AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
OF WINE ECONOMISTS
AAWE WORKING PAPER
No. 167
Economics
WINE HISTORICAL STATISTICS:
A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO ITS
CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION AND TRADE,
1840-1938
Vicente Pinilla
Aug 2014
ISSN 2166-9112
www.wine-economics.org
WINE HISTORICAL STATISTICS: A QUANTITATIVE
APPROACH TO ITS CONSUMPTION, PRODUCTION
AND TRADE, 1840-1938
Vicente Pinilla*
* Department of Applied Economics and Economic History, Facultad de Economía y
Empresa, Universidad de Zaragoza, Gran Vía 2, 50005 Zaragoza, Spain,
[email protected]
1 Wine Historical Statistics: A Quantitative Approach to its
Consumption, Production and Trade, 1840-1938
Abstract: This working paper provides a compilation of statistics on international wine
consumption, production and trade from the mid-nineteenth century until the beginning
of the Second World War. The statistical data is structured in three parts dealing with
consumption, production and trade both at the world level and for a broad sample of
countries. The data presented for Spain, France and Italy, the leading three nations in
the wine market, are especially wide-ranging.
Key words: Wine Trade, Wine Production, Wine Consumption, Agricultural Trade,
Historical Statistics
JEL codes: N50, N70, Q11, Q17
2 INDEX
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................6
II. CONSUMPTION ........................................................................................................8
TABLE C.1. EVOLUTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
CONSUMPTION, 1886-1929. ..........................................................................................8
TABLE C.2. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION
OF WINE AND
BEER IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1923-1927 (five year averages)
(pure alcohol in liters)......................................................................................................10
TABLE C.3. AVERAGE PER CAPITA WINE CONSUMPTION
AND DISTRIBUTION OF WINE CONSUMPTION AMONG THE
DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE WORLD ..................................................................11
TABLE C.4. WINE CONSUMPTION IN FRANCE, 1850-1938 ..................................12
III. PRODUCTION .......................................................................................................14
TABLE P.1. WORLD WINE PRODUCTION, 1900-1938 (annual
production) (in thousands of hectoliters) .........................................................................14
TABLE
P.2.
WORLD
WINE
PRODUCTION,
1900-1938
ANNUAL PRODUCTION (in thousands of hectoliters) (five year
averages) ..........................................................................................................................19
FIGURE
P.1.
WORLD
WINE
PRODUCTION,
1901-1938
(thousands of hectoliters) (annual data and moving averages)........................................20
TABLE P.3. FRENCH AND SPANISH WINE PRODUCTION
(thousands of hectoliters).................................................................................................21
IV. TRADE .....................................................................................................................24
3 TABLE T.1. WINE EXPORTS (World totals and selection of main
exporting countries ) (in thousands of hectoliters) ..........................................................24
TABLE T.2. WINE IMPORTS. (World totals and selection of main
importing countries ) (in thousands of hectoliters) ..........................................................27
TABLE T.3. WORLD TRADE IN WINE, 1909-1938 (five year
averages) (in thousands of hectoliters) ............................................................................31
TABLE T.4. WINE EXPORTS. FRANCE, ITALY AND SPAIN (in
hectoliters ) ......................................................................................................................32
FIGURE T.1. WINE EXPORTS. FRANCE, ITALY AND SPAIN
(in hectoliters) ..................................................................................................................34
TABLE T.5. BRITISH WINE IMPORTS, 1855-1934 (gallons and
pounds) ............................................................................................................................35
TABLE T.6. FRENCH EXPORTS OF TABLE WINE, 1855-1938
(commerce general) .........................................................................................................37
'TABLE T.7. FRENCH IMPORTS OF TABLE WINE, 1847-1938
(in casks) (commerce general) .........................................................................................39
TABLE T.8.
FRENCH IMPORTS OF ORDINARY WINES
(percentages) (in casks) (commerce general) ..................................................................41
TABLE T.9. FRENCH IMPORTS OF TABLE WINE, 1847-1938
(in bottles) (hectoliters) (commerce general) ..................................................................42
TABLE T.10. FRENCH IMPORTS OF LIQUOR WINE, 1847-1938
(in casks) (commerce general) .........................................................................................44
TABLE T.11. FRENCH DUTIES ON ORDINARY WINE...........................................46
TABLE T.12. SPANISH EXPORTS OF WINE (hectolitres).........................................48
TABLE T.13. SPANISH EXPORTS OF WINE (in pesetas at 1910
prices) ..............................................................................................................................50
4 TABLE T.13. BREAKDOWN OF SPANISH EXPORTS OF
TABLE WINE IN CASKS (Hectolitres).........................................................................52
REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................53
5 I. INTRODUCTION
Wine was one of the three key products of Mediterranean agriculture in Spain,
together with cereals (especially wheat) and olive oil, accounting for a significant part
of cultivated land and agricultural output. It was also one of the key exports produced
by Spanish farmers in the mid-nineteenth century. Wine exports grew exponentially in
the second half of the nineteenth century as a consequence of the export opportunities
opened up by the phylloxera plague in France. Vineyards spread and output rose in
Spain. The end of the century would bring about a dual crisis for wine production
however. On the one hand, access to the French market became extraordinary difficult,
while on the other the phylloxera plague finally arrived in Spain, devastating the
country's vineyards. The first three decades of the twentieth century was therefore a
difficult time both in foreign markets, where Spanish wines faced high entry barriers,
and domestically, given the need for capital to replant vineyards, overproduction and
very high prices, creating an extraordinarily difficult combination of problems.
In this light, it need hardly surprise us that the development of viticulture should
have attracted the interest of researchers. In the case of foreign markets (our research
focus) the literature initially attributed the success of Spanish wine exports and their
subsequent collapse as the exclusive consequence of exceptional demand in France
between 1875 and 1891, when French vineyards were devastated by the phylloxera
plague (Carnero, 1980). However, subsequent broader approaches to the phenomenon
explained the growth of Spain’s wine exports to France in the general context of the
unequal progress made by Spanish winemakers in other markets (Pan-Montojo, 1994),
or in terms of the low entry barriers to table wines, making this segment vulnerable to
the attentions of new producers, despite the difficulties encountered by exporters in
penetrating the markets of non-winegrowing countries (Simpson, 1995).
In recent years, a number of studies have to examine these lines of research in
greater depth, broadening and varying the approach with the help of econometric
models allowing empirical verification of hypotheses. Key research in this regard
includes the examination of the detrimental impacts of French and other countries’ tariff
policies on Spanish wine exports (Pinilla and Ayuda, 2002; and Pinilla and Serrano,
2008), and the investigation of the difficult penetration of markets in high-income
6 nations (Ayuda, Aparicio and Pinilla 1998; and Pinilla and Ayuda, 2007 and 2008).
Furthermore, the rise and subsequent decline in exports of sherry wines from Jerez has
aroused much discussion, both from the standpoint of the product’s standing and
problems in the British market, and from the perspective of exporters’ strategies,
conduct and results (Fernández, 2010; Montañés, 2000; Simpson, 2004, 2005, 2010 and
2011).
In this context, the present work provides a compilation of the statistical data on
Spanish wine exports and the international market which I have used and generated over
the course of a research project undertaken with a number of different co-authors. My
initial interest in Spanish wine exports arose out of broader research into Spain’s trade
in agricultural trade undertaken in collaboration with Domingo Gallego (Pinilla, 1995;
Gallego and Pinilla, 1996; Gallego, 2001 and 2003). Agricultural exports, and in
particular the wine and Mediterranean horticultural products trade were my contribution
to this project (Aparicio, Ayuda and Pinilla, 2002; Ayuda, Aparicio and Pinilla, 1998;
Pinilla and Ayuda, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010; Serrano and Pinilla, 2008). My
research into wine exports really took off in 1996-1997 during a stay at the University
of California at Davis, where I was able to use the magnificent library, which contains a
wealth of specialist material. Since then, I have continued my research in this area,
which I believe has contributed to our knowledge of the Spanish wine industry and of
the international market, given Spain’s major role in its development.
Much of the statistical data presented here has already been published in the
course of this research described, although the present work also contains a trove of as
yet unpublished data. Most of the statistics focus on the international market or on the
export trade carried on by Spain, France and Italy, the three key players.
The statistics have not been harmonized, and their use requires some attention in
order to sort out the data provided. The principal sources used in the case of the
international market comprise the statistical year books published by the International
Institute of Agriculture based in Rome, and Spanish and French foreign trade statistics.
Some of the tables embody considerable preparatory work by the author and co-authors,
like the annual series presented for world wine output, exports of Spanish table wines
7 and their destinations, and the trade in French wine exports. In other cases, the data are
provided direct from the sources.
8 II.
CONSUMPTION
TABLE C.1. EVOLUTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CONSUMPTION, 1886-1929
WINE CONSUMPTION (liters per head)
U.K.
Denmark Norway Austria
Hungary Switzerland Germany Netherlands Belgium France Portugal Spain
Italy
U.S.A.
1886-1890
1.7
0.8
24.0
19.0
5.8
2.0
3.3
91.0
72.0
99.0
2.0
1891-1895
1.7
1.2
17.0
10.0
5.4
1.9
3.8 108.0
85.0
91.0
1.5
1896-1900
1.8
1.8
2.5
18.0
11.0
75.0
6.3
1.8
4.2 130.0
92.0
87.0
92.0
1.4
1901-1905
1.5
1.6
1.5
18.0
18.0
75.0
7.0
1.7
4.6 139.0
92.0
88.0
112.0
1.8
1906-1910
1.2
1.5
1.1
19.0
22.0
55.0
4.9
1.5
5.1 144.0
77.0
128.0
2.3
1911-1913
1.1
1.4
1.5
18.0
13.0
57.0
4.7
1.3
4.2 142.0
92.0
128.0
2.3
1920-1924
1.3
1.6
2.7
17.0
36.0
50.0
4.5
1.5
7.7 168.0
96.0
92.0
0.5
1925-1929
1.5
1.6
2.5
15.0
22.0
44.0
1.7
6.0 160.0
88.0
97.0
BEER CONSUMPTION (liters per head)
U.K.
