l a r economic, s o c i a l , r i t u a l and l e g a l c o - o p e r a t i o n between
c a s t e communities;
a l t h o u g h t h e endogamous group o f each c a s t e
extended over a number o f v i l lagesU3!
It was s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t , f r e q u e n t 1 y
a u n i t o f l a n d ownership and i t was an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n j t w i t h i n which
most o f t h e day t o day d i s p u t e s w i t h i n c a s t e communities were s e t t l e d .
"Although B r i t i s h p a c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y removed b a r r i e r s t o
s o c i a l i n t e r c o u r s e , and a l t h o u g h a c e n t r a l government was created, castes
d i d n o t become organised on a a l l - I n d i a b a s i s .
F o r t h e B r i t i s h made no
c o n s i s t e n t use o f c a s t e i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t t h e y c r e a t e d ~ ~ ~ ai n d
r u r a l areas where t h e p a t t e r n o f subsistence s t i l l p r e v a i l e d c a s t e
continued t o f u n c t i o n , so t h a t t h e v i l l a g e i s t h e r e f o r e a f r u i t f u l u n i t
f o r t h e study o f c a s t e i n s t i t u t i o n s whereas t h i s i s changing as one
approaches t h e towns.
I have a l r e a d y discussed d i v i s i o n s , h i e r a r c h y and r u l e s .
F i r s t l y the
Brahman cornmuni t y o f Madras c m p r i ses f o u r dominant exogamous p a t r i 1 ineal 1ineages.
They a r e a1 1 r e 1 ated t o each o t h e r by p a t r i n e a l ,
a f f i n a l or cognatic t i e s .
and e x t e r n a l exclusiveness.
They show a h i g h degree o f i n t e r n a l i n t e r a c t i o n
They have common residence, a common
cremation ground and common s o c i a l and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s t o
the exclusion o f others.
Children are socialized
within their
s t r e e t and u n t i l t h e age o f f i v e do n o t m i n g l e w i t h those o f o t h e r
castes.
T h e i r women o n l y know t h e rpads o f v i l l a g e o u t s i d e t h e i r own
3 7 . E.R. Leach ( e d ) : Aspects of
North-West
3 8 . E.R. Leach l e d ) : Aspects of
North-West
c a s t e i n South India, Ceylon and
Pakistan. v . 13
c a s t e i L ~ L u t hIndia, Ceylon and
~ a k i s t a n ,p . 13
s t r e e t and n e v e r v i s i t t h e s t r e e t s of non-Brahmans and l o w e r castes.
S o c i a l d i s t a n c e between Brahmans and o t h e r castes i s phrased i n terms of
r u l e s of r i t u a l p o l 1u t i o n " .
T h e i r k i n s h i p system and t e r m i n o l o g i c a l
s t r u c t u r e i s d i f f e r e n t , t h e i r c u l t u r e d i f f e r e n t and t h e y h o l d t h e
monopoly o f r i t u a l s and know1 edge o f s a n s k r i t r e 1 ig i on and c u l tureu3'
The heads o f t h e f o u r Brahman l i n e a g e s f o r m a group r e s p o n s i b l e t o t h e
government f o r t h e v i l l a g e ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and revenue c o l l e c t i o n .
T h e i r d u t i e s i n v o l v e t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f l a n d and s e r v a n t s t o s e p a r a t e
households, a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f j u s t i c e w i t h i n t h e v i l l a g e as a whole and
t h e y a l s o a d m i n i s t e r t h e temple d e d i c a t e d t o t h e D r a v i d i a n goddess.
The temple i s t h e n e r v e c e n t r e o f t h e v i l l a g e where a1 1 castes owe t h e i r
a1 l e g i a n c e t o t h e d i e t y .
Under t h e b r o a d c a t e g o r y o f non-Brahman t h a t a r e f o u n d i n t h e v i l l a g e s ,
i s i n c l u d e d t h e a r i s t o c r a t i c castes o f l a n d managers and v i l l age
a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , who a r e a c t u a l l y descendants o f r o y a l s and f o r m e r
soldiers.
They a r e f o l l o w e d by t e n a n t farmers
and s p e c i a l i s e d v i l l a g e
1abourers who serve t h e dominant Brahman and non-Brahman a r i s t o c r a t i c
castes.
S p e c i a l i s t v i ? l a g e workers 1ik e a r t i s a n s , c a r p e n t e r s ,
fishermen, washermen, o i 1-mongers
, barbers,
musicians, p o t t e r s and low
c a s t e temple p r i e s t s come i n t o t h i s c a t e g o r y .
The t h i r d non-Brahman
c l a s s i s t h a t o f c r a f t s m a n and t r a d e r s i n town, t h e y i n c l h d e s k i l l e d
wood-carvers
, s t o n e - c a r v e r s , and
go1 d-smi t h s .
The l o w e s t c a s t e s o f t h e d i s t r i c t a r e t h e " P a l l a n s " ,
agricultural serfs
of l a n d l o r d s o f t h e dominant castes o r 1 andless l a b o u r e r s and
"ParaiyanS1who a r e a l s o a g r i c u l t u r a l s e r f s b u t who i n a d d i t i o n b e a t
39. E.R. Leach (ed. ) : Aspects of cpste i n South ~ n d i a ,Cey Lon and
~ o r t h - w e s t Pakistan, p. 22
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40 sadAq OM^
*aqLs a 6 e l l l h u!ew ayq u ~ y q ! ~
J!aqq
u! uo!q!sod
p a q e ~ e d a s'sasnoq p a y ~ q e y q~ a 6 ~ 40
e lsqaaqs
a l p p p u aqq K d n m o saqse:,
ueiuye~g-uou a y l
'~ado~d
a 6 e l l y ayq aplsqno s p l a ! j Apped s s o ~ 3 esqalwey paqelos! u! sy3eys
y33eqq pue pnw 1 [ews u! ah !l sJaJnoqel s s a l p u e l ',,sue led,, ayq a 1!YM
sasnoy a L $ q pue y 3 p q a 6 ~ e 40
l sqaa-iqs
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' y u e ~ [ e n q y ah!qelaJ pue suo!qes![e!3ads
sueu~yeulg
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a a ~ 6 a pq e a ~ 6e oq spuodsaJ~o3 seJpeW u! saqse3 40 uo!qnqlJqs!p
~ e k q e d sa y l
- s p ~ o l p u e 40 s q a a q s ayq u o ~ alqqe:,
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peap
suoq-woq
husband's masters b u t are forbidden t o e n t e r t h e k i t c h e n because o f
t h e i r p o l l u t i n g nature.
I n r e t u r n f o r s e r v i c e s , each f a m i l y o f cow-
herders r e c e i v e s m a t e r i a l f o r b u i l d i n g houses, t h e r i g h t t o f i s h i n t h e
v i l l a g e pond and c l o t h i n g .
The 1 andless l a b o u r e r s , " P a l l ansHand"ParaiyanS' are s t r i c t l y s e r f by law
and they r e c e i v e d a i l y renumeration i n g r a i n o r g i f t s .
Barbers
washermen and temple p r i e s t s serve t h e v i l l a g e as a whole.
,,
potters,
They t o o
are p a i d i n grain f o r t h e i r services.
One i m p o r t a n t p o i n t t o n o t e i s t h a t " t h e range o f t h e v i l l a g e s e r v a n t ' s
c l i e n t e l e i s i n p a r t determined by t h e n a t u r e and r i t u a l q u a l i t y o f h i s
40
task".
H a i r - c u t t i n g , m i d w i f e r y and laundry work having t o do w i t h t h e
body are " p o l l u t i n g " t a s k s and r i t u a l l y lower, so t h a t a l l groups engaged
i n them are r i t u a l l y lower than a l l those whom they serve.
The economy o f t h e v i l l a g e t h e r e f o r e f u n c f i o n s through the medium o f he
h e r e d i t a r y caste-determi ned occupations and economi c re1 a t i onshi ps"
.
