Chapter 21
Section 1: Spain’s Empire
and European Absolutism
Ruled the Holy Roman
Empire
* split holdings when he
retired
*Ferdinand -brother got
Austria and Holy Roman
Empire
*Phillip II - son got
Spain and it’s colonies
Charles V of
Spain
Philip II
expanded holdings by taking
Portugal
tried to invade England but
failed
Problems in Spain
price of goods constantly rose
unfair taxes
more products were purchased from
other lands causing money to flow to
enemies.
lost land due to 7 provinces rising up in
1579 - Dutch Republic
Dutch Republic
elected leaders
practiced religious tolerance
established a trade empire
Absolute Monarch
hold all the power
believed in divine right - the idea that
God created the monarchy
Examples were the leaders of Spain and
France
Section 1 Review
Question
Explain what Absolutism is in Europe
and how absolute monarchs used divine
right.
Section 2: The Reign of
Louis XIV
Religious Wars in
France
8 Religious
wars in France
from
1562-1598
Protestant
Prince Henry of
Navarre
became King
Henry IV
Accomplishments of
Henry
changed religion to Catholic
issued the Edict of Nantes - allowed
French Protestants the right to live in
peace and have their own churches
rebuilt French economy
brought peace
Henry’s Son and
Cardinal Richelieu
Henry’s son was a weak
ruler
Son appointed Cardinal
Richelieu as chief
minister - ruled France
Richelieu cut noble
power
used the middle class as
government workers
Louis XIV Comes to
Power
Louis the Boy King: Cardinal Mazarin
was the true ruler because Louis was to
young to take over as ruler
Under Cardinal Mazarin the nobles
revolted and attempted to kill Louis
When Cardinal Mazarin died Louis was
22 years old and he took control of the
government.
Louis XIV
Became a powerful ruler - total control
or absolute ruler
Froze the nobles out of his government
because they tried to kill him when he
was young
tried to increase the wealth of France
by working with Jean Baptiste Colbert
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Chief minister of finance
tried to build French industry by
getting people to buy French made
products
urged people to move to the Canadian
colony in the new world.
Louis XIV Life
Louis lived a life of
luxury. His palace at
Versailles is a popular
tourist destination
today.
France under Louis
made France the most powerful nation
in Europe
Large army that fought in a lot of
battles which caused problems later
Countries banded together to stop the
expansion of France
War of Spanish
Succession
Charles II of Spain died without any
children
He promised the throne to Louis XIV’s 16
year old grandson Philip of Anjou
Other countries joined together to stop
Phillip from getting throne because they
thought Louis would be in control of both
countries.
Treaty of Utricht - Philip could be King as
long as Spain and France did not unite.
Louis’s Death
Louis was quoted as saying “I am the
state”. He was also known as the Sun
King.
The people were tired of him because he
spent a great deal of money on palaces
and items of splendor.
They rejoiced at his death
He made France a great power but
caused much turmoil and resentment
Section 2 Review
question
Describe Louis XIV. Explain his
character and experiences. Do you
respect him? Explain why or why not.
Central European
Monarchs Clash
Marie Therese of Austria
Frederick the Great
Thirty Years War
Mounting tension bet ween the Catholics,
Protestants and the Calvinist lead to the
creation of the Protestant Union and the
Catholic League
The spark of the revolt came when Ferdinand II
was head of the Hapsburg family and Holy
Roman emperor. He is Catholic. He closed some
Protestant Churches which lead to the Thirty
Years War, which is a conflict bet ween European
ruling families over religion and territory.
Thirty Years War
Continued
Hapsburg Triumphs: crushed the troops of the
Protestant princes. Ferdinand II allowed his
army to plunder, or rob German villages and
destroy everything in their path.
Hapsburg Defeats: the Swiss and t wo French
Cardinals dominated the remaining years of the
war. The Cardinals are Catholic, but they feared
the Hapsburg’s more than the Protestants.
Thirty Years War
Continued
Germany was heavily damaged by the war. Trade, agriculture and population
were all reduced.
Peace of Westphalia: ended war,
weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria
Strengthened France bc it received German lands
German princes were independent of the Holy Roman emperor
ended religious wars in Europe
introduced a new way to settle problems by meeting and deciding terms
of peace
ended the idea of a Catholic empire that ruled most of Europe
Images
Hapsburg’s of Austria
Took several steps to become absolute monarchs
during 30 yrs war they conquered Bohemia,
and killed the Protestants there and created
a Czech nobility
centralized the gov’t and created a standing
army
took Hungary from the Ottoman Empire
Charles VI became ruler
Maria Theresa inherits
the Austrian Throne
Charles worked to insure that his
daughter would inherit all the lands he
had worked so hard to claim. He had
European leaders sign a treaty agreeing
to acknowledge her as his heir.
This should have guaranteed Maria
theresa a peaceful reign instead she
faced years of war
Prussia Challenges
Austria
Rise of Prussia: ruled by the
Hohenzollerns
Frederick Williams became leader and
decided a strong army was the way to
go and created permanent taxation to
pay for the army
Frederick the Great
he followed his father’s military policies
encouraged religious tolerance
he thought that a ruler should be like a
father to his people
Map of Austria and
Prussia
War of Austrian
Succession
bet ween Austria and Prussia over
Silesia a Austrian territory
Great Britain, Hungary and Austria
fought against Prussia and the French.