Denmark Norway Austria
Hungary Switzerland Germany Netherlands Belgium France Portugal Spain
1886-1890
127.0
16.9
52.0
3.6
40.0
95.0
171.0
21.9
1891-1895
135.0
22.8
62.0
7.8
51.0
103.0
183.0
22.9
1896-1900
144.0
97.6
24.4
71.0
9.0
67.0
116.0
31.2
208.0
25.3
1901-1905
134.0
95.8
21.0
68.0
7.6
64.0
112.0
30.6
218.0
27.1
1906-1910
123.0
92.0
18.6
70.0
10.0
69.0
105.0
27.4
220.0
29.7
1911-1913
124.0
86.2
21.3
72.0
14.7
80.0
104.0
28.5
226.0
33.6
1920-1924
81.0
68.3
30.9
52.0
7.0
36.0
50.0
23.5
177.0
24.6
1925-1929
75.0
59.0
21.5
78.0
6.7
54.0
81.0
25.9
183.0
29.6
Italy
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.6
2.2
3.2
2.8
U.S.A.
48.0
58.0
59.0
66.0
75.0
78.0
9.0
4.0
SPIRITS CONSUMPTION (pure alcohol per head)
U.K.
Denmark Norway Austria
1886-1890
2.5
6.8
1.5
1891-1895
2.6
7.3
1.7
1896-1900
2.7
7.1
1.3
1901-1905
2.6
6.7
1.5
1906-1910
2.2
5.8
1.4
1911-1913
1.7
5.3
1.7
1920-1924
1.0
1.7
0.4
1925-1929
0.8
2.0
0.7
Hungary Switzerland Germany
2.5
2.4
1.9
2.1
1.6
0.5
1.0
4.4
4.3
4.0
3.7
2.2
1.1
1.2
Netherlands Belgium France Portugal Spain
4.5
4.5
3.9
4.4
4.8
4.2
3.3
4.2
4.4
3.9
3.5
3.5
3.4
2.7
3.4
2.6
2.9
3.9
1.6
1.2
2.3
1.1
1.3
2.6
Italy
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.6
U.S.A.
2.5
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.7
2.8
Source: Annuaire Statistique de la France (1938)
Published in: Aparicio, Ayuda and Pinilla (2002): 685-686.
10 TABLE C.2. PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF WINE AND BEER IN
VARIOUS COUNTRIES, 1923-1927 (five year averages) (pure alcohol in liters)
High wine
consumption
countries
Medium wine
consumption
countries
Low
wine
consumption
countries
Very
low
wine
consumption
countries
ITALY
FRANCE
SPAIN
ARGENTINA
GREECE
SWITZERLAND
HUNGARY
BULGARIA
ROMANIA
AUSTRIA
YUGOSLAVIA
BELGIUM
NORWAY
GERMANY
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
AUSTRALIA
UNITED KINGDOM
DENMARK
NETHERLANDS
IRELAND
CANADA
ESTONIA
NEW ZEALAND
SWEDEN
RUSSIA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
Source: Imperial Economic Committee (1932)
Pubished in:Pinilla and Ayuda (2007): 182.
WINE
12.60
12.40
12.29
5.80
4.62
4.52
3.24
2.28
1.48
1.45
1.16
0.82
0.45
0.44
0.34
0.29
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.15
0.13
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.03
0.01
BEER
0.12
1.47
0.09
0.72
0.01
1.85
0.24
0.12
0.18
2.53
0.20
7.39
1.12
2.36
2.47
2.29
3.87
2.04
1.75
2.02
0.95
0.30
1.94
0.98
0.12
0.19
0.18
TABLE C.3. AVERAGE PER CAPITA WINE CONSUMPTION AND
DISTRIBUTION OF WINE CONSUMPTION AMONG THE DIFFERENT
REGIONS OF THE WORLD
Per capita
Distribution of
consumption
consumption
(in liters)
(in percentages)
Europe
42.0
83.3
USSR
3.0
2.5
North America
4.5
3.1
Central and S. America
9.5
6.0
Asia
0.1
0.6
Africa
5.3
4.1
Oceania
6.8
0.4
Total
9.5
100.0
Source: International Institute of Agriculture (1944): 30, 56
Published in: Aparicio, Ayuda and Pinilla (2002): 684
12 TABLE C.4. WINE CONSUMPTION IN FRANCE, 1850-1938
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
TOTAL
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION
PER CAPITA
(thousands hl.)
(liters)
20,832
58
21,167
59
19,772
55
16,673
46
12,811
35
10,342
29
12,315
34
13,642
38
18,569
51
21,592
59
17,041
47
18,535
50
20,617
55
22,339
59
22,639
60
25,280
66
28,466
75
26,056
68
27,059
71
27,488
75
24,594
67
23,847
66
27,754
77
27,277
75
23,918
66
29,416
80
32,071
87
29,904
81
28,746
77
28,816
77
26,172
70
28,578
76
27,710
73
27,906
74
28,887
76
28,087
74
26,583
70
26,189
69
26,109
68
27,228
71
28,022
73
27,802
72
28,930
75
30,100
78
32,843
85
34,142
89
33,292
86
34,379
89
13 1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
34,938
35,270
35,895
43,444
45,906
42,048
40,355
43,680
47,138
47,405
48,430
49,251
46,319
36,613
41,293
39,876
35,065
47,701
33,983
35,892
34,740
43,100
40,150
45,040
44,512
48,779
49,914
51,533
55,491
42,098
45,409
47,700
50,384
48,646
49,107
49,071
48,759
49,629
51,799
49,468
48,900
90
91
92
111
118
107
103
111
120
121
123
125
117
92
104
100
106
143
103
110
106
135
103
115
113
122
124
127
136
103
111
116
121
116
117
117
116
118
124
118
117
Source: Annuaire Statistique de la France (1938).
14 III.
PRODUCTION
TABLE P.1. WORLD WINE PRODUCTION, 1900-1938 (annual production) (in thousands of hectoliters
Germany
Austria
Bulgaria
Spain
France
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Luxemburg
Malta
Portugal
P. Madeira
Romania
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
URSS
Yugoslavia
Canada
United States
Mexico
Cyprus
I.I. Egeo
Japan
Palestine
Syria
Turkey
Algeria
Cirenaica
French Morocco
Tripolitana
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1,800
4,796
1,214
20,159
60,074
990
2,793
44,180
151.2
10
6,000
49
891
1,356
201
2,310
120
2,228
4,857
1,214
10,965
42,257
1,800
2,907
41,440
0
10
4,800
49
1,043
1,191
179
2,310
232
3,407
3,766
970
13,365
35,240
1,170
2,654
35,100
0
10
3,523
49
1,854
989
179
2,310
227
3,820
4,484
1,457
19,670
68,883
1,620
3,831
40,878
0
10
6,200
49
836
1,267
179
2,310
367
3,470
5,337
1,316
15,933
57,857
990
3,453
29,289
0
10
4,100
49
1,760
1,290
179
2,310
396
1,472
4,298
701
12,217
52,241
1,949
3,284
29,784
24
10
4,568
49
1,761
1,285
179
2,310
574
2,243
4,250
780
16,546
66,070
1,949
3,413
53,903
36
10
5,719
49
968
682
179
2,310
536
2,822
8,142
1,479
16,701
60,799
1,949
7,221
51,749
128
10
6,869
49
2,284
925
179
2,310
856
1,819
6,253
1,187
13,245
54,640
1,949
4,363
61,773
27
10
4,816
49
1,270
409
179
2,310
394
762
2,547
694
10,155
28,723
1,949
2,765
29,293
29
10
4,484
49
1,713
244
179
2,310
154
2,631
3,837
496
13,272
45,044
2,908
4,939
42,654
123
10
4,151
49
993
749
158
1,164
1,817
3,970
644
14,819
59,531
3,184
3,192
44,123
36
10
4,008
49
1,590
659
116
1,164
904
4,373
548
15,395
44,337
3,184
3,971
52,240
3
10
4,455
49
1,519
181
74
1,164
829
3,615
313
14,551
59,981
3,461
2,905
43,046
43
10
4,455
49
661
368
98
3,252
914
1,692
8 19
175
175
1,186
30
175
1,266
3
175
1,068
6
175
1,501
7
175
1,804
4
175
1,585
5
175
1,780
5
175
1,787
6
175
45
2,122
7
175
1,801
8
175
1,808
6
175
934
12
150
7
7
7
8
8
14
22
14
16
15
15
15
15
15
490
5,738
490
4,354
490
6,589
490
7,630
490
7,052
490
7,347
490
7,853
490
7,804
490
8,229
490
8,414
490
8,834
490
6,671
490
7,370
9,311
Tunisia
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Peru
Uruguay
Madagascar
Union of South
Africa
Australia
New Zeland
WORLD TOTAL
Estimated production
without annual data
170
1,360
480
1,349
109
70
100
1,891
480
903
109
89
300
1,741
480
1,362
109
105
280
1,838
480
1,124
109
116
300
2,426
480
1,141
109
105
410
2,621
480
1,517
109
85
357
2,843
480
1,894
109
100
345
3,350
480
2,261
109
162
350
3,900
480
2,227
109
170
350
3,818
480
1,332
109
147
440
4,200
480
1,964
109
106
290
5,000
480
2,263
109
194
300
5,144
480
2,952
109
165
200
4,823
480
3,081
109
114
163
242
259
259
259
259
271
247
159
341
341
437
437
437
264
236
285
266
254
270
202
251
209
267
226
158,391
127,482
118,428
169,854
141,810
131,560
175,948
181,969
172,797
103,780
142,350
277
2
157,490
214
4
152,072
131
4
158,331
2,509
2,802
1,511
1,751
1,751
5,218
9,160
3,392
2,956
7,444
2,002
5,739
6,894
5,827
16 Germany
Austria
Bulgaria
Spain
France
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Luxemburg
Malta
Portugal
P. Madeira
Romania
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
URSS
Yugoslavia
Canada
United States
Mexico
Cyprus
I.I. Egeo
Japan
Palestine
Syria
Turkey
Algeria
Cirenaica
French Morocco
Tripolitana
Tunisia
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
2,429
3,199
429
7,911
20,443
3,053
2,735
19,055
228
10
4,902
49
1,997
666
98
2,478
437
968
1,697
540
21,056
36,068
2,473
2,892
38,960
22
10
4,675
49
1,861
331
98
2,478
521
1,760
2,506
594
21,386
38,273
2,724
5,048
48,715
71
10
4,434
49
1,861
608
121
2,478
833
2,456
1,213
610
20,311
45,160
2,856
