Topic 1: Spelling the sounds of English
Exercise 1
Own work
Exercise 2
short ‘a’ sound
Anne and David were in a car crash and both were taken to
hospital in an ambulance.
Panthers are large cats and are among the fastest animals
on earth.
Spelling patterns identified: a
‘y’ sound
Yesterday it was a year since I lost your yo-yo in
Yellowstone Park.
‘m’
I could hear Mum humming while she trimmed my
brother’s hair.
The carpenter’s hammer went missing when he went to
have some morning tea.
Spelling patterns identified: m, mm
‘n’
Norah’s speech was so funny she had no need to be
nervous beforehand.
If you yell loudly inside this cave you will hear an echo.
No one noticed that the honey had fallen over until it was
running down the wall behind the shelf.
Spelling patterns identified: y
Spelling patterns identified: n, nn
‘qu’ sounds (‘k’ ‘w’)
‘p’
I am squeamish at the sight of blood and I felt queasy
when I saw a squashed squirrel on the road.
On Poppy Day, people wear poppies to remember the
soldiers who died in the war.
It has been quite difficult to find a qualified quizmaster to
run our ‘Quirky Questions Quiz’ evening, which is raising
money to send our choir to Quebec.
During school holidays the police increase patrols to stop
accidents happening.
Spelling patterns identified: qu, ch
‘b’ sound
You must stir this broth until it’s bubbling, before you add
the beans.
You could see the rubber marks on the drive where Brian
had braked abruptly.
Spelling patterns identified: b, bb
‘d’ sound
We were paddling down the river when there was a sudden
downpour of rain.
After the flood there were dozens of muddy puddles
everywhere.
Spelling patterns identified: d, dd
‘g’
Our hens laid so many eggs I had to get a bigger basket to
put them in.
At least a dozen diggers were needed to dig new drains
after the flood.
Spelling patterns identified: g, gg
Spelling patterns identified: p, pp
‘t’ sound
Tony called the little kitten Tiger because of its stripes.
Teresa’s teacher told her she had a great attitude to her
work.
Spelling patterns identified: t, tt
‘l’
Gillian and Louise like roller skating at the local rink.
My little sister Sally likes singing but she can’t always
remember the words of the songs.
Spelling patterns identified: l, ll
‘r’
Robin was in such a hurry to open his present he just
ripped off the wrapping.
This restaurant serves the best curry and rice dishes in the
area.
Spelling patterns identified: r, rr, wr
‘j’
‘ng’ sound
Jane just managed to qualify for the Olympic Games in her
final jump of the day.
Thank you for washing the dishes I left soaking in the
sink.
Even though George was at the top of the bridge I could
still see his orange shirt.
Spelling patterns identified: ng, n
Giraffes generally just graze on the leaves at the top of the
trees in the jungle.
Spelling patterns identified: g, j, ge, dge
‘k’ sound
It is wrong to think that you can go can go exploring in the
jungle without a guide.
‘x’ (‘k’ ‘s’) sounds
The taxi driver had to lift six boxes of cakes out of the car
to reach the spare tyre so he could fix the puncture.
When Kyle went to open a bank account he had to stand in
a queue for thirty minutes.
You get sixty minutes of free texts when you buy a new
mobile phone.
Chris and Kate biked to school through the back streets to
avoid the traffic chaos on the main roads.
This road runs next to the train tracks for six kilometres.
Spelling patterns identified: k, cc, que, ch, c, ck
‘s’ sound
Sandra is such a fussy eater; she will only eat strawberries,
salami and ice-cream.
Once, when our class went on a science trip, we made such
a mess on the bus we had to stay behind to clean it up.
Spelling patterns identified: s, ss, c, ce, sc
‘f’
Fred’s café is famous for its frankfurters, its coffee and its
fresh fruit flans.
We all laughed when Francis fell in the pond while he was
trying to take a photo of a frog with his cell phone.
Spelling patterns identified: f, ff, ph, ugh
‘w’ sound
Spelling patterns identified: x, ks, cks, k_s
‘v’ sound
It will be our twenty-fifth wedding anniversary on the
eleventh of November.
The boy gave his brother a shove off the diving board so
that he could have a turn himself.
Spelling patterns identified: f, v, ve
‘z’ sound
Daisy shook the can of coke so when Danny opened it, it
fizzed all over his face.
I was going to wear my favourite jeans to the races but the
zip broke as I did them up.
Spelling patterns identified: z, zz, s
‘sh’ sound
William was lucky to see a rare white whale when he went
whale watching.
The ‘Queen Charlotte’ is one of the largest ships to sail
the oceans, and the captain has to be very cautious as he
negotiates narrow channels.
The car’s wheel was caught under the mudguard of the van
when they collided.
I am sure I saw Sean at the bus station buying a box of
tissues from the machine next to the fish and chip shop.
Spelling patterns identified: w, wh
Spelling patterns identified: ch, sh, ce, ti, s, ss
‘h’ sound
‘ch’ sound
I don’t honestly know how my dog ate a whole kilogram
of hamburger mince without me noticing.
To find the champion in the competition, each contestant
had to answer questions from a topic of their choice.
I am happy to hear that the neighbour who caused us so
much trouble has decided that he’ll move house.
Thousands of fans came to watch the match between the
two top teams to see which team would win the trophy.
Spelling patterns identified: h, wh
Spelling patterns identified: ch, tch, ti
‘th’ (voiced) sound
The three brothers saved up their pocket money and
bought their father a lathe for his birthday.
(The th patterns in three and birthday sound like the
unvoiced ‘th’.)
The weather at this time of year is usually fine so most
days we can go to the beach to swim and sunbathe.
Spelling patterns identified: th
‘th’ (unvoiced) sound
I don’t think I can pull this thistle out of my thumb
without some help. (this is a voiced ‘th’)
You need to shake the bottle thoroughly to mix both
ingredients together.
(the and together are voiced sounds of ‘th’)
Both the dog and the cat drink water out of the bird bath,
although they each have their own water bowls.
(the, although, they and their are voiced sounds of ‘th’)
Short ‘i’
If you are ill, it is important that you remember to take all
your medicine.
The gymnast injured her shin when she fell off the balance
beam during her final routine.
It is illegal to ignore the speed limit and if you do, you will
be given a speeding ticket.
Spelling patterns identified: i, y, i_e (Schwa ‘i’ sounds are
in important and ticket).
Short ‘o’
The ostrich was unable to swallow properly and it needed
an operation to fix the problem.
Do you want olives and onions on your pizza?
Children often squabble on a long journey if they are
squashed together in a car.
How odd! The swan seems to like chocolate.
Spelling patterns identified: th
Spelling patterns identified: o, a
‘zh’ sound
Short ‘u’
The commander of the army had the vision to plan the
attack carefully before he made his decision to send his
troops in to begin the invasion.
The thunder storm was very severe and the ground was
soon awash with water.
If you want to win the treasure hunt you will need to
measure your steps from the tree carefully.
Spelling patterns identified: su, si
Short ‘e’
I was annoyed that I had forgotten my umbrella and I had
to stand under a tree to avoid getting wet.
My mother loves travelling, and on Monday she is going to
China for a month.
Spelling patterns identified: a, u, o
Every episode of this epic story was so exciting it took my
breath away!
Short ‘oo’
Edward and Heather worked together to make sure every
ember of their fire was out before they left the beach.
What would you do if you were lost in the woods and you
couldn’t find your way out?
I couldn’t decide whether to wear my leather jacket
because the weather forecaster said rain was likely and I
was worried it would get wet.
Spelling patterns identified: e, ea, ai
My hand shook as I took the prize I had won for cooking.
I had to push and pull my luggage to make it fit inside the
boot of the car.
Spelling patterns identified: oo, u, oul
Long ‘a’
It’s a shame we have to put these crayfish back in the water
but they are too small and they don’t weigh enough.
I have lots of scrapes and grazes from falling off my
skateboard.
One Sunday we went fishing on the lake, but the sky was
grey and we got caught in the rain.
We had a great time collecting acorns on our holiday. We
are taking them home to plant, so I hope they grow.
Spelling patterns identified: a_e, ay, ey, ey, eigh, a, ea
Long ‘e’
Will you think I am greedy if I eat three pieces of pizza?
My niece is the chief of police and she works in Canterbury.
Long ‘u’
Only a few students were studying music at the university.
The universe is huge and full of new and beautiful things.
I am used to hearing that tune played during a television
advertisement.
Spelling patterns identified: ew, u, eau, u_e
Long ‘oo’
After my tooth was removed I had a huge bruise on my
cheek.
(huge sounds like the long ‘u’)
The plume of smoke grew and grew and soon even the
moon had disappeared from view.
(view sounds like the long ‘u’)
The crew of the yacht had to undo the ropes and loosen the
The sheep’s fleece was really thick. It could barely walk and
sails so they could cruise through the narrow channel.
had trouble breathing.
Spelling patterns identified: oo, o, ui, u_e, ew, ough
Please put the peas and the ice cream in the freezer before
they thaw out.
Spelling patterns identified: ee, y, ie, i, ea
Long ‘i’
‘ar’ sound
You can’t argue with the sergeant in charge when you are
in the army.
Our dog barked and charged off after a car so my father
I have finally finished writing my assignment about tigers in
had to chase after him.
the wild.
I’ve had a ghastly day. I fell over a large metal bar and
If someone shines a bright light into your eyes, it makes it
cut my arm and now I will have an ugly scar.
difficult to see afterwards.
