Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Vol. 50, No 2, 2005
Pages 117-122
UDC: 546.23:581.142
Original scientific paper
GERMINATION OF THE LOVAGE SEED IN RESPECT OF FRACTION SIZE
AND TEMPERATURE AT INVESTIGATION
R. Jevdjović1, V. Filipović2, Jasmina Jevdjović3 and R. Pavlović4
Abstract: Three fractions of lovage seed: small size 2.5 mm, medium size
3.0 mm, and large size 3.5 mm were analyzed in this paper. Contents of small
fraction were 23 %, medium 46 %, and large 31 %. The unfractioned seed was
used as standard. The indicators: germination energy, total germination and seed
weight were investigated. The best results had the broadest fraction of 3.5 mm
concerning all indicators. The temperature of 20 °C constant proved the most
optimum when all indicators had the highest values, and the most unfavorable
was the temperature between 5/15 °C 12/12h alternately.
Due to conducted investigation, it can be concluded that the contents of the
broadest fraction of lovage seed is the most important for production and seed
multiplication.
Key words: lovage, germination energy, total germination, seed weight,
temperature at investigation, fractions.
Introduction
Lovage (Levisticum officinale Koch) is a perennial, herbaceous plant from
Apiaceae family. It grows up to 2.0 m high (T u c a k o v , 1997). The root is
spindle, strong and can be over 50 cm long (S t e p a n o v i ć , 1998). Blooms are
gathered in pale yellow colored blossoms. Fruit is flat and ribbed. Fruit contains
small seed with absolute mass of 5.0 grams and germination period lasts two
years.
1
Radosav Jevdjović, M.Sc., Institute for Medicinal Plants Research ˝Dr Josif Pančić˝, T.
Košćuška 1, 11000 Beograd, Serbia and Montenegro
2
Vladimir Filipović, M.Sc., Institute ˝Tamiš˝, Novoseljanski put 33, 26000 Pancevo, Serbia
and Montenegro, [email protected]
3
Jasmina Jevdjovic, student, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Belgrade – Zemun,
Serbia and Montenegro
4
Radoš Pavlović, PhD., Associate Professor, Faculty of Agriculture, Cara Dušana 34, 32000
Čačak, Serbia and Montenegro
118
R. Jevdjović et al.
Root and fruit, which can contain up to 1.0% of essential oil, are used in
medicine.
Lovage reproduces by seed, so good germination, which is an important
indicator of seed life ability, is necessary, and lovage usefulness mostly depends
of germination (J e v d j o v i ć et al., 2001).
The aim of this work was to demonstrate if broadness and different
temperature conditions produce effects on seed germination, and also to
investigate and determine fractions that show better sowing quality.
Material and Methods
Researches were conducted in the laboratory of the Institute for Medicinal
Plant Research «Dr Josif Pancic» in Pancevo. The seed of herbal species lovage,
grown and multiplied during the year 2004, on the production locations of the
Institute, was used as material. The domestic type ˝Vojvođanski˝ was tested.
Seeds were separated by sieve with round holes on three fractions: small, size
2.5 mm, medium, size 3.0 mm, and large, size 3.5 mm. Contents of small fraction
was 23 %, medium 46 % and large 31 %. The unfractioned seed was used as
standard.
Seed research was performed in a laboratory in ten repetitions, 100 seeds
each, of every fraction and standard. Seed weight had been measured on a precise
scale, and then it was germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper at three degrees of
temperature: I – 5/15°C alternately 12/12h, II– 10/20°C alternately 12/12h, III –
20°C constant (J e v d j o v i ć , 2000).
Germination energy was determined after 7 days, and total germination was
determined after 21 days in accordance with ISTA standards from 1999 (ISTA –
RULES, 1999).
The obtained data were processed by the methods of statistical variance:
average value (I), variance interval (Iv) and variance coefficient (Cv)
(H a d ž i v u k o v i ć , 1991). Statistical significance of differences between
investigated factors was calculated using the model of variance analysis
(S n e d e c o r a n d C o c h r a n , 1967).
Results and Discussion
In our country to date research of the problems regarding investigated
indicators have not been given enough attention so far, therefore these results
may be guidelines for further improvement of quality of this medicinal and
vegetable culture. Average values of lovage seed germination energy of
investigated fractions had different values regardless of the temperature. This
conclusion supports the fact that with temperature at germination of 5/15°C
Germination of the lovage seed
119
12/12h alternately, average values were 22.2 % for 2.5 mm fraction, and the
highest germination energy had seeds whose size was about 3.0 mm (60.8 %).