While t h i s system i s very r i g i d i t does a l l o w f o r f l e x i b i l i t y because
considerable movement o f 1abour between v i 11ages i s a1 1owed.
A1 so
members o f a whole caste can change t h e i r occupation t o meet l o c a l
demand.41 A non-Brahman s p e c i a l i s t caste can t a k e up a g r i c u l t u r e as a
secondary source o f 1 iv e l ihood.
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f economic re1 a t i o n s i ~ i p sof caste i s as f o l l o w s :
Each caste group i s homogeneous i n occupation an$ welath, t h e Brahmans
are considerably w e a l t h i e r than t h e i r non-Brahman servants and t h e
non-Brahmans s l i g h t l y w e a l t h i e r than t h e lowest o f castes.
Except f o r
a few castes l i k e making ploughs o r b u l l o c k - c a r t s , except on t h e b a s i s
40. E.R. Leach ( e d . ) : Aspects o f c a s t e $n South, I n d i a , Ceylon and
North-West Pakistan,, p. 2 4 .
41. E.Z. Leach ( e d . ) : Aspects o f c a s t e i n South I n d i a , Ceylon and
North-West P a k i s t u n , p. 33.
o f sex and age, i s almost unknown.
A l l economic r e l a t i o n s h i p s c o n s i s t
of t h e p r o v i s i o n of goods and s e r v i c e s i n d i r e c t exchange f o r paddy.
W i t h i n t h e v i l l a g e t h e r e i s no middleman t r a d e r , no market and v e r y
l i t t l e economic c o m p e t i t i o n .
The v i l l a g e has n o n - h e r e d i t a r y economic
t r a n s a c t i o n w i t h f i x e d p r i c e s , w i t h castes from o u t s i d e t h e v i l l a g e , and
a l s o a v a r i e t y o f cash t r a n s a c t i o n s , under marketing c o n d i t i o n s , through
contractnal
r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h castes of t r a d e r s and town craftsmen.
So i t i s c l e a r t h a t c a s t e i n t h e v i l l a g e stressed a r i g i d and almost
w a t e r t i g h t s t r u c t u r a l h i e r a r c h i c a l arrangement o f people.
From my sample4'it
would f o l l o w t h a t n o t a l l t h e areas o f r e c r u i t m e n t
mentioned would f o l l o w t h i s s o r t o f v i l l a g e l a y - o u t .
Table 2 shows
t h a t t h e r e were q u i t e a number t h a t came from t h e c i t i e s where c a s t e
adherence i s n o t as s t r i c t as i n t h e r u r a l areas.
include
These urban areas
Madras C i t y , Bangalore, Bombay, Vizagapatam, j u s t t o name
a few.
Perhaps i t would be i n t e r e s t i n g a t t h i s p o i n t t o see t h e c a s t e breakdown i n t h e Madras Presidency.
O f t h e Hindu castes i n Madras, t h e "Brahmans number 1,094,455"
43
.
They
f o l l o w v a r i o u s p u r s u i t s and many o f them were s a i d t o be r e c e n t immigrants
who came south t o t r a i n t h e ~ a h r a t t aarmies.
A p e c u l i a r c a s t e of
Brahmans, t h e Namburi Brahmans o f t h e Malabar area a r e s a i d t o be
descended from f istiermen.
"The K s h a t t r i y a s o r w a r r i o r c a s t e number 190,415.
The t h r e e t r a d i n g
42. See Table 2.
43. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Vol XV, p . 1 8 5 .
castes o f C h e t t i s , B e r i C h e t t i s and Komatis number 714,712~~and except
i n Kanara d i s t r i c t s t i l l r e t a i n i n t h e i r lands n e a r l y a l l t h e commerce
o f t h e country.
The a g r i c u l t u r a l castes number 7,826,127;
the highest
classes among them do n o t c u l t i v a t e w i t h t h e i r own hands and many o f them
f o r m e r l y h e l d t h e i r lands on a m i l i t a r y tenure.
The " p a s t o r a l castes numbered 1 , 7 3 0 , 6 8 1 " ~ ~ b u ta l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f them
had abandoned t h e i r h e r e d i t a r y o c c u p a t i o n by 1871.
A r t i s a n s numbered
785,085 o f whom n e a r l y o n e - h a l f a r e workers i n metal.
1,017,781
Weavers nun~ber
b u t t h e i r i n d u s t r y has been decaying due t o c o m p e t i t i o n from
other B r i t i s h industries.
The l a b o u r i n g castes a r e r e t u r n e d a t 3,944,463,
f i s h i n g and h u n t i n g
castes 971,873 b u t many have now betaken themselves t o a g r i c u l t u r e .
46
The palm c u l t i v a t o r s and toddy makers 1,664,862 and o u t c a s t e s ( p a r i a h s )
number 4,761,503.
The l a t t e r c o n s t i t u t e s o n e - t h i r d o f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n .
Then l a s t l y we have t h e u n c l a s s i f i e d Hindus, who c o n s i s t m a i n l y o f h i l l
t r i b e s and a b o r i g i n e s and who t o t a l 2,666,890.
47
O f t h e emigrants t h a t came, on t h e s h i p s , L o r d George B e n t i n c k and
48
Gentoo, M a r a t t a , Rajputs,
T y b u r n i a o n l y f o u r groups fa1 1 under Hindu
-
and Malabar, o f which t h e g r e a t e s t number belongs t o t h e l a t t e r .
I
say groups and n o t castes because one misconception seems t o have
arisen.
From my s t u d y o f t h e t o p i c and t h e sources I have consulted,
Malabar does n o t e x i s t as a caste and y e t i t i s recorded under t h e
heading o f ' c a s t e ' i n t h e s h i p p i n g l i s t .
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Encuclopaedia Britannica, Ninth Edition, Vol XV, p. 285.
En~icZopaediaBritannica Ninth Edition, VoZ XV, p . 285.
~ o d d ymaking comprises
fermenting o f palm t r e e sap i n t o liquor.
See Appendix A
See Appendix B
de
My discussions and readings have led me t o believe t h a t Malabar was
simpl) a geographic region in the extreme south and since the l a t t e r
i s predominantly tamil -speaking, the term 'Malabar' may have been used
t o class Tamil-speaking Indian emigrants i n general. 49
Plow i t would be proper and correct t o t a l k of the other four a s castes.
Since Gentoo according t o Thurston was a term applied t o Telegu-speaking
sudras t h a t i s , menials, in general
.
The word i s said t o be a corruption
of the Portuguese Gentio, a gentile o r , heathen, which they applied t o
.50
the Hindus in contradiction t o the Moros or Moors, t h a t isUMahomedans"
The reason why the term was specifically appl ied t o the Tel egu people
i s probably that the Telegu monarch; of Vijayanagar was dominant over
a great part of the peninsular when t h e Portugeuse f i r s t arrived in India.
The Rajputs a r e t o be found a l l over India and they belong bo the
warrior t h a t i s "Kshattriya" caste.
They looked upon war and p o l i t i c s
as t h e i r own sphere of influence. Many of the r u l e r s i.n India belonged
I
to the Rajput caste.
The "Marattas" a r e the military caste of the Maharatta country.
Their
position in the Hindu caste system i s not a very high one compared to
a l l warrior castes and not exactly the same as the Rajputs.
From my discussion on caste, i t i s clear t h a t caste i s e s s e n t i a l l y a
pan-Hindu phenomenon.
Yet we find t h a t in the shipping l i s t p l t h e r e
appears under the heading of caste two other groups, "Musselman" (Muslims)
49. T r u s t e e s of t h e Andhra Maha Sabha o f South Africa and t h e Tamil
5G. Association of South A f r i c a were consulted on t h i s a s p e c t .
E . T h r s t o n : - C a s t e s and T r i b e s of South India, p. 280.
5 1. See Appendix A X
and " C h r i s t i a n " .
These a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t castes, and i t s i n c l u s i o n w i t h
t h e o t h e r groups was probably f o r t h e sake of convenience.