Half the crowd remained calm after they heard the news
I’ll try to change this flat tyre by myself, but I might not be
but the rest panicked.
able to because it’s a long time since I’ve done it.
Spelling patterns identified: a, ar, er, are, al
I love apple and blackberry pie with ice cream on the side.
Spelling patterns identified: i, igh, eye, i_e, ie
‘or’ sound
I thought I would organise a surprise party for my friend’s
fortieth birthday but she saw the invitations and the
When I broke a bone in my toe, I groaned and moaned about surprise was spoiled.
it for days.
We can’t ignore global warming. The ice is thawing and
If you open the window, and look below, you will see a rose the shorelines are changing around the world.
bush with a garden gnome beneath it.
My daughter has been drawing since she was four years
You have to knead the dough to make a loaf of bread, then
old and she is an awesome artist.
hope it will rise before you cook it.
People are talking about the Water Board’s decision to put
Spelling patterns identified: o_e, oe, oa, ow, ough, o
water restrictions in place in August.
Long ‘o’
My puppy is very naughty. He knocked down a tin of
paint and it splashed all over the floor and the front door.
Spelling patterns identified: ough, or, aw, ore, ar, ore,
augh, our, awe, a, al, au, oor
‘er’ sound
The person who burgled the church was about thirty
years old with curly brown hair, and he was wearing a
distinctive orange shirt.
I work on the thirtieth floor of the World Bank building,
but I would prefer to work on the ground floor.
We began our journey in a small plane that lurched and
jerked into the air.
It takes a while to learn how to open oysters quickly to get
the pearls that are inside.
‘air’ sound
I bought a pair of rare parrots at the local fair.
I saw a wild hare in the field and it just sat there and
stared at me!
Be careful not to tear those trousers—they are the last
good pair you have left.
Spelling patterns identified: air, are, ear
‘ear’ sound
Spelling patterns identified: er, ur, ir, or, our, ear
I could hear the car coming up the drive because the
learner driver was crunching the gears.
‘ow’ sound
Here is the chef with the wedding cake. It is four tiers
high and appears to have chocolate icing.
There were loud shouts of delight when we heard the
announcement that the Mt Everest had been conquered.
The cat chased the mouse around the kitchen and just as
it was about to pounce, the mouse ran down the stairs and
out into the garden.
A large crowd came to watch the opening of the new
fountain in the middle of town.
Spelling patterns identified: ou, ow
‘oy’ sound
I hurt my wrist playing quoits but Mum thought it was just
a ploy to avoid doing my homework!
Many reporters join the royal family when they go on
voyages around the world.
We found a coil of rope in the soil at the point where the
lost trampers had gone into the bush.
Spelling patterns identified: oy, oi
When out team won the trophy, we danced, cheered and
laughed until tears rolled down our cheeks.
Spelling patterns identified: ear, eer, ere, ier
TOPIC 2: Blends
Exercise 3
brawl, crawl, drawl, trawl
crab, drab, grab
cram, dram, gram, pram, tram
bray, dray, fray, pray, tray
brave, crave, grave
brain, drain, grain, train
bred, Fred
brew, crew, drew, grew
brick, crick, prick, trick
drill, frill, grill, trill
brim, grim, prim, trim
drip, grip, trip
crock, frock
crop, drop, prop
brow, crow, grow, prow
brook, crook
brush, crush
Exercise 4
clan, flan, plan
clap, flap, slap
blab, flab, slab
black, clack, flack, slack
clad, glad
clam, slam
flat, slat
claw, flaw, slaw
clay, flay, play, slay
plain, slain
clash, flash, slash
bled, fled, sled
blew, flew, slew
bleat, cleat, pleat
click, flick, slick
blip, clip, flip, slip
glide, slide
cling, fling, sling
blight, flight, plight, slight
blob, glob, slob
block, clock, flock
clod, plod
clop, flop, plop, slop
blot, clot, plot, slot
bloat, float, gloat
blow, flow, glow, slow
glum, plum, slum
blush, flush, plush, slush
Exercise 5
small, stall
span, Stan, scan, swan
snap, swap
spar, star, scar
stab, scab, swab
snack, smack, stack
snag, stag, swag
scam, swam
spat, scat, swat
spay, stay, sway
Spain, stain, swain, twain
spell, smell, swell
sneak, speak, steak, tweak
spew, stew, skew
spit, skit, twit
spin, skin, twin
sniff, stiff, skiff
spill, still, skill, swill, twill
snip, skip
sting, swing
spite, smite, skite
smock, stock
snore, spore, store, swore
snot, spot, Scot, swot
snout, spout, stout, scout
spoke, smoke, stoke
snub, stub
Exercise 6
(examples)
scream, scry, screw, scrunch, scramble
shrill, shriek, shrink, shrivel, shrewd
splatter, splint, splay, splash, splutter
spray, sprinkle, sprout, spring, spry
squeak, squash, squabble, squander,
squib
string, strong, strum, strip, strap
thrill, through, three, thrush, threw
Exercise 7
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. scrub
break
snap
smiling
speak
throw
blew
growl
splinter, tweezers
practice
11. 12. 13.
14. 15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
stamped
clapped
frozen/freezing
squeeze
slippery
flooded
trick, treating
stray
spring
scared
drink
shrink
skipping
glitter
crust
play
swing
Exercise 8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
scrabble
browse
snakes
smile, grin
spoon
thrifty
blubber
scream, cry, grizzle
splinter
practice
stamp
clover Friday
squeeze
slowly, crawl
flood, slip
trick
strings
spring
scab
drain
shrug
skate-boarding
glitter
crust
plaster
Exercise 9
(examples)
____nt
____sk
____st
____ld
____lf
____mp
____lk
Exercise 10
___nk
____sp
____nd
____ct
____lt
____ng
Exercise 11
1
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
a
elephant
mask
fast
bald
half
camp
walk
e
dented
desk
best
held
shelf
temporary
elk
pint
risk
list
wild
i
font
o
post
gold
golf
chomp
folk
limp
silk
u
blunt
musk
gust
stump
bulk
(examples)
a
thank
gasp
bland
tact
malt
twang
e
bend
nectar
belt
strength
i
pink
lisp
bind
victory
silt
swing
stump
mask
found
cast
faint
fault
silk
fact
flask
gasp, pant
skunk
wolf
sink
mould
o
conker
fond
doctor
bolt
long
u
skunk
cusp
fund
duct
cult
swung
Topic 3: h digraphs
Exercise 12
sh
(examples)
mash, shiver, shake, squash, fish
shr
shrivel, shrink, shrew, mushroom, shroud
wh (‘w’ sound) white, which, where, when, what
wh (‘h’ sound) whole, who, whose, whom, wholesome
ph
pharmacy, photo, nephew, phew, Phillip
ch (‘ch’ sound) chocolate, much, each, church, beach
ch (‘k’ sound) Christmas, chemist, ache, school, stomach
ch (‘sh’ sound) chef, machine, paper-mache, champagne,
parachute
tch
match, fetch, ditch, botch, hutch
th (voiced)
that, there, this, then, they
th (unvoiced) think, thunder, thorough, thud, thump
thr
thrill, through, throw, throttle, thrifty
(there will be others)
Exercise 13
(examples)
ch, tch and ph words (there will be others)
patch, hatch, snatch, catch,
each, peach, poach, reach, teach
photo, graph
th, wh and sh words (there will be others)
this, thaw, then, them, those
white, what, when, who, whose, whom
shop, mash, wish, fish, smash, posh, wash
Exercise 14
List 1
1.
rush
2.
with
3.
posh, shop
4.
three
5.
each, ache
6.
graph
7. chop
8.
what
9.
shrink
10. catch
List 2
1. brush
2. the
3. snatch
4. school
5. witch
6. then
7. fish
8. Phillip
9. throb, broth
10. shred
Exercise 15
1. chef
16.
2. fish, chips
17.
3. thumb
18.
4. photo, photograph
5. watch
19.
6. birthday, Christmas
20.
7. chest
21.
8. match
22.
9. cloth
23.
10. blush
24.
11. whiskers
25.
12. dolphins
26.
13. alphabet
27.
14. teeth
28.
15. autograph
29.
30.
Exercise 16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
thumb
pamphlet
watch
birthday, Christmas
chest
crutches
cloth
blush
whisker
whale, dolphin
alphabet
wreath
cenotaph
Exercise 17
whale
beach
chemist / pharmacist / pharmacy
brush
champagne
church
echo
hutch
nephew
wheat
sphere
both
elephant
whistling
path
14. whale
15. beach, shore
16. chemist, pharmacist
17. brush
18. champagne
19. church
20. echo
21. hutch
22. nephew
23. elephant
24. whistle
25. path
My nephew crashed his new car. He was in a race and
wished to win the champion’s trophy. When the crash
happened, there was a photographer nearby and he rushed
over to be the first person with a photo of the smash. We
were all shocked at the mess and thankful that Phillip
was unhurt. He had a cut cheek and the steering wheel
had squashed his stomach. His clothes were a bit torn but
other than that, there was not much damage.
It made me shiver to think of what could have happened to
him. He must have a charmed life! After the doctor had
checked him over and his car had been taken to a
mechanic, Phillip came back to the coffee shop for lunch.
He ate a chicken and cheese sandwich, chippies and
chocolate cake. I don’t know how he could even think
about lunch after such an experience. It was too much for
me!
