CODE OF SAFETY
REGULATIONS
CONTENTS
PREFACE
SCHOOL WORKING TIMES & PRACTICES
School Working Hours
Evening and Weekend Working
Night Working
Equipment and Experiments left on overnight
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Safety Spectacles
Contact Lenses
Face Visors
Protective Clothing
Footwear
Manual Handling Regulations
FIRE, ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.
Telephones - Emergency Calls
Emergencies other than Police, Fire or Ambulance
Accident procedures
The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences
Accident Report Form
Fire Procedure
Fire Drill Practice
Fire Alarm Tests
Dry Powder Extinguishers
Eye Washing Procedures
Emergency Showers
Emergency Equipment Cupboards
Spillage
Bomb threats
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH)
Guidance on preparing an assessment under the COSHH regulations.
COSHH ASSESSMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN
LABORATORIES
CODE OF GOOD CHEMICAL LABORATORY PRACTICE
CHEMICALS - ORDERING & STORING
Ordering
Receiving and Storing
Authority to withdraw dangerous substances
Flammable solvents in laboratories
Labelling of Containers of Chemicals
Storage in Refrigerators/Freezers
HANDLING DANGEROUS CHEMICALS
Potentially Hazardous Experiments and Operations
Obnoxious Processes
Preparation and Handling of Perchlorates
Hydrofluoric Acid
Carcinogenic Compounds
Cyanide Experiments
Metal Carbonyl Chemistry
Guidance on the Handling of Thiols and H2S
Handling Flammable Solvents
Drying and Distilling Ethereal Solvents
Radiochemistry
Use of Acetylene in Laboratories
Cryogenic liquids and Solid CO2 (Drikold)
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DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS.
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CONTENTS
Environmental Protection Act 1990
Laboratory Effluent
Disposal Procedures
Sodium Wire and Sodium Lead Alloy in Solvent.
HAZARDOUS EQUIPMENT
X-Rays and Lasers
Medium Pressure Column Chromatography
Maintenance Areas
FUME CUPBOARDS
Guided Air Flow Fume Cupboards
ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS
The Electricity at Work Regulations
Building Installations
Equipment permanently wired in
Portable Equipment
The School arrangements to comply with the University Regulations
Testing Fixed and Portable Electrical Equipment
GENERAL SAFETY TECHNIQUES
NMR Tubes - Sealed under Pressure
Oil Baths
Desiccators
Dewar Flasks
Oxygen/Gas Glassblowing in Laboratories
Mercury Droplets
Liquid nitrogen Dewars
Open Flames in Laboratories
Compressed and Liquefied Gases
GENERAL INFORMATION
Visitors
Passenger and Goods Lifts
Ladies Rest Room
Insurance Cover
UNDERGRADUATE LABORATORIES
Safety in the Teaching Labs. (Demonstrators)
Undergraduate Practical Work - Changes in existing practical courses
CODE OF CONDUCT
APPENDIX 1
Books on Safety
APPENDIX 2
Personal Protection Equipment at work Regulations 1992
APPENDIX 3
Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Man
APPENDIX 4
Hazardous Experiment Notification Form
APPENDIX 5
APPENDIX 6
ADVICE ON THE USE OF SOLVENT STILLS
APPENDIX 7
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SCHOOL SAFETY REGULATIONS
It is essential that you take time to read the Code Of Safety Regulations before starting work in
any laboratory within the School. Together with this booklet you should have been given a single
page document entitled Personal Safety Record. This important document will be a record of all
safety courses you attend and/or training in safe techniques you receive during your time at UEA.
It is your responsibility to ensure that the document is signed at the time of completing a safety
course or training. You will be expected to keep the document safe, but also available for
inspection should you be required to do so.
It is also extremely important that you should make yourselves aware of any special risks associated
with the work you are doing and that you should use protective equipment when necessary. It is
your responsibility to see that experiments are carried out safely, your own health and safety and that
of others depends on this.
Authorisation from one of the Safety Officers for the School, Dr C. Redshaw, Dr S Bew and Mr A
Dye, for any work of a dangerous nature that you wish to carry out, must be obtained in advance.
Professor A J Thomson
September 2001
Circulation:
All Faculty
Research Workers
Technicians
(Secretarial Staff)
Ancillary
1
PREFACE
Statement of Safety Policy
1.
It is the University's policy to ensure, so far as it is reasonably practicable, the health, safety
and welfare at work of all its staff and students in accordance with the Health and Safety at
Work etc. Act, 1974, other relevant statutory requirements and the code of practice Safety in
Universities published by the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals of the
Universities of the United Kingdom.
2.
Safety in the University is a concern not only of the University as a corporate body but also
of all individual staff and students. Any person responsible for the work of or in charge of
employees or students of the University has as an integral part of his duties a responsibility
for their health and safety. Whilst a senior member of the University's staff can delegate
functions to others, he cannot delegate his responsibilities. Also, every employee has a legal
obligation (a) to take responsible care for the health and safety of himself and of others who
may be affected by his acts or omissions, and (b) to co-operate with the University in
ensuring compliance with its legal obligations.
3.
The University expects all staff and students to take their responsibilities seriously and to
co-operate with the safety measures which it adopts. In furtherance of this policy, the
University will seek to encourage employees and students to participate in the formulation
and implementation of safe working practices.
The full University policy statement is contained in a booklet that may be consulted in the AR's
Office.
Many of the safety matters in the University document are included in this School document. Where
it has been considered necessary, those safety matters closely associated with hazards in chemical
laboratory work have been dealt with again in some detail.
Responsibility for the day-to-day management of safety matters within the School rests with the
following Safety Officers, Dr C. Redshaw and Mr A Dye, an Organic Safety Officer, Dr S Bew, a
Radiation and an X-ray Protection Officer, Dr A Mayes, and a Laser Radiation Officer, Dr S H
Ashworth. These officers are members of a Safety Advisory Group which additionally has research
student representation.
In research laboratories, the member of faculty in charge carries principal responsibility and cannot
pass on any major part to technical or other staff.
Professor A J Thomson
Dean
September 2001
2
1.
SCHOOL WORKING TIMES & PRACTICES
1.1
School Working Hours
Technical staff will normally be on duty from 0900 hrs to 1730 hrs on Mondays to Fridays (term)
and 0900 hrs to 1700 hrs Monday to Thursdays, 1630 Fridays (vacation).
Research is permitted 08.30 to 18.30hrs and additionally at weekends and every evening up to 2330
hrs (except on those dates when the University is closed) subject to the requirements of para.1.2
below.
Secretarial staff will normally be on duty from 0900 hrs to 1700 hrs on Mondays to Fridays.
1.2
Evening and Weekend Working
Monday - Friday
Saturday - Sunday
Bank Holidays
07.30 to 08.30 & 18.30 to 23.30
08.30 to 23.30
See special notices.
(a)
You must sign the log book at the limited access door and record the room numbers in which
you will be working.
(b)
If you are working in an EYE PROTECTION OBLIGATORY area (Preparative
Laboratories):
(i)
Persons must arrange to work in pairs and both persons must be in the same
laboratory. One of the persons must have had at least one year's postgraduate training.
(ii)
Both persons must complete the log - quoting "Partners Name";
(iii) Laboratory work must cease if one worker is left alone for more than 2-3 minutes.
(iv)
Sign out in the log book on completion of work.
(c)
If you are working in an EYE PROTECTION RECOMMENDED area
(i)
you may work alone ONLY if you are NOT required to wear safety spectacles;
(ii)
supervisors of EYE PROTECTION RECOMMENDED laboratories MUST identify
procedures where safety spectacles MUST be worn;
(iii) sections (b)(i) to (iv) apply if safety spectacles are required to be worn in EYE
PROTECTION RECOMMENDED areas.
(d)
Persons working before or after normal working hours and at weekends must be fully
conversant with the emergency procedures to be followed in the event of an accident.
1.3
Night Working
To carry out research between the hours of 23.30 hrs and 07.30 hrs requires prior approval from one
of the School Safety Officers. The Safety Officers are required to take into account the experience
of the persons concerned and the hazards of the experiments involved before giving permission for
overnight working.
Prior approval must be sought before 1600 hrs daily, and in the case of graduate students the
permission of the supervisor must also be obtained. If approval is given, a note authorising night
working will be sent to the night security staff and a copy posted outside the room to be used.
A person authorised to work alone at night on non-hazardous operations is required to telephone the
Porters' Office (Ext. 2352) once every hour and again when requesting permission to leave the
building.
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Two or more persons working in the same room may work overnight without making the hourly
calls to the Duty Porter. However, night workers must enter, work and leave the building together.
If a graduate student unexpectedly finds that an experiment cannot be terminated successfully at
2330 hrs without serious consequences to his research, permission to remain in the building after that
time can be requested by telephoning Mr Dye. Such calls must be kept to a minimum and, in any
case, should be made before 2230 hrs.
1.4.
Equipment and Experiments left on overnight
Overnight equipment is classified in three main groups:Class I
Permanent overnight equipment - Communal
NMR's and other spectrometers, refrigerators etc.
Class II
Semi-permanent overnight equipment.
This equipment, such as a thermostatic bath, which is likely to be left on for long periods (430 days) is the responsibility of the individual research student.
The equipment is identified by a special label. Research students should apply in the first
instance to the Technical Services Manager (Research) for a label before starting a run of this
duration.
Apparatus will be required to meet the following minimum standards of safety.
Electrical
(a)
All mains fuses must be of the correct rating.
(b)
All wires, extension cables, variacs, transformers etc. to be raised above a "flood level" of 3"
(7.5 cm). Such cables etc. should not cross traffic gangways within a laboratory.
(c)
Extension cables should carry warning labels "TO BE RAISED ABOVE FLOOD LEVEL"
which are obtainable through the Technical Services Manager (Research).
(d)
Electric motors to be raised off the floor.
(e)
All main frames to be bonded to the mains earth and all sub-chassis to be earthed to the main
frame.
Water
(a)
Connections from the cold water tap to the appliance should be of a permanent nature,
fabricated in metal piping and fixed as close as possible to the glass system. Normally, pipes
should be kept off the floor, but if they cross a gangway then the pipes must be protected.
(b)
All metal pipes should be plumbed to taps. Plastic tubes should be used to connect metal to
glass in order to provide a flexible connection between metal and glass tubes. Additionally, a
flow restrictor will also be required, which should be fitted to the tap (please see Mr Dye).
All such functions to be carefully secured with Jubilee Clips.
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(c)
All medium to long term water cooled systems should be discussed with the Technical
Services Manager (Research) (Mr A Dye) before any connections are made to a water
supply.
Class III
Minor apparatus requiring water and/or electricity overnight should be set up in the overnight
room, 3.08, on the third floor. All water hose must be plastic tubing and connections must be
fixed with plastic cable ties.
For each experiment a slip should be completed. The slips can be obtained from the Stores counter
and should be handed to the Technical Services Manager (Research) not later than 1600 hrs. They
will be passed to the night security staff for information. Half the slip should be displayed on the
apparatus giving details of the reaction (e.g. corrosive distillation, flammable reflux etc.), the name
of the research worker concerned and instructions for contacting him/her. If you over-run your
date(s) and wish your reaction to continue, you must complete a NEW overnight slip.
2.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
2.1
Safety Spectacles
Eye protection areas are classified as follows:
(a)
(b)
Eye Protection - Obligatory (All preparative laboratories)
Eye Protection - Recommended
which are identified by the international eye protection symbols.
NOTE: Failure to wear eye protection in a laboratory where this is obligatory will result in the
person being reported to the Dean. Persistent offenders will be excluded from the preparative
laboratories. The absence of a notice indicates that eye protection is not required.