5,131
36,408
92
10
4,324
49
1,724
765
95
2,478
1,567
288
703
18,472
55,248
2,400
0
35,002
79
10
5,214
49
2,209
590
69
2,478
2,196
292
356
24,094
56,759
1,635
2,538
42,294
153
10
3,453
49
2,371
389
333
2,478
3,460
1,579
397
548
17,284
47,903
1,686
3,129
31,908
26
3
4,607
49
3,903
479
454
2,478
3,150
3,066
938
602
23,105
76,781
1,715
4,153
35,585
221
13
5,793
59
3,903
1,080
595
2,478
4,565
712
822
813
19,870
59,911
1,890
4,176
53,948
7
40
6,131
66
5,435
782
330
2,478
4,414
1,624
305
1,153
19,570
67,949
2,132
1,231
44,714
123
41
5,315
98
6,114
375
262
2,478
2,918
1,432
860
1,037
24,028
65,065
2,126
3,097
45,367
19
42
5,672
89
7,585
550
313
2,478
4,097
890
462
1,373
14,178
42,612
2,423
1,164
37,076
31
30
3,666
55
5,065
455
140
2,478
2,912
1,285
226
1,375
25,493
51,210
2,043
1,644
35,650
40
39
9,267
106
7,101
327
106
1,705
2,855
1,848
775
1,482
19,876
60,321
2,768
2,831
46,823
27
51
4,525
88
7,123
660
323
3,107
4,318
1,700
4
175
1,176
1
175
1,528
5
200
1,472
5
190
1,326
5
247
760
5
381
777
5
88
241
8
107
557
8
261
343
8
134
138
8
135
221
8
249
167
8
239
186
8
241
15
15
15
15
15
15
14
28
13
11
25
21
5,139
8,781
6,233
6,343
7,783
13
7,041
13
32
19
19
5,002
7,490
10,186
10
27
39
195
9,449
9
29
29
195
12,366
5
19
29
195
8,379
5
26
29
33
8,041
5
25
29
27
13,667
40
70
60
130
120
200
120
618
5,440
750
2,353
781
5,521
442
2,147
839
6,504
707
2,225
919
5,284
819
1,966
737
4,085
857
3,085
627
7,287
841
3,471
934
8,368
753
3,278
125
4,515
480
1,614
450
4,752
480
2,243
432
4,313
480
2,066
608
4,071
480
1,658
444
4,524
480
1,733
498
6,155
480
2,202
284
4,968
473
2,137
17 Peru
Uruguay
Madagascar
Union of South Africa
Australia
New Zeland
WORLD TOTAL
Estimated production
without annual data
Germany
Austria
Bulgaria
Spain
France
Greece
Hungary
Italy
Luxemburg
Malta
Portugal
P. Madeira
Romania
Switzerland
Czechoslovakia
URSS
Yugoslavia
Canada
United States
Mexico
Cyprus
109
206
109
192
111
256
92
194
74
194
76
361
78
230
80
320
88
350
88
362
88
293
95
399
95
359
95
409
437
268
437
233
533
312
571
395
706
348
700
501
606
389
609
520
341
667
608
605
657
837
133,746
147,955
139,779
142,257
162,048
134,702
183,282
183,302
178,604
584
930
3
135,012
717
787
84,906
611
738
3
187,620
163,402
186,585
3,854
5,602
6,817
3,224
3,036
2,546
6,464
6,381
2,507
2,611
2,516
2,610
132
3,332
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1,817
573
1,471
22,498
65,016
2,292
2,241
41,050
100
44
6,600
71
5,046
746
224
4,509
2,910
281
431
8
215
2,532
1,202
1,400
16,405
45,638
1,989
3,619
36,333
35
31
5,785
108
8,385
572
474
4,509
4,016
260
119
8
176
2,556
1,385
1,944
17,167
59,331
1,751
3,510
36,332
77
33
7,380
128
8,748
525
456
4,750
4,494
306
252
8
87
1,550
1,078
2,011
19,069
49,820
3,433
3,201
45,412
0
52
6,150
114
7,815
388
434
4,750
4,387
197
197
8
165
1,503
930
1,371
17,343
51,766
3,519
2,610
33,035
48
35
9,200
100
7,514
240
338
5,000
2,853
87
710
8
107
3,789
909
1,359
19,062
78,144
3,240
2,142
30,873
118
23
10,805
92
8,704
847
329
5,000
3,867
168
1,546
8
121
3,492
1,379
1,821
14,949
76,066
4,590
2,421
46,658
60
26
5,924
90
10,458
1,100
601
5,000
5,418
116
1,709
8
167
2,772
984
743
13,500
43,685
1,746
3,843
33,644
59
18
3,709
32
6,707
488
525
5,000
3,865
74
2,808
8
158
2,115
853
1,301
15,480
54,331
3,060
3,780
34,001
49
21
8,049
113
10,663
469
545
5,000
2,903
74
2,124
8
93
2,043
853
2,111
15,480
61,000
3,726
2,754
41,400
69
54
10,955
113
9,924
338
545
5,000
4,672
74
3,757
8
227
18 I.I. Egeo
Japan
Palestine
Syria
Turkey
Algeria
Cirenaica
French Morocco
Tripolitana
Tunisia
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Peru
Uruguay
Madagascar
Union of South Africa
Australia
New Zeland
WORLD TOTAL
Estimated production
without annual data
15
5
36
20
32
12,809
0
155
17
15
43
20
22
13,744
0
125
6
15
28
19
38
15,857
0
300
1,079
5,465
1,637
3,202
95
495
1,000
5,176
1,209
2,424
95
379
712
2,101
933
2,411
95
533
12
15
22
23
53
18,315
0
377
16
1,710
6,500
686
2,370
95
473
15
15
16
12
51
16,731
13
25
24
29
45
22,043
16
25
25
34
87
18,910
6
25
23
56
54
11,527
12
25
25
38
71
15,424
12
25
30
43
121
21,490
580
25
1,700
4,417
762
2,220
113
357
3
1,106
739
520
31
1,700
5,750
854
3,438
112
561
778
32
1,976
6,631
802
2,818
110
599
1,309
806
265
32
1,420
7,936
898
3,547
110
725
3
1,255
917
582
32
1,454
9,262
828
4,000
110
200
815
741
440
19
1,420
7,500
526
2,925
101
583
2
1,154
636
749
730
658
595
885
645
1,411
929
1,784
900
184,665
159,115
175,797
182,452
170,462
205,347
216,231
153,166
179,435
203,255
103
118
4,868
5,200
23
8
5,033
5,065
5,217
21,594
Bold type: Estimations.
We have made our calculation of world wine production on the basis of data collected from the International Institute of Agriculture (1911-1939). Data missing from the above source has been
completed using the following sources: Mitchell (1986), (1992), and (1993); United States Tariff Commission (1939); and Office International du Vin (1928-1939). Data that could not be
obtained from any of the above sources has been estimated as an average of the available data on previous and subsequent years. The percentages of estimated production of total world
production in each period are: 1.5 (1900-04); 2.8 (1905-09); 3.9 (1910-14); 3.5 (1915-19); 2.4 (1920-24; 1.0 (1925-29); 1.1 (1930-34); 4.9 (1935-38).
19 TABLE P.2. WORLD WINE PRODUCTION, 1900-1938 (annual production) (in thousands of hectoliters) (five year averages)
France
Italy
Spain
Algeria
Portugal
Argentina
Romania
Southern Europe
Central/East. Europe
North Africa
South America
World
1900-04
1905-09
1910-14
1915-19
1920-24
1925-29
1930-34
1935-38
51,614
58,322
47,524
39,038
61,861
56,845
56,940
58,771
40,400
45,299
42,271
35,628
41,690
41,193
36,397
38,926
16,040
14,928
13,638
17,827
20,785
21,215
17,809
14,852
6,078
7,657
8,120
6,856
7,834
11,052
17,338
16,838
5,131
5,214
4,311
4,710
5,060
5,946
7,864
7,159
1,708
3,028
4,597
4,435
5,718
6,098
5,139
7,395
1,156
1,608
1,295
1,930
4,345
6,384
8,233
9,438
62,965
16,675
6,290
3,577
143,539
67,199
19,072
8,009
5,550
160,817
63,157
12,899
8,436
7,650
142,805
60,867
12,907
7,268
7,085
129,729
69,346
17,773
8,472
8,907
168,388
70,684
19,047
12,056
10,564
171,457
64,856
26,054
19,023
8,996
178,635
64,218
28,181
19,043
12,323
188,022
Source: Table P.1.
Southern Europe: Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain; Central/Eastearn Europe: Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, Luxemburg, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, USSR and Yugoslavia;
North Africa: Algeria, Cirenaica, French Morocco, Tripolitana and Tunisia; South America: Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay and Peru.
20 FIGURE P.1. WORLD WINE PRODUCTION, 1901-1938 (thousands of hectoliters) (annual data and moving averages)
Source: Table P.1.
Published: Pinilla and Ayuda (2007): 186.
21 TABLE P.3. FRENCH AND SPANISH WINE PRODUCTION
(thousands of hectoliters)
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
FRANCE SPAIN
15,200
22,000
26,800
40,000
39,600
26,500
31,200
38,000
24,400
26,400
27,700
33,600
34,400
19,200
29,200
30,130
32,400
54,400
51,600
35,555
45,266
39,429
28,636
22,062
10,284
15,175
21,294
35,410
53,919
29,891
39,558
29,738
37,110
51,362
50,653
68,943
63,838
39,128
52,098
70,000
54,535
56,901
50,155
36,000
69,900
ITALY
19,200
22,460
19,800
21,486
22,696
23,906
25,116
26,326
27,536
25,800
28,500
26,400
28,900
28,095
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
78,200
44,300
56,400
48,700
25,800
29,700
34,100
30,900
36,300
35,000
28,800
25,300
24,500
30,300
23,400
27,600
30,400
29,300
50,400
39,300
26,900
45,000
32,600
32,500
48,300
67,900
60,074
42,257
35,240
68,883
57,857
52,241
66,070
60,799
54,640
28,723
45,044
59,531
44,337
59,981
20,443
36,068
38,273
45,160
55,248
56,759
47,903
76,781
59,911
67,949
65,065
42,612
51,210
60,321
24,351
24,271
n.a.