But i n t e r e s t i n g l y enough, t h e C h r i s t t a n s and "Musselman" (Musl ims) a r e
d i v i d e d amongst themselves.
The Muslims f a l l i n t o t h e c a t e g o r i e s o f
Ashraf, t h e nobles, symbol i s e d by t h e
h o n o r i f i c names "Saiyad" and
"Shaikh", then t h e w a r r i o r s , "Pathans" and "Mughals", and l a s t l y t h e
I
descendants o f Hindu converts t o I s l a m and "Moplas",
Malayalam converts t o I s 1 am.
t h e descendents o f
The 1 a t t e r group comprises hard-working,
uneducated f r u g a l peopl e.
I n I n d i a though t h e C h r i s t i a n s a r e d i v i d e d i n t o Roman C a t h o l i c and
v a r i o u s P r o t e s t a n t s e c t s t h e r e does seem t o be, according
t o L. Dumont
some d i s t i n c t i o n between " t h e Churches f o r t h e untouchables and those
52
f o r C h r i s t i a n converts o f t h e h i g h e r castes".
I t l r ~ u s thowever be remembered t h a t w h i l e these d i v i s i o n s do occur amongst
t h e Muslims and C h r i s t i a n s , these a r e n o t castes as such and these two
r e l i g i o n s u n l i k e Hinduism a r e t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t o
d i f f e r e n t groups and d i s p e r s e d through t h e a c t u a l s o c i a l l a d d e r .
.
Furthermore i t does n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e n t a i l t h e t e n s i o n t h a t p r e v a i 1s i n
t h e Hindu caste system and i n t h i s way i t stands a p a r t from caste and
53
Hinduism.
F i n a l l y i t seems a p p r o p r i a t e f o r me t o g i v e an o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s o f my
two s h i p p i n g 1 i s t s , L o r d George Bentinck 54 and ~ ~ b ' u r n i a ~ ~ .
To b e g i n w i t h I have devised f o u r t a b l e s c o n t a i n i n g a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n
I was a b l e t o e x t r a c t from my s h i p p i n g 1 is t s .
52
These i n c l u d e t a b l e s
L. Dumont : Homo Hierarchians; The Caske .System and i t s implications,
w . 20
.3
-
53
The
and
54. See
55. See
~ o l o n i a agents
f
Uere therefore wmng i n including the Christians
Muslims under the heading o f 'caste ' i n the shipping l i s t s .
Appendix A
Appendix B
showing r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f mi g r a n t s , sex
d i s t r i b u t i o n , age
d i s t r i b u t i o n and c a s t e d i s t r i b u t i o n .
56
Table 2 on r e g i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n I found t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t
From
number o f emigrants came f r o m Madras C i t y 74,21%, w h i l e t h e s m a l l e s t
numbers came from t h e s t a t e s each c o n s i s t i n g o f ,16% o f Hindustan,
Cuddapah , J a l nah, Goa, Pal uimetah , Coimbatore, Puchi nopoly ,
K i stnayurum, Bor~ibayand Rajput.
O u t s i d e Madras Presidency t h e s t a t e s
o f Mysore 15,31% and Cochin, 47%.
The most numerous castes i n T a b l e 4%ere
t h e Malabar 54.53 and Gentoo
32,96%. Together these two castes f a l l under t h e Hindu r e l i g i o n which
makes t h e percentage o f Hindus 87,49%.
T h i s was f o l l o w e d b y Muslims,
7,34%, C h r i s t i a n s 4,38%, Rajputs ,63% and M(aratta ,16%.
d f t h e sexes, T a b l e f a h e
females 28.44%.
t h e 20
-
g r e a t e s t number c o n s i s t e d o f males 71.56% and
The most common age,Table !??for
emigrants was between
30 age group which had a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h percentage o f 46,56%
T h i s was f o l l o w e d b y youngsters who c o u l d p o s s i b l y have shown a s p i r i t
f o r adventure and i n t h e i r age group 10
-
20 c o n s i s t e d o f 22,66%.
I n f a n t s and c h i l d r e n who would have accompanied t h e i r parents
c o n s i s t e d o f 11,09% much more numerous t h a n those i n m i d d l e age ,16%
and o v e r 50 age group 1.09%.
56 See
57See
58See
59.see
Table
Table
Table
Table
.
2, p
4, F .
3, p..
5, F .
11 f a )
1 2 fa)
16 fa)
1 7 fa)
CONCLUSION
I n c o n c l u s i o n I would l i k e t o say t h a t whatever t h e s i t u a t i o n on I n d i a n
s o i l , c a s t e r e s t r i c t i o n s and r u l e s d i d n o t s u r v i v e t h e journey from
I n d i a t o South A f r i c a .
I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e t h o s e o f t h e h i g h e r c a s t e s were
d e f i l e d by c r o s s i n g t h e ocean.
T h i s a c t p u t them o u t o f t h e i r c a s t e
groups, t o whose punishments t h e y would have had t o submit were t h e y
t o have r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r v i l l a g e s .
Secondly l i f e on board t h e immigrant ships was i k o n s i s t e n t w i t h caste
rules.
There c o u l d be no r i g i d s p a t i a l segregation i n t h e holds o f such
vessels and people who had l o s t c a s t e by coming abroad were l e s s i n c l i n e d
t o stick t o their rules o f diet.
Furthermore t h e emigrants c o u l d n o t
reproduce t h e s o c i a l system o f c a s t e because t h e y were a m i n o r i t y i n
a l a r g e non-Hindu p o p u l a t i o n i n South A f r i c a and a l s o because they
themselves came from w i d e l y dispersed d i s t r i c t s i n I n d i a .
On a r r i v a l i n South A f r i c a , a l l t h e i n d e n t u r e d l a b o u r e r s worked on t h e
sugar e s t a t e s .
T h i s e v e n t u a l l y destroyed s t a t u s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n on t h e
b a s i s o f occupation and interdependence o f one c a s t e on another f o r
services.
Since cooking and a g r i c u l t u r a l vessels were bought i n South
A f r i c a , t h e r e was no need f o r p o t t e r s and carpenters.
The i n d e n t u r e d
l a b o u r e r s g o t used t o t h e i d e a o f doing t h e i r own j o b s .
I
Immigration a l s o changed t h e n o t i o n t h a t a man's c a s t e was g i v e n t o him
by b i r t h and c o u l d t h e r e f o r e n o t be changed.
i n an e a r l i e r chapter t h a t
I t had been mentioned
many o f t h e h i g h e r castes came under a
g r e a t deal o f f a l s i f i c a t i o n and i n t h i s way t h e y had t a k e n on a new
caste status.
I m m i g r a t i o n a l s o made i t e a s i e r f o r t h e lower castes t o
assume a c a s t e s t a t u s which had n o t been t h e i r s by b i r t h .
T h i s was
l a r g e l y due t o t h e ignorance o f t h e r e c r u i t i n g a g e n t , e s p e c i a l l y o f
c a s t e and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s .
Furthermore t h e r e was no c o u n c i l formed among t h e emigrants t o p e n a l i s e
people who broke r u l e s o f e a t i n g and smoking.
Most o f t h e immigrants
were young men and women and t h e r e were few e l d e r s on whose shoulders
t h e o p e r a t i o n o f c a s t e c o u n c i l s had t r a d i t i o n a l l y f a l l e n and who would
have been qua1 i f i e d enough t o r e s t a r t them.
Even marriage i n c e r t a i n instances f a i l e d t o be endogamous as t h e r u l e s
o f i n t e r - m a r r i a g e were n o t s t r i c t l y adhered t o .
T h i s was due t o t h e i n -
s u f f i c i e n t number o f h i g h e r c a s t e i n d i v i d u a l s among t h e immigrants so
t h a t m a r r i a g e i n South A f r i c a , was l a r g e l y hypergamous, t h a t i s i t
i n v o l v e d marriages o f h i g h e r c a s t e men w i t h lower c a s t e women.
l a t t e r were t h e o n l y women i n South A f r i c a
The
t h e y c o u l d have m a r r i e d .