See Appendix 2 Protection of Eyes Regulations 1975 for particulars of the arrangements for
obtaining safety spectacles and the costs.
2.2
Contact Lenses
Any member of staff or student who wears contact lenses must take extreme precautions to prevent
any material entering the eye. Liquid which enters the eye penetrates behind the contact lens and
irrigation is almost impossible unless the contact lens is first removed. It is recommended that
contact lenses are not worn for laboratory work.
2.3
Face Visors (to BS2029C Specification)
These are provided in laboratories with fume cupboards. These should be worn in addition to
personal eye protection whenever a greater degree of protection is necessary or advisable. You
should ensure that the visor is appropriate for the work you are about to undertake; some visors are
chemical splash only and are not impact resistant.
2.4
Protective Clothing
Laboratory coats and gloves may be obtained at cost price from the Chemical Stores.
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2.5
Footwear
Laboratory workers are advised to wear shoes, rather than sandals when working in laboratories.
2.6
Manual Handling Regulations 1992
These regulations apply to all employee’s of the University but all other members of the school are
required by the School Safety Officers to abide by them.
Before carrying out any manual handling operation (this includes movement of cylinders, liquid
nitrogen dewars, tables and desks, vacuum pumps & filing cabinets or other office equipment) you
must :Know the correct way to lift and manoeuvre loads.
Be confident you can complete the operation without injury to yourself or any other person.
If you are not confident on one or both of these points, you must consult a Manual Handling
Assessor- Allan Dye (Rm. 1.45) or Kevin Self (Rm.1.44).
3.
FIRE, ACCIDENT & EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.
3.1
Telephones - Emergency Calls
Emergency calls to the medical centre, Dial 3000. Emergency calls for Police, Fire or Ambulance
can be made from any University telephone at any time by dialling 2222 and asking for the service
required. Emergency services can also be called by dialling 9 then 999 on University telephones.
An emergency call to the Porter on duty can be made on one of the wall-mounted cream coloured
telephones adjacent to the passenger lift on each floor.
3.2
Emergencies other than Police, Fire or Ambulance (after normal working hours)
Advice or assistance can be obtained by requesting the Duty Porter, in the Porters' Office (Ext.
2352), to contact one of the following persons:Dr C. Redshaw
Dr S Bew
Mr A Dye
3.3
Safety Officer
Organic Safety Officer
Safety Officer
Accident procedures
In the event of an accident:(a)
Give or obtain first aid from a qualified first aider.
Qualified First Aiders is :Dr. Stephen Ashworth Rm. 1.47
Mrs Carol Boags Rm 3.44
(b)
Tel. 3893
Tel . 2027
If accident is serious, dial 3000 on a standard phone, or use cream coloured emergency
(direct line) telephone to Porters Lodge and ask for an Ambulance to be sent.
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(c)
If the accident is of a minor nature, the person should go or be taken to either the University
Medical Centre (Ext. 2172) during term-time and normal working hours, or to the Norfolk
and Norwich Hospital, Casualty Department (Norwich 628377).
(d)
If private transport is not available to take a minor casualty to the Hospital telephone for a
taxi . Taxi fare will be refunded by the General Office at the time of handing in the Accident
Report.
(e)
HSE approved First Aid Boxes are available in the Emergency Equipment Cupboards on all
floors, opposite the lifts or nearby.
(f)
An Accident Report should be delivered to the Technical Services Manager (Research) on
the same day but not more than 24 hours after the occurrence (see Accident Report Form
Section 3.5).
3.4
The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1985.
The Regulations apply generally throughout the University, including its Residences, and must be
observed by all employees of the University. It is therefore important that all employees of the
University, and especially those in managerial or supervisory positions, understand their new duties
and know how to report accidents which occur to staff, students or visitors in the areas of work for
which they are responsible.
The purpose of the regulations is to ensure that all accidents of any significance are notified to the
Health and Safety Executive, and that all serious accidents and certain dangerous occurrences are
reported to them without delay in order that they can make a prompt investigation if necessary.
The UEA Safety Service, Guidance Notes 4 and 5 (revised), set out what the law requires and what
arrangements have been made by the University for the reporting of accidents and dangerous
occurrences. These are available from the UEA Safety Service on request.
It is vital not to disturb the evidence of an accident or a dangerous occurrence until permission to do
so is given either by the Director of Safety Services or HMFI.
3.5
Accident Report Forms
These forms should be used to report any accident or dangerous incident whether or not injury has
been caused. The form should be completed where possible by a member of Faculty or other senior
person.
Accident report forms can be obtained from the Technical Services Managers Office (1.45). The
completed form should be delivered, preferably by hand, to the University Safety Service on the day
the accident occurred but not later than 24 hours after the occurrence.
3.6
Fire Procedure
In the event of a fire incident:(a)
Sound Fire Alarms.
(b)
Tackle the fire with the nearest appliance (do not take personal risks). If the fire cannot be
extinguished, close all doors and leave the building immediately.
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(c)
Ring Ext. 2222 and give details of the fire.
(d)
On hearing the fire alarm sirens, all persons will, if possible, make experiments safe, leave
the building and assemble in the grass area between the Computer Building and Norfolk
Terrace.
Fire alarm boxes are generally situated at all exit points from the building. Room occupants are
advised to locate the one nearest their laboratory.
3.7
Fire Drill Practice
A practice will be held at least once a year, normally in the 1st Semester. It is important that you
respond as if the fire were real; only in this way can any weakness in the procedures be discovered.
3.8
Fire Alarm Tests
Fire alarm tests will take place on the first Monday in every month between 0800 hours and 0850
hours.
During these test periods, the fire alarm sirens will be sounded intermittently. (In the event of a
genuine alarm being raised during test periods, the siren will sound continuously).
3.9
Dry Powder Extinguishers (Coloured BLUE)
These should be used immediately on a sodium or similar fire. They should also be used when CO2
extinguishers fail to extinguish a fire.
WARNING These extinguishers are very effective but cause considerable damage to apparatus and areas
surrounding the fire. CO2 extinguishers should always be used in preference except in the cases
listed.
Dry Powder extinguishers are kept in the corridors and are labelled "Dry Powder Extinguisher".
3.10
Eye Washing Procedures
Each laboratory has one cold water tap permanently fitted with a piece of green plastic tube for
emergency eye irrigation with cold water prior to further irrigation with a sterile solution. Sealed
bottles of Polyfusor sterile eye washing solution are in the Emergency Equipment Cupboards (see
3.12), Teaching Lab. & Chemical Stores.
3.11
Emergency Showers
One of these is to be found in the entrance vestibule of each wash room/toilet.
3.12
Emergency Equipment Cupboards
These are corridor cupboards, appropriately labelled, almost opposite the passenger lift on all floors.
They all contain a first aid box.
3.13
Spillage
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It is the responsibility of research workers to deal with the initial stages of any clean up following a
chemical spillage or similar incident and then to help and supervise laboratory staff in the final
stages of cleaning and returning the laboratory to normal. In addition to the corridor emergency
equipment cupboard containing "Universal Spillage Mixture" and a plastic bag containing
“Emergency Absorbent Matting”, each floor has a cleaning equipment cupboard which contains
general cleaning equipment.
3.14 Bomb threats
The University's procedure for dealing with these is stated, in detail, on a notice from the Registrar
and Secretary dated 23 February 1989, copies of which will be found posted on official University
notice boards (also the School Safety Notice Board).
4.
CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH (COSHH)
It is a legal requirement that all persons who handle chemical materials which can in any way be
injurious to health must be acquainted with the hazards involved and adequately informed, that they
may be able to deal with any mishap.
4.1
Guidance on preparing an assessment under the COSHH regulations.
Introduction
This document is intended to supplement the UEA Code of Practice for Written Assessments (1)
under the COSHH Regulations. It is consistent with the content of that Code but takes account of
additional guidance from national sources published since the UEA Code was prepared.
These are, in particular:
The Health & Safety Commission booklet, "COSHH: guidance for universities, polytechnics and
colleges of further and higher education".
The Royal Society of Chemistry booklet, "COSHH in laboratories".
The Universities Safety Association publication, "Notes for guidance on chemical ".
It is important to understand that the Regulations require an assessment to be made for every use of a
'hazardous substance'. In some cases, the assessment need not be written down and in other cases it
may be sufficient to assert that normal "good chemical laboratory practice" (4.3) provides
adequate protection for qualified persons, including graduate students, who may be using the
substances or carrying out the procedures involved. In these cases, a knowledge of the hazardous
properties of the substance(s) used, combined with a cursory consideration of the risks of exposure,
may be sufficient without further formality.
However, if this course of action is taken, it will still be the responsibility of the person directing or
supervising the work to demonstrate that the steps taken are adequate to prevent harmful exposure.
In many cases, it will be essential to prepare specific written assessments and guidance on taking this
decision. This is given in this document in the form of a flow chart (Section 4.2).
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Hazard and Risk
The assessment required by the COSHH Regulations is one of RISK, which means looking at the
extent and the likelihood of a substance causing harm, in the actual circumstances of the work. This
is different from looking at the HAZARD of a substance, which is its potential to cause harm. Thus
consideration of risk must take account of the nature of the hazard, but recording information about
the hazard only e.g. as provided by manufacturers; hazard data sheets) is not sufficient to meet the
requirements of the regulations. A low hazard can cause a high risk if control is poor; conversely, a
substance of high hazard may present only a small risk if used in very small quantity under wellcontained conditions. The link between the two concepts is the likelihood of exposure.
One can think of:
RISK = (HAZARD) X (EXPOSURE POTENTIAL)
Information about hazard can be obtained from data books and labels, but assessment of risk requires
a further input which will be specific to the operations being carried out. It may be that the
properties of the substance (e.g. volatility) will also have a bearing on this aspect, but there can be no
general statement about the risk which does not include specific consideration of the particular work
being undertaken. Nevertheless, this does not preclude the adoption of a written assessment from
elsewhere, provided that it is considered in conjunction with the exposure potential.
Steps in planning an assessment
It is suggested that the following steps should be taken:
1.
List all substances which are stored in the laboratory
2.
Identify frequency of use (i.e. often, sometimes, never).
3.
Record the quantity stored and typical quantities used.
4.
Identify which substances might cause serious harm to persons in the vicinity if the
containment were lost (e.g. in a fire, as a result of breakage or mechanical failure). A
specific assessment should be written for these even if they are only to be stored and not
used.
5.
Use the flow chart which follows (Section 4.2) to determine whether a specific assessment is
needed for substances in use, or whether following a code of Good Chemical Laboratory
Practice (GCLP) is sufficient.
6.
Record specific assessments and list work which may be carried out under GCLP. Keep
copies in your lab. for reference.
Considerations which may be helpful in preparing assessments
(a)
Think about the consequences of failure of safety devices (e.g. fume extracts) or breakage of
glassware.
(b)
No fume cupboard provides perfect containment: the factor of protection is never likely to be
better than 10,000 and is more likely to be much less. Heavy vapours discharged at roof
level may in part re-enter the building.
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(c)
Consider the risks to persons outside your own laboratory (e.g. maintenance personnel
working on drains, persons who handle the waste, etc.).
(d)
If a volatile substance has a distinctive odour, what is its typical threshold of smell compared
with the Occupational Exposure Level? This might give good warning of hazardous
exposure. (The School Safety Officers has information on smell thresholds for common
substances).
UEA SAFETY SERVICE
July 1991
4.2
COSHH ASSESSMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN LABORATORIES
NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS ON THE FLOWCHART
A.
•
•
•
The "CHIP 2 Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations 1994"
has superseded the Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances
Regulations (CPL) of 1984 which required labels to carry hazard pictograms as an indication
of the general nature of the hazard. CHIP2 specifies exactly what should appear on the label.