36,599
21,790
n.a.
15,129
15,411
20,004
21,148
22,823
22,399
12,184
14,850
21,856
17,704
13,575
18,384
18,557
14,716
11,283
14,747
16,465
17,105
16,168
8,790
23,396
23,763
22,568
20,525
26,771
19,204
25,672
22,078
21,745
26,698
15,754
28,325
21,763
28,260
22,500
25,440
26,520
26,081
28,643
25,832
33,500
35,934
28,728
31,918
38,227
34,532
32,846
21,757
29,457
37,177
34,346
32,679
26,385
24,901
29,544
29,427
34,389
34,093
36,648
46,513
43,628
36,953
43,036
30,836
31,357
56,749
54,481
65,035
32,642
47,527
49,164
58,210
47,965
21,233
43,412
54,279
40,657
38,999
47,123
35,551
38,247
57,993
48,089
48,876
40,940
39,151
52,460
23 1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
65,016
45,638
59,331
49,820
51,766
78,144
75,810
43,555
54,135
61,000
24,593
17,983
19,074
21,188
19,764
21,719
17,037
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
46,910
40,761
40,025
49,103
35,035
32,146
47,416
34,110
36,582
41,780
Source: Annuaire Statistique de la France (1938); Grupo de Estudios de Historia Rural (1991); Sommario di
Statische Storiche Italiane (1861-1955)
24 IV.
TRADE
TABLE T.1. WORLD WINE EXPORTS (World totals and selection of main
exporting countries) (in thousands of hectoliters)
Europe
N &C Amer
S. America
Asia
Africa
Oceania
WORLD TOTAL
EUROPE
Spain
France
Greece
Italy
Portugal
Romania
Total
N&C AMERICA
Total
S. AMERICA
Chile
Total
ASIA
Cyprus
Total
AFRICA
Algeria
Tunisia
Total
OCEANIA
Australia
Total
WORLD TOTAL
1909-13 1924-28 1928-32 1934-38
9,406
9,412
8,129
4,735
78
1
3
3
3
33
55
94
59
83
112
97
6,951
8,470
11,627
14,127
43
99
110
168
16,541
18,100
20,092
19,223
3,106
1,978
570
1,553
1,082
0
9,406
4,078
1,664
930
1,395
1,080
12
9,412
3,712
1,075
850
1,081
957
3
8,129
575
833
416
1,337
822
4
4,735
78
1
3
3
2
3
24
33
51
55
89
94
54
59
60
83
69
112
44
97
6,764
180
6,951
7,939
515
8,470
10,876
714
11,627
12,885
1,114
14,127
41
43
16,541
97
99
18,100
108
110
20,092
167
168
19,227
25 Europe
N &C Amer
S. America
Asia
Africa
Oceania
Total
EUROPE
Spain
France
Greece
Italy
Portugal
Romania
Total
N&C AMERICA
Total
S. AMERICA
Chile
Total
ASIA
Cyprus
Total
AFRICA
Algeria
Tunisia
Total
1925
7,707
1
16
76
8,458
63
16,321
1926
8,082
2
13
65
10,438
96
18,696
1927
9,899
2
48
86
7,614
211
17,860
1928
10,864
2
59
67
7,996
81
19,069
1929
8,933
2
43
98
9,825
102
19,003
1930
7,695
2
63
92
12,249
98
20,199
1931
7,583
1
52
120
13,395
133
21,284
1932
5,053
1
62
101
14,533
136
19,886
1933
6,115
0
66
93
16,026
166
22,466
1934
4,761
4
79
79
12,781
141
17,845
2,898
1,566
612
1,455
1,024
16
7,707
2,990
1,837
1,066
1,051
926
7
8,082
1
2
2
6
16
5
13
44
48
53
76
43
65
66 ,,,
86
7,796
653
8,458
9,730
699
10,438
5,078
5,954
1,283
1,377
1,388
1,226
1,036
922
771 ,,,
22 ,,,
9,899
10,864
3,787
1,388
1,392
940
945
4
8,933
3,490
1,088
722
1,032
818
1
7,695
3,351
820
445
1,672
756
1
7,583
1,977
702
437
801
756
1
5,053
2,505
725
760
999
768
0
6,115
1,558
725
409
993
743
0
4,761
2
2
2
1
1
0
4
1
1
4
3
55
59
38
43
57
63
46
52
59
62
63
66
72
79
50
54
71
75
133
140
119
123
67
69
98
62
92
92
120
67
101
52
93
35
79
54
95
59
96
73 ,,,
112
102
7,459
518
7,996
9,274
522
9,825
11,247
971
12,249
12,935
418
13,395
13,492
1,002
14,533
15,250
707
16,026
11,998
712
12,781
12,255
980
13,312
11,006
1,498
12,650
7,266
329
7,614
1935
4,496
1
54
95
13,312
173
18,131
1936
5,223
1
75
96
12,650
172
18,217
1937
4,803
4
140
112
13,506
177
18,742
1938
4,394
3
123
102
18,384
175
23,181
1,317 ,,,
,,,
,,,
721
825
862
1,032
350
411
461
449
955
1,437
1,872
1,430
854
879
799
833
3
2
3
12
4,496
5,223
4,803
4,394
12,284
1,095
13,506
16,883
1,285
18,384
WORLD TOTAL
16,322
18,697
17,862
19,069
19,057
20,275
21,368
19,947
22,523
17,854
18,134
18,219
18,744
23,182
Source: Export averages made by the International Institute of Agriculture (1911-1938) with the exception of the last one period which has been calculated by ourselves with the annual data.
27 TABLE T.2. WORLD WINE IMPORTS
(World totals and selection of main importing countries) (in thousands of hectoliters)
Europe
N &C Amer
S. America
Asia
Africa
Oceania
WORLD TOTAL
EUROPE
Germany
Austria
Bel-Luxemb.
France
U.K.
Switzerland
Total
N&C AMERICA
Canada
Cuba
USA
Martinique
Mexico
Total
S. AMERICA
Argentina
Brazil
1909-13
13,079
770
1,526
181
542
80
16,178
1924-28
15,375
279
487
210
890
38
17,279
1928-32
17,696
212
314
198
992
32
19,444
1934-38
16,823
267
143
175
915
31
18,353
1,103
41
358
8,237
574
1,561
13,079
950
392
562
10,565
778
1,364
15,375
844
347
389
13,603
635
1,187
17,696
937
61
344
14,343
745
942
16,823
41
219
331
13
96
770
41
123
2
12
47
279
48
58
1
12
37
212
22
13
131
20
28
267
589
689
62
287
47
167
11
82
28 Venezuela
Total
ASIA
Dutch Indies
Indochina
Total
AFRICA
Western Africa
Egypt
Algeria
Angola
French Morocco
Mozambique
Total
OCEANIA
New Caledonie
Total
WORLD TOTAL
n.a.
1,526
32
487
27
314
12
143
20
82
181
20
89
210
22
85
198
19
70
175
41
120
24
49
44
79
542
103
150
22
72
229
45
890
96
143
31
78
218
73
992
96
60
35
51
19
96
915
31
80
16,178
19
38
17,279
17
32
19,444
13
31
18,354
29 Europe
N &C Amer
S. America
Asia
Africa
Oceania
WORLD TOTAL
EUROPE
Germany
Austria
Bel-Luxemb.
France
U.K.
Switzerland
Total
N&C AMERICA
Canada
Cuba
USA
Martinique
Mexico
Total
S. AMERICA
Argentina
Brazil
Venezuela
Total
ASIA
Dutch Indies
Indochina
1,925
14,058
292
473
190
888
38
15,939
1,926
15,697
288
550
230
1,013
43
17,821
1,927
15,680
259
452
186
915
36
17,528
1,928
16,905
273
247
206
845
35
18,511
1,929
16,978
232
442
235
967
40
18,894
1,930
17,440
162
338
184
954
36
19,114
1,931
19,615
174
187
156
836
26
20,994
1,932
17,385
154
117
153
750
21
18,580
1,933
20,981
175
130
151
768
22
22,227
1,934
16,129
299
111
167
680
30
17,416
1,935
15,941
250
128
170
782
28
17,299
1,936
15,701
265
130
181
1,118
30
17,425
1,937
16,186
274
147
190
1,016
32
17,845
1,938
20,158
247
200
167
979
33
21,784
1,121
320
581
9,005
808
1,455
14,057
592
328
635
11,110
819
1,455
15,694
1,159
429
433
10,841
842
1,206
15,680
1,167
482
416
12,209
620
1,238
16,905
1,028
425
449
12,406
696
1,170
16,978
730
373
410
13,354
629
1,164
17,440
610
282
350
15,932
668
1,157
19,615
640
171
287
14,057
565
1,199
17,385
640
65
274
13,603
664
1,378
20,981
842
49
253
17,537
661
1,144
16,129
828
65
325
12,745
731
869
15,941
860
67
338
12,627
793
813
15,700
982
59
410
12,488
818
928
16,186
1,172
66
394
16,317
724
957
20,158
31
136
3
12
52
292
38
122
2
15
50
288
52
54
106 n.a.
1
2
9
12
39 n.a.
259
273
61
72
1
11
45
232
51
42
32
58 n.a.
n.a.
2
1
1
8 n.a.
n.a.
1
28
27
162
174
154
25
14
52
21
27
175
24
21
142
29
40
299
24
27
104
26
30
250
21
23
20
16 n.a.
n.a.
137
144
130
25
18 n.a.
25
29
17
265
274
247
62
275
33
473
60
328
43
550
67 n.a.
248
86
31 n.a.
452
247
61
247
34
442
57
161
33
338
35
70
22
187
18
52
13
117
15
75
10
130
10
65
7
111
9
68
20
128
10
69
14
130
14
13
77
131
22 n.a.
147
200
19
78
22
107
28
99
24
76
18
75
14
75
16
69
17
77
16
79
17
96
23
20
97 n.a.