Topic 4: Short vowel sounds
Exercise 18
Long ‘a’ sounds: straighten, complain, holiday, railway,
obey freight, maintain, they, stranger, gauge, bouquet,
crazy, famous, shady, bathe, greatness
Short ‘a’ sounds: mad, admit, add, tackle, planet, manner,
cavity, battery, panic, fantastic, scramble, ambulance,
actually, magnet
Long ‘e’ sounds: redeem, receive, chimney eagle, genius,
machine, theatre, retrieve, equally, tease, procedure,
routine, people, precede, wield, graffiti, story, vehicle, very
Short ‘e’ sounds: settler, breakfast mention, leather,
weather, rent, selfish, spread, several, petty, section
Long ‘i’ sounds: delightful, copyright, advice, either,
transpire, resign, countryside, fire, underlie, dye, aisle,
assignment, knight, triangle, pilot, fright, licence
Short ‘i’ sounds: silly, minutes, witty, miniscule, window,
gypsy, different, horrible, distance, ribbon, sincere, pigeon,
middle
Long ‘o’ sounds: cargo, plateau, toasted, provoke, erode,
unknown, fellow, foreboding, quote, dough, motionless,
sewn, alone, devote, expose, approached, project, totally,
rodent
Short ‘o’ sounds: jockey, comic, jostle, model, forest,
swamp, dodge, population, operate, oxygen, costly
Long ‘u’ sounds: excuse, pursue, cocoon, flute, whose,
jewellery, through, bruise, cartoon, cruise, pursuit, stoop,
university, curious, cockatoo
Short ‘u’ sounds: around nothing, tongue, husband,
enough, double, flooded, smother, muddle, month,
stomach, hungry, trouble, crumb, bloodstained
Exercise 19
Own answers
Exercise 20
staying, stayed
dragging, dragged
spotting, spotted
helping, helped
batting, batted
snapping, snapped
living, lived
begging, begged
dipping, dipped
jumping, jumped
tanning, tanned
loving, loved
thicken, thicker thickest
fatten, fatter, fattest
thinner, thinnest
fitter, fittest
sadden, sadder, saddest
madden, madder, maddest
hotter, hottest
odder, oddest
bigger, biggest
redden, redder, reddest
wetter, wettest
Exercise 21
If the word has a 111 pattern – 1 stressed, short vowel
spelled with 1 vowel before 1 consonant in the last syllable
in a word, double the last consonant when you add a
suffix that begins with a vowel.
Own examples
If a word contains 1 stressed short vowel spelled with 1
vowel, 1 consonant away from the le ending, double the
consonant before the le ending.
battle (s)
riddle (s)
cable (l)
bubble (s)
stable (l)
paddle (s)
handle (s)
bible (l)
cuddle (s)
middle (s)
TOPIC 5: The role of the final e
Exercise 22
site, tripe, time, wine, slide, ride
ate, hate, same
cape, cane, bane, Pete
rode, pope, hope, slope
globe, cute, cube, tube, use
plume, vane, plane, mane, fine
sneeze
the
✓
✓
✓
three
love
huge
✓
✓
✓
✓
argue
cave
rice
since
change
see
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
orange
table
✓
some
✓
✓
give
candle
✓
please
✓
✓
loose
done
Influences
pronunciation
of consonants
before it
✓
✓
cake
she
Spelling
convention for
‘s’, ‘z’ and ‘j’
Part of the le
word ending
Part of a
two-vowels
spelling pattern
Part of a
vowel(s)_e
pattern
Represents a
sound by itself
Exercise 23
✓
✓
✓
✓
TOPIC 6: Long vowel sounds
dropped in, someone went straight in front of me and
we collided. All I can remember is a terrible pain in
my leg and then everything went blank. I woke up in
an ambulance. I couldn’t think straight and everything
was a bit of a haze. I came home this morning with
eight stitches in my head and two broken bones in my
leg. Our holiday has had to wait and I’m bored out of
my brain already.
Exercise 24
betray
b
e
t
r
ay
portray
p
or
t
r
ay
radio
r
a
d
i
o
shaky
sh
a
k
y
aimless
ai
m
l
e
ss
sprained s
p
r
ai
n
straight
s
t
r
aigh
t
freight
f
r eigh
t
mistake m
i
s
t
a
behave
e
h
a
ve
b
Exercise 25
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
brain
veins
against
crayon
contain
refrain
ingrained
spray
strain
freight
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
ed
ai:
ea:
a_e:
ay:
eigh:
aigh:
train, afraid, pain, wait, brain, again
great
plane, came, make, skate, skateboards, brave, haze
yesterday, day, today, away, holiday, always
eight, neighbours
straight
Exercise 27
ke
painful
display
remain
neighbours
maintain
sleigh
steak
break
reindeer
explain
Exercise 26
Yesterday was the last day of term and today we were
supposed to be going away on holiday. Everything
was organised; the neighbours were going to feed our
cats and we were going to catch the train to Auckland
and then get a plane to Sydney.
I came home from school and thought I’d make the
most of the last opportunity I’d have to play with my
friends for a few weeks. We took our skateboards
and went to the skate park. Everything was fine until
I decided to be brave and drop-in on the bowl. I’ve
always been afraid to do it and I really wanted to
conquer my fear.
I did it! I felt really great. I had to have another go.
I really wish I hadn’t decided to do it again. Just as I
unseen
u
n
s
ee
ceiling
c
ei
l
i
ng
repeat
r
e
p
ea
t
cheeky
ch
ee
k
y
battery
b
a
tt
er
y
refugee
r
e
f
u
g
pizzas
p
i
zz
a
s
hockey
h
o
ck
ey
deplete
d
e
p
l
e
easily
ea
s
i
l
y
Exercise 28
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
exceeding
pierce
receive
shield
squeal, shriek, scream
speech
squeeze
dream
gleam
gene
n
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
ee
te
supreme
volunteer
ceiling
field
pier
niece
degrees
leave
weak
stream
Exercise 29
My friend John and I were walking along the pier with our
fishing gear when all of a sudden we saw something down
on the rocks gleaming in the sun. We climbed down and
hunted about between the rocks.
“Look here, see what I’ve found!” shrieked John. I
scrambled over the rocks and squeezed next to him. He
was holding a necklace of what looked like glass beads.
We put them in a pool of water to clean them and held
them up to the sun. They glistened and gleamed in the
sunlight.
“We’d better take them to the police station—they might
be valuable,” said John.
We couldn’t believe what happened next. The police said
the necklace belonged to a millionaire and the beads were
real diamonds.
It had been stolen and although the thief had been caught,
he had hidden the necklace before he was caught, and the
owners had given up hope of getting it back. They were
very pleased with us and said they would give us a reward
of $1000 each. A week later, we received the money in the
post. It was like a dream.
37
Pier and gear could also be underlined­pier and gear—as
they have a long ‘e’ as part of the ‘ear’ sounds.
39
e:
ee:
ea:
ie:
i:
ei:
y:
ey:
we, between, he, be, we’d, believe, belonged, the*,
before, reward, received
between, see, squeezed, been, week
gleaming, beads, clean, real, pleased, each, dream,
gleamed
thief, shrieked, believe
police, millionaire
received
very
money
The word the ends with a long ‘e’ sound when it comes
before a vowel sound but it sounds like a short ‘u’ before
most other words.
Exercise 30
nightmare
n
igh
t
m
are
kinder
k
i
n
d
er
reply
r
e
p
l
y
deny
d
e
n
y
stride
s
t
r
i
de
midnight
m
i
d
n
igh
retire
r
e
t
i
re
dying
d
y
i
ng
twilight
t
w
i
l
igh
invite
i
n
v
i
te
Exercise 31
light, bite, delight
fight, fright, kite
might, mite, night, plight
quite, right, rite, sight, site
tight, white, flight
blight, smite, slight
spite, bright
Exercise 32
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
bride
describe
wise
frightened
tied
tries
polite
right
alive
inside
t
t
Exercise 33
One day in July I decided to try flying my kite for the first
time. My friend Brian gave me the kite for my birthday
five days ago. When I looked outside this morning I saw
blue sky. Finally, a fine day! For the last week the weather
had been wild. Winds were as strong as a cyclone.
I grabbed the kite and hopped on my bike. My house is
only a short ride to the seaside and there are piles of sand
dunes that I often climb that are perfect for flying a kite.
The wind was just right for kite flying. As the string began
to unwind, the kite climbed higher and higher. It looked
like a butterfly flitting over the countryside. I couldn’t
guess the height it got to. The morning went by very fast. I
didn’t know flying a kite could be so exciting!
i: I, decided, Brian, finally, wild, climb, unwind,
climbed, exciting
igh: right, higher
i_e: kite, time, five, fine, outside, bike, ride, seaside,
piles, like, countryside
y:
July , try, flying, my, sky, cyclone, butterfly, by
eigh: height
Exercise 34
revoke
r
e
v
o
ke
afloat
a
f
l
oa
t
croaky
c
r
oa
k
y
although
a
l
th
banjo
b
a
n
j
o
episode
e
p
i
s
o
window
w
i
n
d
ow
shallow
sh
a
ll
ow
stolen
s
t
o
l
e
grocer
g
r
o
c
er
Exercise 35
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
goal
frozen
smoke
coach
throat
quote
choke
loaf
soak
phone
Exercise 36
The phone rang and I rushed to answer it. It was my friend
Joan and she wanted me to go ice-skating with her. I hoped
my Mum would say yes because today was the first day
the lake was open for skating. Mum wasn’t really happy
about it. In the end she said, “I suppose you can go. I hope
it really is safe. You’ll have to wear warm clothes or you’ll
be frozen.”