The main elements are:
the full name and address of a supplier in the European Economic Area;
the indication of danger and associated symbol;
the risk phrases; and the safety phrases.
Safety data sheets must also be made available by the supplier of dangerous chemicals.
Containers of substances purchased before 1984 will not even carry the earlier CPL labels,
nor may substances imported from outside the European Community.
B.
The basic reference books are available in the School. The first to look at is the "Authorised
and Approved List", published by HSC, which gives the specific legal requirements for
labelling as in (A) above for the majority of chemical substances in common use.
Alternatively, try suppliers' data books such as the BDH Hazard Data, copies of which are
held in the School. Note that the supplier must make data sheets available under CHIP 2
regulations.
If these do not give the necessary information, consult the Safety Service Library.
C.
The label should contain the basic information of the kind specified in the CHIP 2 list and
should have hazard pictograms also.
D.
In the case of substances which are Toxic, Very Toxic or Highly Flammable only, if very
small quantities are used on an occasional basis is Good Chemical Laboratory Practice likely
to be sufficient.
E.
Carcinogens with a CPL label should carry the risk phrases:
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R40 Possible risk of irreversible effects or R45 May cause cancer , however, CHIP 2
labels will just have the hazard phrases and the data sheet will have to be consulted for a
more detailed risk assessment.
Otherwise, consult the Universities Safety Association Notes for Guidance on Chemical
Carcinogens (in the School) or the Safety Service, for more comprehensive information.
F.
UEA Code of Practice for work with Chemical Carcinogens.
G.
The Royal Society of Chemistry booklet "COSHH in Laboratories" is recommended for
further guidance on the evaluation of risk at this point (a copy is available in the School).
For substances which are gases, have a high vapour pressure, or are finely divided powders,
consult the HSE list of Occupational Exposure Limits EH40 (copy in the School). A specific
COSHH assessment should be written in the case of any procedure for which the use of a
fume cupboard is considered to be necessary.
H.
A specific COSHH assessment may not be needed if one has already been prepared for
similar work. If a specific written COSHH assessment is to be done, there is a pro-forma
available for recording the necessary information.
I.
See the UEA Code of Good Chemical Laboratory Practice.
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COSHH ASSESSMENTS FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN RESEARCH
SUBSTANCE
Is there a CPL
label?
A
YES
Write label
and fix to
container
C
No
Is substance
in Appendix 2
of UEA Code?
Is a supplier’s
hazard data sheet
available?
YES
No
Consult
reference books
B
No
Is classification
Toxic
Very Toxic
Highly flammable?
YES
No
D
Carcinogenic?
E
No
Is there possible exposure
to gases, vapours, dusts,
splashing or aerosols?
YES
YES
YES
Follow UEA
Chemical
Carcinogen Code
F
No
Is quantity used
more than 1kg
or > 2.5litre?
YES
No
Is GCLP adequate given
quantities and/or dilution?
G
No
Specific COSHH risk
assessment required.
YES
Standard GCLP Code
probably satisfactory.
H
I
For abbreviations and notes, see other side.
13
The RSC Risk Matrix
In the booklet "COSHH in Laboratories" the Royal Society of Chemistry suggests the following
approach to the assessment and control or risks to health from chemical substances. This is a seminumerical procedure which leads to a decision on appropriate levels of containment in a rational and
consistent manner. It may be a useful approach to the task of assessment in many cases but needs to
be tempered by professional judgement if realistic conclusions are to be reached.
The risk matrix method follows a number of sequential steps:
*
*
*
TABLE A:
Determination of hazard categories
Estimation of exposure potential
Evaluation of risk and determination of suitable control
Guidelines for determining hazard categories
Hazard categories are based on the divisions used in the CHIP 2 1994 Regulations, together with the
superseded, Classification, Packaging and Labelling ('CPL') Regulations 1984, as set out in the
"Authorised and Approved List", and are as follows:
CPL Classification
Less than 'Harmful' or 'Irritant'
'Harmful' or 'Irritant'
Substances with a toxicity which exceeds the MEDIUM hazard
category, but not substances of exceptional toxicity or carcinogens, for
which this procedure is not suitable.
TABLE B:
Hazard Category
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
Basis for estimating exposure potential
SCORE
[A]
Quantity of
substance
[B]
Physical
characteristics of
substance
[C]
Characteristics
of operation
TABLE C:
1
10
100
<1g
1 - 100 g
> 100 g
Dense solids, nonvolatile liquids, no skin
absorption
Enclosed system, low
chance of mishap
Dusty solids, volatile
liquids, low skin
absorption
Partially open system,
low chance of mishap
Gases, highly volatile
liquids, aerosols, skin
absorption
No physical barrier,
medium or high chance
of mishap
Estimation of exposure potential
The potential for exposure is estimated by multiplying the individual scores A x B x C.
14
AxBxC
Exposure potential
<1000
1,000 to 10,000
> 10,000
TABLE D:
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
Evaluation of risk (i.e. Hazard x Exposure potential)
Exposure potential
HAZARD
CATEGORY
TABLE E:
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
2
1
1
2 or 3
2
1
2 or 3
2
1
Suitable containment
From Table D above, take the numerical value (1 to 3) and compare with the guidance given below:
1.
OPEN BENCH work should be acceptable
2.
FUME CUPBOARD (or other vented facility) should be used
3.
SPECIAL FACILITY (e.g. glove box) recommended.
For more detailed information, see the Royal Society of Chemistry booklet "COSHH in
Laboratories" (ISBN 0 85186: July 1989).
UEA SAFETY SERVICE
January 1991
4.3
CODE OF GOOD CHEMICAL LABORATORY PRACTICE
The COSHH Regulations
The COSHH Regulations require that before hazardous substances are used in laboratories (or
elsewhere) an assessment must be made of the risks to health which might result from exposure. In
general, the assessment must be written. However, in many circumstances, routine work by trained
scientists and technical staff using familiar techniques with small amounts of commonly used
chemicals should not give rise to any significant risk of harmful exposure.
This code of good chemical laboratory practice (GCLP) sets out the basic essentials for work of this
kind and may be nominated in appropriate cases as an adequate response to the statutory requirement
for a written assessment. Advice on circumstances in which this code of GCLP is not sufficient is
15
given in 'The COSHH Regulations - UEA Code of Practice for Written Assessments' and the UEA
Safety Service 'Guidance on preparing an assessment under the COSHH Regulations'.
Storage and Transport
*
Store minimum quantities only of chemicals in laboratories.
*
Ensure that all containers are labelled with the name of the substance and carry appropriate
hazard warnings.
*
Store hazardous volatile chemicals in ventilated cupboards (e.g. under fume cupboards).
*
Keep incompatible chemicals apart.
*
Apart from reagent bottles containing less than 500 ml each, store highly flammable liquids
(i.e. those with a flash point < 32°C) in fire-resisting cupboards equipped with spillage trays. In no
laboratory may there be a total of more than 50 litres (i.e. 20 Winchesters). Do not store flammable
liquids in refrigerators unless they are known to be suitable.
*
Do not store chemicals in bright sunlight, near heaters or on high shelves.
*
Unless it is designated exclusively for the purpose, do not store chemicals on the working
surface of a fume cupboard.
*
Always transport Winchester bottles in carriers. Do not lift or carry them only by the neck,
but support with one hand beneath the bottle.
*
When possible, avoid carrying containers of chemicals on stairways and never carry volatile
substances in closed passenger lifts.
*
Always allow 10% dead space in bottles for expansion and safe pouring.
*
Use only approved containers when carrying liquid nitrogen etc.
Good Housekeeping
*
Work on a tidy bench. Move items which are not required for the work in hand.
*
Set aside an area for writing.
*
Label preparations to avoid later confusion.
*
Place warning notices whenever you create a hazard to others.
*
Never store or use food or drink in the laboratory.
*
Do not send broken or heavily contaminated glassware to be washed up.
Personal Protection
16
*
Wear a properly fastened laboratory overall.
*
Ensure that appropriate protective eye wear kite marked to BS EN 166 is always available
and use it when necessary (e.g. when pouring corrosive, cryogenic or toxic liquids, when
risks of splashing may be present, when there is any risk of flying solid particles or violent
reactions). Always wear eye protection in laboratories where it is obligatory.
*
Ensure that protective gloves are available and that they are of a suitable material to resist the
substances being handled.
•
Wear footwear that provides adequate protection from spillage's not sandals.
*
Wear clothing that gives full coverage of the legs e.g. not shorts.
*
Know where to locate the nearest eyewash fountain, emergency shower, fire extinguisher,
first aid kit, trained first aider!
*
Always wash your hands on leaving the laboratory for food or visiting the toilet, and at the
end of every working day.
*
Never work alone when there is any risk of harm from the work being done.
Handling chemicals and apparatus
*
Do not start new or unfamiliar procedures until the precautions have been discussed with
your supervisor or another person who understands them.
*
Consider at the outset whether the use of a fume cupboard or other specialised containment
may be needed.
*
Avoid skin contact with the substances you need to handle, by using suitable apparatus
and/or protective gloves.
*
Avoid accidental ingestion of substances by NEVER eating, drinking, smoking, licking
labels, using mouth pipettes etc. in the laboratory. Try to avoid chewing pencils and ballpens!
*
Take care of the safety of cleaning and maintenance staff who may need to work in your
laboratory when you are not there.
*
Do not touch door handles, light switches, telephones when wearing protective gloves remove them first or use a paper tissue as a barrier.
*
When using volatile chemicals, find out what their odour thresholds are - your nose may give
useful warning of possible risks to health.
*
Give constant attention to the progress of chemical reactions - a violent reaction is often
preceded by a change in temperature, pressure, colour or bubble formation.
*
Consider the implications before scaling up any experiment. Potential explosives include any
azo, diazo, azide, nitro, peroxide compounds and heavy metal salts of organic compounds.
17
*
Ensure that any electrical apparatus used carries a valid "tested" label.
*
Protect evacuated glass apparatus against the consequences of implosion.
Use of Fume Cupboards
*
Ensure that the performance rating of the fume cupboard is appropriate to the nature of the
chemicals being used or generated.
•
Fume cupboards do not provide perfect containment, and enclosed apparatus should be used
for the primary containment of hazardous substances.
•
Avoid, as far as possible, walking directly in front of a fume cupboard – especially when the
sash is up or somebody is working at the fume cupboard
•
Note An area indicated by new floor covering in front of the new S+B Air Sentry fume,
designates the work area. THIS SPACE MUST NOT BE USED AS A CORRIDOR.
•
For effective operation only one person should stand at a fume cupboard at any time.
*
Do not use fume extracts for the routine discharge of large volumes of hazardous substances re-entry is possible through building air intakes.
*
Fume cupboards are not intended for the containment of dusts or particulate materials ;
purpose-designed extract hoods or glove boxes should be used.
*
Before starting work, check that the extract is operating (fail-safe electronic indicator, suction
tube indicator or simple paper strip).
*
Do not overload a fume cupboard – a maximum of 10% of the internal volume is
recommended. Do not store large numbers of containers on the working surface - the flow
rate is adversely affected by obstructions. If possible, avoid using large items of equipment
such as water baths - the extract performance will suffer and the cupboard rating will be
down graded.
18
*
Carry out manipulations at a position 20 to 30 cm inside the sash position. This is where the
extraction is likely to be most effective. Avoid rapid arm movements, as they affect the
capture efficiency.
*
If there is a risk of splashing, work with the sash partly closed to provide a protective screen.
Note: Any procedure in which the use of a fume cupboard is considered to be a necessary
safeguard must have a specific written assessment of risk to meet the requirements of the COSHH
Regulations - this Code of GCLP is not sufficient.