23
80
19
101
30 Total
AFRICA
Western Africa
Egypt
Algeria
Angola
French Morocco
Mozambique
Total
OCEANIA
New Caledonie
Total
WORLD TOTAL
190
230
186
206
235
184
156
153
151
167
170
181
104
147
18
71
237
35
888
148
146
26
67
274
31
1,013
90
159
33
60
255
31
915
89
168
20
72
180
52
845
106
190
35
88
225
66
967
116
147
32
84
263
75
954
78
103
29
70
263
77
836
89
99
32
74
156
87
750
74
70
74
76
74
88
768
68
48
58
73
50
87
680
84
62
26
67
14
90
782
107
65
46
62
12
98
1,118
17
38
15,939
22
43
17,821
20
36
17,528
18
35
18,511
22
40
18,894
18
36
19,114
16
26
20,994
12
21
18,580
13
22
22,227
13
30
17,416
12
28
17,299
12
30
17,425
190
167
109
111
67
58
21
23
54 n.a.
11
10
97
109
1,016
979
13
32
17,845
14
33
21,784
Source: Import averages made by the International Institute of Agriculture (1911-1938) with the exception of the last one period which has been calculated by ourselves with the annual data.
31 TABLE T.3. WORLD TRADE IN WINE, 1909-1938 (five year averages) (in
thousands of hectoliters)
WINE IMPORTS
Germany
France
U.K.
Switzerland
EUROPE
USA
N&C AMERICA
Argentina
Brazil
S. AMERICA
ASIA
AFRICA
OCEANIA
WORLD TOTAL
Thousands of hectoliters
1,103
950
844
8,237
10,565
13,603
574
778
635
1,561
1,364
1,187
13,079
15,375
17,696
331
2
1
770
279
212
589
62
47
689
287
167
1,526
487
314
181
210
198
542
890
992
80
38
32
16,178
17,279
19,444
WINE EXPORTS
Spain
France
Greece
Italy
Portugal
EUROPE
N&C AMERICA
S. AMERICA
ASIA
Algeria
Tunisia
AFRICA
Australia
OCEANIA
WORLD TOTAL
Thousands of hectoliters
3,106
4,078
3,712
1,978
1,664
1,075
570
930
850
1,553
1,395
1,081
1,082
1,080
957
9,406
9,412
8,129
78
1
3
3
33
55
59
83
112
6,764
7,939
10,876
180
515
714
6,951
8,470
11,627
43
99
110
43
99
110
16,541
18,100
20,092
937
14,343
745
942
16,823
131
267
11
82
143
175
915
31
18,354
Percentages of total world imports
6.8
5.5
4.3
5.1
50.9
61.1
70.0
78.1
3.5
4.5
3.3
4.1
9.6
7.9
6.1
5.1
80.8
89.0
91.0
91.7
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
4.8
1.6
1.1
1.5
3.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
4.3
1.7
0.9
0.4
9.4
2.8
1.6
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.0
1.0
3.4
5.2
5.1
5.0
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
575
833
416
1,337
822
4,735
3
94
97
12,885
1,114
14,127
168
168
19,227
Percentages of total world exports
18.8
22.5
18.5
3.0
12.0
9.2
5.4
4.3
3.4
5.1
4.2
2.2
9.4
7.7
5.4
7.0
6.5
6.0
4.8
4.3
56.9
52.0
40.5
24.6
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
40.9
43.9
54.1
67.0
1.1
2.8
3.6
5.8
42.0
46.8
57.9
73.5
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.9
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Import and export averages made by the International Institute of Agriculture (1911-1939) with the exception
of the last one period which has been calculated by ourselves with the annual data.
Published: Pinilla and Ayuda (2007): 192-193
TABLE T.4. WINE EXPORTS. FRANCE, ITALY AND SPAIN (in hectoliters)
Spain
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
679,395
590,280
650,497
712,063
876,984
1,075,465
1,082,454
1,149,386
1,542,540
868,410
1,020,266
1,281,920
1,177,478
1,154,384
1,137,331
1,288,493
1,031,424
1,062,065
1,269,289
1,764,464
1,360,290
1,442,422
1,613,626
1,934,314
2,607,663
2,010,324
1,968,869
1,746,201
2,168,739
2,792,625
3,699,127
6,079,489
6,872,264
7,514,059
7,523,958
6,400,393
7,078,349
7,266,223
8,233,639
8,979,106
8,589,191
9,418,008
11,306,772
6,736,298
5,164,989
4,125,704
5,348,174
6,664,787
5,343,055
6,409,359
4,841,675
3,868,571
Italy
255,000
217,000
468,000
236,000
275,000
359,000
299,000
241,000
287,000
240,000
243,000
609,000
309,000
272,000
363,000
507,000
363,000
537,000
1,077,000
2,206,000
1,760,000
1,332,000
2,629,000
2,381,000
1,481,000
2,354,000
3,603,000
1,829,000
1,439,000
936,000
1,179,000
2,449,000
2,363,000
1,943,000
1,711,000
1,656,000
2,396,000
2,503,000
2,430,000
1,827,000
France (+)
1,533,339
1,852,546
1,884,450
2,252,159
2,419,604
1,956,184
1,315,161
1,194,901
1,249,735
1,098,102
1,580,299
2,452,033
1,949,979
1,781,176
1,811,723
1,979,768
2,237,110
2,768,003
3,162,773
2,495,894
2,703,994
2,944,354
2,747,103
3,173,802
3,240,787
3,804,986
3,058,756
3,568,185
3,174,910
2,960,685
2,765,754
3,001,924
2,447,900
2,535,630
2,579,853
2,500,112
2,438,149
2,572,710
2,721,759
2,373,896
2,082,029
2,130,197
2,121,926
2,002,379
1,813,474
1,534,610
1,724,468
1,696,743
1,783,825
1,774,862
1,636,209
1,716,520
33 1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
2,338,995
1,967,768
2,430,734
2,285,390
2,072,200
1,462,846
1,386,981
1,567,522
1,346,085
2,423,347
2,987,268
3,202,929
4,243,218
2,252,920
1,443,843
4,159,287
6,037,145
2,441,431
5,685,258
4,635,792
2,887,441
2,789,559
2,898,887
3,180,094
2,544,783
2,697,780
4,534,402
5,580,118
3,439,903
2,941,858
2,995,503
1,618,474
2,208,186
1,546,448
997,493
223,991
245,179
206,366
1,335,000
1,389,000
2,163,000
1,211,000
987,000
814,000
1,041,000
1,364,000
1,588,000
2,033,000
1,179,000
1,177,000
1,787,000
2,045,000
961,000
623,000
1,230,000
2,780,000
725,000
874,000
913,000
891,000
830,000
2,559,000
1,455,000
1,051,000
1,036,000
922,000
974,000
1,032,000
1,672,000
803,000
999,000
993,000
944,000
1,438,000
1,872,000
1,441,000
1,904,831
2,022,321
2,051,588
1,725,849
1,642,568
2,605,316
2,110,078
2,786,427
2,273,328
2,280,049
2,291,744
1,568,871
2,058,146
1,658,977
1,155,034
1,002,820
688,618
482,173
434,266
1,179,753
1,870,388
1,800,846
1,033,538
1,502,694
2,250,493
1,561,231
1,834,224
1,279,295
1,374,816
1,382,229
1,087,995
818,176
700,289
717,476
721,191
821,900
859,900
1,028,600
(*) Including Champagne and liquor wines
Source: Direction General des Douannes (1850-1938) (France); Estadísticas del Comercio Exterior de España
(Spain); Sommario di Statische Storiche Italiane (Italy)
34 FIGURE T.1. WINE EXPORTS. FRANCE, ITALY AND SPAIN (in hectoliters)
Source: Table T.4. Published in: Fernández and Pinilla (2014)
35 TABLE T.5. BRITISH WINE IMPORTS, 1855-1934 (gallons and pounds)
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
Gallons
10,875,855
8,946,766
9,481,880
10,336,845
5,791,636
8,195,513
12,475,001
11,052,436
11,960,676
14,185,195
15,451,593
14,269,752
15,321,029
15,442,581
16,953,429
17,184,330
17,774,782
18,224,900
19,660,127
21,682,356
18,234,972
18,429,305
19,950,723
19,568,807
16,452,538
15,162,857
17,385,496
16,297,033
15,715,813
15,559,795
15,106,271
14,629,738
14,552,864
15,383,641
14,745,161
15,900,749
16,194,107
16,782,631
17,319,477
14,675,201
14,368,621
15,864,323
16,695,560
17,559,284
18,139,652
17,387,744
16,803,829
16,546,206
£
3,616,369
3,072,747
3,740,767
4,080,744
2,040,552
2,781,040
4,200,929
3,862,233
3,649,067
4,497,343
5,002,884
3,914,196
4,733,745
4,835,251
5,440,991
5,265,600
4,817,294
7,072,099
7,718,848
8,267,326
6,863,465
4,801,015
6,993,399
7,138,966
5,988,685
5,365,250
6,465,944
5,651,107
5,458,923
5,451,953
5,341,117
5,126,392
5,115,381
5,466,266
5,385,032
5,905,473
5,886,867
5,984,701
6,019,559
5,302,202
5,018,108
5,448,088
5,946,296
6,433,934
6,575,691
5,630,406
5,192,909
4,931,335
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
16,430,414
14,710,588
12,347,194
12,731,050
13,103,304
13,178,733
11,877,155
12,334,473
13,732,640
12,570,328
12,191,218
12,332,912
11,477,362
11,154,806
12,959,721
6,696,558
13,155,760
25,252,387
17,735,418
9,533,058
12,279,370
13,237,487
17,650,859
17,767,293
17,976,007
18,526,222
13,644,256
15,240,111
13,838,658
14,705,137
12,419,240
14,602,882
14,528,395
16,086,229
4,941,716
4,697,598
3,822,206
4,072,199
4,214,878
4,010,333
3,502,702
3,746,489
4,248,814
4,159,756
4,287,426
4,078,143
3,630,313
2,917,276
3,511,822
2,403,461
7,250,192
18,167,077
12,773,411
5,317,975
5,631,691
5,742,721
6,900,653
6,994,623
7,307,343
7,032,320
5,739,999
6,198,889
5,294,198
5,226,339
3,725,778
4,722,024
5,004,896
5,541,795
Source: Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom
Published in: Pinilla and Ayuda (2008)
TABLE T.6. FRENCH EXPORTS OF TABLE WINE, 1855-1938 (commerce
general)
In casks
from the
Gironde
Hl.