The f a i l u r e o f t h e Hindu re1 i g i o n i n South A f r i c a t o develop a c a s t e
system meant t h a t a l a r g e p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c r e l i g i o n connected w i t h t h e
system f a i l e d t o develop.
Nevertheless r e 1 i g i o u s
c u l t s and s e c t s were
t r a n s p l a n t e d i n South A f r i c a and a l l i e d w i t h one another i n community
bodies l i k e t h e Andhra Maha Sabha o f South A f r i c a and Tamil A s s o c i a t i o n
which were s u f f i c i e n t l y s t r o n g t o m a i n t a i n a c t i v i t i e s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e
s o c i a l and economic value.
FATHER'S
NE4E
REG.
NO.:
A1 1aghery
Lutchie
Coopen
Moonien
Adeenee
Chenchoo
Mariaman
Mi niadoo
Marian
Marian
Painee
Chinapen
Vee ras amy
Ramasaumy
Lutchmoo
Minien
Valen
Cunden
Painee
Moothoosaumy
Umco
Valen
Rangien
Vurdapen
Painen
Sadi en
Mu1l e e
Vileu
Ellapen
Painen
Irsen
D
Rama Reddy
Suryanee
Ramasaumy
Anapa Reddy
Ramas aumy
Lutchme
AGE
SEX
20
14
34
18
23
22
23
20
32
30
3
20
35
28
5
1
32
35
29
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Malabar
Madras
Madras
LLC VAFP
Malabar
Madras
Madras
R. I. Catarqui 18/11/1861
Malabar
Madras
Madras
R. I. Umvoti 7/3/1874
Malabar
Madras
Madras
LLC VAFP
Madras
Ma1abar
Madras
Ma! abar
Madras
Madras
Ma1abar
Madras
Madras
D F
Ma1abar
Chittoor
Chittoor
R.I.
Umvoti 11/2/1876
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Malabar
Chittoor
Chittoor
Malabar
Mysore
Mysore
Malabar
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Malabar
Mysore
Mysore
Malabar
Mysore
Mysore
Ma1abar
Mysore
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
Gen too
Chi t t o o r
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Gen t o o
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
23
28
17
29
78
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
R.I.
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
LLC VAFP
Gentoo
Hydrabad
Hydrabad
D F
1873
n o t a1 l o c a t e d
732
Chengel royen
Ni r i s i m l o o
Thanamay
Venceataramen
Madoor?y
Holapen
Veerasaumy
Saumy
Ellamah
Vencatachell um
Gen too
Bangalore
Mysore
Moonesaumy
Vee ras aumy
9
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
LLC
VAFP
Sabapathee
3
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
LLC
VAFP
Painapen
D
0
Moonesaymy
D
Uinidavalian
Chillen
Soobryen
Miniapen
Moon ien
Marrien
1
1 mth.
30
19
22
16
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Rungasaun~y
Umavasee
19
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Moothoosaumy
Thooloocanum
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Lutchme
Coomen
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Moorghen
Chengelnyen
32
28
22
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
M
1873
1973
R.I. Regina 15/3/1865
R.I.
Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
..,
.
REG.
FATHER'S
NAME
NAME
NO.
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
REMARKS
Sholapoor
Nunjapah
18
F
Madras
Madras
Sunee
Busvanah
18
Female Gentoo
Vi zagapatal.:
Vizagapahm
.
,
Moonee
Ramanjoo
34
F
Vizagapatim
Vi zagapatam
'
Moonegadoo
Neelee
9
M
Gentoo
Hydrabad
Hydrabad
Gentoo
'
Thunadoo
D
6
M
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Mungathayee
Moothal oo
26
F
Gen t o o
Madras
Madras
R. I. Umvoti 9/9/1876
Lutchmanah
Ramas aumy
14
F
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
R. I. Umvoti 9/9/ 1876
R.I.
h v o t i 9/9/1876
Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
Moon i o i ah
0
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Jumnah Bhoyee
Unnueun
Raj p u t
Madras
Madras
Moonesaumy
Chi nyamah
Gen too
Madras
Madras
R.I.
Varasaumy
Chettiah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
P. I.h v o t i 24/4/ 1871
E l lamah
Veeramah
Mysore
R.I.
Moothasaumy
Gentoo
Gentoo
Mysore
A l l amaloo
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
R. I. lknvoti 10/1/1883
Daniel
Sol eman
Christian
Mysore
Chittoor
R.I.
Jacoob
Soleman
Christian
Mysore
Chittoor
R. I. Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
Umvoti 14/4/1871
Umvoti 23/7/1874
n o t a1 l o c a t e d
Rungasamny
Vencatasammy
Ma1 abar
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Moothosammy
Moothien
Malabar
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Moonghen
Valen
Ma1 abar
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Ramanjooloo
Venca tasumaloo
Gentoo
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Neetheayee
Coinel 1 i
Malabar
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Samuel
D
Ma1 abar
Mysore
Chi t t o o r
Rungasmy
Vuraiah
Gen too
Mysore
Chittoor
Lutchmee
Narrainsamny
Gentoo
so;
Chittoor
Munien
Moothen
Malabar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
R.I.
Umvoti 3/1877
Bangalore
Mysore
R.I.
l h v o t i 3/1877
Bangalore
Mysore
R.I.
h v o t i 3/1877
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Apinachel 1urn
Ma1abar
Mysore
Mysore
Dunnien
Ma1 abar
Chingleput
Chingleput
D.F.
Ramdoo
Gen too
Nel l o r e
Nellore
R.I.
Red R i d i n g tiood 13/2/1872
LLC
VAFP
Coopoosamny
Soobvyen
Malabar
Karramu
Muniegadoo
Ma1abar
Veeramah
~oo~oosamin~
Aurimui tho0
Thooloocanun
Vencatasamny
86 3
Thutchanamoothee
Patchamootoo
19
M
Malabar
Cuddal o r e
Cuddal ore
864
Chengelroyen
Goonyapen
30
M
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
R.I.
l h v o t i 11/2/1876
1873
.
...
REG.
!YO.:
FATHER'S
NAME
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
REMARKS
R. I. Umvoti 9 / 9 / 1 8 7 6
Lu tchn~ee
Soosiah
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Iylandum
Vencatasammy
Gentoo
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Vejianayaven
Padavation
Ma1 a b a r
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Purinal i y u n ~
Cundasammy
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Kotiah
Pakeeree
Ma1 a b a r
Vizagapatar
Vizagapatam
Vencatasammy
Ramen
Malabar
C h i n g l eput
Chingleput
Hoossain S a i o
Abuool Rhymen
~ l u s s elaan
l
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
LLC
Caroomben
N a r r a i nen
Ma1 a b a r
Chittoor
Chittoor
DF
An tnonee
Goothee
Christian
Ganj am
Ganj am
Cundasammy
Chinasammy
Malabar
Madras
Madras
V e n c a t a c h e l l um
D
Malabar
Madras
Madras
LLC VAFP l b 7 4
VAFP
not allocated
not allocated
Chooremootoo
Anthonee
Christian
Madras
Madras
R. I . Umvoti 23/ 7/ 1874
Philip
Joseph
Christian
Coiratore
Coinatore
R.I.
Regina 1 5 / 3 / 1 d 6 5
Munien
Armoogum
Malabar
Madras
Madras
R.I.
Umvoti 2 3 / 7 / 1 8 7 4
LLC
VAFP
LLC
1867
Moothie
Kol en
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Chalathah
Munien
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Maaras
Putchay
D
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Mun iamah
D
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Chinien
Vee r a s a m y
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Veeren
Veeren
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Maaras
Moo toocoodee
Chel 1en
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Maaras
Mooni amah
Veeren
Malabar
Nadras
Madras
Dajagopaul
~Narrainsammy
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Varamah
Veeren
Malabar
Vi zagapatan~
Vizagapatan
Canniah
Gengadoo
Gentoo
Chi c o c o l e
Chicocole
~Yagnee
Sau~ny
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Lutchmiah
Rungi ah
Gentoo
Salem
Cnittoor
Ester
John
Christian
Bangal o r e
Yysore
Moses
Joseph Joshua
Christian
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Elizabeth
Joseph Joshua
Christian
Bangalore
Mysore
Joseph
Joseph Joshuan
Christian
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Jerieamah
D
Christian
Rajamundry
Rajamundry
Rachael
Joseph Joshuah
Christian
Ganjar
1973
REG.
