Biology
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Tree of Life Evolves
(The Tree of Life Evolves
Systems of classification adapt to new discoveries.
Linnaeus classified organisms into two kingdoms—
animals and plants.
The only known differences among living things
were the fundamental traits that separated animals
from plants.)
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Tree of Life Evolves
(Five Kingdoms
Scientists realized there were enough differences
among organisms to make 5 kingdoms:
• Monera
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia)
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Tree of Life Evolves
( Six Kingdoms
1990’s biologists recognized that Monera were
composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria.)
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Tree of Life Evolves
What are the six kingdoms of life as they
are now identified?
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The Tree of Life Evolves
1. The six-kingdom system of classification
includes:
• Eubacteria
• Archaebacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Tree of Life Evolves
Changing Number of Kingdoms
Names of Kingdoms
Introduced
1700’s
Late 1800’s
1950’s
1990’s
Plantae
Plantae
Protista
Monera
Eubacteria
Animalia
Archaebacteria
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Three-Domain System
2. The Three-Domain System
a. In 2000’s, Molecular analyses have given rise
to a new taxonomic category
b. domain –
*is a more inclusive category
* larger than a kingdom.
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Three-Domain System
What is the three-domain system of
classification?
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
The Three-Domain System
3. The three domains are:
a. Eukarya
* composed of protists, fungi, plants,
and animals.
b. Bacteria
*corresponds to kingdom Eubacteria
c. Archaea
* corresponds to kingdom
Archaebacteria.
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Bacteria
4. Domain Bacteria
a. are unicellular prokaryotes.
b. cells have thick, rigid cell walls that
surround a cell membrane.
c. cell walls contain peptidoglycan.
(polymer of sugar and amino acids that
surround cell membrane)
d. ecologically diverse- free-living soil
organisms to deadly parasites
e. some carry out photosynthesis
f. some need oxygen
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Bacteria
The domain Bacteria
corresponds to the
kingdom
Eubacteria.
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Archaea
5. Domain Archaea
a. are unicellular prokaryotes.
b. live in extreme environments.
c. cell walls lack peptidoglycan
d. their cell membranes contain unusual
lipids not found in any other organism.
e. corresponds to Kindgom Archaebacteria
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Domain Archaea
The domain
Archaea
corresponds to
the kingdom
Archaebacteria.
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
7. Structure and Function Prokaryotes
(Bacteria and Archaea)
a. Small- 1 to 5 micrometers
b. Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), and spiral
(spirilla) shaped
c. Need supply of chemical energy for food;
store as sugar molecules
d. Release energy during cellular respiration,
fermentation, or both
e. reproduce by binary fission (double in size,
split into 2 identical cells)
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
f. endospore is produced in unfavorable
conditions ( thick internal wall surrounds
DNA and some cytoplasm)
*remain dormant for months – years
g. exchange genetic information by conjugation
(hollow bridge forms between 2 bacteria
and genetic material moves from 1 to
another. Allows bacteria to survive in new
environment or to become resistant to
antibiotics)
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8. Importance of Prokaryotes:
a. Decomposers
*replenish supply of raw materials
*essential in sewage treatment plants and
water purification plants
b. Producers
*most abundant photosynthetic organism
in world
*Key in all food chains/webs
c. Nitrogen fixers
*Convert N2 in useful forms
d. Human uses
*food and commercial products
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(Yogurt, drugs, digest petroleum)
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Eukarya
9. Domain Eukarya
a. consists of organisms that have a nucleus.
b. is organized into four kingdoms:
1. Protista
2. Fungi
3. Plantae
4. Animalia
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Eukarya
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Domain Eukarya
10. Protista
(Its members display the greatest variety.)
a. eukaryotic organisms
b. unicellular or multicellular;
c. photosynthetic or heterotrophic
d. can share characteristics with plants,
fungi, or animals.
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Eukarya
11. Fungi
a. heterotrophs.
b. Most feed on dead or decaying organic
matter (by secreting digestive enzymes
into it and absorbing small food
molecules into their bodies. )
c. either multicellular (mushrooms) or
unicellular (yeasts).
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Domain Eukarya
12. Plantae
a. multicellular
b. photosynthetic autotrophs.
c. nonmotile—(they cannot move from place
to place.)
d. cell walls that contain cellulose.
e. includes cone-bearing and flowering
plants as well as mosses and ferns.
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18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Domain Eukarya
13. Animalia
a. multicellular
b. heterotrophic.
c. do not have cell walls.
e. Most can move about.
(There is great diversity within the animal kingdom,
and many species exist in nearly every part of the
planet.)
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18-3
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18-3
Organisms whose cell walls contain
peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom
a. Fungi.
b. Eubacteria.
c. Plantae.
d. Archaebacteria.
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Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or
chloroplasts are members of the kingdom
a. Animalia.
b. Protista.
c. Plantae.
d. Fungi.
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Organisms that have cell walls containing
cellulose are found in
a. Eubacteria and Plantae.
b. Fungi and Plantae.
c. Plantae and Protista.
d. Plantae only.
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Molecular analyses have given rise to a new
taxonomic classification that includes
a. three domains.
b. seven kingdoms.
c. two domains.
d. five kingdoms.
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18-3
Which of the following contain more than one
kingdom?
a. only Archaea
b. only Bacteria
c. only Eukarya
d. both Eukarya and Archaea
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END OF SECTION