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
326,931
359,698
371,342
458,761
643,921
556,179
509,410
550,404
635,215
684,376
978,830
1,081,662
1,010,809
1,092,566
1,229,845
1,176,405
1,361,780
1,343,218
1,326,188
1,113,444
1,413,284
1,163,569
1,130,654
946,342
1,334,199
1,033,393
1,060,917
1,090,902
1,000,245
1,130,659
1,058,797
1,160,257
1,218,830
1,040,689
1,101,832
967,549
787,854
769,378
678,234
872,027
651,757
637,842
665,814
567,883
from other regions
Hl.
735,170
742,203
593,437
1,019,290
1,668,548
1,277,243
1,181,480
1,164,160
1,223,152
1,430,257
1,674,404
1,923,809
1,348,311
1,466,122
1,530,542
1,433,695
1,664,112
1,735,052
2,332,013
1,867,351
2,008,261
1,887,733
1,683,799
1,611,384
1,491,222
1,218,629
1,324,913
1,376,882
1,272,513
1,119,032
1,277,034
1,248,511
1,028,097
1,096,876
1,117,291
1,122,367
1,247,317
1,195,195
1,090,384
1,197,432
1,460,531
1,539,460
1,481,881
1,467,122
In bottles
from the
Gironde
Hl.
58,739
66,725
57,476
45,065
62,296
65,944
49,302
49,217
62,074
67,006
58,494
92,383
69,145
67,627
93,862
86,698
87,635
109,026
109,783
106,363
106,670
101,084
97,955
91,438
103,635
106,844
104,658
95,134
100,447
96,195
96,223
100,835
83,555
72,388
79,441
81,269
73,389
63,938
52,956
47,566
46,782
58,735
55,779
43,082
from other
regions
Hl.
84,647
90,787
85,311
64,541
69,164
70,527
49,125
54,382
69,464
69,550
69,329
81,074
78,058
93,054
107,593
68,234
81,222
117,077
123,418
113,272
110,730
104,588
126,333
212,958
205,769
251,037
222,576
229,465
241,746
231,445
220,988
214,927
229,557
238,326
235,858
256,272
266,444
231,862
222,587
59,331
65,327
62,184
55,531
50,005
38 1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
635,535
695,315
677,226
664,591
639,483
594,483
741,677
693,078
816,066
698,755
697,220
842,503
552,324
727,442
545,731
398,853
207,780
212,564
102,284
155,292
444,672
338,098
229,179
223,317
326,592
692,745
400,058
500,602
431,290
433,164
466,195
377,749
279,569
217,807
182,820
173,437
205,974
240,283
263,802
278,388
1,530,482
1,455,539
1,499,263
1,530,778
1,264,441
1,285,785
2,070,009
1,315,746
1,804,719
1,649,901
1,528,749
1,621,216
1,543,493
1,896,293
1,999,495
1,123,766
1,186,709
976,220
990,748
787,448
1,253,340
1,777,887
2,140,069
1,379,425
1,566,152
1,808,177
1,562,314
1,785,169
508,048
588,050
556,575
395,139
295,465
312,687
352,246
343,145
338,271
360,336
318,148
482,038
47,207
40,127
43,708
56,799
45,481
42,091
61,964
54,354
56,841
40,376
43,350
41,963
40,470
41,135
40,767
33,523
20,391
27,862
18,396
20,267
58,685
71,957
35,202
29,091
37,720
60,061
44,683
56,779
47,410
50,083
50,918
37,101
31,345
21,274
21,855
33,122
18,621
26,060
40,700
38,825
46,539
48,421
49,973
41,499
39,795
39,967
48,916
48,824
47,450
42,954
43,406
47,885
46,317
47,182
48,724
34,351
21,147
26,602
26,662
20,180
42,931
84,146
53,299
39,560
49,037
65,274
37,548
49,730
38,362
35,605
35,972
30,946
19,785
14,346
15,988
22,047
14,053
16,933
23,498
27,842
Source: Direction General des Douannes (1850-1938)
(1) This data relates to the "Commerce General", and includes French re-exports. The only significant re-exports
were the Spanish wines that crossed France on their way to Switzerland. From approximately 1890 these re-exports
oscillated between 100 and 500 thousand hectoliters.
(2) Until 1894, the French statistics mixed bottled wine from "other regions" with champagne and sparkling wines,
but from 1894 the data is differenciated. To maintain the homogeneity of the series, we have subtracted from the pre1894 data the percentage of champagne and sparkling wine that was exported,which has been estimated using the
data from 1895 to 1899.
Published in: Ayuda, Aparicio and Pinilla (1998)
39 TABLE T.7. FRENCH IMPORTS OF TABLE WINE IN CASKS, 1847-1938
(commerce general)
SPAIN
Hl.
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
2,622
1,614
1,575
1,943
1,709
5,386
22,142
154,158
355,764
242,509
541,110
84,788
92,918
137,054
204,964
82,705
53,064
78,955
62,804
44,045
144,065
342,982
305,726
86,830
69,811
218,376
607,639
659,683
166,315
316,768
479,559
1,381,625
2,276,899
5,049,149
5,738,115
6,253,950
6,200,080
5,160,549
5,649,361
6,384,017
7,244,916
7,913,381
7,008,629
7,825,317
9,604,451
5,651,701
ALGERIA
Hl.
2,178
1,071
5,415
17,049
10,868
9,236
83,878
190,076
324,289
490,393
765,199
1,234,319
1,591,952
1,971,347
1,860,950
2,840,632
ITALY
Hl.
429
10
8
23
29
529
4,366
2,765
26,585
14,352
47,041
11,349
12,859
21,187
17,615
10,622
17,377
6,651
3,831
4,085
9,569
7,891
7,043
15,067
21,653
307,325
54,822
68,631
70,668
278,850
148,784
190,888
569,163
1,670,002
1,604,304
845,857
1,959,938
2,211,008
889,190
1,963,773
2,778,825
1,260,800
337,263
99,665
138,186
439,957
TOTAL
Hl.
4,399
2,625
2,843
3,779
3,827
8,506
26,013
182,552
400,881
327,204
615,808
106,125
121,521
177,061
238,676
106,282
87,137
101,176
82,437
66,978
175,871
370,043
349,908
116,141
126,113
549,886
701,108
770,511
300,136
694,307
733,588
1,616,410
2,931,861
7,206,919
7,895,444
7,569,313
8,890,192
8,122,974
8,112,196
11,044,798
12,313,091
12,305,773
10,630,444
10,815,314
12,235,330
9,495,867
40 1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
3,829,352
2,571,712
3,517,528
5,723,663
3,879,924
5,336,950
3,842,702
2,700,638
1,078,848
769,880
1,302,011
1,262,177
631,816
317,971
199,520
417,358
331,410
1,307,308
2,080,149
1,831,597
3,296,351
1,513,957
626,591
3,252,282
5,069,168
1,750,610
2,684,456
3,414,351
1,752,561
2,184,441
2,217,474
2,227,944
1,268,858
1,454,072
2,739,892
3,606,712
1,728,268
1,477,186
2,058,496
540,228
1,246,558
253,189
110,182
99,620
20,497
6,042
1,828,289
2,019,867
2,902,054
3,136,669
3,600,321
3,293,818
4,676,047
2,351,421
2,648,962
3,913,076
4,782,785
5,232,849
4,823,664
5,404,918
5,719,835
6,629,872
5,865,523
6,666,737
7,317,900
7,627,663
4,664,254
5,012,080
8,005,681
4,562,411
4,848,743
2,248,169
2,795,746
1,958,324
4,162,700
4,163,011
5,405,139
6,115,411
7,124,692
8,780,444
6,998,333
6,883,500
9,220,938
10,009,714
11,858,265
11,938,652
14,531,903
11,387,333
11,207,178
10,476,340
10,885,781
14,678,921
236,269
80,226
66,785
65,664
56,336
69,269
99,981
137,908
48,188
47,260
211,588
138,283
52,746
26,031
24,098
41,418
39,203
42,922
34,200
19,789
190,478
446,644
9,262
7,444
272,747
1,816,336
234,202
50,883
27,442
266,380
82,322
842,331
51,700
34,150
76,511
18,137
22,775
137,996
845,860
14,322
36,272
16,485
6,840
14,976
39,770
6,368
6,206,076
4,853,765
6,756,717
9,214,168
7,724,326
8,859,292
8,820,653
5,399,497
3,835,043
4,770,844
6,485,234
7,079,120
5,560,754
5,795,655
5,989,253
7,172,782
6,363,517
8,407,194
9,948,121
9,976,457
8,633,695
7,305,345
8,857,182
9,105,769
10,945,010
6,482,421
6,745,595
6,044,710
6,190,092
8,691,994
8,700,478
9,747,868
9,214,634
11,344,283
10,523,319
11,771,667
11,800,509
12,523,834
15,311,381
13,285,657
16,856,387
12,219,753
12,022,133
11,704,507
11,929,658
15,699,203
Source: Direction General des Douannes (1850-1938)
(1) This data relates to the "Commerce General", and includes French re-exports. The Orly significant re-exports
were the Spanish wines that crossed France on their way to Switzerland. From approximately 1890 these re-exports
oscillated between 100 and 500 thousand hectoliters.
Pubished in: Ayuda, Aparicio and Pinilla (1998)
41 TABLE T.8. FRENCH IMPORTS OF ORDINARY WINES (in casks)
1847-49
1850-54
1855-59
1860-64
1865-69
1870-74
1875-79
1880-84
1885-89
1890-94
1895-99
1900-04
1905-09
1910-14
1915-19
1920-24
1925-29
1930-34
1935-38
Origin of imports (%)
Spain
Algeria
32.3
83.4
85.0
81.0
87.0
69.8
73.4
72.0
63.4
67.5
50.5
19.7
0.8
15.0
26.4
23.4
17.5
7.9
0.5
% over French
Others
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.8
8.2
25.3
46.6
75.8
97.7
78.4
58.3
61.1
73.7
85.2
92.1
Production
67.7
16.6
15.0
19.0
13.0
30.2
26.4
27.2
28.4
7.3
3.0
4.4
1.5
6.6
15.3
15.5
8.8
6.9
7.5
0.0
0.1
1.0
0.3
0.3
0.7
2.3
23.6
40.5
23.5
20.5
9.4
10.4
16.8
19.8
11.3
18.6
24.7
21.9
Source: Direction General des Douanes (1850-1938).