AGE
NO.:
SEX
CASTE
ZILLAH
?abekan
Mootnien
Christian
Ganj am
Ganjam
C31111ia030
ayradoc
Gen t o o
Yussil ioa:m
Yuss:i'patum
2.
Gentoo
Rajanmundrg
Rajamuncry
.A;
:eemee
Sencategacoo
Doiapan
Gentoo
T r i chino:oiy
T r i cninopoly
b10o:hcosinrny
Veerapen
Malabar
Madras
Hadras
I4oosaoan
Malabai-
Madras
Bhoyee
Ma1 a b a r
:4adras
i4adras
Vencatacne: l ~ n
Malaoar
Madras
i4adras
':encatapa?
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
LLC
YAFP
LLC
CAFP
187:
R. I . Red g i a i n g Yooa 1 3 / 2 / 1 8 7 2
Ged?acoo
Gentoo
Vadras
Boyadoo
Gentoo
:4adras
Yenge t e ~ a o -
Gentoo
Madras
Mar; inian
Gentoo
Nadras
Ilaaras
Gooroo~ncothee
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
R.!.
Somasoonorurn
Malabar
Madras
Maoras
DF
7.
InunSYm
bloonesaniny
Ma1 a b a r
lladras
Madras
LLC
'IAFP
1972
Yungatnatu
Cunoasanmy
Malabar
Madras
Madras
'LLC
VAFP
1673
Malabar
Madras
Mailrai
LLC f c r ..IAUR:TIUS
R.I.
:.loonusaumrny
MoonesaL:cm;/
R.1.
Murgusayagen
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Za~nasanlrg
Ma1 a b a r
Salem
Salei
Bramasee
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
Padlen
Gentoo
K i s tnayurcm
Mysore
Soobranan-en
Ma1 a o a r
Pa1a~co::an
?a1 a n c o t t a h
Mocsekeen
Malaoar
Goa
Coa
Tirinalay
Malabar
Bangal o r ?
Mysore
3 a r r a i nsaurny
iyasaurr!
Ma1 a b a r
Maoras
fladras
Vai oyden
Veerapen
Malabar
Madura
flads.t-a
Veeraput~ren
Vyahpooree
Malabar
Tanjore
Tanjore
Mat.:
:parcil
Malabar
Tanjore
Tan j o r e
Chi r, 3s auqly
?aseeree
Gentoo
:4adras
I!adras
;laucee
Irea:arir:w
Gentoo
Nysore
:.ljiso r e
33 1
Paupa,!oo
Yaciadco
332
da: a k i s t z n e n
Yerlcaraien
kuq
1
14
Gen t o o
,,lagilra
;<atbra
32
M
Gentoo
Yadura
"lacara
Red R i c i n g d o o d 1 3 / 2 / 1 9 7 2
U n v o t i 2/1677
1873
Red g i d i n g Xooc 13/2/1872
R . I. Rsd Z i c i n g tiood 13/2/1875
REG.
AO. :
FATdER'S
NAME
NAi4i
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
REMARKS
Danacodee
N i r s i o t l oo
24
F
Gentoo
Madura
Madura
DF
Syed Ebrani
S h e i k Hoossain
30
M
Musselman
V i zagapatam
V i zagapatam
R.I.
Apaooo
Samiah
16
M
Gentoo
V i zagapatam
Vizagapatam
Ramdoo
Soyadoo
32
M
Gentoo
Vizagapatam
Vizagapatam
Yeeradoo
Chinian
30
~l
Gentoo
V i zagapatam
Vizagapatam
Somaooo
D00t-gad00
26
M
Gentoo
Vizaqapatarn
V i zagapatam
V i zagapatam
Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
R.i. Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
Cuniah
Veerasoo
30
14
Gentoo
V i zagapatam
Anoonlen
Pakeerah
22
N
Gentoo
V i zagapatam
Vizagapatam
R. I . Umvoti 23/7/1374
Syed Abdool
Syed Abdool A1 l e e
25
M
Musselman
Vizagapatam
Vizagapatam
R.I.
Yeddapan
Pedoo
27
M
Gentoo
Vizagapatam
Vizagapatam
Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
P o t h i ah
Sumath r e e
40
M
Gentoo
Vizagapatam
Vizagaparam
R. I . C a t a r q u i
Paupee
Api an
30
F
Gentoo
Vizagapatam
V i zagapatam
R.1
Yoorvee
P o t h i ah
14
F
Gentoo
Vizagapatam
Vizagapatam
R. 1. C a t a r q u i
Ramcoo
U
7
M
Gentoo
Vizagapatarn
Vizagapatam
R.I.
Ye1 l a d o o
D
4
Male
Gent oo
Vizagapatam
Vizagapatam
R. I. C a t a r q u i
. Catarqui
Catarqui
Rarnasaumy
Sonni an
25
M
Gen t o o
Vizagapatam
Vizagapatam
R. I. C a t a r q u i
Paupee Pentah
Nundean
26
F
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
R. I. C a t a r q u i
Geddi yadoo
Pathiah
6
M
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
R. I.C a t a r q u i
Valanganee
John
26
F
Christian
Mysore
Mysore
3
M
Christian
Bangalore
Mysore
D i e d 1861 o n S t a t e
18
M
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Maoras
R.I.
Madras
I.ladras
Mausel amoney
Josepn
~qoonesaurny
Unknown
Urnlazi 28/9/1899
Ramakistna 2eddy
Veeras aumy
23
M
Ma1 a b a r
Busnen
Nunjen
28
irl
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Permall
N o t A1 1 oca t e d
Mundavalian
2032
M
M
Malabar
Madras
~ladras
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Nadras
R. I. Umvoti 2 3 / 7 / 1874
~ l o o nghan
i
Sonnah
32
M
Malabar
Maaras
Madras
D. F.
Bhader
Jeemi
30
M
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
i4adras
Dhal apah
Boosaroo
30
Male
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Sunpiah
Giriahcherry
14
M
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
S h e i k Ahneo
Abdool
24
M
Musselman
Madras
Madras
LLC VAFP
R . I . Red R i d i n g Hood 13/2/1872
P a r i an
P u r s a l oo
30
Male
Sheik Hoossain
22
M
Gentoo
Musselman
Madras
Madras
i-ladras
Madras
R. I. C a t a r q u i 13/11/1861
Shan S a l a l l
I y 1andum
Perunall
22
F
Malabar
Madras
Maaras
R. I . Reo R i d i n g tlood 13/2/1672
....
TYBUR;:IA
REG.
