Unit 5: The Development of Nation-States during the 16th – 19th Centuries
Standard MWH-5:
The student will demonstrate an understanding of the influence of ideas and technology on the development of
nation-states and empires in the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries.
Enduring Understanding
New ideas and technological developments during this period led to changes in how people viewed the world and
how people, in turn, changed their social, economic, and political circumstances. To understand how ideas and
technology led to the development of modern society, the student will utilize the knowledge and skills set forth in
the following indicators:
Indicators
• MWH-5.1 Explain how the scientific revolution in Europe led to the questioning of orthodox ideas.
• MWH-5.2 Analyze the ideas of social equality, democracy, constitutionalism, and nationalism brought about by
the Enlightenment and their effects on institutions.
• MWH-5.3 Identify the major technological and social characteristics of the Industrial Revolution.
• MWH-5.4 Analyze the relationship between the expanding world market economy and the development of
industrialization in Great Britain, the United States, Germany, and Japan, including shifts in world demography
and urbanization and changing class and race relations.
• MWH-5.5 Compare capitalism with other forms of political and economic ideologies, including socialism,
communism, and anarchism.
• MWH-5.6 Analyze Asia’s relationship with European states through 1800, including Japan’s policy of limiting
contacts with foreigners.
Social Studies Literacy Skills for the Twenty-First Century
• Examine the relationship of the present to the past and use a knowledge of the past to make informed decisions
in the present and to extrapolate into the future.
• Trace and describe continuity and change across cultures.
• Assess the relative importance of multiple causes on outcomes.
UNIT VOCABULARY:
GROUP 1 – Ch. 21
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Philip II
Absolute monarch
divine right
Edict of Nantes
Cardinal Richelieu
skepticism
Louis XIV
intendant
Jean Baptiste Colbert
War of Spanish
Succession
Thirty Years’ War
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
Seven Years’ War
Ivan the Terrible
boyar
Peter the Great
westernization
Charles I
English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
GROUP 2 – Ch. 22
Old Regime
estate
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Great Fear
Legislative Assembly
émigré
sans-culotte
Jacobin
guillotine
Maximilien Robespierre
Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte
coup d’état
plebiscite
lycée
concordat
Napoleonic Code
Battle of Trafalgar
Group 3 - Ch. 23
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Old Regime
estate
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Estates-General
National Assembly
Tennis Court Oath
Great Fear
Legislative Assembly
émigré
sans-culotte
Jacobin
guillotine
Maximilien Robespierre
Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte
coup d’état
plebiscite
lycée
concordat
Napoleonic Code
Battle of Trafalgar
GROUP 3 – Ch. 24
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peninsulare
creole
mulatto
Simón Bolívar
José de San Martín
Miguel Hidalgo
José María Morelos
conservative
liberal
radical
nationalism
nation-state
the Balkans
Louis-Napoleon
Alexander II
Russification
Camillo di Cavour
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Junker
Otto von Bismarck
realpolitik
Kaiser
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22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Restoration
habeas corpus
Glorious Revolution
Constitutional monarchy
cabinet
blockade
Continental System
guerrilla Peninsular War
scorched earth policy
Waterloo
Hundred Days
Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
balance of power
legitimacy
Holy Alliance
Concert of Europe
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blockade
Continental System
guerrilla
Peninsular War
Scorched earth policy
Waterloo
Hundred Days
Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
balance of power
legitimacy
Holy Alliance
Concert of Europe
23. romanticism
24. realism
25. impressionism
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UNIT NOTES:
Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: ________________________
TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 1
NUMBER: _________
NOTES
Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
During a time of religious and economic instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong hand.
A Powerful Spanish Empire / A New Spanish Ruler
• In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain and its Possessions
Philip II’s Empire
• Philip seizes Portugal in 1580
• Gold and silver from Americas make Spain extremely wealthy
Defender of Catholicism
• Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims, Protestants
• Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571
• Spanish Armada defeated by British in 1588
Golden Age of Spanish Art and Literature
El Greco and Velázquez
• El Greco uses unusual style to convey religious themes
• Works of Velázquez show Spanish court life
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Don Quixote
• In 1605, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is published
• Novel marks birth of modern European novel
The Spanish Empire Weakens
Inflation and Taxes
• Inflation weakens Spain’s economy
• Taxes on lower class prevents development of middle class
Making Spain’s Enemies Rich
• Spaniards buy goods abroad, making Spain’s enemies rich
• Philip declares bankruptcy three times due to weak Economy
The Dutch Revolt
• Protestants in Netherlands win independence from Spain in 1579
The Independent Dutch Prosper
A Different Society
• Netherlands is a republic and practices religious toleration
Dutch Art
• In 1600s, Netherlands becomes center of European art
• Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch painters
Dutch Trading Empire
• Dutch merchants engage in world trade
• Dutch have world’s largest trading fleet
• Dutch replace Italians as Europe’s bankers
Absolutism in Europe
The Theory of Absolutism
• Rulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power
• Believe in divine right—idea that monarchs represent God on earth
Growing Power of Europe’s Monarchs
• Decline of feudalism, rise of cities help monarchs gain power
• Decline in Church authority also increases power
Crises Lead to Absolutism
• The 17th century is period of great upheaval
Monarchs impose order by increasing their own power
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SUMMARY
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Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: ________________________
TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 2
NUMBER: _________
NOTES
The Reign of Louis XIV
After a century of war and riots, France was ruled by Louis XIV, the most powerful monarch of his time.