Just as I was about to leave Mum came out with the sunblock. “Make sure you put this on the skin that’s exposed
to the sun and wind.” She gave me the tube and I threw it
in my bag. Joan and I pulled on our skates, put on our hats
and coats and wrapped scarves around our throats, then
we were off. There were so many people on the lake by the
time we got there, but we had a wonderful time.
Even though the wind was cold, we soon got warm. By the
time we came home at the end of the afternoon we were
exhausted and just wanted to float in a hot bath and soak
for hours.
ough
de
n
o:
go, hoped, open, clothes, frozen, exposed, so, cold
oa: Joan, coats, throats, float, soak
o_e: phone, suppose, hope, home
ough: though
Exercise 37 Exercise 39
I couldn’t have had a worse start to my day if I’d tried.
First of all, my car refused to go. I didn’t want to be late
because I had an interview for a new job at 10 a.m. but I
had to go in to my office to do a few things first. I finally
got the engine to start and backed down the drive. Before
I’d even reached Park Avenue, I knew something else was
wrong.
pollute
p
o
ll
u
te
excuse
e
x
c
u
se
rescue
r
e
s
c
ue
choose
ch
oo
se
nuisance
n
ui
s
a
n
ce
usually
u
s
u
a
ll
y
strewn
s
t
r
ew
n
elude
e
l
u
de
cruising
c
r
ui
s
i
tonight
t
o
n
igh
t
Exercise 38
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
confused
tissues
argue
suit
excuse
perfume
refuse
distribute
choose
view
grew
soup, stew
ng
My back tyre was flat. I couldn’t believe it. I was in my
best suit and I didn’t want to ruin it so I rang the AA
rescue van. They were busy and it took them half an hour
to arrive. The mechanic was very polite and tried not to
look amused as I described my morning to him. He put on
my spare tyre, wished me luck for the interview and went
off to his next customer. Luckily nothing else went wrong.
I wasn’t late for my interview and it went really well. I
start the new job next month.
u:
o:
iew:
ew:
ue:
ui:
refused, amused
to
interview
new, few
Avenue, rescue
suit, ruin
Exercise 40
teachable, teaching, teacher
retrainable, retraining, retrained
toasting, toasted, toaster
readable, reading, reader
shooting, shooter
reviewable, reviewing, reviewed, reviewer
brewing, brewed, brewer
going
skiable, skiing, skied, skier
arguable, arguing, argued
agreeable, agreeing, agreed
hoeing, hoed
completely, completeness, completing, completed
lately, lateness
participating, participated
remotely, remoteness
refusing, refused
obeying, obeyed
decaying, decayed
curtseying, curtseyed
carrying, carried, carrier
happily, happiness, happier
worrying, worried, worrier
TOPIC 7: Other vowel sounds
Exercise 41
Exercise 45
(examples)
bird
skirt
shirt
firm
third
dirty
star, tar, car, far
park, stark, hark, mark, lark, spark
carp, harp
charm, farm, harm, palm, calm
part, start, tart, cart, chart, mart, art
arch, parch, starch, march
past, fast, last, cast, mast
staff, calf, half
refer
verse
germ
stern
alert
person
Exercise 42
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
scar
charge
army
half
farmer
marmalade
charts
star
sparkled
parcel
burn
fur
curl
nurse
hurt
turn
Exercise 46
Exercise 43
world
w
or
l
shirt
sh
ir
t
t
thirty
th
ir
t
a
se
nerve
n
er
ve
c
al
m
curl
c
ur
l
partner
p
ar
t
n
er
search
s
ear ch
carpet
c
ar
p
e
t
burnt
b
ur
n
t
guardian
g
uar
d
i
a
n
spurt
s
p
ur
t
gu
ar
d
i
a
n
word
w
or
d
serve
s
er
ve
farmer
f
ar
m
er
carton
c
ar
t
o
heart
h
ear
vase
v
calm
Exercise 44
Own answers
n
d
y
Exercise 47
storm, form, norm, dorm
norm: a model or standard; the average behaviour or
performance for a group of people
yawn, lawn, dawn, pawn
pawn: to deposit personal property with a pawnbroker as
security for a loan; a small chess piece; a person who is
used as a tool for another
shore, pore, adore, more, store
pore: a very small opening in a surface , especially the
skin, for absorbing or emitting liquid; to study or look at
closely and carefully
poor, door, floor, moor
pore: a very small opening in a surface, especially the skin,
for absorbing or emitting liquid; to study or look at closely
and carefully
clause, pause, taut, sauce
taut: tightly pulled or strained
course, source, mourn, pours, yours
source: any place or thing from which something comes or
starts
Exercise 48
or: forty, thorn
au: exhausted, plausible, daunting
aw: dawn, awful, sawn
al: walk, chalk
ar: warden, warble
ore: furthermore, chore
oor: poor, floor
our: mourn, pour, your
oar: hoarse, soar, hoard
augh: daughter, taught, fraught
ough: brought, bought, thought
a:
ball, water
Exercise 49
awful, cause, taught/taut
torture, draw, auto
war, caught, adore
pause, daughter, autumn
awkward, applause, core/caw
Exercise 50
A person who
navigator
doctor
actor
author
creator
matador
vendor
director
investigator
victor
At the end of a word
abhor
Labrador
corridor
anchor
tremor
Exercise 51
tear
near
gear
fear
beer
peer
cheer
sheer
ware
share
bare
dare
chair
stair
lair
fair
Exercise 52
‘air’ words
snare
wear
care
fair
tear
stair
pair
stare
rare
bear
bare
dare
chair
hair
pear
their
there
‘ear’ words
veer
steer
cheer
dear
tear
deer
here
fear
gear
beer
year
hear
peer
near
rear
Spelling patterns for ‘air’:
Spelling patterns for ‘ear’:
are, ear, air, eir, ere
eer, ear, ere
Exercise 53
‘air’ words
parents
aeroplane
compare
tear
declare
unfair
prepare
scare
aerial
dairy
repair
square
Exercise 57
‘ear’ words
nearly
fearful
disappear
tear
cheerful
weird
year
sheer
weary
tier
shear
here
dreary
cow/ard moun/tain coun/ter clown/
dow/dy mouth/
show/er pow/der sound/
vouch/er Exercise 54
It was the last day of the year. There was going to be a
big party down by the pier with music all evening and
fireworks at midnight. People took their chairs and blankets
and shared a picnic tea. The music was so loud it was hard
to hear but most people didn’t care. At midnight there was
a loud cheer as the fireworks went up in the air. The New
Year was here with a bang.
‘air’ words
their
chairs
shared
care
air
there
‘ear’ words
year
pier
hear
cheer
here
Exercise 55
hour, power, found
crowd, howl, flower
cloud, about, snout
shout, frown, drown
Exercise 56
(examples)
doubt
down
bound
flout
frown
found
stout
brown
hound
shout
drown
mound
about
crown
pound
bout
gown
round
clout
around
gout
astound
lout
sound
pout
rout
frown/ down/ how/ever doubt/ful found/
noun/ pow/er
row/dy
towel/ or tow/el vow/el or vow/el
‘ow’ at end of syllable
coward
however
cowboy
dowdy
powerful
shower
power
powder
rowdy
tower
vow
Exercise 58
bowel
bower
cowl
cower
dowel
flower
fowl
hour
growl
sour
jowl
tower
prowl
shower
towel
vowel
joy employ
annoy
spoil
tomboy
foil
loud proud/
bounce/ coun/cil house/
pow/er/ful pounce/ south/ tow/er vow/
thou/sand
growl/
boun/dary
cow/boy
howl/
foun/tain
pouch/
a/stound
town/
ounce/
‘ow’ in middle ‘own’ and
of syllable
‘owl’ words
loud
frown
thousand
down
mountain
growl
proud
clown
counter
howl
bounce
town
boundary
towel
doubtful
vowel
council
found
house
mouth
fountain
pounce
pouch
south
astound
sound
voucher
ounce
ground
oils, soil
moist
coin
enjoy
voice
oil
Exercise 59
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercise 60
destroy
voice
boil
join
boyish
moist
buoy
noise
coy, hoist, toy, boy, coil, choice, foil, noise, joyful
TOPIC 8: Consonant sounds written in different ways
Exercise 61
face
circle
once
lacy/lace
cycle
circus
icy
price
police
Exercise 62
The letter c is pronounced ‘s’ when it is followed by e, i or
y.
following a short vowel sound. There is usually a vowel
digraph pattern before the s.
The ‘s’ sound is written s or ss at the end of a word when
it follows a short vowel sound that is written with a single
vowel.
The ‘z’ sound is written z or zz at the end of a word when
it follows a short vowel sound that is written with a single
vowel.
If the letter c represents a ‘s’ sound at the end of a word, it
will be written ce.
The ‘z’ sound is written ze or se at the end of a word when
the word ends in s (or z) and the s is not there to represent
a plural, to make a verb agree with a noun or pronoun and
is not following a short vowel sound. There is usually a
vowel digraph pattern before the z or s.