Published in: Pinilla and Ayuda (2002)
42 TABLE T.9. FRENCH IMPORTS OF TABLE WINE, 1847-1938 (in bottles)
(hectoliters) (commerce general)
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
369
518
376
562
602
894
756
1,203
2,636
3,092
3,104
2,224
2,141
2,494
1,675
1,428
2,005
2,198
2,081
2,597
3,205
3,507
3,249
2,344
1,747
2,792
2,558
3,612
3,647
3,009
2,833
3,903
3,706
4,619
4,626
4,801
5,315
7,132
5,094
5,457
7,851
7,728
5,531
7,490
6,003
7,113
6,007
6,624
43 1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
6,042
7,687
6,198
6,867
7,357
8,177
5,440
5,372
6,806
5,928
7,403
8,342
8,061
9,121
9,616
9,217
9,077
8,608
10,945
10,996
4,538
3,811
7,986
12,140
10,339
15,269
7,323
13,352
14,874
17,503
14,876
12,875
7,411
19,254
6,427
8,487
8,550
2,085
3,181
3,137
3,547
4,244
6,336
4,994
Source: Direction General des Douannes (1850-1938)
(1) This data relates to the "Commerce General", and includes French re-exports.
44 TABLE T.10. FRENCH IMPORTS OF LIQUOR WINE , 1847-1938 (in casks)
(commerce general)
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
SPAIN
ALGERIA
Hl.
Hl.
1,859
2,193
1,405
2,457
1,898
1,281
1,923
4,019
9,546
8,498
8,049
4,752
6,961
7,524
6,749
7,840
12,441
11,898
15,794
20,622
22,565
25,070
33,149
21,077
29,280
34,886
37,122
34,618
36,851
43,581
42,889
37,753
74,629
80,576
94,058
111,481
114,886
96,087
111,494
118,109
112,601
146,286
187,042
227,457
323,689
214,987
TOTAL
Hl.
3,478
2,908
2,161
4,228
3,607
3,497
4,485
8,578
19,891
16,375
15,500
13,720
19,566
24,860
22,862
21,697
26,153
28,934
29,575
34,476
38,221
42,713
52,022
34,004
47,561
56,054
55,844
55,973
59,981
73,910
75,101
93,789
120,493
136,165
150,780
167,325
168,183
147,168
163,291
170,336
165,437
191,141
247,789
329,002
425,535
316,593
45 1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
176,828
181,957
208,234
238,989
215,010
212,223
193,580
189,450
138,924
138,321
147,619
115,088
134,595
165,772
119,299
170,487
152,825
151,181
216,698
96,301
161,203
107,392
63,198
137,525
178,304
74,414
51,173
23,711
40,316
35,313
39,366
69,204
79,080
66,601
4,825
32,218
8,754
13,695
20,992
9,726
8,978
5,993
3,203
2,249
0
0
183,884
97,546
104,532
104,551
150,290
3,863
717
1,441
13,019
22,324
23,991
13,686
8,363
8,966
2,472
1,789
1,980
5,338
680
521
0
0
125
6,602
1,037
4,002
303
501
300
919
4,755
65,737
113,736
134,093
124,384
141,885
138,219
129,638
124,751
135,101
98,739
229,845
257,434
283,037
334,976
446,719
532,892
467,257
422,006
435,295
383,376
207,483
272,894
235,613
218,122
260,452
226,891
247,769
256,959
285,063
343,678
282,585
348,090
269,188
172,060
242,839
242,000
150,590
184,584
108,869
73,131
138,379
152,030
116,529
166,916
140,273
37,313
194,643
256,554
298,795
311,807
364,679
313,258
276,819
339,915
338,846
311,879
407,236
Source: Direction General des Douannes (1850-1938)
(1) This data relates to the "Commerce General", and includes French re-exports.
46 TABLE T.11. FRENCH DUTIES ON ORDINARY WINE
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
Ordinary wine in casks
Duties as a
Specif Duties
% of imports
Constant Francs/Hl.
9.7
2.8
10.6
3.1
9.2
3.2
8.3
3.1
7.8
3.2
6.5
2.4
5.0
1.9
4.9
2.1
4.3
2.1
4.3
2.2
5.8
2.4
5.9
2.3
6.4
2.4
6.9
2.2
16.9
2.4
14.3
4.8
37.1
11.9
36.8
12.7
28.6
10.9
28.2
11.1
27.0
11.2
26.2
10.5
45.7
14.8
43.6
14.2
45.3
15.4
45.1
15.5
42.3
14.2
42.0
14.4
45.8
14.0
38.0
13.8
34.9
12.0
44.8
14.3
36.4
13.5
35.0
12.2
34.7
11.6
34.9
11.1
34.7
11.3
34.6
8.2
24.1
6.0
17.2
4.3
17.4
3.4
11.6
3.4
12.9
2.4
34.1
8.3
32.2
7.8
38.3
6.0
28.1
5.2
32.5
4.7
47 1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
29.7
21.9
33.4
38.2
46.8
50.9
86.1
88.6
78.9
4.7
6.5
7.8
8.6
10.4
12.6
20.5
21.0
21.7
Source: Direction General des Douanes (1850-1938).
Published in: Pinilla and Ayuda (2002)
48 TABLE T.12. SPANISH EXPORTS OF WINE (hectoliters)
Table wine
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
448,837
350,981
432,891
482,250
551,590
795,382
831,013
837,407
1,289,402
723,590
796,427
1,075,035
935,381
924,518
820,616
961,128
796,850
768,231
957,431
1,385,336
994,150
1,104,426
1,246,533
1,466,128
2,122,603
1,759,541
1,762,716
1,435,345
1,872,923
2,544,629
3,457,509
5,808,251
6,604,672
7,231,205
7,251,614
6,156,246
6,890,712
6,979,020
7,970,461
8,724,803
8,405,830
9,197,687
11,081,541
6,543,899
5,019,659
Sherry wine
230,558
239,299
217,606
229,813
325,394
280,083
251,441
311,979
284,456
163,639
247,005
243,182
245,905
233,621
318,328
327,365
234,771
295,035
313,167
380,043
366,140
338,715
367,949
468,186
500,885
329,776
279,776
310,856
295,816
247,996
241,618
271,238
267,592
282,854
272,344
244,147
187,637
287,203
263,178
254,303
183,361
220,321
225,231
192,399
145,330
Other liquor wine
Non classified
wine
4,423
2,461
31,475
66,459
1,114
55,134
67,483
584
73,824
4,834
86,999
5,450
84,168
3,823
83,773
2,872
63,201
2,278
69,739
922
84,319
668
68,362
18,222
66,198
511
65,272
181
64,931
3,302
46,275
4,018
41,827
14,209
38,719
2,314
42,898
8,598
43,680
6,521
26,115
34,211
61,723
12,491
25,765
1,508
14,753
5,525
21,531
6,450
24,717
1,705
92,410
97,157
114,182
170,958
142,550
160,336
157,050
137,514
110,175
100,134
125,754
94,260
97,292
71,437
59,916
43,619
23,056
25,227
49 1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
3,971,425
5,202,142
6,559,118
5,250,068
6,305,629
4,794,081
3,823,096
2,234,265
1,813,689
2,292,459
2,163,305
1,919,020
1,295,751
1,125,474
1,282,638
1,144,865
2,214,353
2,846,898
3,073,155
4,089,240
2,140,543
1,348,624
3,988,088
5,933,316
2,354,893
5,505,028
4,549,265
2,829,323
2,728,876
2,842,850
3,107,511
2,486,189
2,620,984
4,422,013
5,502,680
3,348,177
2,852,546
2,879,161
1,528,264
2,089,284
1,090,002
839,031
154,279
146,032
105,669
92,987
103,730
47,584
45,475
104,730
154,079
138,275
122,085
153,180
167,095
261,507
284,884
201,220
208,994
140,370
129,774
153,978
112,377
95,219
171,199
103,829
86,538
180,230
86,527
58,118
60,683
56,037
72,583
58,594
75,074
110,732
75,835
88,641
86,890
109,326
84,850
111,038
134,213
153,357
135,215
151,309
242,653
261,865
107,782
94,717
235,206
143,599
159,743
238,876
231,067
186,618
435,110
280,205
235,648
171,482
138,456
261,330
310,794
351,679
507,129
329,056
309,962
496,978
319,664
348,820
287,705
315,087
308,933
21,536
12,510
8,523
9,795
18,146
31,370
8,031
9,117
7,288
12,458
31,432
90,338
120,929
65,252
45,392
45,890
40,644
177,767
182,084
64,332
44,757
40,864
50,552
23,558
7,126
20,660
12,740
1,894
12,526
19,538
31,020
48,447
34,968
35,699
44,837
36,841
50,764
35,469
10,054
9,392
9,160
10,733
Source: Own calculations from the annual data of Estadísticas del Comercio Exterior de España, 1849-1935
50 TABLE T.13. SPANISH EXPORTS OF WINE (in pesetas at 1910 prices)
Table wine
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
11,968,977
9,359,504
11,543,757
12,868,716
14,709,062
21,213,194
22,162,774
22,342,086
34,694,865
19,497,826
21,450,999
28,991,228
24,976,074
24,687,207
21,897,447
25,630,083
21,251,089
20,496,842
25,543,128
36,950,424
26,510,677
29,457,773
33,248,491
39,096,741
56,743,477
47,623,524
47,660,447
38,275,871
49,944,606
67,856,765
92,200,251
154,886,691
176,124,591
192,832,130
193,376,382
164,166,547
183,752,320
186,107,192
212,545,612
232,661,420
224,155,464
245,271,637
295,507,744
174,503,965
Sherry wine
Non classified
and other
wine
liquor wines
14,113,132
0
16,607,333
1,278
18,212,353
6,028
17,941,540
2,684
24,600,849
0
22,759,043
0
22,172,885
964
25,388,790
1,129
23,665,357
0
14,861,623
1,092
20,191,257
1,992
21,113,634
26,201
21,313,897
0
19,089,195
3,877
23,977,680
0
24,716,618
1,815
17,826,072
1,871
21,782,731
5,085
21,709,559
0
26,452,620
3,247
25,540,902
0
24,597,763
0
27,538,553
0
29,739,957
0
31,085,487
0
21,622,668
0
18,577,748
0
25,233,215
0
24,703,695
0
23,165,032
0
27,047,766
0
26,661,071
0
27,780,350
0
28,432,479
1,156
26,348,534
0
22,637,951
0
18,557,650
0
26,341,358
0
22,564,792
0
22,269,617
0
16,153,649
0
17,465,677
0
16,532,446
0
13,057,151
0
51 1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
133,857,574
105,904,676
138,723,787
174,909,810
140,001,798
168,150,103
127,842,162
101,949,220
59,580,403
48,365,041
61,132,238
57,688,143
51,173,866
34,553,352
29,556,536
33,800,774
30,496,845
58,009,353
74,443,481
79,687,535
106,895,709
56,475,970
35,009,280
104,198,261
151,500,611
63,056,260
147,477,049
125,744,103
78,433,537
74,837,926
78,498,197
86,161,692
66,969,317
72,368,261
120,156,136
144,992,192
88,941,371
74,854,741
75,445,236
41,223,231
55,159,191
29,080,491
21,983,570
10,448,705
10,698,710
9,536,229
6,860,770
6,209,444
7,468,322
5,154,343
3,279,833
6,850,064
9,618,385
9,075,633
9,545,484
15,794,238
20,721,702
32,293,981
32,778,728
34,613,837
36,022,255
32,728,584
32,275,750
33,892,618
22,340,283
22,140,881
33,644,621
26,863,513
20,662,131
46,054,150
28,889,314
23,020,067
18,774,498
16,675,328
28,609,481
33,079,608
32,908,768
46,848,092
34,943,566
33,280,034
46,214,932
29,065,733
26,923,580
25,631,773
29,634,658
29,960,208
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27,940
29,724
21,472
83,992
126,224
90,772
67,904
45,788
202,936
162,024
64,328
192,292
567,568
567,568
180,012
69,600
85,600
149,600
124,400
1,207,607
1,207,973
1,251,491
2,410,157
1,989,098
5,632,249
4,335,548
6,339,881
7,169,615
4,105,759
Source: Own calculations from the annual data of Estadísticas del Comercio Exterior de España, 1849-1935
Published in: Gallego and Pinilla (1986).
