Crust: low density
rocks
Mantle: high
density rocks
Core: very high
density metal
core
mechanical)
layering mechanical layers
lithosphere: rigid & strong
asthenosphere: plastic &
weak
mesosphere: plastic but
stronger chemical layers
crust: low density silicate
mantle: medium density
silicate
core: iron-nickel metal Mineral
Rock
Minerals
Mineral
Rocks
Rock
What is a mineral?
What is a mineral?
A component of a rock.
What is a rock?
An aggregate of minerals.
What is a mineral?
A NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SOLID SUBSTANCE WITH A DEFINABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
A NATURALLY OCCURRING INORGANIC CRYSTALLINE SOLID SUBSTANCE WITH A DEFINABLE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND SPECIFIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
CRYSTALLINE SOLID
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
hydrogen (H)
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
by
by
weight volume
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
by
weight volume
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium (Ti)
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(H)
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST by
weight volume
magnesium (Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
by
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium (K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
by
weight volume
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
(Ti)
(H)
0.29%
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
sodium (Na)
by
weight volume
2.8%
1.32%
THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
2.6%
1.83%
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
by
(K)
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
by
weight volume
3.6%
1.03%
2.8%
1.32%
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST
calcium (Ca)
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
sodium
(Na)
THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
(K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron (Fe)
by
weight volume
5.0%
0.42%
THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST
calcium
(Ca)
3.6%
1.03%
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
sodium
(Na)
2.8%
1.32%
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
(K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum (Al)
by
weight volume
8.1%
0.47%
THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron
5.0%
0.42%
THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST
calcium
(Ca)
3.6%
1.03%
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
sodium
(Na)
2.8%
1.32%
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
(Fe) THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
(K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
silicon (Si)
by
weight volume
27.7 % 0.86%
THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum
8.1%
0.47%
THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron
5.0%
0.42%
THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST
calcium
(Ca)
3.6%
1.03%
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
sodium
(Na)
2.8%
1.32%
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST
by
(Al)
(Fe) THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
(K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
by
weight volume
46.6% 93.6%
27.7 % 0.86%
THE NUMBER ONE ATOM IN THE CRUST
oxygen (O)
THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST
silicon
(Si)
THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum
THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron
THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST
calcium
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
sodium
(Al)
8.1%
0.47%
5.0%
0.42%
(Ca)
3.6%
1.03%
(Na)
2.8%
1.32%
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
(Fe) THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
(K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TEN ATOMS AVAILABLE IN CRUST
by
by
weight volume
46.6% 93.6%
27.7 % 0.86%
THE NUMBER ONE ATOM IN THE CRUST
oxygen (O)
THE NUMBER TWO ATOM IN THE CRUST
silicon
(Si)
THE NUMBER THREE ATOM IN THE CRUST aluminum
THE NUMBER FOUR ATOM IN THE CRUST iron
THE NUMBER FIVE ATOM IN THE CRUST
calcium
THE NUMBER SIX ATOM IN THE CRUST
sodium
(Al)
8.1%
0.47%
5.0%
0.42%
(Ca)
3.6%
1.03%
(Na)
2.8%
1.32%
2.6%
1.83%
(Mg) 2.1%
0.29%
(Fe) THE NUMBER SEVEN ATOM IN THE CRUST potassium
(K)
THE NUMBER EIGHT ATOM IN THE CRUST magnesium
THE NUMBER NINE ATOM IN THE CRUST
titanium
THE NUMBER TEN ATOM IN THE CRUST
hydrogen
(Ti)
(H)
0.4%
0.03%
0.1%
0.16%
THE TOP TWO ATOMS IN THE CRUST
by
NUMBER ONE
oxygen (O)
volume
93.6%
NUMBER TWO
silicon
0.86%
(Si)
THE TOP TWO ATOMS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
by
NUMBER ONE
nitrogen (N)
volume
78%
NUMBER TWO
oxygen
21%
(O)
Silicate mineral
-2
O +4
Si silica
tetrahedron
composed of silicon and oxygen
Silica tetrahedron
-2
O -4
SiO4
+4
Si Each oxygen can bond to another atom
island silicate: all O’s bond to other atoms
Each oxygen bonds to a magnesium atom
olivine
chain silicates
Si tetrahedra link to form chains
bridging oxygen
link Si tetrahedra
apical oxygen
bonds to other elements
island silicate
all oxygens are apical oxygens
chain silicates apical oxygens link chains
to other elements
pyroxene
amphibole
sheet silicates
Si tetrahedra link to form sheets
apical oxygen
bridging oxygen
sheet silicates apical oxygens link sheets to
other elements
mica
clay
framework
silicates
Si tetrahedra link
to form 3d
framework
all oxygens are
bridging oxygens
quartz
feldspar
Igneous rocks form from
the crystallization of
magma:
on the surface as lava flows or beneath the earth in
magma chambers
Igneous rocks are composed of interlocking mineral grains
igneous rocks
Sedimentary rocks form from sediment weathered from pre-existing rocks
Sedimentary rocks are well layered
Flow and
recrystallization in the
solid state
Metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing igneous or sedimentary
rocks