The ‘s’ sound is written se at the end of a word when the
word ends in s and the s is not there to represent a plural,
to make a verb agree with a noun or pronoun and is not
Exercise 63
gas
atlas
bias
dress
canvas
fuss
focus
bus
miss
mass
hiss
Tick if
the last
syllable
has the 111
pattern
✓
✓
✓
Add ing
Add ed
gassing
gassed
biasing
dressing
canvassing
fussing
focusing
bussing
missing
massing
hissing
biased
dressed
canvassed
fussed
focused
bussed
missed
massed
hissed
Write as
plural
gases
atlases
biases
dresses
canvases
fusses
focuses
buses
misses
masses
hisses
Exercise 64
replace
endorse
resource
choice
snooze
juice
pierce
pause
peace
voice
release
ing
replacing
endorsing
resourcing
ed
replaced
endorsed
resourced
snoozing
snoozed
piercing
pausing
pierced
paused
voicing
releasing
voiced
released
Exercise 65
gym
ginger
page
germ
allergy
large
giant
gypsy
magic
energy
est
choicest
ful
less
resourceful
choiceless
juiceless
peaceful
able
replaceable
endorsable
voiceless
pierceable
peaceable
releasable
Exercise 66
danger
agent
gentle
Egypt
forgery
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
large, range
hedge
verge
plunge
change
hinge
judge
smudge
fringe
budge
Exercise 67
strange
forge
change
huge
edge
stage
hedge
budge
dodge
encourage
charge
ing
y
forging
changing
forged
changed
edging
staging
hedging
budging
dodging
encouraging
charging
edged
edgy
staged
hedged
budged
dodged
dodgy
encouraged
charged
Exercise 68
Own answers
ed
est
strangest
hugest
able
forgeable
changeable
stageable
dodgeable
chargeable
Exercise 69
circle
circumference
fragile
danger
cymbal
ceiling
stage
fancy
original
congeal
tragic
enrage
Egypt
process
orange
vegetables
energy
spice
vacancy
allergy
gymkhana
circle
logical
convince
Exercise 70
Brian was training for the bicycle race that was held each
year between two local law firms. His firm hadn’t had
any success for the past five years, in fact in the 10 years
the race had been running, they had only won twice. This
was Brian’s first year in this law practice and he was
determined to win. Every day he cycled the 10 kilometre
distance between his home and his office and he went to
the gym on his way home.
He made sure he ate well with lots of protein and fresh
vegetables. The 16th of March was circled on his calendar
and finally the day arrived.
Judge Jackson was the time-keeper and his seat was placed
in the centre of the officials near the finish line. The St
John’s Ambulance was there in case of accidents or any
other emergency. The race started in the city and wound
its way through the countryside to a small village and then
back again to finish where it had commenced.
It was a hard race, but Brian’s training paid off. He led
all the way and was in no danger of being overtaken. He
arrived at the finish line with a police accompaniment and
was the toast of the office for weeks. He couldn’t imagine a
better way to start his new career with the firm.
ce:
ci:
cy:
ge:
gi:
gy:
race, success, twice, practice, distance, office, placed, centre, Ambulance, commenced, police
circled, officials, accidents, city
bicycle, cycled
vegetables, Judge, emergency, village, danger
imagine
gym
Exercise 71
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
cure
keel
queue
key
chrysalis/cocoon
chords
curve
candle
Christian
killer
Exercise 72
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
magic
shook
smoke
haystack
talk
lake
bunk
blink
neck
knock
Exercise 73
comb
country
clatter
bike
crash
stack
headache
chemist
orchestra
shock
kind
stake
black
Christmas
kitchen
clock
calm
smoke
queue
keen
catch
shrink
monkey
bank
Exercise 74
Chris and his Uncle Patrick were going fishing. They woke
up at daybreak and crept out of the house. They didn’t
want to wake Chris’ little brother because he would want
to come too, but he was too young for this trip. They were
going out on Uncle Patrick’s new ketch. Chris sneaked a
look behind as they climbed into Uncle Patrick’s car but
no one else was awake. He heaved a sigh of relief and sank
back into the cushion on the seat. He couldn’t believe his
luck—a whole day with Uncle Patrick all to himself and
nothing to do but catch fish!
The ketch was moored by the quay. It was a beautiful
silver colour and it sparkled on the water. Chris and Uncle
Patrick stacked all their gear on board and started the
engine. It kicked over and purred gently into life.
“At least it doesn’t make a racket like the old boat,”
grinned Uncle Patrick.
“Cast off those ropes and we’ll be off!”
c:
k:
ck:
qu:
ch:
uncle, crept, come, climbed, car, cushion, couldn’t, catch, colour, cast
woke, daybreak, wake, ketch, sneaked, awake, sank, sparkled, kicked, make, like
Patrick, back, luck, stacked, kicked, racket
quay
Chris
Exercise 75
Own answers
Exercise 76
accessory
occlude
succumb
soccer
vaccinate
occasion
success
accolade
impeccable
accede
stucco
acclaim
eccentric
accelerate
buccaneer
desiccate
moccasin
accredit
accumulate
cc ‘k’
Number
of
‘s’
sound
sounds syllables
4
✓
2
✓
2
✓
2
✓
3
✓
3
✓
2
✓
3
✓
4
✓
2
✓
2
✓
2
✓
3
✓
4
✓
3
✓
3
✓
3
✓
3
✓
4
✓
cc ‘k’
Exercise 77
Divide into
syllables
ac/cess/or/y
occ/lude
succ/umb
socc/er
vac/cin/ate
occ/a/sion
suc/cess
acc/o/lade
im/pecc/a/ble
ac/cede
stucc/o
a/cclaim
ec/cen/tric
ac/cel/er/ate
bucc/an/eer
des/icc/ate
mocc/a/sin
a/ccred/it
a/ccum/u/late
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
school
kind
cute
kelp
queue
soccer
Christmas
broccoli
quay
copy
Exercise 78
attacking, attacked, attacker
checking, checked, checker
stocking, stocked, stocker
stacking, stacked, stacker
wrecking, wrecked, wrecker
interlocking, interlocked, interlocker
hijacking, hijacked, hijacker
Exercise 79
thanked, thanking, thankful
sulked, sulking, sulky
chalked, chalking, chalky
spooked, spooking spooky
chunked, chunking, chunky
jerked, jerking, jerky
Streaked, streaking, streaky
Exercise 80
picnicking, picnicked, picnicker
mimicking, mimicked, mimicker
panicking, panicked
trafficking, trafficked, trafficker
frolicking, frolicked, frolicker
Exercise 81
tactic
systematic
mechanic
aesthetic
acoustic
lyric
authentic
ironic
atmospheric
geometric
Add al
tactical
Part of
speech
adjective
mechanical
adjective
acoustical
lyrical
adjective
adjective
ironical
adjective
atmospherical adjective
geometrical
adjective
Add ly
Part of
speech
tactically
adverb
systematically adverb
mechanically
adverb
aesthetically
adverb
acoustically
adverb
lyrically
adverb
authentically
adverb
ironically
adverb
atmospherically adverb
geometrically
adverb
Exercise 82
Words that end with l or ll
These spelling patterns usually occur on the end of onesyllable words.
A single I is used after a complex (more than one letter)
vowel spelling pattern.
A double I is used after a simple (single letter) vowel
spelling pattern.
Vowel-plus-l spelling patterns
The ‘il’ sound is usually on the end of two-syllable words.
It can be written al, le, el, il, ol, and sometimes ul.
When an adjective ends with ‘il’, this sound is usually
written al.
If there is a ‘v’, ‘m’, ‘n’ or ‘s’ sound before ‘il’, the ‘il’
ending is usually written el.
If there is a soft c or g before the ‘il’ ending, the ‘il’ ending
will be written el or il because the c must have an e or i
after it to be pronounced as a soft c (‘s’).
If there is a short vowel sound written with a single letter,
one consonant away from the ‘il’ ending, double the
consonant before the ‘il’ to keep the vowel short.
Cross out the words that do not apply to this statement.
Most words that end with el or le are:
verbs or nouns
Exercise 83
able
table
apple
rifle
bubble
kettle
giggle
stable
middle
puzzle
cuddle
cradle
L
L
S
L
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
L
Words that have doubled consonants before le have a short
vowel sound before the consonants.