Compressed Gas Cylinders
*
Return to the external store any gas cylinders that are not likely to be used for some time.
*
Ensure that all gas cylinders in use are properly supported with bench clamps or other
devices.
*
Ensure that every cylinder has a key to fit the main valve for use in an emergency.
*
Never transport gas cylinders except on a purpose-made trolley.
*
Never use a cylinder containing a flammable gas e.g. acetylene, or one that supports
combustion e.g. Oxygen unless a flash-back arrester is fitted.
*
The gas marked on the cylinder head (control valve) must exactly match the gas in use.
Controlling spills
*
Anticipate the possibility of a spill occurring and take sensible precautions.
*
Consider what risks might result from breakage of glassware.
*
Where appropriate, use double-containment or catchment trays to contain unexpected spills.
*
Ensure that there is a supply of a suitable absorbing material to deal immediately with any
spill of a hazardous or flammable liquid. If there is a risk of fire or explosion from an
extensive flammable liquids spill, evacuate the building by sounding the fire alarm.
*
In all cases where a spill results in personal contamination, wash with copious amounts of
water and call for help, if possible from a trained first-aider.
Chemical waste disposal
*
All chemical waste from laboratories is subject to legal restrictions. Solid waste is defined as
"special waste" and must not be placed in the normal refuse containers. Solid waste must be
retained for disposal by the University Chemical Waste Disposal Officer (Mr Dye, CHE).
Copies of the appropriate requirements are available in the School or from him.
19
*
Some aqueous liquid waste may be permitted in the main drainage system but reference
should be made to the restrictions imposed by the Water Authority (see Safety Service
Guidance note No.17). Always flush permitted aqueous wastes with plenty of water.
*
All solid and liquid waste which is retained for subsequent disposal must be properly
identified, packaged and labelled to satisfy legal requirements and minimise risk to handlers.
*
Always thoroughly rinse empty containers of toxic or corrosive substances before disposal.
Use nitrogen or compressed air to purge nominally empty containers of highly flammable
liquids - they are more likely to explode than full ones!
Approved by the Safety Advisory Committee, March 1991
5.
CHEMICALS – ORDERING, STORING and USE (See also 4.3)
VERY IMPORTANT
Under no circumstances should any chemical be removed or sent from CHE unless:a)
There has been official authorisation from a member of faculty or senior member of staff,
e.g. samples sent for analysis.
b)
The chemical is waste and will be dealt with in the manner detailed in section 7.3.
Removal of any chemicals, by unauthorised persons, from the School of Chemical Sciences
is strictly forbidden.
5.1
Ordering
(a)
All orders for chemicals or apparatus should be handed into the Stores for despatch on
official Purchasing Order forms.
No radionuclides will be brought onto the University's premises until a form entitled
"Application to order a Radionuclide" has been completed, approved and signed by a
Responsible Person and has been delivered to the University Radiation Officer, who will
order it. The activities of all sealed sources must be measured and recorded upon receipt and
despatch.
Official Purchasing Orders for Drugs are countersigned by a member of Faculty. Order slips
for compounds classed as drugs should be signed by the Research Supervisor, for
carcinogens by a Faculty member and one of the Safety Officers.
(b)
(c)
5.2
Receiving and Storing
(a)
(c)
All goods delivered to the School are placed in the charge of the Technician Storekeeper and,
after being checked for correct delivery, the person initiating the order is notified of receipt.
When radioactive materials are received the School's Radiation Safety Officer is notified and
the substance is stored in a manner acceptable to him until required for use.
For the storage of flammable solvents see sections 4.3 & 5.4.
5.3
Authority to withdraw dangerous substances
(b)
20
Dangerous Substances (Refer also to Section 6)
The following substances are classified as being dangerous:(a)
Poisons controlled by the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933 (as annotated
in licensed suppliers' catalogues)
(b)
Drugs controlled by the Dangerous Drugs Act 1964
(c)
Carcinogenic substances controlled by the Carcinogenic Substances
Regulations 1967
(d)
Flammable solvents
(e)
Compressed and liquefied gases
(i)
Perchloric acid
(g)
Hydrofluoric acid
(h)
Radioactive materials
Withdrawals of dangerous substances may be made by all members of Faculty, Post-doctoral
research workers and research workers, against their own signature , with the exception of Drugs and
Carcinogens. Drugs are only issued against the signature of a research supervisor and known
Carcinogens will not be issued unless the requisition slip is signed by a Faculty member and one of
the Safety Officers. (Refer also to Section 6)
The use of benzene in the University is restricted to applications where no suitable substitute can be
found. The issue of benzene from University Stores must be authorised by a member of Faculty on
each occasion of issue, on the "Substances suspect of carcinogenic potential for man" form
(Appendix 3).
It is the responsibility of those persons withdrawing dangerous substances from the Stores to ensure
that, when not in use, the substances are kept locked away. Schedule I Poisons and Dangerous drugs
must be locked in the Lab. Poison Cupboard.
It is forbidden to give or transfer dangerous substances to other persons or remove them from the
School.
The Safety Officers will, from time to time, make spot checks on such issues and an explanation will
be required as to the use to which the chemical has been put, how residues have been disposed and
what has become of unused material.
5.4
Flammable solvents in laboratories (See also 4.3 & 6.10)
Diethyl Ether, Petroleum Ether, Carbon Disulfide, Benzene, Pentane, Hexane and
Nitromethane and solvents with similar hazards.
(a)
Research workers are restricted to 500 ml of each flammable solvent on their bench reagent
shelves.
(b)
Decanting should be done in a fume cupboard.
(c)
The storage of flammable solvents is restricted to 50 litres per laboratory. Special cupboards
are provided and identified as being for the exclusive storage of flammable solvents.
(d)
Di-isopropyl ether must not be stored in laboratories. This solvent may be issued from Stores
for immediate use only in bottles not exceeding 500ml capacity. A similar precaution will
usually be taken with di-n-butyl ether unless required for immediate use on a large scale.
21
5.5
Labelling of Containers of Chemicals (See also 4.2 & 4.3)
Under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, the Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous
Substances Regulations 1978 became fully operational on 1st March 1979. A copy of these
regulations is available for consultation in the Chemical Stores.
In order to comply with these regulations, so far as is reasonable practicable, the following
procedures will be required of any person withdrawing chemicals from the Stores:(a)
Each container will bear, if necessary, a symbol label indicating the particular risk of the
contents e.g. "Explosive".
(b)
All words or names shall be in English.
(c)
The labels must be firmly attached, and the writing to be in PENCIL (for durability) rather
than in INK or BIRO.
(d)
The Stores staff are empowered to withhold chemicals if they are not satisfied that the
foregoing requirements are being observed.
5.6
Storage in Refrigerators/Freezers (See also 4.3)
All specimens placed in refrigerators must be clearly labelled with the names of the chemicals, date,
laboratory number and the name of the research worker responsible. All containers must be air-tight:
open vessels and beakers covered with watch glasses are not permitted. Periodic checks will be made
and any specimens which do not carry the name of the research worker responsible will be removed.
Where necessary contents warning labels should be placed on refrigerator doors.
6.
HANDLING DANGEROUS CHEMICALS (See also 4.3)
Although the following instructions apply to dangerous chemicals, it should be realised that the
toxicity's of many compounds are unknown and it is sound laboratory practice to regard every
chemical as potentially toxic. Tidy working and good practical technique, which minimise the
possibility of accidents, should be the aim of all research workers.
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations are in force throughout the
University, and the necessary actions and precautions MUST be carried out when undertaking
practical work. Reference must be made to the form on the reverse of your laboratory notebook,
titled "Safety Declaration". This declaration must be completed and signed and full compliance with
COSHH undertaken for all practical work.
Reference must be made to Section 4 of these Safety Regulations, to ensure compliance with the
regulations.
COSHH forms for the material being used MUST be completed and available in the laboratory, with
a duplicate copy deposited with the Technical Services Manager (Research) before the
commencement of practical work.
Dangers and potential hazards can often be minimised by giving careful thought to practical details
before starting an experiment.
22
6.1
Potentially Hazardous Experiments and Operations
The CODE OF PRACTICE: SAFETY IN UNIVERSITIES contains a recommendation that persons
proposing to carry out potentially hazardous experiments or operations should be required to write
down the procedures they intend to follow to guard against possible hazards and to have the
statement checked by the School Safety Officers or other responsible Officer.
A Standard form has been produced and copies can be obtained from the Chemical Stores. Before
commencing potentially hazardous work, this form must be completed and discussed with a School
Safety Officer Dr C. Redshaw or Organic Safety Officer Dr Sean Bew.
A specimen copy is provided in Appendix 4.
6.2
Obnoxious Processes
Reactions creating pungent odours or lachrymatory vapours must be carried out in fume cupboards.
All manipulations involving odorous chemicals must be carried out in a fume cupboard including
concentration of solutions with rotary evaporators, weighings and storage of protective gloves used
in handling. All apparatus must be decontaminated by a suitable procedure before being removed
from the fume cupboard (See Section 6.8).
6.3
Preparation and Handling of Perchlorates
All research workers intending to use perchloric acid or perchlorate salts should first fill in a
Hazardous Experiment Notification Form. The issue of perchloric acid/perchlorates will only be
made against this form, signed by a Safety Officer and supervisor.
The organic salts of perchloric acid should always be treated with the utmost respect and care, since
they have often been the cause of explosions in organic laboratories. Similarly, inorganic
perchlorates are dangerous in contact with organic solvents e.g. when washed with ethanol or ether.
Since they are of a treacherous nature, perchloric acid mixtures should not be vacuum distilled.
Gentle heating may be used if necessary, but with great caution (advice from the Explosive
Inspectorate).
Perchlorates should be handled in a fume cupboard with a polycarbonate safety screen placed in
front of the apparatus. The fume cupboard sash should be left open. Full face protection should be
used in the form of an approved visor and all other persons in the laboratory should be aware of the
nature and hazards of the experimental work and be told to keep well away from the fume cupboard.
The fume cupboard performance must be checked with sash fully open to ensure that the extract rate
is adequate in terms of other safety requirements before commencing the work.
Storage
Do not store Perchloric Acid or Perchlorates in Laboratories.
Dispensing
All grades of perchloric acid must be dispensed in a fume cupboard. Minimum quantities should be
purchased and used on the day of issue.
23
6.4
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid Antidote Kits, with full instructions, are kept in some Emergency Equipment
Cupboards. These are essential for the immediate treatment of burns in the event of spillage of the
acid onto the skin. Plastic aprons should be worn when handling HF.
6.5
Carcinogenic Compounds
All users of carcinogenic compounds (identified by R45 as listed in approved list), or suspected
carcinogenic compounds, are referred to in the UEA publication "Rules for Work with Carcinogens",
a copy of which is outside the Stores (CHE). All aspects of recording and handling techniques must
be observed.
Appendix 3 of these Safety Regulations shows the form used by the School for issue of carcinogenic
compounds and must be completed along with a COSHH form before issue of material.
6.6
Cyanide Experiments
Before any cyanide work is started for the first time, a Hazardous Experiment Notification Form
must be completed and submitted to the School Safety Officer for approval (see Appendix 4).
The Technical Services Manager (Research) should be informed before work with cyanide is started
and he will ensure that the Health Centre is informed.
6.7
Metal Carbonyl Chemistry
Some metal carbonyls and their derivatives are both very volatile and extremely toxic. Failure to
realise the hazards involved has resulted in serious accidents.
Metal carbonyls must be stored in a freezer. Carbonyls may only be used under an inert gas
atmosphere in a GRADE 1 fume cupboard; protection as appropriate for highly toxic and
carcinogenic substances is required.
Bulk supplies of highly toxic carbonyls must be stored in a freezer to avoid decomposition. A
separate document entitled "Safety Aspects of Metal Carbonyl Chemistry" is available on request.