NO.:
FATHER'S
NAME
>VAME
-
AGE
MADRAS
SEX
-
MARCH
20
CASTE
1861 (1223
-
VILLAGE
1599
ZlLLAii
Cuddalore
Sabaputnee
Soobramany
Malabar
Salem
Moothen
Poinen
Malabar
Salem
Cudda 1o r e
Cnel 1tin
Rarl~asauny
Malabar
Salem
Cuaaalore
Soobian
Soobiah
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
naugoo
Vencatacoo
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Lutcnugaaoo
Gengadra
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Gengaooo
Vencatasoo
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Goo1 am
H y a e r 3ux
Musselman
Bangalore
Mysore
Cader Bee
Mahomed A1 l y
Musselman
Bangalore
Mysore
Moonesaumy
Veerasaumy
Malabar
Chingleput
Chingleput
Madura
Thayee
Permall
Malabar
Nadura
Veerasaumy
Narrainsaumy
Ma1 a b a r
Chingl eput
Chingleput
Ragavadoo
Vencatarsunghen
Gentoo
N e l 1o r e
Nellore
Parthasarudee
Keistapen
Ma1 a b a r
Cuddalore
Cuddalore
Minien
Lutcnmanen
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Lutchmanen
0
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Maaras
L d t chrradoo
Changeel ee
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Nellore
Lutcnmaoo
Nursiah
Gentoo
Chingleput
Chingleput
Ramu
Sooben
Gentoo
Madras
Maaras
Titmaiay
Poinee
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
riadras
Mungay
Vencatasen
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Poinee
Trimalay
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Chinapen
-
REMARKS
0
Malabar
Madras
Hadras
Sapatnie
Veerapen
!lalabe:-
Madras
Maaras
Batcneo
Somiah
Gentoo
Madras
Madars
Cader Saib
Ebram S a i b
Musselman
Madras
Madras
Pursooramin
Mooniapen
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Mooniesaumy
Pursooramen
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Raini an
Neerejendah
Gentoo
Madras
Maaras
Cni nee
Soonikannah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Vencatasaumy
Thimiah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Rdnghu
Vencatapen
Gen t o o
Madras
Madras
Manaju
Raaasaumy
Maratta
Madras
Maoras
Thy 1 amay
Moo100
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Maaras
H e y a l l Khan
Labb Khan
Musselman
Madras
blauras
Jamsvah Bhoyoo
Pavan Pavanajee
Rajput
Madras
Maaras
VAFP
LLC
1875
VAFP
LLC
1876
-
FATHER'S
NAI4E
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
Z l LLAH
Mahon~euHoossn~an
M a h ~ m e dJaman
Mussel nian
Madras
La11 aee
Hoossman Khan
Musselman
Madras
Maoras
Maaras
Cinano Bee
Manomea lioasinan
Musselman
Madras
i4aaras
J a n ~ i e QS a i b
Mahomed Hoosman
Musselman
Madras
Madras
Vadachel 1em
Ramasaun;y
Malabar
Trichinopoly
Trichinopoly
Churpuryee
Veerapen
I4alabar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Val leamay
Vadachel l u m
Malaoar
Bangalore
Mysore
i4oorgayee
V a d a c h e l l um
Malaoar
Bangalore
Mysore
'la iay aen
Vaaacnel 1um
Malabar
Banga:ore
Mysore
Sapaparhee
Appasauri~y
Mai a b a r
Nel l o r e
Chittoor
k o l apen
V e n c a t a c h e l ldm
Malabar
Salem
Sale3
Mysore
Lutcnmoo
Parean
Malaoar
Bangal o r e
hanu
Sabapathee
Malaoar
Bangal o r e
Myscre
Moonesaumy
Sabapathe?
Malabar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Abdool Cader
Jamal Ahmea
Musselman
Madras
Macras
Ramasaumy
Veeragons?
iblalabar
Madras
Nadrzs
Mahomed Knan
Canam Lhan
Musselroan
Salem
Saien
Meerasagmy
Veeraragaven
Ma1 abar
Salem
Saiz
Chinien
Nellan
Malabar
Salem
Sale?
Veeraragoo
Veera
Malabar
Salerii
Sal??
Anarila 1ay
Veera
Malabar
Sal e n
Sale?
Pani: en
Caopen
Ma1 a b a r
Salem
Salei
Sale71
Pursooranen
Cool ler,
Malabar
Saleq
Vaden
;Aarhain
Malaoar
Salem
Sale3
damasa~riiy
Cundapan
Ma1 aoar
Salern
Salem
Permall
Soondr~dm
i4alaozr
Sa 1em
Saiel
Unyamah
Rarnasaumy
Ma1 a o a r
Sa?ern
Sale7
Salern
S a l f-
Lutcnmee
Penal1
Malacar
(Dlrrnb)
Chinapen
Malabar
Salem
Sa 1 erli
earnasauniy
Bomen
Ma1 a n a r
Salern
Sa 1e~
Ran~asah,;:/
Mootialoo
Gen~oo
Chi n g l e p ~ ~ t
Chi~??eput
Canaita!i
Ramdoo
Gentoo
Chingleput
Chin~'epur
?Iooneadoo
damasauny
Gen t o o
Chingleprit
ChinSeput
Moon ier,
Talanarcham
Malaoar
Nel 1 o r e
Cni t ~ o o r
~ I c t!:en
o
Veeraoen
Malatiar
Madras
Madrds
REG.
NAME
NO.:
FATHER'S
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
REMARKS
VILLAGE
Poi nee
An anla 1ay
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Anthachee
Anthonee
Christian
Madras
Madras
P o i nadoo
Vencatadoo
Gentoo
i4adras
Ilaoras
Ldtchmi ah
Dassee
Gentoo
Trichinopoly
Trichinopoly
~lanyoo
N a r r a i nen
Gentoo
Trichinopoly
Trichinopoly
Veerasaumy
Lutchmiah
Gentoo
T r i c h i nopoly
Trichinopoly
Permal amah
Lutchmiah
Gentoo
Trichinopoly
Trichinopoly
Ba 1 1amah
Lutchmiah
Gentoo
Trichinopoly
Trichinopoly
Dassee
Lutchmiah
Gentoo
Trichinopoly
T r i chinopoly
Infant
Lutchmiah
Gentoo
T r i chinopoly
Trichinopoly
Pavanday
Thondrayan
Gentoo
Cuddalore
Cuddalore
Ramas aumy
Chenyapen
Gentoo
Madras
i4adras
Valen
Anamalay
Gentoo
Sal em
Salem
doonean
Poosaren
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
Gouree
Goinden
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
Ellamah
Unknown
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
Rani Dhevi
Galpasuh
Gen t o o
Rajput
Rajput
Mooni esaumy
Seeneevasen
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Moones aumy
Halapen
Salem
Vurdapen
Malabar
Malabar
Salem
Soobamah
Madura
Madura
Annasaumy
Narrainen
Ma1 a b a r
Madura
Madura
Moonee
Mooneesaumy
Ma1 a b a r
Madura
Madura
I y a h Cunnoo-
Veerasaumy
Ma1 a b a r
Madura
Madu r a
Soob roye n
Ramas aumy
Ma1 a b a r
Ganjam
Ganj am
Chellen
Mootoo
Malabar
Chingleput
Chingleput
Chonnee
Aurokium
Christian
Bangal o r e
14ysore
Anachary
Ramas aumy
Curpanen
Malabar
Anachary
Lutchma
Curpanen
Ma1 a b a r
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Syed Booden
Syed Ahmed
Musselman
Madras
Madras
Nunoo Bee
S h e i k Haveed
Musselman
Trichinopoly
Trichinopoly
Lazoo Bee
Syed Borden
Musselman
Naghery
Mysore
Abdool Cunee
Syed Borden
Musselman
Chingleput
Chingleput
Kuniur A1 l e e
Mahomed A l l e e
Musselman
Chingleput
Chingl e p u t
Maurumortoo
Chinnien
rlal abar
Chingleput.
Chingleput
Sheik iiorden
Sheik lloossain
Musselman
Naghery
Mysore
Cal l e e
Mooneapen
Ma1 a b a r
LLC DF 1873
D i e d 3/9/1887
REG.