Maria Theresa stopped the Prussian
aggression, but lost the land of Silesia in
the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
7 years War
Maria signed a treaty with France and Fredrick
signed one with Britain, they changed sides
Austria, France, Russia vs Britain and Prussia
When Fredrick attacked Saxony an ally of
Austria every major European power went to
war
Territory did not change in Europe, but in North
America. France lost it colonies in North
America to Britain. Britain also gained sole
domination of India
Section 3 Question
Which individual Maria Theresa or
Frederick the Great was more successful
in ruling their country? Use details
from the notes to support your answer.
Section 4: Absolute
Rulers of Russia
First Czar
Ivan the Terrible started rule at the age of 3. Took control
and ruled well from 1547-1560. Bad period of rule
started in 1560 after the death of his wife. He thought
the boyars had poisoned his wife and turned against
them.
Organized own police force (secret police) hunted down
and murdered people Ivan felt were traitors. In 1581
Ivan killed his oldest son and heir. When he died the weak
second son ruled.
Rise of the Romanovs
after years of trouble the boyars
selected Michael Romonov
grandnephew of Ivan’s wife. This
started the Romanov dynasty that
lasted 300 years.
Peter the Great comes
to power
he became absolute ruler of Russia
Mongol rule had cute Russia off from the
Renaissance and the age of exploration. Only
seaport was covered with ice most of the year
Religious differences also made Russia different
from Europe. Russians followed the Eastern
Orthodox branch of Christianity, where Western
Europe were either Protestants or Catholics
Peter Visits the West
Peter was tall for the time 61/2 feet
Wanted Russia to have a warm sea port
so they could participate in trade and
exploration
He decided to go on a long visit to
Western Europe to learn their customs
and manufacturing techniques
Peter Rules Absolutely
after trip he decided to westernize Russia
Reforms: Church was put under state control,
reduced the power of the great landowners, hired
European officers to teach his army and the army
became a life long job for some, heavy taxes were
made to pay for the 200,000 member army
Westernizing Russia: introduced potatoes,
started first Russian newspaper, raised women’s
status, ordered nobles to give up traditional
cloths, advanced education
Establishing St.
Petersburg
Peter fought Sweden for 21 years to
gain access to the Baltic coast
St. Petersburg was built on a swamp and
25,000 to 100,000 people died
By the time of Peter’s death Russia was
a force to be reckoned with in Europe
Section 4 question
Explain and interpret the reforms that
Peter the Great put in place in Russia.
Section 5: Parliament Limits
the English Monarchy
Monarchs Defy Parliament
Elizabeth died with no children, so
James Stuart the King of Scotland
became King of England
James fought w/ Parliament
over money and did not make
Puritan reforms
Charles I Fights
Parliament
always in need of money bc he was at war with Spain and France
when parliament refused to give him money he dissolved it
1628 Charles was forced to call Parliament, Parliament made his sign the
Petition of Rights which stated:
he would not imprison subjects without cause
he would not levy taxes w/o Parliament’s consent
he would not house soldiers in private homes
he would not impose martial law in peace time
after agreeing to the petition Charles ignored it
English Civil War
Royalists/Cavaliers: people that supported
Charles
Roundheads: Puritan supporters of Parliament
At first neither side could win but then the
Roundheads found Oliver Cromwell who began to
beat the Royalists
Charles was brought to trial for treason against
Parliament. He was sentenced to death. THIS is a
first.
Execution of Charles I
Balcony where Charles i was executed
Cromwell’s Rule
abolished the monarchy and the House
of Lords and established a common
wealth, a type of republican
government, drafted a constitution the
first one
Cromwell tore up document and became
a military dictator
Puritan Morality
Cromwell and Puritans wanted to
reform society. They abolished
activities such as theater, sporting
events and dancing
Restoration and
Revolution
after Cromwell people were tired of military rule,
a new Parliament was selected and the older son
of Charles I was asked to rule
Restoration: When Charles II restored the
monarchy and habeas corpus was started
who would rule after Charles, no legitimate
children, brother was James a Catholic who was
supported by the Tories and opposed by the
Whigs
Glorious Revolution
James II becomes King and dissolved
Parliament
Mary (James’ daughter) and her
husband William of Orange were invited
to come overthrow James which lead to
the Glorious Revolution
Limits on Monarch’s
Power
England became a constitutional monarchy where limits were
placed on a ruler’s power
Bill of Rights: No suspending of Parliament’s laws, no levying of
taxes without a specific grant from Parliament, no interfering
with freedom of speech in Parliament, no penalty for a citizen
who petitions the king about grievances
Cabinet System Develops: Parliament could not rule w/o
consent of Monarchy, nor could Monarchy rule w/o consent of
Parliament. A cabinet was created that acted in the rulers
name and represented the major party in Parliament. The
leader became know as the prime minister. This is the system
used today in England
Section 5 Question
What conditions in England made the
execution of one king and the
overthrow of another possible?