Exercise 84
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
removal
rattle
parcel
beetle
simple
battle
bubble
little
hospital
kennel
Exercise 85
Own work
Exercise 86
Own work
Exercise 87
Own work
Exercise 88
double
crawl
critical
squall
dribble
trouble
little
angle
travel
signal
waffle
settle
small
cancel
seal
tackle
ing
ed
doubling
crawling
doubled
crawled
squalling
dribbling
troubling
squalled
dribbled
troubled
angling
travelling
signalling
waffling
settling
angled
travelled
signalled
waffled
settled
cancelling
sealing
tackling
cancelled
sealed
tackled
er
crawler
dribbler
y
est
doubly
crawly
critically
squally
dribbly
littler
littlest
traveller
signaller
waffler
settler
smaller
waffly
smallest
sealer
tackler
TOPIC 9: Syllables
Exercise 89
Long ‘u’ & ‘oo’ words: plumage, fuse, argument, groovy,
future, group, virtually, moody,
typhoon, utensils
Own work
Exercise 90
Long ‘a’ words:
agent, favour, flail, breakers, gale,
major, hallway, grace, grader, hearsay
Short ‘a’ words:
balcony, asphalt, bandage, bachelor,
flashpoint, asbestos, gland, gather,
panther, snatch
Long ‘e’ words:
Short ‘e’ words:
agreeable, departure, valley, heal,
dreamy, knead, mercy, emerge, gene,
orderly, legal
bench, gender, flex, bend, guest,
western, venue, guessing, rescue
Long ‘i’ words:driveshaft, highlight, miser, prize, defy,
fertile, guide, diary, glide, rhyme
Short ‘i’ words:
drifter, discourage, giraffe, flicker,
rickshaw, riddance, privilege, myth,
rhythm, persist
Long ‘o’ words:
hero, oats, drone, covert, loathsome,
overgrown, going, flotation, folder,
exposure, projecting
Short ‘o’ words: gloss, offer, loft, lodge, knock, property,
foxglove, scoff, rotten
Short ‘u’ words: dugout, cusp, youngest, flooded, flung,
roughly, lullaby, coverage, scrum,
butterfly
Exercises 91-106
Own work
Exercises 107
mo/tor/way arm/chair suit/case some/bod/y grown/up sauce/pan ta/ble/cloth tooth/ache Exercises 108
u/ni/cy/cle sem/i/fi/nal un/a/void/a/ble in/or/gan/ic re/wri/ting tri/an/gle im/prove/ment in/vis/ib/le Exercises 109
ac/cid/ent con/duct poll/u/tion hamm/er can/ter lath/er/ing to/morr/ow wished/ toe/nail
book/case
pill/ow/slip
row/boat
o/ver/do/ing
re/sig/ning
use/ful/ness
re/buil/ding
stan/dard
kid/napp/ing
tas/ting
shel/ter
Exercise 110
pet/rol
pan/da
ma/tron bun/dle fe/ver li/cense poss/i/ble
sus/pect Exercise 111
dem/on/strate sur/vive place/ment as/tro/naut nuis/ance great/er
boast/full/y neut/ral choos/ing brief/ly green/er main/tain
Exercise 112
cow/ard crow/ded pew/ter
flawed/
mell/ow/ing sew/ing awk/ward glowed/ po/ny
lim/it/ed
mu/sic/al
su/per/mar/ket
gar/den/ing lear/ner germ/in/ate care/full/y or/gan/ic a/vail/a/ble
greas/y
nois/y
de/rail
fleet/ing/ly
loud/ly
Exercise 114
poison
reason
lightning
pencil
carpet
teacher
mistake
cradle
below
happy
honey
staircase
signpost
bottle
Number
Two
Single
of
vowels
letter
syllables
together
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
for/tun/ate/ly jour/nal pur/chase steer/ing harp/sich/ord re/mark/able op/tion/al sym/bol ac/cid/en/tal Exercise 115
por/trayed im/ply de/fy/ing boun/cy Vowel
plus
final e
Vowel
plus y
or y
Vowel
plus w
sur/vey/ing con/vey/ance weigh/ty horr/if/y Vowel
plus r
Two
vowels
plus r
per/pen/dic/u/lar
diff/er/ent/ly
thirs/ty
bare/ly
e/nor/mous
freck/le
prac/tic/al
fi/nan/cial
lib/er/al
don/key
hurr/y/ing
curr/en/cy
dor/mit/or/y
Vowel
plus g or
gh
Vowel
plus l
✓✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓✓
✓
2
2
jun/gle quarr/el comm/er/cial fic/tion/al drow/ning
traw/ler
el/bows
stew/ing
Exercise 116
secret
Exercise 113
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Exercise 117
container
Number
of
syllables
computer
remember
decorate
communicate
attitude
asparagus
reliable
approximate
victory
boundary
fortunate
eventually
secondary
critical
Single
letter
Two
vowels
together
✓
✓
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
✓✓✓
✓
✓✓
✓
Vowel
plus l
✓
✓✓✓
✓
✓✓✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓✓✓✓
✓
✓✓
✓
✓
✓✓
Exercise 118
audi
spec/spic
vid/vis
scop
dict
path
sens/sent
cred
vol
Vowel
plus g or
gh
✓✓✓✓
TOPIC 10: Root words
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Two
vowels
plus r
✓
✓
3
3
Vowel
plus r
✓
✓
3
4
Vowel
plus w
✓✓✓
3
5
Vowel
plus y
or y
✓✓
3
4
Vowel
plus
final e
6 or 7
8
6 or 7
9
2
4
5
1
3
To feel
To believe
To feel
To wish/to be willing
To see or look
To look at
To say
To hear
To see
✓
Exercise 119
1
2
3
4
5
audible
spectator
evident
scope
verdict
6
apathy
7
8
resent
incredulous
9
inspect
10
malevolent
11
12
13
14
audience
microscopic
sympathy
predict
15
16
sentiment
credible
17
18
volunteer
visible
9
18
12
1
14
3
4
15
7
6
5
16
2
17
8
13
10
11
To look closely into
Able to be seen
Too small to be visible
Able to be heard
To say what will happen
in the future
Obvious to eyes and
mind
Outlook or extent
A mental feeling;
what one thinks about
something
To express ill will at
something considered
unfair or wrong
Lack of sensitivity to
suffering
Decision or judgment
Believable
One who looks on
To spontaneously offer
to do something
Unbelieving
To share another
person’s emotion
Wishing evil to others
An assembly of listeners
Exercise 120
Exercise 123
Exercise 121
Exercise 124
Own work
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
sign
graph/gram
script/scrib
port
veh/vect
struct
form
duc/duct
rupt
frac/frag
tend/tens
Own work
4 or 5
8
1
9 or 10
4 or 5
9 or 10
6
2
11
7
3
To carry
To lead/make
To mark
To burst/break
To carry
To burst/break
To build
To write/draw
To stretch
To shape
To write
Exercise 122
1
2
3
4
5
signal
graphic
prescribe
transport
tension
8
14
6
15
6
7
destructible
formula
9
8
9
10
11
abduct
erupt
aqueduct
fraction
2
13
19
12
biography
13
extend
14
vehement
15
16
insignia
portable
18
17
18
19
perform
manuscript
fragment
4
11
20
21
corrupt
vector
22
structure
21
1
3
10
17
20
7
22
16
5
12
To kidnap or take away
Showing strong feelings
Able to be destroyed
Distinguishing marks
A line of fixed length or
direction
To break through
A sign conveying
information
To do with drawing
Lay out at full length
A part broken off
To lay down or impose
authoritatively
Artificial channel for
carrying water
To carry out a task or
operation
Characterised by
improper conduct
A book or document
A definition or a set form
of words
To convey or carry goods
A small piece or amount
The manner in which
something is built
Movable
Stretching or being
stretched
The written life of a
person
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
vert/vers
tain/ten/tin
mis/mit
clud/clus
cede
vict/vinc
vor
fluct/flu/flux
ject/jet/jac
5
8
6
3
9
1
7
4
2
To admit/yield
To flow
To conquer
To send
To throw
To turn/change
To eat/devour
To shut
To hold/keep/have
To shrink back
To expel a person from
land or buildings
To conquer in a contest
To have or hold
The winner
To admit or allow
To compose or
embrace as part of a
whole
To change
Not solid or rigid
To bring to an end
To affect the outcome
of something
To throw out forcefully
To throw goods
overboard
Continuous land
Exercise 125
1
2
invert
contain
12
3
4
5
6
7
include
concede
victor
influence
jettison
5
2
1
4
8
9
10
11
continent
evict
fluid
eject
13
10
14
12
13
recede
convert
11
14
conclude
8
Exercise 126
Own work
9
3
6
7
Exercise 127
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
aqu
hydr
aer
terr
geo
phys
bio
photo
luc/lus/lum/lun
phon
therm
Exercise 128
3
4 or 5
8 or 9
10
7
1 or 2
8 or 9
4 or 5
11
6
1 or 2
Air
Earth
Light
Sound/voice
Life
Water
Light
Earth
Heat
Nature
Water
1
2
aquatic
hydrant
16
9
3
aerial
7
4
terrain
18
5
geology
15
6
physical
17
7
biology
1
8
photograph
22
9
10
lunar
phonetic
11
3
11
thermal
14
12
luminous
21
13
territory
2
14
thermostat
4
15
physician
19
16
hydrate
8
17
microphone
20
18
photosynthesis
5
19
20
aquarium
biopsy
12
6
21
geography
13
22
aerie
10
Exercise 129
Own work
To combine with water
Of the moon
The science and study
of physical life
The process by which
plants convert sunlight
into energy
A person who practises
medicine
An instrument for
intensifying sound
In or near water
The nest of a bird that
is built high up off the
ground
Related to heat
Of the air
Automatic instrument
for regulating
temperature
The science of the
earth’s surface
A pipe with a nozzle for
drawing water from the
mains
A tract of land with
particular geography
An artificial pond where
aquatic animals and
plants live
A picture or likeness
taken with a camera
The examination of
tissue taken from the
living body
The science of the
earth’s crust
Emitting light
Of matter or material
An extent of land under
a particular jurisdiction
Representing vocal
sounds
Exercise 130
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
chron
man
ped/pod
urb
poli
cycl
ann/annu/enni
loc
bene
vac
Exercise 132
4 or 5
6
7
10
3
2
9
1
8
4 or 5
City
Circle/ring
Year
Empty
Foot
Manual/hand
Good
Time
Place
City
Exercise 131
1
2
chronicle
manual
16
17
3
pedestrian
4
suburb
5
cycle
6
7
location
benevolent
8
9
annual
vacant
10
manipulate
11
urban
12
vacation
13
chronology
8
14
allocate
15
15
police
16
17
18
19
20
beneficial
centipede
annuity
politics
cyclone
10
12
1
9
11
3
20
19
18
4
5
6
7
14
2
13
Advantageous
A many-footed,
wingless crawling
animal
To handle or treat with
skill
A time away from home
or work
A continuous register of
events in order of time
Empty
Of or near a city or
town
A person who walks
Violent hurricanes of
limited diameter
Related to the
government or public
affairs of a city or state
A sum payable for a
particular year
An outlying district of
a city
Recurring yearly
A department concerned
with keeping public
order
A recurrent period of
events
An exact place
Wanting to do good
To assign
Done with the hands
An arrangement of
events with dates
Own work
TOPIC 11: Prefixes
Exercise 133
These prefixes mean not, a lack of, or the reverse of
something: un, in, il, im, ir, de, dys, dis, non