6.8
Guidance on the Handling of Thiols and H2S
Many thiols (mercaptans) and H2S have a vile odour, are extremely toxic, and may even cause death.
Clothing tends to absorb thiols. The stench does, however, provide an excellent safety warning in
that the nose can normally detect thiols in concentrations well below those considered injurious to
health.
Guidelines for the handling of noxious thiols:
(a)
SPECIAL NOTE: The Technical Services Manager (Research) must be informed prior to
starting work.
(b)
ALL operations should be performed in an efficient fume cupboard.
24
(c)
Wear disposable plastic gloves at all times. Have several pairs in easy access.
(d)
For particularly volatile thiols, have an air line and mask in easy access.
(e)
All apparatus, including laboratory balance and rotary evaporator if these are required,
should be placed in the fume cupboard before starting the experiment. Scrubbers should be
fitted to minimise the exhaust of gas from the reaction.
(f)
In the fume cupboard you must also have:
i)
A large plastic bucket containing a solution of potassium permanganate* in water into which
all soiled apparatus should be placed and allowed to soak for one week. Decontamination of
apparatus is aided by washing it with acetone from a wash-bottle and allowing the washings
to run directly into the permanganate solution. H2O2 or bleach (NaOCl) can be used in place
of potassium permanganate. After soaking in the potassium permanganate solution,
apparatus should be washed with water. Brown stains are removed with a solution of H2O2 in
10% sulfuric acid.
ii) Adequate paper towelling to wipe up spillage's.
iii) A medium sized plastic bag into which dirty tissue and spent gloves are to be placed.
(g)
On no account should apparatus that has not been cleaned be removed from the fume
cupboard.
(h)
For disposal of plastic bag/waste Winchesters, seek advice from of Mr Dye prior to removing
bag from fume cupboard.
*
Potassium permanganate acts as its own indicator. When the oxidising power of the solution
is gone, the purple colour will disappear, and more permanganate must be added until a
purple colour remains.
6.9
Handling Flammable Solvents(See also 4.3, 5.4 , 6.10 & Appendix 6)
Only reactions involving one litre (or less) of flammable solvent will be allowed in the laboratories.
Larger scale reactions are to be done in the overnight laboratory.
6.10
Drying and Distilling Ethereal Solvents
Peroxides are formed when ethereal solvents are exposed to light and/or heat in the presence of even
limited amounts of oxygen. They become dangerously unstable when concentrated and heated and
have often led to violent explosions. Such a build-up of peroxides most often occurs when ethereal
solvents are distilled and becomes a particular problem when a semi-permanent still is used i.e. the
repeated distillation - topping up distillation procedure can lead to high concentrations of peroxides.
The standard drying agents (CaH2, LiAlH4, Na) do remove peroxides to some extent but, especially
in semi-permanent stills, dangerous concentrations can be reached. Refer to procedure sheet for
solvent stills (Appendix 6)
25
The following precautions should be taken when using/drying/distilling any compound containing an
ether or acetal group, especially THF, diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, dioxan, dimethoxyethane
(DME), (glyme), bis-2-methoxyethyl ether (diglyme), tetrahydropyran and dihydropyran:
(l)
Always test ethereal solvents for peroxides before beginning a reflux or distillation and
destroy them if they are present (see below).
(2)
Always ensure that at least a quarter of the solvent volume remains in the distillation flask. A
still designed for this purpose is in use in lab. 3.12.
(3)
Ensure semi-permanent solvent stills are cleaned out at regular intervals.
(4)
Avoid di-isopropyl ether which readily forms extremely explosive peroxides and has been
responsible for several fatal accidents.
Detection of Peroxides
Mix a few ml of the ethereal solvent with an equal volume of 2% potassium iodide solution. Add a
few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid and a drop of starch solution. Shake well. A blue colouration
due to iodine indicates that peroxides are present.
"Merckoquant" peroxide test strips are available from Stores on request.
Removal of Peroxides
There are a number of procedures available for the removal of peroxides. One simple method is to
shake a litre of solvent with 10-20 ml of a concentrated solution of acidic iron (II) sulfate (60g
crystallised iron (II) sulfate, 6 ml conc. H2S04, 110 ml H20). If the solvent is to be re-used, it should
be washed with water and dried with anhydrous calcium chloride for at least 24 hours before sodium
or hydride reagents are added.
6.11
Radiochemistry
Special rules apply; please consult the School Radiation Protection Officer, Dr. A. Mayes (Room
1.52). On no account must any order be placed for radioactive materials nor may radioactive work
be undertaken, before consulting him.
6.12
Use of Acetylene in Laboratories
Acetylene (ethyne) is a highly reactive gas which burns fiercely and can combust explosively. Its use
under certain conditions is subject to the requirements of the Explosives Act 1875 and subsequent
regulations.
The UEA Safety Service Safety Guidance Note No.2 (revised) provides guidance on the safe use of
acetylene in laboratories, especially when used as the fuel in atomic absorption spectrophotometers.
These notes are available from the UEA Safety Service on request.
The use of acetylene in welding is dealt with in a Health and Safety at Work booklet on "Welding
and Flame cutting using Compressed Gases". This booklet is also available from the Safety Service
on request.
26
6.13
Cryogenic liquids and Solid CO2 (Drikold) (See also 11.4)
Liquid helium, liquid nitrogen and solid CO2 are dangerous materials if allowed to vaporise in closed
containers which are not specially designed to hold these substances under pressure. Metal Dewars
and glass vacuum flasks containing coolants must not be sealed or allowed to ice-up unless they are
fitted with pressure-relieving devices.
The rapid vaporisation of a spilled cryogenic substance in an enclosed space may cause oxygen
deficiency in that area which could prove fatal.
Spillage's of coolants on the skin or through garments can cause "cold burns" which, for first aid
purposes, should be treated as for "heat burns".
Eye protection must be worn when transferring liquid coolants.
More detailed information on the safe handling of coolants can be obtained from the Technical
Services Manager (Research).
Liquid Nitrogen and Solid CO2 must be carried in the correct containers (not in Winchester carriers
etc.).
7.
DISPOSAL OF WASTE MATERIALS.
7.1
Environmental Protection Act 1990
Disposal of all chemical waste is controlled by the above Act. Copies of this Act are available from
the Technical Services manager (Research).
The producer of the waste, be it a member of staff or a student, has the initial responsibility for
providing accurate information about the chemical waste he has produced. Waste products and
procedures referred to in this section of these regulations must comply with the Act and be fully
documented before being accepted by the Estates Officer and Engineer for disposal. If these waste
products are not accepted for disposal then the producer of the waste will be required to chemically
convert the waste to a less harmless substance that is acceptable for disposal. All quantities must be
kept as small as possible.
7.2
Laboratory Effluent
Substances prohibited by Anglian Water under the Trade Effluent Consent for UEA dated 11 August
1986
(i)
Petroleum spirit and other volatile, flammable organic solvents
(ii)
Calcium carbide
(iii)
Sludges arising from the pre-treatment of the trade effluent before discharge to the public
sewer
27
(iv)
Waste liable to form viscous or solid coatings or deposits on any part of the sewerage system
through which the trade effluent is to pass
(v)
Substances of a nature likely to give rise to fumes or odour injurious to men working in the
sewers through which the trade effluent is to pass
(vi)
Halogenated hydrocarbons
(vii)
Halogen substituted phenolic compounds
(viii) Thiourea and its derivatives
Note that substances listed in (v) could include a wide range of laboratory chemicals.
Radioactive substances
The disposal of radioactive substances, including compounds of uranium and thorium, is controlled
by an authorisation issued under the Radioactive Substances Act 1960. Consult the Safety Service
for details.
WARNING
The effluent from this building is analysed by the Local Authority; therefore, if any person seeks to
evade his responsibility by disposing of poisonous waste down the laboratory sinks and this is
detected, the School, the University, and the individual will be liable to prosecution.
7.3
Disposal Procedures
Waste Chemical Collection and disposal procedures within the School are detailed below. These are
also available on the School Safety Notice Board, at Stores, from Supervisors or on the corridor
safety notice boards.
Waste is collected routinely by the Laboratory Technical staff from the waste chemical trays in all
the prep. labs. ALL waste must comply with the disposal regulations (See also 4.3).
Radioactive materials must be disposed of in accordance with the terms of the authorisation granted
by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government Radioactive Substances Act 1960. The School's
Radiation Safety Officer will make the necessary arrangements when requested.
Waste liquids.
(a)
(b)
Solvents - All waste solvents (excluding benzene and halogenated solvents) should be
placed in the labelled plastic containers in the fume cupboards. They are checked and
exchanged on a near daily basis by the lab. attendants. Halogenated solvents and benzene
should be placed separately in suitably labelled bottles with drilled caps, for collection by the
lab. attendants.
Non Toxic solutions - some non-toxic solutions may legally be flushed down the sink e.g.
the products of the safe neutralisation of common acids/alkalis etc. Toxic salts must not be
flushed away. Discretion must be exercised! If in any doubt follow the next procedure.
28
(c)
Toxic, Potentially harmful, Neutralisation of Toxic materials and other dangerous
liquids - For quantities of 1.5 -2 litres upwards Winchesters are available free from stores
with a drilled cap and a label attached for the user to fill in. Do not mix incompatibles. When
ready, place the Winchester in the waste chemical tray or, if safer, keep in the fume cupboard
and inform the collecting technician. Smaller quantities should be in a suitably sized bottle
with a drilled cap, one label and any relevant pictograms attached. Place in the waste
chemical tray or, if safer, in the fume cupboard and inform the collecting technician and
complete the Waste Collection form that is situated beside the Waste Chemical tray.
NB
Cyanide waste should be treated with excess hypochlorite solution (Bleach) and left for 24hrs
in the labelled container. The technical staff should then be informed so disposal can be arranged.
Waste solids
(a)
(b)
Chemicals - must be placed in plastic or glass jars/bottles as appropriate. Do not use plastic
bags; they have created difficulties and accidents have occurred. Do not mix incompatible
substances. A single label and any hazard pictograms must be affixed on the container. Place
the container in the waste chemical tray or, if safer, in the fume cupboard, complete the
Waste Collection form that is situated beside the Waste Chemical tray and inform the
collecting technician.
Packing materials e.g. "vermiculite" round vessels in tins - Any uncontaminated packing
material such as vermiculite should be returned to stores for re-use in packing waste
materials. Contaminated material must be dealt with as solid chemicals above. Any other
clean packing materials, e.g. cardboard boxes, plastic inserts etc. may be placed in the bins
under the sinks for collection by the lab attendant.
Empties
(a)
(b)
Tins (outer protective containers etc.), bottles/jars (glass or plastic) etc. - Place in the
waste chemical tray for collection. Please ensure that any containers intended as "Empties"
actually are empty, otherwise they will have to be included as waste chemicals and be
charged as full containers! Only very dangerous empties are normally included with waste
chemicals after removal and sorting from labs. Empties are collected once a week.
Stores refillable "stock" Winchesters and commercially labelled Winchesters These
must be returned to stores by the lab. users for refill or return to suppliers etc. Winchesters,
other than stores "re-fillable" ones, must be washed clean. All Winchesters should be free of
Sodium wire Etc. (See 7.4).
Contaminated paper, gloves and tubing.
Contaminated paper such as "wipes", tissues, filter papers etc., along with used gloves and tubing for
disposal must be placed in medium size plastic bags from stores. Large bags are unacceptable. There
must be No other materials in plastic bags. If there are any dangerous contaminants e.g. carcinogens,
cyanide, carbonyls etc, the bag(s) must be labelled along with any relevant pictograms and, where
available, any of the correct "Hazard labelling tape" attached. Do not mix any incompatibles. The
sealed bag(s) should be placed in the waste chemical tray or, if safer, in the fume cupboard and the
collecting technician informed.