140.:
NAME
FATHER'S
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
Hoolsdm Bee
Ghool am Mai dun
Musselinan
Naghery
Sheik Abdoolah
Sheik Hyder
Mussel man
Maghery
My sore
Sheik Mahomed
Sheik Hyder
Mussel man
Naghery
Mysore
Moothoo A l l
A1 1 aghen
Ma1 abar
Naghery
Mysore
Woonamal ay
Aanachel lum
Malabar
Masulipatam
Masul ipatam
Moothen
Moo tho0
Malabar
Bangalore
My so r e
Coopachee
Moothoo
Ma1abar
Bangalore
My so r e
Tunchen
Tiramalay
Ma1abar
Bangalore
Mysore
Minchee
Coopen
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Anamal ay
Vengnan
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Minchee
Venchan
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Chinnamoonee
Jal loo
Ma1abar
Salem
Salem
Bordum
Moonen
Ma1abar
Salem
Salem
Annamalay
Coopandee
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Genghee
Genghan
Ma1abar
Salem
Salem
N e l l an
Moothen
Ma1 abar
Salem
Salem
Woonamal ay
Moothen
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Infant
Moothen
Mdl abar
Salem
Salem
Sanevasen
Rungasaumy
Ma1abar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Rungasaumy
Ramasaumy
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Poongavanen
Ramas aumy
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Veeren
Chel l e n
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Coothen
Moon ien
Ma1abar
Salem
Salem
Umiah
Malabar
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Lutchmrdoo
Soobiah
Ma1 abar
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Ashusb Saib
Hoossain Saib
Musselman
Nel l o r e
N e l l ore
La1 l a h Meyah
Sheik Rustoom
Musselman
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Doorghee
Moonsi ng
Rajput
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Cunden
E l l apen
Ma1abar
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Moonchee
Canden
Malabar
Chi t t o o r
C'ni t t o o r
Soomdrum
Madooranai gam
Ma1 abar
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Anasaumy
Radooranai gam
Ma1 abar
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Ramas aumy
Veeraragaven
Malabar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Honen
Vencatapah
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Thathen
Payen
Ma1abar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Moonegadoo
Thimadoo
14alabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Sorbiah
-
REMARKS
Mysore
R.I. Quathlamba 20/5/1887
VAFP
LLC
1876
REG.
NO. :
FATHER'S
NAME
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
Cunden
Punjen
28
M
Ma1 abar
Salem
Salem
Ansomien
26
26
M
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Moonien
Moonien
17
M
Ma1 a b a r
Salem
Salem
Moonchee
Thathen
24
F
Ma1 abar
Salem
Salem
Pariacallee
Thathen
30
F
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Padavattah
Thathen
22
F
Ma1 abar
Salem
Salem
Chinacallie
Curthen
21
M
Malabar
Salem
Sal em
Mooloosaumy
Sevanden
46
M
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Seecunder
Seecunder Rawter
32
M
Musselman
Salem
Salem
Runghen
Ramen
36
M
Ma1 abar
Salem
Salem
Vurdapen
Veerasaumy
30
M
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Vencatasaumy
Goorvapah
27
M
Gentoo
Sal em
Salem
Moothen
Iyahsawmy
32
M
Ma1 a b a r
Salem
Salem
Doorgiah
Goindarajoo
24
M
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
Lutchmee
Vencapah
20
F
Gentoo
Salem
Salem
Mooneesaumy
Painasaumy
23
M
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Mooneesaumy
Moonesaumy
19
M
Malabar
Salem
Salem
A1 l e n
Ramen
30
M
Malabar
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Ramasaumy
Goinden
25
M
Ma1 abar
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
E l 1apen
Mauree
30
M
Malabar
Ganj am
Ganjam
Nynamah
Poinen
19
F
Ma1 abar
Ganjam
Ganj am
Paupen
Vencatapen
34
M
Ma1 abar
Ganj am
Ganj am
Vencatapen
30
F
Ma1 abar
Ganj am
Ganj am
Chi nadoo
Vencatapen
19
M
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Vencatapen
Vencatapen
17
M
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Thimadoo
Gengapah
26
M
Gentoo
Ganjam
Genj am
Busvanah
Yeramah
30
M
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Goorvaaoo
Nagapah
30
M
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Gengaaoo
Sunkapah
24
M
Gentoo
Ganjam
Genjam
Kuriamah
Cavangapan
24
F
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Chinnamah
Soondren
14
F
Ma1 abar
Gan j am
Ganj am
Soondrem
Soondrem
9
M
Ma1 abar
Salen~
Salem
Veeraragaven
Tholsie
22
M
Ma1 abar
Salem
Salem
Vencatie
-
n o t a1 l o c a t e d
n o t a1 l o c a t e d
VAFP a p p l i e d f o r l a n d i n 1
of p a s s a ~ e- 8/3/71
Died
19/7/ 1886
REG.
FATHER'S
NAME
NAME
NO.:
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
REMARKS
Vencatadoo
Cavareapah
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Moonaswamy
S ido01 oo
Gentoo
Bangalore
Mysore
Lutchrnee
Saben
Gent o o
Chingl e p u t
Chingleput
Latchrnanen
Vencataswarny
Linghen
Malabar
Cuddal o r e
Cuddal o r e
Veerapen
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Vencatararnen
Chendrapah
Gentoo
Bangalore
Mysore
Moothee
Vencatapah
Gent o o
Bangalore
Mysore
Moonean
Thathen
Malabar
Salem
Salem
Mu1 1ornah
Vencataramadoo
Ma1 a b a r
Salem
Salem
Chinalay
Saiboo
Malabar
Tanjore
Runghen
Vencataswamy
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Chittoor
n o t a1 1o c a t e d
Col undaval oo
Chel 1apen
Malabar
Chittoor
Sevabaigurn
Goinden
Malabar
Chittoor
Chittoor
Vencataswarny
Mootooswarny
Malabar
Nel l o r e
Nel l o r e
Sumshoodeen
A l e e Khan
Musselman
Madras
Madras
Lazer
Daveed
Christian
Cuddalore
Cuddal o r e
Cundaswamy
Appal swarny
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Mootooswamy
N a r r a i nen
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Moo tharnah
Pursooramen
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Soobrarnanean
Terauangadur
Malabar
Madras
Madras
A1 lamaloo
Mundrum
Ma1 a b a r
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Nacheapen
Ma1 a b a r
Chittoor
Chittoor
Ramasawmy
Veeraragaven
Malabar
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Maunee
Ragaven
Malabar
Chingl e p u t
Chingleput
Pyanee
Soobrayan
Ma1 a b a r
Chingl e p u t
Chingleput
Vee rasamny
K i s tnasamny
Ma1 a b a r
Madras
Madras
Veerasamrny
Moonesamrny
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Moonien
Thirnen
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Pem~all
Beernen
Ma1 a b a r
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Comatchee
Woothendee
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Callee
Vencataramen
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Chinaman
Meyen
Ma1 a b a r
Bangalore
Mysore
Ramasamny
V e n c a t a c h e l l um
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Parvathee
Miniapen
Malabar
Yalabar
aangal o r e
Mysore
Tnimjee
V e n c a t a c h e l l urn
Malabar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Cundaswamy
-
LLC DF 1876
R.I. H e l e n M a l l a c e
J u l y 1686
REG.
NO.:
NAME
FATHER 'S
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
Z I LLAH
Mysore
Moodool i n g m
Moodool ingum
Ma1 abar
Bangalore
Moonien
Vencatachel lum
Ma1 abar
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Moonien
Vencatachel lum
Malabar
Bangalore
Mysore
Minchee
Vencatashel lum
Malabar
Mangalore
Mysore
Goorven
Veeraragaven
Gentoo
Bangalore
Mysore
Mooneesammy
Moonien
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Nellore
Soondroydoo
Bal aramdoo
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Enkiah
Caumi ah
Ma1 aba r
Madras
Madras
Madras
Paupiah
Gengool oo
Gen too
Madras
Chiniah
Coormiah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Ramiah
Thumiah
Gentoo
T r i c h i nopol y
Trichinopoly
Lutchmiah
Ramiah
Gentoo
Cuddal o r e
Cuddalore
Cunnian
Purriah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Gooriah
Goorvoo
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Rajoo
Ramiah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Ramiah
T i rpathee
Gentoo
Bangalore
Mys o r e
Sarathee
Gendaloo
Gentoo
Bangalore
Mysore
Chiniah
Kis tnamah
Gentoo
Bangal o r e
Mysore
Joghee
Sarathee
Gentoo
Bangalore
Bangalore
Rajiah
Camdoo
Gentoo
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t w r
Chiniah
Cami ah
Gentoo
Cuddalore
Cuddalore
Sarathee
Ma1abar
Madras
Madras
Pool 00
Ma1 abar
Ganjam
Ganj am
Vencadoo
Goo roo
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
P o l iah
Thumi ah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
Ramiah
Sapadoo
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Rajiah
Yenkiah
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
Yendoo
Naydoo
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Enkool oo
Appi ah
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
Thasoo
Nirsimloo
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Uppiah
Yagathasen
Gen too
Ganj am
Ganjam
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
Appiah
Sarathee
*
REMARKS
Gengiah
Juggi ah
Canacal l e e
Camdoo
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Thatiah
Sarathee
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
Sarathee
Paupiah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Rajiah
Dal 1apah
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
LLC DF 1873
Murdered
1890
REG.