This caused value variation from 4.83 to 19.55 %. Least variations were noticed
at the temperature of 10/20°C alternately 12/12h (Cv = 7.08 – 13.44 %), and
greater variations at constant temperature of 20 °C when Cv = 8.79 – 17.52 %.
According to the obtained data, the lowest germination energy had the smallest
fraction seed, considering all temperatures at germination. The broadest fraction
had almost double germination energy value in investigations at all temperatures.
The middle size seed fraction had slightly better germination energy compared to
unfractioned seed. The constant temperature of 20 °C proved to be the most
optimum for to the begermination energy of all lovage seed fractions (table 1),
besides significant variations of germination energy.
T a b. 1. - Statistical indices of lovage seed properties analyzed
Temp
(°C)
5/15
10/20
20
Stat
indic
Germination energy
2.5
mm
3.0
mm
3.5
mm
Average
22.2
55.1
Iv
Cv
14
19.55
Average
Iv
Cv
Total germination
Stand
2.5
mm
3.0
mm
3.5
mm
60.8
54.4
26.1
58.4
16
9.66
10
4.83
10
6.72
14
17.18
27.8
67.6
76.4
64.0
11
13.44
16
7.08
23
8.66
18
8.46
Average
35.0
77.0
78.0
Iv
Cv
20
17.52
20
8.79
34
12.81
Weight seed
Stand
2.5
mm
3.0
mm
3.5
mm
Stand
62.3
57.5
0.180
0.190
0.234
0.193
12
7.32
18
8.29
10
6.46
0.020
3.97
0.029
4.77
0.015
1.98
0.032
4.58
31.5
70.0
79.2
66.9
0.176
0.194
0.232
0.194
15
15.93
18
7.53
18
6.73
18
7.95
0.024
4.87
0.039
5.77
0.013
2.02
0.030
4.89
65.0
40.5
84.0
85.0
78.5
0.189
0.196
0.232
0.204
22
10.46
25
19.71
24
8.62
26
7.88
24
8.80
0.037
6.02
0.041
6.43
0.017
2.19
0.039
5.41
Total germination of lovage seed indicates similar absolute and relative
variability of previous indicator of germination ability, that is, germination
energy. Considering all fractions and standard, the lowest values of this indicator,
from 26.1 % to 62.3 %, were noticed at 5/15°C temperature treatment. Treating
the seed at a 10/20°C temperature produced somewhat better germination (from
31.5 % to 79.2 %), and the best results for all fractions of lovage seed were
obtained at the temperature of 20 °C, when the registered values ranged from
40.5% to 85.0 %.
Obtained results for average seed weight show statistical pattern with the
specified indicators. So, from these results it can be concluded that there is certain
heterogeneity of seed material between different fractions and unfractioned seed.
Variance coefficient was Cv = 1.98 % – 4.77 % for fraction 5/15°C. Cv = 2.02 % –
5.77 % for temperature treatment at 10/20 °C, and finally Cv = 2.19 % – 6.43 %
for fraction at 20°C constant temperature.
120
R. Jevdjović et al.
Variance analysis showed the significance of difference of investigated
indicators (germination energy, total germination and seed weight) between seed
fractions and temperature at germination, and also their interaction (table 2 and
3).
T a b. 2. - F – test values of the parameters analyzed
Sources of variation
Fraction
Temperature
Interaction
Freedom
degree
3
2
6
Germination
energy
352.3658**
75.5683**
2.4073ns
F – values
Total
germination
320.7896**
101.3192**
2.6083ns
Weight seed
197.7907**
0.1217ns
0.4801ns
ns
Statist. non significant
* significant at level of 5%
** significant at level of 1%
Tab. 3. - The levels of significance
Sources of variation
Germination energy
Total germination
Weight seed
LSD
Fraction
Temperature
Interaction
0.05
2.8741
2.4891
4.0646
0.01
3.8043
3.2947
5.3688
0.05
2.8835
2.4972
4.0731
0.01
3.8167
3.3054
5.3858
0.05
0.0047
0.0041
0.0067
0.01
0.0062
0.0054
0.0087
Obtained results show the existence of statistically very significant difference
of average germination energy values, total germination and seed weight between
different seed fractions. Also, statistically very significant variations were noticed
between different temperatures effects on germination energy and total
germination. The smallest seed (fraction 2.5 mm) showed significantly lower
value of germination energy, and very significant difference regarding total
germination and seed weight, compared to the other seed fractions and standard.