NOTE any unsealed bags will not be removed on the assumption they are not ready for collection.
Glass waste (broken glass, pasteur pipettes, disposable pipette tips, empty ampoules).
29
These must be placed in the labelled broken glass containers provided. These are emptied on a near
daily basis by a lab. attendant. "Sharps" e.g. needles, scalpel blades etc., must not be put in the
broken glass containers (see below "Sharps") as they have caused handling accidents.
Sharps (Syringe needles, scalpel blades etc.)
These dangerous items MUST be placed in "cinbins" of which various sizes are available, or may be
ordered, through stores. NOTE "cinbins" will only be removed for disposal on request of user(s) and
when a label marked "FULL" is firmly attached. It is the responsibility of the individual user, or
group, to arrange this procedure etc, when needed. Containers for removal should be placed in or by
the waste chemical tray when the above has been carried out.
Waste chemical trays - are the large size "gravel trays" with a label in the all the prep. labs etc. They
are emptied on a near weekly basis by the Technical staff. Empties are removed weekly but on a
different day (see above). Please note that the trays are a collection point only, not "dustbins" or
"Waste tips" for exposed, uncontained chemicals or for improperly labelled, ill-prepared, unsafe
containers etc!
Lab. waste bins - No material, glass or sharps etc, that may give any cause for concern or danger to
the lab. attendants, who empty them should be put into these bins. If in doubt - DON'T.
Lab. clearance - persons wishing to have an extensive removal of chemicals from their labs or rooms
must see the Lab. Tech Staff first to see if it is convenient and to be informed what to do etc. Failure
to do this will cause great upset to the system and no little embarrassment to all concerned.
It is an important legal requirement that lab. users do not try to alter or interfere with the system or
any items provided for waste material collection, handling or disposal etc. If there are any
difficulties, please contact the lab. Tech staff who are only to pleased to assist.
7.4
Sodium Wire and Sodium Lead Alloy in Solvent.
Sodium wire, after being used to dry ethers or hydrocarbon solvents, should be destroyed by adding
a liberal amount (usually ca 400 ml) of isopropanol. The reaction may take several days to go to
completion. Leave the bottle clearly marked in a fume cupboard. If the reaction is incomplete after
two days, carefully add 50-100ml methanol and make sure that the mixture does not get more than
hand-warm. Finally, pour contents into a large crystallising dish to check for remaining sodium. If
none is left, the residue can be placed in a waste solvent container. The bottle should be rinsed with
water and acetone.
It is strongly recommended when sodium wire is pressed for two people to be present.
8.
HAZARDOUS EQUIPMENT
8.1
X-Rays and Lasers
Special rules apply, please consult Dr Meech about laser work and Dr. A. Mayes for X-ray
equipment work. Before starting work on lasers, the document entitled "University Regulations for
Laser Workers" must be read and signed.
Research Workers may be required to have their eyes tested before starting work on lasers; the tests
are arranged by the school laser Safety Officer (Dr Meech, Ext. 3141)
8.2
Medium Pressure Column Chromatography
30
The use of unregulated cylinder nitrogen can lead to very high pressures in a closed system, and the
chromatography column could very easily fracture.
The preferred methods of pressurisation are by the use of handbellows or cylinder nitrogen, pre-set
to a maximum of 5 p.s.i. on the main cylinder head control valve, together with a flow control device
such as described and illustrated in the J.Org.Chem, 1978, 43, 2923.
The joint connecting the column and the flow controller/handbellows should be held together using
strong elastic bands. However, as this joint acts as a "safety valve", care should be taken to ensure
that it does not seize up.
The flow controllers can be fabricated by the glassblowers.
There is no advantage to be gained from drying the nitrogen with conc. H2S04 and there are obvious
hazards. THIS PRACTICE IS FORBIDDEN.
8.3
Maintenance Areas
Only the University Maintenance Staff are allowed access to plant rooms, electrical switch gear
rooms, and vertical ducts rising up the building.
9.
FUME CUPBOARDS (See also 4.3)
9.1
Guided Air Flow Fume Cupboards
With the exception of many in the physical laboratories, all fume cupboards are of this type. A baffle
plate at the back of the fume cupboard allows air to be drawn from the base and top of the cupboard
simultaneously. The new S+B Air Sentry fume cupboards have a constantly moving back panel
which must not be obstructed or have anything fixed to it. Light vapours need top extraction and
heavy vapours need low level extraction. Cluttering the base of a fume cupboard or obstructing
apertures will adversely affect the performance of a fume cupboard. If fume cupboards are
locked/turned off, work must NOT be transferred to the bench.
During winter, if all the doors and windows to a room are closed, the reduction of "external" air to
the room may affect the performance of fume cupboards. In winter, therefore, it is advisable to have
at least one window open at the top, to admit air to the laboratory.
All fume cupboards are graded according to their extract rate @ 500mm opening:Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
Average fan velocity greater than 0.5 m/s (100 ft/mm) (OEL less than 5 ppm)
Average fan velocity greater than 0.3 m/s (60 ft/mm) (OEL greater than 5ppm)
Average fan velocity less than 0.3 m/s
OEL = Occupation Exposure Limit - List available in Stores
All fume cupboards are fitted with armour plate glass sashes which whenever possible must be kept
in the closed position to act as a safety screen as well as to provide improved extract facility (See
Section 6.3)
In the event of a failure in the extract system for a particular group of fume cupboards, an alarm
buzzer will sound or a red light (CHE II fume cupboards only) will flash. In such cases immediately
inform Technical Staff or, outside normal working hours, contact the Porters Lodge, Telephone Ext.
2352
("Out of Action" notices will be displayed when fume cupboards are inoperative).
31
When maintenance staff have to work on the roof to service fume cupboard extract plant, the sashes
of the fume cupboards connected to the duct system that has been shut down will be padlocked to
prevent their use. Users of the fume cupboards will be given prior notice of the shut down and asked
to remove all chemicals and apparatus before the padlocks are placed on the fume cupboard sashes.
10.
ELECTRICAL REGULATIONS
Introduction
The purpose of these rules is to ensure that the use, repair, modification and testing of all fixed
electrical installations and electrical equipment (whether portable or permanently wired in) in the
university is in accordance with the Electricity at Work Regulation 1989. In particular the rules are
designed to ensure :(i) that all persons carrying out electrical work, repairs, modifications and testing have been
adequately trained;
(ii) that all electrical equipment is maintained in a safe condition and tested at appropriate
intervals;
(iii) that work on live electrical systems is carried out only when absolutely necessary and
with suitable safeguards.
10.1
The Electricity at Work Regulations
These regulations cover all uses of electricity at work. There is no voltage below which they do not
apply and their purpose is to protect not only against electric shock, but also from other
consequences of failure, such as fire.
Failure to comply with the requirements of the regulation is a criminal offence for which the
university, the manager responsible, or any other employee could be prosecuted.
A copy of the regulations and a Health and Safety Memorandum of guidance may be seen in the
safety office (CHE 3.53) or is available in several science schools.
The purpose of these UEA rules is to cover work with electrical systems where technical knowledge
or experience is necessary to prevent danger or injury.
10.2
Building Installations
All work on electrical supplies installed in buildings is to be undertaken only by the
Electrical Section or other qualified contractors brought on to site by the Premises Division to
undertake work in accordance with the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. Building installations
are not to be worked on by school or other service unit personnel (but see section 4 below which
deals with certain equipment which is permanently wired in).
10.3
Equipment permanently wired in
32
This includes equipment which may be potentially movable, but cannot be connected or
disconnected without access to the supply system.
All equipment permanently wired in must be identified and agreement reached between the
departments and the Premises Division on the allocation of responsibility for testing and
maintenance of the particular item.
Departmental equipment permanently wired in may be connected or disconnected only with the
approval of the Chief Engineer and Buildings Officer or his representative.
All equipment permanently wired in must be inspected and tested at appropriate intervals in
accordance with relevant standards.
10.4
Portable Equipment
This includes any equipment in the non-residential areas of the University which is or may be
connected to, or contains a source of, electrical energy. It applies whether the equipment is owned by
the University or not.
(a)
In each department, the Dean will be responsible for ensuring that arrangements are made:
(i) so that all repairs and modifications of portable electrical equipment are carried out in a
safe manner;
(ii) so that an electrical test of all portable equipment is carried out a least annually. This test
must be at least to the standard set out in the Safety Service Guidance note No.15;
(iii) to take the advice of an Electrical Safety Adviser (See 10.4 (b)(i) below) on the need for
more frequent testing of equipment which may be vulnerable to unusual damage.
(b)
The responsibilities in 10.4 (a) will be met as follows:
(i) in Schools in which repairs and modifications of electrical equipment are carried out on a
routine basis an Electrical Safety Adviser (ESA) must be appointed. This person must be
suitably qualified and experienced in electrical safety so he/she can decide on the level of
training and/or experience need for each type of job and can assess the competence of
individuals concerned. The role of the ESA is advisory and will be similar to that of the
School Safety Officer.
(ii) in other Schools or units the Dean or Director may either enter into an arrangement with
the Electrical Maintenance Section or another School to carry out all electrical work and
testing, or appoint an Electrically Competent Person (ECP) who will undertake the electrical
work and testing. If appropriate the ECP may be required by the Dean or Director to go on a
short training course before being appointed. The Dean must in any case assure him/herself
that the person appointed has the necessary skills and may need to take advice from an ESA
from another School or from the Director of Safety Services before making the appointment.
(c)
In all departments a list of persons permitted to carry out electrical tasks will be published.
(d)
No member of the University may carry out any electrical repairs or modifications unless
he/she is an ECP or is under the supervision of an ECP or an ESA. Approved persons may
only carry out types of work for which specific approval has been granted.
10.5
The School arrangements to comply with the University Regulations are as follows:
33
The person in this School responsible for the testing and authorising of personnel to carry out
electrical work is Mr A J Strike, Chief Technician (Electronics), Electrical Safety Adviser, Room
01.114, to whom all staff and research students should apply for authorisation before they are
permitted to continue or start research which involves electrical work.
A list of authorised personnel will be kept in the Chemical Stores and only those persons whose
names are on this list will be allowed to withdraw electrical items from the Stores.
10.6
Testing Fixed and Portable Electrical Equipment
The University Safety Advisory Committee has resolved:
(a)
that all fixed and portable equipment which is in current use be subject, at least annually, to
electrical safety tests.
(b)
that all fixed and portable equipment which operates from mains electricity but which is not
in current use be subject to a safety test before being brought back into use, unless it has had
such a test within the preceding twelve months.
(c)
that a record of the test and its date be kept on approved standard labels fixed to the piece of
equipment.
The School has a CLARE safety test set for electrical appliances. The Technical Services Manager
(Research) is in charge of the Tester.
Only those persons who are authorised to carry out electrical work are empowered to test and certify
that electrical equipment has been tested.
Equipment which does not respond to the standard tests should be referred to Mr. Dye in the case of
research equipment and to Mr. Self in the case of teaching equipment, who will then consult the
School Electrical Safety Adviser about the future of the equipment.
11.
GENERAL SAFETY TECHNIQUES (See also 4.3)
11.1
NMR Tubes- Sealed under Pressure
These should be transported in NMR Tube Carriers which can be obtained from the Chemical Stores.
It is strictly forbidden to travel in the passenger lift with sealed tubes.
11.2
Oil Baths
Glass containers should not be used for oil baths. A selection of metal baths is available.
11.3
Desiccators
Vacuum desiccators may implode when evacuated. Protective canvas covers are available from the
Stores, and desiccators must be placed in them before being evacuated.