The most common two prefixes meaning not, a lack of, or
the reverse of something are: in, un
The prefix ir, meaning not, a lack of, or the reverse of
something usually occurs before: r
The prefix il, meaning not, a lack of, or the reverse of
something usually occurs before: l
The prefix im, meaning not, a lack of, or the reverse of
something usually occurs before: m or p
Exercise 134
possible
complete
likely
honest
please
regular
legal
trust
function
responsible
polite
wanted
contented
legible
perfect
balanced
merit
practical
stabilise
conclusive
sincere
relevant
literate
known
distinct
Prefix
im
in
un
dis
dis
ir
il
dis
dys
ir
im
un
dis
il
im
un
de
im
de
in
in
ir
il
un
in
New word
impossible
incomplete
unlikely
dishonest
displease
irregular
illegal
distrust (also mistrust)
dysfunction
irresponsible
impolite
unwanted
discontented
illegible
imperfect
unbalanced
merit
impractical
destabilise
inconclusive
insincere
irrelevant
illiterate
unknown
indistinct
Exercise 135
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Exercise 138
forecast
precast
foreground
postdated
foresight
postpone
prearranged
preview
Own work
Exercise 139
prejudice:
a preconceived judgement or opinion
postpone:
to move to a later time
foreword:
a preface written by somebody other than
the author of the text
preclude:
to make it impossible in advance to do
something or for somebody to do something
foremost:
first in a series or progression or most
importantly
post-mortem: an examination of a body after death
to determine the cause of death or the
character and extent of changes caused by
disease
Exercise 136
retrospective: relating to or affecting things in the past
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
hypodermic
subside
underdone
undervalued
submerged
substandard
undertone
hypotension
underprivileged
hypoallergenic
hypothermia
subway
Exercise 140
Meaning of
Meaning
root or base
of prefix
word
submarine sub:
marine:
under
water
telescope
tele:
scope:
to look at to look at
transfuse
trans:
across
telephoto
tele:
photo:
to look at light
interview
inter:
between
prospective: expected, likely to come about
retroactive:
effect to a prior time
proactive:
to take the initiative or to act in anticipation
of events
retroversion: the act of process or turning back or
regressing
profuse:
liberal, extravagant
Exercise 137
1
adduct
2
3
abject
abhor
6
4
5
6
advise
abduct
adapt
7
2
7
8
absent
abnormal
4
8
5
1
3
Exceptional or deviating
from type
To make suitable for
To kidnap or take away
from
To keep oneself away
Brought low or miserable
To draw to a common
centre
To offer counsel to
To regard with disgust and
hatred
contravene contra:
against
interject
inter:
between
contradict contra:
against
fuse:
to blend
view:
to see
vene:
poison
ject:
th throw
dict:
to say
Definition of
word
a vessel which
travels & can be
navigated under
water
an optical
instrument for
making distant
objects appear
closer
to transfer or
pass from one to
another
relating to
or used in
telephotography
a face-to-face
meeting in which
one or more
persons evaluate
another
to act or go
against
to insert between
other things
to say contrary or
opposite of
Exercise 141
Words meaning in a state of:
around, awake, again, aglow, afraid, agree, asleep
Words meaning not or without:
apolitical, atheist, aphasia, atypical, anarchy, anonymous,
amoral, achromatic
Exercise 142
Prefix
in
ex
e
auto
Meaning of
prefix
in or into
out of
self
homo
same
al
all
multi
many
poly
many
Examples of words containing
the prefix
inhale, inspire, inject, indent
exhale, exhume, eject, evict,
exclude
automatic, automobile,
autograph, autobiography
homosapiens, homogenous,
homonym, homosexual
always, altogether,almighty,
already
multitalented, multiply,
multiplex, multinational
polysaccharide, polygon,
polyester, polytechnic
Exercise 143
decade
monograph
unique
millennium
tripod
university
diverge
December
September
triangle
biannual
trio
decibel
quadrangle
quintet
centipede
November
octagon
duel
monologue
biennial
quadruped
monocycle/bicycle
duet
kilometre
October
monosyllable
monologue: a speech, especially a long speech, made by
one person.
millennium: a period of a thousand years.
decibel: a unit of sound intensity.
diverge: to branch off in different directions.
octagon: any closed, plane figure with eight straight sides.
Exercise 144
1. The number of wheels – a unicycle has one wheel, a
bicycle has two and a tricycle has three wheels.
A unicycle would be harder to ride because it would be
more difficult to balance.
2. It would be best to be literate.
You would be able to read and write well which would
be more useful than being able to read and write a little
(semiliterate) or to not be able to read or write at all
(illiterate).
3. A tropical place is warmer.
Tropical countries – Pacific Islands such as Tahiti and
Hawaii; South American countries such as Mexico; the
Caribbean Islands and many more.
Sub-tropical countries: Middle Eastern and Northern
African countries such as Morocco, Egypt; European
countries such as Turkey and Greece and many more.
4. Recycle, reuse, recondition. Re means to do again.
5. A skilled job is likely to pay the most.
Skilled jobs: builder, mechanic, dentist
Semi-skilled: fruit picker, chauffer, waiter
Unskilled: street cleaner, labourer
6. unconscious
7. precautions, prepare, prevent
8. A gangster
TOPIC 12: Suffixes
Exercise 145
motor
beauty
politic
act
port
farm
burgle
collect
active
magic
paint
beg
teach
optometry
peddle
an/ian/
cian
er
or
porter
farmer
actor
collector
optician
ist
motorist
beautician
politician
magician
ar
painter
burglar
activist
beggar
teacher
optometrist
peddler
Exercise 146
child
relation
rude
happy
content
champion
friend
commit
adult
enjoy
wary
leader
merry
state
excite
hood
childhood
ship
relationship
ness
rudeness
happiness
championship
friendship
contentment
commitment
adulthood
leadership
ment
wariness
enjoyment
merriment
statement
excitement
Exercise 147
convey
tranquil
depend
popular
expose
delicate
defy
urge
elegant
close
literate
perform
private
deficient
clear
ance/ence
conveyance
dependence
defiance
elegance
ency/ancy
acy/cy
popularity
delicacy
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
omission
percussion
confession
tension
emission
permission
commission
extension
exposure
urgency
closure
literacy
deficiency
privacy
Exercise 148
explosion
occasion
fusion
invasion
collision
revision
decision
transfusion
ure
tranquility
dependency
performance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
ity/ty
The ‘zhin’ suffix is written sion.
The ‘shin’ suffix is most commonly written tion.
ssion is used to write ‘shin’ when it follows a short vowel
sound .
A few words use sion to spell ‘shin’. Here are some
examples: tension, expansion, mansion, extension
clarity
Exercise 149
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
collision
invasion
execution
explosion
adoption
erosion
decision
ignition
composition
promotion
Exercise 150
destruction
execution
concussion
ammunition
version
solution
explosion
admission
destination
completion
repetition
definition
expression
discussion
vision
opposition
pollution
intermission
relation
persuasion
position
confusion
fiction
intrusion
Exercise 151
attrition: a wearing away as by friction or
rubbing.
fruition: the final achievement of a desired
result.
tribulation: severe trouble or grief.
saturation: the state of being saturated, of being
unable to absorb any more of another
substance.
reservation: the act of keeping, withholding or
setting aside.
publication: anything that is published, such as a
book or magazine.
mention: to refer to briefly.
extension: the act of or the state of extending.
transmission: the act or process of transmitting or
sending.
nurition: the act of nourishing, especially the
ingestion, digestion and assimilation
of food.
Exercise 152
Own work
Exercise 153
Exercise 154
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
comical
tragic
adventurous
pathetic
courageous
factual
structural
cautious
strategic
nauseous
tropical
hungry
selfish
territorial
commercial
gigantic
wobbly
newish
religious
continuous
Exercise 155
Own work
Exercise 156
1. These are my comparative accounts.
These are accounts that show how my accounts from different
years are the same and different.
compassionate: the act of showing sympathy for
the feelings of another.
2. It was a festive occasion.
A time that was full of happiness, fun and laughter.
widen: to make or become wide or wider.
solidify: to make solid, hard or compact.
swollen: expanded beyond a normal or original
limit.
3. He was receiving palliative care
He was receiving medical treatment that was aimed at
managing the symptoms of an illness that could not be cured.
activate: to cause something to start operating.
lengthen: to make or become longer.
horrify: to cause (somebody) to feel horror.
modernise: to adapt something to modern needs,
standards or style.
sadden: to make (somebody) sad.
clarify: to make clear.
locate: to find or establish the position of.
traumatise: to cause (somebody) an injury or
emotional shock.
realise: to understand clearly or fully; to make
real or a fact.
4. Pandas are native to China.
China is the country that pandas originally come from. They
may live in other countries but they have been introduced to
these countries.
5. I have three dependent children.
My three children are not yet able to take care of themselves
on their own.
6. Now is a convenient time for you to visit.
It would suit me if you were to visit me now.
7. He is a very lenient teacher.
He is a teacher who does not have a lot of rules and he doesn’t
seem to mind if we don’t always do things the way we should.
8. Your comments are not relevant to this discussion.
The things you are saying have nothing to do with what we are
talking about.