NO. :
NAME
FATHER 'S
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
Z I LLAH
Cunnian
Sarathee
Gentoo
Ganj am
Chiniah
dalajee
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
Rajiah
K i s tnamah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Balajee
Rami ah
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Venki an
Gengooloo
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Errapah
Kistnamah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
REMARKS
Ganj am
Lutchmiah
Cunni ah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Thumiah
K i stnamah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
Dhaliah
Sariah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
Gosanjee
Cami ah
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganj am
Goorapah
Lutchmi ah
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganj am
K i s tnamah
N a r r a i doo
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Balajee
P o t h i ah
Gen t o o
Ganj am
Ganj am
J o g i ah
Mathi ah
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
Canee
Vencatasawmy
Gentoo
Ganj am
Ganjam
Jungum
Dhalli a h
Gentoo
Ganjam
Ganjam
Venkiah
Dalliah
Gentoo
Masulipatan
Masulipatam
LLC
2&/4/1866
Dalapah
Uppi ah
Gen t o o
Madras
Madras
LLC
28/4/ 1866
LLC
28/4/1866
K i s tnamah
Thumiah
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Sarathee
Pool00
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Chi t t o o r
Thumiah
Sarathee
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Chi t t o o r
Erregadoo
Sarathee
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Chi t t o o r
Rami ah
Dhalapah
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Chi t t o o r
Dhal apah
Appanah
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Chi t t o o r
Camdoo
Paupiah
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Ch i t t o o r
Balajee
Goorviah
Gentoo
Cuddal o r e
Cuddalore
Uppiah
Thongooloo
Gentoo
Madras
Madras
Sarathee
Paupiah
Gentoo
Nel l o r e
Chi t t o o r
Rajiah
Camdoo
Gentoo
Nel 1o r e
Chittoor
Chenchoo
Ramiah
Gen t o o
Chingleput
Chingleput
Ganah
Vencatasammy
Gentoo
Mysore
Mysore
Vencataroy l o o
Somi an
Gentoo
Chi n g l e p u t l
Chingleput
Ghool arn Mahomed
Syea Cader Sa
Musselman
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Gopaloo
Rajiah
Gen t o o
Cuddalore
Cuddalore
Paupen
A r n a c h e l l um
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Goi nden
Poinen
Malabar
Madras
Madras
---..
1545
.
Endegadoo
Ramiah
LU
(.,
"
LLC OF 1873
REG.
NO. :
NAME
FATHER'S
NAME
Chengapen
Coopoo
Meenatchee
Ramas ammy
A1 1amal oo
Moonesanvny
Kempanah
Abdool Cader
Pursooramen
Veeras amny
Cundas amny
Vi rpachee
Putchapen
Putchapeamah
Moonesamny
Soondrum
Moorgasen
Rungasammy
Kis tnapen
Narrainen
Hoossain Saib
Amogum
Narainen
Narainen
Poinapen
Poinapen
Pi tchamoot oo
Lutchmee
Vadachel 1um-
Thondroyen
Armoogum
Moones amny
Moonegadoo
Gengnee
Nagadoo
Maunee
AGE
SEX
CASTE
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Gentoo
VILLAGE
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
ZI LLAH
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Musselman
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Salem
Chi t t o o r
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Salem
Chi t t o o r
Chengl eput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Nagnee
Poinoosamy
Moonien
Lu tchrnee
Permall
Minachee
Chinniamen
Moorgapen
Vencatapah
Gengapah
Nagadoo
Goorapan
Nagadoo
Peddoo
Thathen
Permall
Moonien
Moonien
Moonien
Ma1 abar
Malabar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Mussel man
Malabar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Ma1 abar
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Malabar
Malabar
Ma1 abar
Malabar
Mdlabar
Malabar
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleputl
Madras
Tanjore
Chit toor
Chengl eput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Bangal ore
Bangalore
Bangalore
Bangal ore
Bangalore
Madras
Salem
Nel 1ore
Nel l o r e
Nel l o r e
Nell ore
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Tanjore
Chi t t o o r
Chengleput
Chengleput
Chengleput
Madras
Mysore
Mysore
Mysore
Mysore
Mysore
Madras
Salem
Chi t t o o r
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Chi t t o o r
Endegadoo
Rami ah
Gen too
Gan j am
Ganj am
Somadoo
Pariapah
Alle Saib
Narrainen
Iyasamy
Mootoos ammy
Nagachell an
Rassapen
Vencatashell um
Mootho0
Ramas amny
Arnachel 1urn
Arnachel 1urn
Soobryen
Moothen
Cattvah
Cunden
REMARKS
L L C DF 1876
REG.
NO.:
FATHER'S
NAME
NAME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VILLAGE
ZILLAH
Chi nniatombee
Annarnal ay
Malabar
Cuddal o r e
Cuddalore
Seevagamee
Purseramen
Ma1abar
Cuddal o r e
Cuddalore
Narrainsammy
Mooneapah
Malabar
Chengleput
Chengleput
Mi gale
Francis1
Christian
Chinasamy
Royacoothen
Ma1abar
Moorghen
Chinapen
Malabar
LLC
VAFP
1876
n o t a1 l o c a t e d
Narrainsamny
Ramen
Ma1 abar
Chel 1apen
Vencatapah
Malabar
Goolam Nabee
Sheik Hoossain
Mussel man
bloonesammy
Ramas ammy
Malabar
Andenarrainen
Vurdarajooloo
Malabar
Malabar
Goinden
Ramas amny
Migale
Chowrimooloo
Christian
Mooneesarnmy
Veerasammy
Malabar
N a r r a i nen
Ramen
Ma1abar
Raj oo
Papaurajoo
Malabar
Ettean
Veeraragaven
Ma1 abar
Poinen
Valen
Malabar
Appasammy
Pariatumbee
Mal abar
Moonees amny
Mooneapen
Ma1 abar
Pakeeree
Vencatachellum
Ma1 abar
Veeras anmy
Goindoo
Malabar
Pursoo ramen
Malabar
Goinden
Malabar
Moonien
-
Soobrayen
R.I.
VAFP
Moorghen
Anoogurn
Malabar
Insen
Armoogum
Malabar
Pyenden
Vencatasen
Malabar
Mungeenee
Soobiah
Malabar
Moon i e n
Appasamy
Malabar
Veeren
Annumden
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Aurokeum
Chinien
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Mooneamah
Veeren
Ma1 abar
Madras
Madras
Ma1 iapen
unknown
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Poi namoonee
Appasammy
Malabar
Madras
bladras
n o t a1 l o c a t e d
Red R i d i n g Hooh 13/2/1871
LLC
1876
REG.
NO. :
HPME
FATHER'S
NPME
AGE
SEX
CASTE
VI LLAGE
ZILLAH
M
M
M
Malabar
Malabar
Malabar
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
Madras
M
F
M
F
M
M
M
M
Malabar
Gentoo
Gentoo
Gentoo
Malabar
Chittoor
Chi t t o o r
Masulipatam
Masulipatam
Chengl e p u t
Malabar
Malabar
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Chengl e p u t
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Chengleput
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I n v a l i d . R.I. Umvoti 1877
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