34
11.4
Dewar Flasks (See also 6.13 & 11.9)
To minimise the risk of flying glass in cases of breakage, Dewar flasks should only be used in metal
containers, and thoroughly wrapped in insulating tape.
11.5
Oxygen/Gas Glassblowing in Laboratories
As there is always the possibility of an explosive mixture being formed by compressed oxygen
inadvertently being introduced into the gas supply pipe, always check that a non-return valve is fitted
to the torch. When the torch is not in use, remove the connection to the gas tap. Similarly, ensure that
the oxygen supply is turned off at the main valve.
Non-return valves throughout the building are fitted to the main and branch piped gas supply, but not
to each gas outlet.
11.6
Mercury Droplets
All glass mercury reservoirs should be strong enough to allow for rapid changes in mercury volumes.
Such reservoirs should be in a further protective container.
Whenever mercury is used, provision should be made to catch any major spillage.
Spillage droplets should be recovered and the residues chemically treated with equal parts of calcium
hydroxide and sulphur, suspended in and thinned down with water available as mercury spillage kit
in emergency cupboards. Allow to dry for 24 hours and brush up. For disposal see Section 7.
11.7
Liquid Nitrogen Dewars
All Dewars containing liquid coolants must be firmly clamped to the vacuum line or other
framework.
11.8
Open Flames in Laboratories
Naked flames are an obvious fire and explosion hazard in laboratories. Before lighting sources of
open fire such as gas burners the operator must ensure that there is no danger of solvent vapour fire
and in particular that no work with diethyl ether is being carried out in the vicinity. Gas burners
should only be operated for as short a time as possible and preferably in an efficient fume cupboard.
They must never be left unattended.
Plastic tubing MUST NOT be used to connect Bunsen burners to the gas supply, as it is liable to melt
and ignite. Rubber tubing should be used.
Smoking is not allowed in any part of the School of Chemical Sciences. Smoking in laboratories is
not only forbidden; it is also dangerous.
11.9
Compressed and Liquefied Gases (See also 4.3 & 6.13)
Research workers are reminded that it is essential to handle cylinders containing liquids or
compressed gases with the greatest of care and to be prepared for unforeseen difficulties. Special
care should be taken to ensure that cylinders of highly compressed gases (e.g. H2, O2, N2, etc.) are
securely fixed to a bench or trolley. Serious accidents have occurred when unsecured cylinders have
fallen and sheared off their valves as a result. Cylinders damaged in this way can become highly
efficient unguided missiles and are capable of penetrating walls. Make sure you are familiar with
operating a high-pressure gas cylinder. If you are in doubt about safety measures, contact the
35
Technical Services manager (Research) or one of the Safety Officers. See also guidance sheets found
in all Prep. Labs.
Small cylinder manipulations should be carried out in a fume cupboard, and the following
precautions observed:(a)
Read the manufacturer's safety instructions for the substance, available from Stores or Mr
Dye.
(b)
Always have available a set of spanners etc. compatible with the fittings on the cylinder in
use. Suck-back traps should be placed between the cylinder and your apparatus.
(c)
It is your responsibility to ensure that all safety measures are observed before commencing
work involving the use of cylinders.
11.10
Glass Vacuum Systems.
To protect against implosion and the dangers of flying glass, all flasks held under vacuum should be
placed inside a length of stockinet. The stockinet is available from stores.
12.
GENERAL INFORMATION
12.1
Visitors
Research workers from other laboratories, VIth form pupils and other official visitors are allowed to
enter research and teaching laboratories provided they are accompanied by Faculty members, senior
technical staff or nominated graduate students, and that they wear the correct safety protection.
Other visitors may view laboratories from the corridors, and enter seminar rooms provided they do
not thereby disrupt work within the School. It is emphasised that such visitors are not allowed in any
laboratory or roof area. Small children or persons carrying small children or babies are not allowed
in any laboratory at any time. Staff or students must leave their laboratories to receive or talk to
visitors or families.
12.2
Passenger and Goods Lifts
The goods lift should be used for transporting chemicals, glassware, coolants, gas cylinders, refuse
bins and other heavy goods. Passengers are allowed to ride with the goods except for Liquid
Nitrogen which must travel unaccompanied.
The smaller lift is exclusively for passenger use and the passengers are asked not to carry chemicals
or apparatus in the lift.
12.3
Ladies Rest Room
This is located in the ladies toilet on the second floor.
12.4
Insurance Cover
36
A separate set of notes is available giving details of the insurance coverage effected on behalf of all
registered students. Post-doctoral workers without Contracts of Employment and other visitors
should contact Allan Dye (1.45) or Kevin Self (1.44) who will ensure your names are added to the
insurance register.
13.
UNDERGRADUATE LABORATORIES
13.1
Safety in the Teaching Lab. (Demonstrators)
As a demonstrator in the teaching laboratories you will have considerable responsibility for ensuring,
as far as possible, the safe working of undergraduates, and for action in time of emergency. These
brief notes are designed to suggest items about which you should know something and also give
useful telephone numbers and sources of help and information. Although the material is available
elsewhere, it is collected here for convenience, and it is suggested you keep these notes by you when
demonstrating.
General
(a)
Make sure you know:
(i)
Location of eyewash solutions and how they work;
(ii)
Location of First Aid Box and large First Aid Box in corridor;
(iii) Position of fire blanket, fire extinguishers (both CO2 and dry powder) and check that
you know how to use them i.e. read their instructions;
(iv)
Location of telephone in laboratory.
(b)
Make sure that you know any hazards associated with the experiments in the laboratory in
which you are demonstrating.
(c)
Ensure that eye protection is worn in all undergraduate laboratories.
Information for Demonstrators
(a)
(b)
Police, Fire or Ambulance - Dial Ext. 2222 (give operator details of emergency).
If in doubt about making a 2222 call, check with one of the under listed persons or any
member of Faculty.
Mr Self
Dr C. Redshaw
Dr S Bew
Dr A. Mayes
Mr A Dye
Medical Centre
Medical Centre
13.2
Technical Services Manager
Safety Officer
Organic Safety Officer
Radiation Protection Officer
Technical Services Manager
Nursing Sisters
EMERGENCIES
Room 1.44
Room 2.06
Room 1.06
Room 1.52
Room 1.45
Undergraduate Practical Work - Changes in existing practical courses
37
Ext. 2766
Ext. 3136
Ext. 3142
Ext. 2874
Ext. 2034
Ext. 2172
Ext. 3000
In 1972 the School Board approved a recommendation that scripts for all new undergraduate
experiments should be submitted to the School Safety Officers before being introduced into the
teaching laboratories. Projects provide a special problem as regards safety, since students are in
general not working to set instructions, but it is in the spirit of the Board's recommendation that they
also are seen by the Safety Officers.
Faculty and others initiating new practical experiments or projects are asked to submit these to the
School Safety Officers on standard forms (Appendix 5). The completed form should provide enough
information to allow the Safety Officers to make helpful comments and suggestions with respect to
the safety of the procedure. The completed form should be forwarded to the School Safety Officers
by week 5 of the summer term.
Changes after the School Safety Officer's Approval
Occasionally, projects initially approved by the Safety Officers get changed; therefore, major
changes must be submitted to the Safety Officers for their approval.
38
CODE OF CONDUCT
All staff and research workers in the School of Chemical Sciences should behave in a manner which
avoids annoyance or inconvenience to others.
Smoking is prohibited in all parts of the building.
Loud music from radios and similar electrical equipment should not be played in laboratories, and
equipment of this type should not be used in a manner that causes annoyance to other workers. The
use of such equipment in desk rooms and other study areas is not appropriate. Such items must also
comply with the current electrical regulations. (See section 10.4.)
Large personal items (for example bicycles) should not be brought into the building.
Personal and communal work areas should be kept tidy so that cleaning staff have access to floors
and surfaces. Research workers are responsible for keeping their own benches cleaned and polished
and for cleaning their own apparatus.
When leaving, apparatus and chemicals should be returned or disposed of in consultation with your
Research Group Leader. Do not leave samples and dirty glassware in freezers, fridges and cupboards
for others to deal with after you have left.
The School of Chemical Sciences is a professional work environment. Please let this guide decisions
about dress and behaviour.
39
APPENDIX 1
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Books on Safety
The under listed books are available for reference purposes and these can be consulted or borrowed
from the Laboratory Superintendent or the sources indicated.
Reference Books
Handbook on the Electricity at Work Regulations
Handbook of Laboratory Safety - C.R.C.
Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards - Bretherick
Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials - Sax.
Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory - R.S.C.
Stores
Merck Index
Toxic Gases - First Aid & Medical Treatment - Matheson
Liquid Carbonyls - International Nickel
The Care Handling and Disposal of Dangerous Chemicals - Gaston
Safety with Cryogenic Fluids - Zaketakis
Laboratory Waste Disposal Manual - A.C. Assn.
Safety for Industry - ROSPA
1975 OSHA Concentration Limits for 400 Gases and Vapours
Incorporating IR Analytical Data for compliance testing
and other Applications
Analysis of Air Pollutants
Dangerous Chemicals - Emergency First Aid Guide
First Aid Manual for Chemical Accidents
Mr Strike
Mr Dye
Safety Officers & Stores
Safety Officers &
Stores
Mr Dye
Mr Dye
Mr Self
Mr Self
Stores
Stores
Codes of Practice, Handling Precautions, Guidance Notes etc.
Precautions for Laboratory Workers who handle Carcinogenic
Aromatic Amines - Chester Beatty
Safety in Universities - Code of Practice - C of VC & P
Radiological Protection in Universities - C of VC & P
Code of Practice for Ionising Radiation in Research and Teaching
Laboratory First Aid - Guy
Safety in Universities - Notes for Guidance - Lasers
Health & Safety Commission Newsletters
Health & Safety Executive Guidance Notes
UEA Safety Service Guidance Notes
Memorandum of Guidance on the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
Acts & Regulations
40
Dr Haines
Mr Strike
Health & Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
Dangerous Drugs Act 1964
Pharmacy and Poisons Act l983
COSHH 1994
Environmental Protection Act 1990
Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963
Personal Protection Equipment at Work Regs. 1992
IEE Wiring Regulations
The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
41
Mr Dye
Mr Strike
Mr Strike
APPENDIX 2
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Personal Protection Equipment at work Regulations 1992
In this School personal eye protection is obligatory when working in preparative chemistry
laboratories and is recommended when working in certain other types of laboratories. Therefore, all
students are required to purchase a pair of approved Safety Spectacles.
Approved Safety Spectacles have been selected which conform to the requirements specified in the
BS EN166 (previously BS 2092), each pair being Kite marked to BS EN 166 and fitted with side
shields.
Prescription lens spectacles, with or without clip-on protectors, are not acceptable forms of eye
protection under the above regulations. However, "Over specs" are, and these can be purchased and
worn over any type of normal prescription lens spectacles. These are Kite marked to BS EN 166,
having grade 11 impact resistance, give wide angle vision and have permanent side shields.
Students who wish to acquire Safety Spectacles with lenses ground to their personal prescription are
advised first to have their sight tested.
Students are responsible for the full cost of safety spectacles available from Chemistry stores.
No student or research worker is allowed to start practical work until he/she is in possession of
approved personal eye protection.