Religious Wars and Power Struggles
Henry of Navarre
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Henry ascends to French throne in 1589 and adopts Catholicism
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Issues Edict of Nantes—a declaration of religious Toleration
Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu
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Cardinal Richelieu—Louis XIII’s minister who rules France
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Increases power of the Bourbons by limiting Huguenots’ freedom
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Also weak
A New Attitude
Skepticism—the idea that nothing can be known for certain
Montaigne and Descartes
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Montaigne explores ideas about life’s meaning in essays
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Descartes uses observation and reason to create new philosophy
Louis XIV Comes to Power
A New French Ruler
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Louis XIV—the most powerful ruler in French history
Louis, the Boy King
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Hatred of Mazarin—young Louis’s minister—leads to riots
Louis Weakens the Nobles’ Authority
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Louis takes control in 1661
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Appoints intendants—government agents—to collect taxes
Economic Growth
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Jean Baptiste Colbert—finance minister—helps economy grow
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In 1685, Louis cancels Edict of Nantes; Huguenots flee France
The Sun King’s Grand Style: A Life of Luxury
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Louis lives very well, with every meal a feast
Louis Controls the Nobility
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Louis keeps nobles at palace to increase his power over them
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Builds magnificent palace at Versailles
Patronage of the Arts
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Versailles is a center of arts during reign of Louis XIV
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Purpose of the arts is to glorify Louis
Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
Attempts to Expand France’s Boundaries
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Louis fights wars in 1660s, 1670s to expand France
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In 1680s, many countries unite against him in League of Augsburg
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France is weakened by poor harvests, warfare, high taxes
War of the Spanish Succession
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War of the Spanish Succession begins in 1701
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Attempts to prevent union of the French and Spanish thrones
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Ends in 1714; France and Spain lose some possessions
Louis’s Death and Legacy
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Louis dies leaving mixed legacy
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Rule makes France a major military and cultural power in Europe
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His wars and palace leave France with heavy debts
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SUMMARY
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Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: ________________________
TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 3
NUMBER: _________
NOTES
Central European Monarchs Clash
The Thirty Years’ War
Rising Tension
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Tension rises between Lutherans and Catholics in central Europe
Bohemian Protestants Revolt
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In 1618, Protestants revolt against Catholic Hapsburg rulers
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Result is Thirty Years’ War—conflict over religion, land, power
Hapsburg Triumphs
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From 1618 to 1630, Hapsburg armies have many victories
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Troops plunder many German village Hapsburg Defeats
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In 1630, tide turns in favor of Protestants Peace of Westphalia
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War ruins German economy, greatly decreases population
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Peace of Westphalia (1648) ends war
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Treaty weakens Hapsburgs, strengthens France
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Treaty introduces idea of negotiating terms of peace
Beginning of Modern States
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Treaty recognizes Europe as group of independent states
States Form in Central Europe
Economic Contrasts with the West
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Economy in central Europe still based on serfs, agriculture
Several Weak Empires
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Landowning nobles in central Europe block growth of kings’ power
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Ottoman and Holy Roman empires are also weak
Austria Grows Stronger
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Hapsburgs in Austria take more lands, rule large empire
Maria Theresa Inherits the Austrian Throne
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Maria Theresa becomes empress of Austria, faces years of war
Prussia Challenges Austria
The Rise of Prussia
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Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia build Europe’s best army
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Call themselves kings and become absolute monarchs
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Nobles resist royal power, but king buys loyalty
Frederick the Great
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Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia
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Enforces father’s military policies but softens some of his laws
War of the Austrian Succession
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In 1740, Frederick starts war against Austria to gain Silesia
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Maria Theresa resists Prussian power but loses Silesia in treaty
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As result of war, Prussia becomes a major power in Europe
The Seven Years’ War
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Austria allies with France against Britain and Prussia
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In 1756, Frederick attacks Saxony, launching Seven Years’ War
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France loses colonies in North America; Britain gains India
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SUMMARY
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Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: ________________________
TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 4
NUMBER: _________
NOTES
Absolute Rulers of Russia
The First Czar
Ivan the Terrible
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In 1533, Ivan the Terrible becomes king of Russia
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Struggles for power with boyars—landowning nobles
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Seizes power and is crowned czar, meaning “caesar”