52 TABLE T.13. BREAKDOWN OF SPANISH EXPORTS OF TABLE WINE IN CASKS (Hectoliters)
Canary I. / Spanish
N. Africa
France
United Kingdom
Others Europe
Latin America
North America
Asia
Africa
European Colonies
Not classified
Total
1871-75
1876-80
1881-85
1886-90
1891-95
1896-00
1901-05
1906-10
1911-15
1916-20
1921-25
1926-30
1931-35
812
385
239
2,054
8,229
9,602
18,782
27,948
57,781
54,773
119,257
133,870
82,082
306,631
81,870
100,799
1,003,287
25,582
15,819
51,972
5,181
0
1,591,953
1,793,153
89,848
108,733
935,783
19,800
14,312
52,632
7,481
0
3,022,130
5,478,542
87,691
125,590
1,013,206
26,968
21,865
64,792
8,012
0
6,826,904
6,979,664
98,799
101,045
974,772
19,612
22,632
43,421
13,615
0
8,255,614
5,025,214
106,853
152,280
977,300
7,982
30,487
39,883
15,504
0
6,363,731
3,918,351
176,957
304,217
798,046
3,392
37,963
41,391
13,968
42,516
5,346,402
Source: Own calculations from the annual data of Estadísticas del Comercio Exterior de España, 1849-1935
Published in: Pinilla and Ayuda (2002).
946,495
135,131
362,307
576,691
5,214
21,311
6,821
11,793
0
2,084,543
427,833
69,330
320,445
532,362
3,619
16,546
8,715
2,720
0
1,409,517
1,417,650
51,475
609,061
479,295
4,690
8,649
65,402
2,362
0
2,696,365
2,757,156
47,434
1,212,210
227,509
7,306
4,532
144,112
539
0
4,455,571
1,561,649
36,452
615,965
163,959
1,209
5,330
163,092
821
0
2,667,733
2,789,277
33,756
530,493
134,115
1,806
4,493
105,329
10,466
0
3,743,604
953,538
17,504
466,408
39,661
639
12,341
85,285
24,264
444
1,682,166
REFERENCES
Annuaire Statistique de la France (1938), Paris.
Aparicio, G., Ayuda, M.I. and Pinilla, V. (2002): “World consumption of Wine, 1859-1938:
an obstacle to the growth of its production and trade?", in J. Maldonado (ed.), Actas
del I Simposio de la Asociación Internacional de Historia y Civilización de la Vid y el
Vino, AICHCVV: El Puerto de Santa María, vol. II, pp. 679-693.
Ayuda, M.I. , Aparicio, G. and Pinilla, V. (1998): “France and the International Wine
Trade, 1850-1938”, Cahiers Scientifiques de l'Institut Europeen de Conjoncture VitiVinicole,, 2, pp. 1-20.
Carnero, T. (1980): Expansión vinícola y atraso agrario, 1870-1900, Ministerio de
Agricultura: Madrid.
Direction General des Douannes (1850-1938): Tableau General du Commerce Exterieur de
la France, Paris.
Estadísticas del Comercio Exterior de España (1849-1935), Madrid.
Fernández, E. (2010): “Unsuccessful responses to quality uncertainty: Brands in Spain's
sherry industry, 1920-1990”, Business History, 52, 1, pp. 100-119.
Fernández, E. and Pinilla, V. (2014): “Historia Económica del vino en España (18502000)”, in J.S. Castillo, J.S. and R. Compés (eds.), Economía del vino en España y el
mundo, Cajamar Caja Rural: Almería, pp. 62-92.
Gallego, D. (2001): “De los limitados efectos de la política arancelaria sobre las
orientaciones productivas del sector agrario español (1869-1914)”, in C. Sudriá, and
D. Tirado (eds.), Peseta y protección. Comercio exterior, moneda y protección en la
España de la Restauración, Universidad de Barcelona: Barcelona, pp. 45-70.
Gallego, D. (2003): “Los aranceles, la política de comercio exterior y la estabilidad de la
agricultura española (1870-1914)”, Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y
Pesqueros, 198, pp. 9-74.
Gallego, D. and Pinilla, V. (1996): “Del librecambio matizado al proteccionismo selectivo:
el comercio exterior de productos agrarios en España entre 1850 y 1935”, Revista de
Historia Económica, XIV, 2 y 3, pp.371/619-420/639.
Grupo de Estudios de Historia Rural (1991): Estadísticas históricas de la producción
agraria española, 1859-1935, Ministerio de Agricultura Pesca y Alimentación:
Madrid.
Imperial Economic Committee (1932): Wine. Reports of the Imperial Economic Committee.
Twenty-third Report, Imperial Economic Committee: London
International Institute of Agriculture (1911-1939): Annuaire International de Statistique
Agricole, International Institute of Agriculture: Rome.
International Institute of Agriculture (1944): Agricultural Commodities and Raw Materials.
I.I.A.: Rome
Mitchell, B.R. (1986): International Historical Statistics. Africa and Asia, Macmillan:
London.
Mitchell, B.R. (1992): International Historical Statistics. Europe, 1750-1988, Macmillan:
London.
Mitchell, B.R. (1993): International Historical Statistics. The Americas, 1750-1988,
Stockton Press : New York.
Montañés, E. (2000): La empresa exportadora del Jerez. Historia económica de González
Byass, 1835-1885, Gónzalez Byass and Universidad de Cádiz: Cádiz.
Office International du Vin (1928-1939): Annuaire International du Vin, Office
International du Vin : Paris.
Pan-Montojo, J. (1994): La bodega del mundo. La vid y el vino en España (1800-1936),
Alianza Editorial: Madrid.
Pinilla, V. (1995): "Cambio agrario y comercio exterior en la España contemporánea”,
Agricultura y Sociedad, 75, pp. 173-179.
Pinilla, V. and Ayuda, M.I. (2002): “The Political Economy of the Wine Trade: Spanish
Exports and the International Market, 1890-1935”, European Review of Economic
History, 6, 1, pp. 51-86 .
Pinilla, V. and Ayuda, M.I. (2007): “The international wine market, 1850-1938: An
opportunity for export growth in Southern Europe?”, in G, Campbell and N. Gibert
(eds.), Wine Society and Globalization. Multidisciplinary perspectives on the Wine
Industry, Palgrave Macmillan: New York, pp. 179-199.
Pinilla, V. and Ayuda, M.I. (2008): “Market dynamism and internacional trade: a case study
of Mediterranean agricultural products, 1850-1935”, Applied Economics, 40, 5, pp.
583-595.
Pinilla, V. and Ayuda, M.I. (2009): “Foreign markets, globalisation and agricultural change
in Spain”, in V. Pinilla (ed.), Markets and Agricultural Change in Europe from the
13th to the 20th century, Brepols Publishers: Turnhout, pp. 173-208.
Pinilla, V. and Ayuda, M.I. (2010): “Taking advantage of globalization? Spain and the
building of the International market in Mediterranean horticultural products, 18501935”, European Review of Economic History, 14, 2, pp. 239-274.
Pinilla, V. and Serrano, R. (2008): " The Agricultural and Food Trade in the First
Globalization: Spanish Table Wine Exports 1871 to 1935- A Case Study", Journal of
Wine Economics, 3, 2, pp. 132-148.
Simpson, J. (1995). Spanish Agriculture: the Long Siesta, 1765-1965. Cambridge
University Press: Cambridge, UK.
Simpson, J. (2004): “Selling to reluctant drinkers: the British wine market, 1860-1914”,
Economic History Review, LVII, 1, pp. 80-108.
Simpson, J. (2005): “Too little regulation? The British market for Sherry, 1840-90”,
Business History, 46, 3, pp. 367-382.
Simpson, J. (2010): “The British Wine Market and the International Wine Trade: the limits
to export-led growth before 1914”, in J. Morilla et al. (eds.), Las claves del desarrollo
económico y social. Homenaje a Gabriel Tortella, Editorial Lid: Madrid, pp. 393-411.
Simpson, J. (2011): Creating Wine. The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840-1914,
Princeton University Press: Princeton.
Sommario di Statische Storiche Italiane (1861-1955)
United States Tariff Commission (1939): Grapes, Raisins and Wines, Washington.