The Dean
42
APPENDIX 3
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Substances Suspect of Carcinogenic Potential for Man
The chemical which has just been issued to you is classified as an "Industrial Substance of
Carcinogenic Potential for Man" in the list of threshold limit values for chemical substances adopted
by the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists. In the interests of your own safety and
that of your colleagues, this chemical should be handled with extreme care. It should not be used on
the open bench and all operations with it should be carried out under conditions of scrupulous
cleanliness. Personal contact with the chemical must be avoided, and any spillage's fully removed
from the contaminated surfaces. Materials used for cleaning operations (tissues, cloths etc.) should
be placed in plastic bags (from Stores) and sealed with carcinogenic hazard tape before placing in the
chemical disposal tray. Apparatus used for experiments involving this chemical must be thoroughly
cleaned after use. Whilst experiments involving the chemical are being conducted, a suitable
warning notice should be placed on the fume cupboard.
The chemical remains your responsibility and must be kept in your under bench locker. When you
leave the School at the end of your stay, you must make suitable provision for its transfer to a
responsible person, or for its disposal.
School Safety Officers CHE
Quantity
Chemical
JUSTIFICATION FOR USAGE
(a)
I wish my research student/worker to use the above-named chemical and will ensure that
adequate precautions are taken to ensure its safe handling.
Signed:
Faculty Supervisor .........................................................
Date ......................................
(b)
I note the classification of the above chemical and will use it in accordance with the
above recommendations.
Signed:
Research student/worker ...............................................
Date .....................................
43
APPENDIX 4
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Hazardous Experiment Notification Form
(To be completed when a potentially hazardous experiment is attempted by a person for the first
time).
Name................................................................Status...........................................
Room No. .........................................
Tel. Ext...........
Supervisor/Principal Investigator ..................................................................................
Location of proposed experiment .................................................................................
Date to be attempted ......................................................................................................
Proposed Experiment ....................................................................................................
Equation
Quantities to be used.......................................................................................................
COSHH assessment form attached
Yes
No
Names of other persons consulted, with experience of such reactions:
.........................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................
Comments* by School Safety Officer ...........................................................................
........................................................................................................................
*Advisory only. Final responsibility for safety of the experiment rests with the Research Worker.
Agreement to proceed with experiment
.......................................................................
Safety Officer
Original retained by Safety Officer
Second copy to Supervisor
Third copy to Research Worker
Fourth copy to Technical Services Manager (Research) * BEFORE STARTING EXPERIMENT!
*This copy will be passed on to the University Safety Officer in due course.
44
(Abridged Form)
APPENDIX 5
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
Please return to Safety Officer Dr C. Redshaw or Dr S Bew (Organic):
Change in Existing Practical Course, New Level 2 Project. New Level 3 Project or Mchem Project
Course Unit No. .......................
1.
Name of Practical Course Organiser/Project Supervisor
2.
Title of Experiment/Project
3.
Brief description of Experiment/Project
4a.
General method for preparation of any compounds required and reactions to be attempted
(give equations)
OR
b.
General method for conducting measurements
5a.
List of chemicals (with quantities) required for Experiment/Project together with COSHH
assessment
b.
Chemicals to be prepared (with references) by technical staff. Dry solvents required.
c.
Number of students doing Experiment/Project
6.
Special apparatus required (e.g. NMR spectrometer, hydrogenator, apparatus to be built)
DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
a)
I have consulted one of the safety manuals listed on the COSHH assessment form.
(Please give references of any other source consulted):
b)
I have noted the following hazardous properties:
c)
The following arrangements are necessary to dispose of hazardous products/remaining
chemicals:
SIGNED...................................................... Date.......................................
COMMENTS BY SAFETY OFFICER:
45
APPENDIX 6
UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA
SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES
ADVICE ON THE USE OF SOLVENT STILLS
There is increasing concern about the safety of "continuous" stills for drying solvents (particularly
flammable solvents). These stills are important for many preparative chemistry experiments, and are
acceptably safe if their design meets certain criteria:
1. The risk of accidental drainage of solvent into a hot mantle is minimised by:
(a) ensuring that the outlet pipe extends beyond the perimeter of the mantle;
(b) avoiding the use of taps which are liable to drip, or which have barrels that are easily displaced;
(c) training users to avoid over-tightening “Youngs" type taps (to minimise the risk of fracture).
2. Ensuring that the still cannot boil dry by:
(a) provision of separate vapour and distillate return pipes;
(b) using a distillation flask with a working capacity at least twice that of the collection vessel (e.g.
3L distillation flask - 1L collecting vessel);
(c) avoiding build-up of involatile residues from spent drying agent which would otherwise reduce
the effective capacity of the distillation vessel.
3. By ensuring that power to the stills is fed from a water flow monitor box. On no account
should the mantle be plugged directly into the mains.
With these criteria in mind, we are moving towards a standard solvent still design which incorporates
the best features of stills currently in use. All new stills should follow this design. Existing stills will
be replaced as the opportunity arises.
Appendix 7 in the CHE Code of Safety Regulations is a form by which supervisors can authorise the
use of solvent stills by their group members. I am taking this opportunity to revise this form, which
in its 1987 version imposes restrictions I suspect few of our co-workers followed to the letter.
Dr. G.R. Stephenson
July 1996
46
APPENDIX 7
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
FOR SOLVENT STILLS
Location...............................................................................................................
1.
The solvent still is EXCLUSIVELY for the use of
Prof./Dr...........................................................................group, unless permission has been
obtained from the above named Group supervisor.
2.
The following procedure must be followed:
(a)
Ensure an adequate nitrogen supply. The nitrogen should pass over the stills and through the
paraffin bubbler outlet at a rate sufficient to compensate for the contraction of gas volume in
the still once the distillation is stopped and the heating mantle switched off. Note that an
excessively fast gas stream could empty the cylinder before distillation is complete and is to
be avoided.
(b)
Remove from the vicinity of the stills any chemical/solvents which are not part of the
operation.
(c)
Ensure that the outlet tap on the collecting vessel is securely closed. DO NOT over-tighten
the tap.
(d)
Ensure that all glass joints are well-secured and that solvent vapours cannot escape through
leaking joints.
(e)
Stills should not be left unattended with the mantle set at a higher level than that needed to
maintain a steady reflux.
(f)
The still design is suitable both for reflux and for distillation/solvent collection, but is not
intended for continuous operation. Switch off the heating mantle when enough solvent has
accumulated in the reservoir.
(g)
Withdraw your solvent and close the reservoir tap, DO NOT over-tighten the tap.
(h)
When a significant amount of solvent has been withdrawn, allow the still to cool and top up
with rough-dried fresh solvent. The volume of solvent in the lower vessel should always be
significantly more than (about double) the capacity of the collection chamber. Avoid the
build-up of involatile residues from spent drying agents to ensure there is always adequate
solvent in the lower vessel.
(i)
Users sharing a still should be careful that the still is turned off when no longer required.
Solvent stills should not be left on overnight.
.
Signature...................................................................................Date......................
Group Supervisor
(The Safety Officer, School of Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich. 01/05/87:
Revised 01.05.96)
47
—A—
Accident report form, 7
Accident Report Form, 7
Acetylene, 19, 26
—B—
benzene, 28
Benzene, 21
Bomb threats, 9
Bunsen burners, 35
—F—
—C—
Carbonyls, 24
books, 40
Carcinogens, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24, 43
books, 40
Chemical waste disposal, 19
CHIP 2, 11
Clare tester, 34
Code of Conduct, 39
Contact lenses, 5
Containment, 10, 15, 17, 18, 19
COSHH, 9
assessments, 11
flowchart, 11
guidance, 9, 12, 14, 15
preparing assessments, 9
regulations, 15
risk assessment, 9
safety declaration, 22
COSHH:, 22
CPL, 14
Cyanide
antidote kits, 24
waste, 29
Cyanide:, 24
—D—
Dangerous occurrence, 7
data sheets, 11
Data sheets, 10, 11
Desiccators, 35
Dewar flasks, 35
Disposal, 27
books, 40
carcinogens, 43
chemical waste, 19
cyanide, 29
empties, 29
glass, 30
gloves, paper, tubing, 29
lab bins, 30
officer, 19
procedures, 28
radioactive material, 28
sharps, 30
Sodium wire, 30
waste chemical trays, 30
waste liquids, 28
waste solids, 29
—E—
ECP, 33
Effluent, 27, 28
Electrical equipment testing, 34
Electrical installations, 32
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989, 32
Emergency
calls, 6
equipment cupboard, 7, 8
showers, 8
telephones, 6
ESA, 33
Eyewashing, 8
Face visors, 5
Fire
alarm, 7
alarm test, 8
drill practice, 8
extinguisher, 8
naked flames, 35
procedure, 7
resisting cupboards, 16
risk assessment, 10
telephone number, 6, 7, 37
First Aid, 40
First aid boxes, 8
First Aid Boxes, 7
First aiders (qualified), 6
Flammable gas, 19
Flammable liquids
dangerous substances, 21
effluent, 27
empty bottles, 20
handling, 25
solvents in labs, 21
storage, 16
Flammable liquids:, 19
flash-back arrester, 19
Fume cupboard, 10, 15, 16
alarms, 32
failure, 32
grades, 31
guided air flow, 31
padlocks, 32
roof lab, 23
sashes, 32
use of, 18
—G—
Gas cylinders
acetylene, 26
glassblowing, 35
Gas Cylinders
movement of, 6
Gas cylinders:, 19, 36
Gloves, 5
Good chemical laboratory practice, 9, 15
Good Chemical Laboratory Practice, 10, 11
—H—
Hydrofluoric acid, 24
—I—
Implosion, 36
Insurance cover, 37
—L—
Label
CHIP 2, 11
CPL, 11
electrical test, 34
Labelling, 22
Laboratory coats, 5
Laser Radiation Officer, 2
Lasers, 30
books, 40
Lifts, 36
Liquid nitrogen
Dewars, 35
spillage, 27
transporting, 27
Liquid Nitrogen
movement of Dewars, 6
transporting, 16
Liquid nitrogen:, 27
Log book, 3
—M—
Manual Handling Regulations, 6
Assessors, 6
Medical Centre, 6
mercury, 35
—N—
Naked flames, 35
Night working, 3
NMR tubes, 34
Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, 6
—O—
Obnoxious processes, 23
Oil baths, 35
Overnight equipment
Class I, 4
Class II, 4
Class III, 4
—P—
Perchlorates, 23
Perchloric acid, 21, 23
Peroxides, 18, 26
Peroxides in ethereal solvents, 25
Pressure
medium, column chromatography, 31
NMR tubes, 34
relieving devices, 27
vapour, 12
—R—
Radiochemistry, 26
—S—
Safety Declaration, 22
Safety Service
guidance note 15, 33
guidance note 2, 26
guidance note 4 & 5, 7
Safety Service:, 7
Safety spectacles, 42
failure to wear., 5
obligatory, 5
recommended, 5
Sharps, 30
Showers
emergency, 8
Sodium metal, 30
Solvent stills, 25
Solvents
effluent, 27
handling, 25
storage, 16
storage in labs., 21
Spillage
controlling, 19
footwear, 17
liquid nitrogen, 27
Mercury, 35
trays, 16
universal mixture, 8
Spillage:, 8
Stills, 25
Storage
flammable liquids, 16, 21
fume cupboards, 16, 19
gas cylinders, 19
listing for COSHH, 10
metal carbonyls, 24
perchlorates, 23
quantities, 16
radioactive materials, 20
refrigerators/freezers, 22
—T—
Taxi, 6
Telephone
duty porter, 6
emergency, 6
emergency calls, 6
fault reporting, 32
first aiders, 6
hospital, 6
medical centre, 6
Thiols, 24
Tubes
NMR, 34
Tubing
clips, 4
disposal, 29
metal, 4
plastic, 4, 5, 36
—V—
Vacuum Pumps
movement of, 6
Vacuum Systems, 36
Visitors, 36
—W—
Waste disposal, 27
Water cooled systems, 4
Water hose, 5
Working hours
school, 3
staff, 3
X-rays, 30
—X—
NOTES