Rule by Terror
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In 1560, Ivan turns against boyars, kills them, seizes lands
Rise of the Romanovs
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Ivan’s heir is weak, leading to period of turmoil
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In 1613, Michael Romanov becomes czar
Peter the Great Comes to Power
The Rise of Peter
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Peter the Great becomes czar in 1696, begins to reform Russia
Russia Contrasts with Europe
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Land of boyars and serfs
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Cut off geographically from Europe
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Culturally isolated, little contact with western Europe
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Religious differences widen gap
Peter Visits the West
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In 1697, Peter visits Western Europe to learn European ways Peter Rules Absolutely
Peter’s Goal
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Goal of westernization—using Western Europe as model for change
Peter’s Reforms
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Brings Orthodox Church under state control
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Reduces power of great landowners
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Modernizes army by having European officers train soldiers
Westernizing Russia
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Introduces potatoes
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Starts Russia’s first newspaper
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Raises women’s status
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Adopts Western fashion
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Advances education
Establishing St. Petersburg
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Peter wants a seaport that will make travel to West easier
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Fights Sweden to win port on Baltic Sea
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In 1703, begins building new capital called St. Petersburg
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Building city takes many years; many serfs die in process
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By the time of Peter’s death, Russia is a power to be reckoned with in Europe
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SUMMARY
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Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: ________________________
TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 5
NUMBER: _________
NOTES
Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
Monarchs Defy Parliament
James’s Problems
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James I of Scotland becomes king of England in 1603
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Struggles with Parliament over money, Church Reform
Charles I Fights Parliament
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James’s son, Charles I, becomes king in 1625
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Also fights with Parliament over money
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Parliament forces him to sign Petition of Right in 1628
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Petition limits Charles’s power, but he ignores it
English Civil War
War Topples a King
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In 1641, Parliament passes laws to limit king’s power
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Result is English Civil War (1642–1649) between Puritans, king
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In 1644, Oliver Cromwell becomes general on Puritan side
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After Puritans win, Charles faces trial and execution in 1649
Cromwell’s Rule
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In 1649, Cromwell abolishes monarchy, House of Lords
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Becomes military dictator
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Suppresses rebellion in Ireland
Puritan Morality
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Puritans abolish activities they find sinful
Restoration and Revolution
Cromwell’s End
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After Cromwell dies in 1658, government collapses
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Next year, Parliament asks son of Charles I to Rule
Charles II Reigns
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Restoration—return of monarchy under Charles II
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Habeas corpus—law requiring king to charge prisoner with crime
James II and the Glorious Revolution
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Charles’s Catholic brother James becomes king in 1685
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Glorious Revolution—bloodless overthrow of James in 1688
Limits on Monarch’s Power
A New Type of Monarchy
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Protestants William and Mary become rulers of England
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Agree to constitutional monarchy—legal limits on royal power
Bill of Rights
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In 1689, Parliament drafts Bill of Rights
Sets limits on royal power
Cabinet System Develops
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In 1700s, cabinet, a group of government ministers, develops
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Ministers link majority party in Parliament with monarch
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SUMMARY
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Essential ?: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DATE: ________________________
TOPIC: CHAPTER 21 – Section 5
NUMBER: _________
NOTES
Chapter 21 Review
Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Section 1 (pages 589–595)
What three actions demonstrated that Philip II of Spain saw himself as a defender of Catholicism?
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According to French writer Jean Bodin, should a prince share power with anyone else? Explain why or why not.
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The Reign of Louis XIV Section 2 (pages 596–602)
What strategies did Louis XIV use to control the French nobility?
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In what ways did Louis XIV cause suffering to the French people?
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Central European Monarchs Clash Section 3 (pages 603–607)
What were six results of the Peace of Westphalia?
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Why did Maria Theresa and Frederick the Great fight two wars against each other?
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Absolute Rulers of Russia Section 4 (pages 608–613)
What were three differences between Russia and western Europe?
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What was Peter the Great’s primary goal for Russia?
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Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Section 5 (pages 614–617)
List the causes, participants, and outcome of the English Civil War.
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How did Parliament try to limit the power of the English monarchy?
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SUMMARY
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