Interaction of investigated indicators showed no significance regarding any
trait of lovage seed quality.
Conclusion
Based on conducted investigation and analysis of obtained data, the
following can be concluded:
The broad fractions (3.0 mm and 3.5 mm) had higher values of investigated
indicators, so commercial use, that is, plantation production, is possible.
Germination of the lovage seed
121
The broadest fraction showed the best quality traits, and the smallest was
the poorest and its multiplication should be avoided.
The constant temperature of 20 °C proved to be the most optimum for
germination energy and total germination of lovage seed.
REFERENCES
1. H a d ž i v u k o v i ć , S. (1991); Statistički metodi, Drugo prošireno izdanje, Poljoprivredni
fakultet, Novi Sad.
2. ISTA – RULES, 1999.
3. J e v d j o v i ć Radosav, M a l e t i ć Radojka, P a v l o v i ć Radoš (2001): Uticaj krupnoće i
temperature ispitivanja na klijavost semena cikorije, Lekovite sirovine, god. XX, broj 20,
str. 39 – 44, Beograd.
4. J e v d j o v i ć Radosav (2000): Klijanje semena pet vrsta lekovitih biljaka u odnosu na
veličinu i temperaturu ispitivanja, magistarska teza, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd –
Zemun.
5. S t e p a n o v i ć , B. (1998): Proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja, Institut za proučavanje
lekovitog bilja ˝Dr. Josif Pančić˝, Beograd.
6. S n e d e c o r , G. W. and C o c h r a n , W. G. (1967): In ˝Statistical Methods˝ ed. 6 Oxford and
IBH Publishing Co Calcutta.
7. T u c a k o v , J. (1997): Lečenje biljem, Rad, sedmo izdanje, Beograd.
Received September 2, 2005
Accepted Movember 15, 2005
122
R. Jevdjović et al.
KLIJANJE SEMENA SELENA (LEVISTICUM OFFICINALE KOCH.) U
ODNOSU NA VELIČINU FRAKCIJA I TEMPERATURU ISPITIVANJA
R. Jevdjović,1 V. Filipović,2 Jasmina Jevdjović3 i R. Pavlović4
Rezime
U radu su prikazani rezultati laboratorijskog ispitivanja tri frakcije semena
selena: sitna veličine 2,5 mm, srednja veličine 3,0 mm i krupna veličine 3,5 mm.
Sadržaj sitne frakcije bio je 23 %, srednje 46 % i krupne 31 %. Nefrakcionisano
seme poslužilo je kao standard. Od pokazatelja ispitivani su energija klijanja,
ukupna klijavost i masa semena. Najkvalitetnija u ispitivanjima bila je najveća
frakcija od 3,5 mm koja je imala najveće vrednosti za sve pokazatelje. Kao
najpovoljnija temperatura pokazala se konstantna temperatura od 20°C na kojoj
su svi pokazatelji imali najveće vrednosti, dok je najnepovoljnija bila temperatura
od 5/15°C naizmenično 12/12h.
Zahvaljujući sprovedenim istraživanjima može se konstatovati da je za
praktični deo odnosno proizvodnju i doradu semena najbitniji sadržaj najkrupnije
frakcije semena selena.
Primljeno 2. septembra 2005.
Odobreno 15. novembra 2005.
1
Mr Radosav Jevdjović, Institut za proučavanje lekovitog bilja ˝dr Josif Pančić˝, T. Košćuška
1, 11000 Beograd, Srbija i Crna Gora
2
Mr Vladimir Filipović, PDS Institut ˝Tamiš˝, Novoseljanski put 33, 26000 Pančevo, Srbija i
Crna Gora, [email protected]
3
Jasmina Jevdjović, apsolvent, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Nemanjina 6, 11081 Beograd –
Zemun, SCG
4
Dr Radoš Pavlović, vanr. profesor, Agronomski fakultet, Cara Dušana 34, 32000 Čačak,
SCG