Exercise 157
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise 161
enjoyable
wearable
horrible
flexible
suitable
breakable
responsible
readable
miserable
convertible
adorable
visible
Exercise 158
forgivable
tangible
divisible
charitable
permissible
manageable
peaceable
Word
practical
simple
final
tragic
personal
angry
noisy
frantic
fortunate
tidy
terrific
polite
capable
beautiful
foolish
annual
brave
sedate
scarce
large
changeable
traceable
reasonable
knowledgeable
avoidable
excitable
irritable
Exercise 159
Own work
Exercise 160
Word
careful
sunny
simple
conventional
realistic
weary
kind
exceptional
hopeful
quiet
deep
cold
angelic
dark
controllable
loud
avoidable
er or more
more careful
sunnier
simpler
more conventional
more realistic
wearier
kinder
more exceptional
more hopeful
quieter
deeper
colder
more angelic
darker
more controllable
louder
more avoidable
est or most
most careful
sunniest
simplest
most conventional
most realistic
weariest
kindest
most exceptional
most hopeful
quietest
deepest
coldest
most angelic
darkest
most controllable
loudest
most avoidable
practically
simply
finally
tragically
personally
angrily
noisily
frantically
fortunately
tidily
terrifically
politely
capably
beautifully
foolishly
annually
bravely
sedately
scarcely
largely
Word + ly
TOPIC 13: Plurals
Exercise 162
moths
chips
echoes
gases
volcanoes
flashes
paragraphs
addresses
loaves
navies
valleys
sketches
kilos
apples
chops
boxes
journeys
pianos
guesses
elves
radios
beaches
trout
mosquitoes
ourselves
chiefs
companies
brushes
blocks
lasses
hippos
rocks
Exercise 163
1. The gardeners put up new fences to stop the sheep and
the calves eating their vegetables and flowers.
2. The thieves took some knives to curt through the bags
containing the gold pennies.
3. The men rode some donkeys down through the valleys
and back up to the cliffs.
4. The mice ate the biscuits I had put on the shelves.
5. The dogs dug up the radishes, tomatoes, and potatoes I
had just planted.
6. We cooked the potatoes in the ashes when the fires
had died down.
7. It is very scary when the wolves howl and the leaves
rustle.
8. Will the men, women and children standing in the
doorways please sit down.
9. I would love to catch some crayfish and salmon.
10. I dropped my handkerchiefs and the geese walked all
over them with their muddy feet.
11. It is unusual to see buses with boxes on their roofs,
driving towards the beaches.
12. The buffalo that were grazing on the prairies were
startled by the loud noises and bolted towards the
cliffs.
Exercise 164
shops
mothers
wishes
buses
bosses
wolves
thieves
knives
geese
women
salmon
cities
canaries
ladies
hills
oranges
whales
witches
heroes
photos
circuses
leaves
scarves
selves
feet
mice
spies
Exercise 165
vertebrae
gateaux
indices
crises
phenomena
cacti
hypotheses
theses
foci
analyses
Exercise 166
sticks-in-the-mud
grownups
brothers-in-law
runners-up
run-ups
busybodies
put-downs
jack-in-the-boxes
standoffs
take-outs
clocks
churches
boxes
buzzes
calves
halves
wives
sheep
crayfish
children
fairies
strawberries
puppies
hands
books
schemes
dishes
dresses
potatoes
princesses
stitches
shelves
wharves
lives
teeth
flies
skies
TOPIC 14: Compound Words
Exercise 167
Exercise 170
bench-top: The top of a long worktable.
outlying: Remote from a centre or main point.
lawsuit: outrun: lifestyle: An individual’s way of life or the activities,
possessions etc associated with this.
A noncriminal case in a court of law.
overview: A brief general survey.
farewell: A parting wish for good luck; a goodbye.
heartbeat: A single complete pulsation of the heart.
shipmate: A fellow sailor
brainstorm: An inspiration; an instance of problemsolving; a transitory disturbance in the brain.
everywhere: In, at or to every place or the whole place.
outlook: A view from a particular place; an attitude or
point of view; a prospect for the future.
To run faster than somebody; to exceed or
surpass something.
outsmart: To get the better of somebody, to outwit them.
outspoken: Direct and open In speech or expression, frank.
outline: A line bounding the outer limits of something
or indicating its shape.
outburst: A violent expression of feeling; a surge of
activity or growth.
shoelace: A lace or string for fastening a shoe.
Exercise 171
Exercise 168
headland: A point of high land jutting out into the sea.
handbag: A bag designed for carrying small personal
articles and money.
handball: A game played in a walled court: a game
between two teams that involves throwing and
catching a football; the offence of handling the
ball during a game of football.
handbook: A short reference book on a particular subject.
handcuff: A pair of metal rings for locking around a
prisoner’s wrists.
handmade: Made by hand, rather than by machine.
headache: A sustained pain in the head.
headline: A title printed in large type above a newspaper
article or story.
headset: An attachment for holding earphones and a
microphone to one’s head.
headstone: A memorial stone placed at the head of a
grave.
headlight: The main light mounted on the front of a motor
vehicle.
headrest: A support for the head.
handshake: A clasping or shaking of each other’s hands in
greeting or agreement.
Exercise 172
handwriting: Writing done by hand.
home-stay: A home offered to visitors so that they can
experience a different lifestyle.
Exercise 169
overactive: Active to an excessive or abnormal degree.
overboard: Over the side of a ship or boat and into the
water.
overcast: A covering of clouds over the sky; to darken or
overshadow something.
overcome: To deal with a problem successfully; to
overpower or overwhelm (somebody).
overdue: Delayed beyond the proper or appointed time.
overrate: To rate something or somebody too highly.
overview: A brief general survey.
homework: Schoolwork that a pupil is given to do at home.
homesick: Longing for home and family while absent
from them.
homecoming: A returning home.
homemade: Made in the home, on one’s premises or by
one’s own efforts.
homeowner: A person who owns the house in which they
live.
homeward: Heading towards home.
Exercise 173
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
deep-rooted
well-respected
all-out
fast-paced
built-up
over-the-top
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
level-headed
high-quality
star-studded
clear-cut
heart-felt
all-weather
TOPIC 15: Homonyms, homophones and homographs
Exercise 174
Homophone: same sound, different spelling, different meaning
Homograph: different sound, same spelling, different meaning
Homonym:
same sound, same spelling, different meaning
Own work
TOPIC 16: Contractions
Exercise 175
Exercise 177
I have
I’ve I have
it is
it’s
it is
do not
don’t do not
can not
can’t
can not
that is
that’s
that is
did not
didn’t
did not
could not
couldn’t
could not
he is
he’s
he is
she is
she’s
she is
here is
here’s
here is
Exercise 176
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
I haven’t had any lunch today.
I won’t give you my toy.
She’s my best friend.
I’ve got three new kittens.
Today it’s very hot.
We’ll have a swim in the pool.
We’d like to swim with you.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
It will soon be Christmas time.
You are very lucky to win that prize.
I did not like that drink.
We will not be coming to see you today.
She is my new friend.
He will play soccer on Saturday.
Where is my new ball?
Exercise 178
I’m
I’ve
I’ll
I’d
you’re
you’ve
you’ll
you’d
she’s
she’s
she’ll
she’d
he’s
he’s
he’ll
he’d
they’re
they’ve
they’ll
they’d
Exercise 179
isn’t
didn’t
shouldn’t haven’t
hasn’t
weren’t
can’t
couldn’t
mustn’t
wouldn’t
he’s
she’s
Exercise 180
how’s
what’s
it’s
who’s
Exercise 181
I’ve
don’t
that’s
couldn’t
she’s
we’ll
it’ll
where’s
Exercise 182
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
doesn’t
where’s
Exercise 183
wasn’t
why’s
that’s
when’s
it’s
hasn’t
didn’t
he’s
here’s
we’d
you’re
he’ll
It will soon be Christmas.
You are very lucky to win that prize
I did not like that drink.
We will not be doing any sport today.
She is new to the school.
He will play soccer on Saturday.
Where is my new jacket?
I have not got any lunch today.
I have got a new kitten.
Today it is very hot.
We will all go for a swim this afternoon.
We would like to come over after school today.
I would rather eat chips than sandwiches.
aisle
I’ll
a passage between rows of pews in a church.
I will
he’ll
heel
heal
he will
part of the foot below the ankle or when a ship
leans to one side
restore to health
we’ll
wheel
we will
circular frame used to move objects or machinery
we’re
weir
wear
where
we are
a dam across a river
to have on or be dressed in
a question asking about a place or position
your
belonging to you
you’re you are
aunt
aren’t
a relative — your mother or father’s sister
are not
weave to make fabric out of thread
we’ve we have
yule
you’ll
The Christmas festival you will
their
belonging to them
there denoting a place
they’re they are
it’s
its
it is
belonging to it
hears
here’s
perceives sound with the ear
here is
weed
we’d
wild plant growing where it is not wanted
we would or we had
where’s where is
wears has on or is dressed in
heed
he’d
to take notice of
he would or he had
watts units of electrical power
what’s what is, what has
whose a word meaning belonging to
who’s who is, who has
wise
why’s
knowledgeable
why is, why has
TOPIC 17: Possessive Apostrophes
Exercise 184
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
The bird’s nest, OR The birds’ nest.
The cat’s tail.
The boy’s hand.
The dog’s head.
The car’s wheel.
The teacher’s chair, OR The teachers’ chair.
The man’s hat.
The mother’s baby.
The child’s pencil.
The boat’s sail.
Exercise 185
1. The boy’s clothes were all muddy, OR
The boys’ clothes were all muddy.
2. The man’s coat was torn.
3. The boys were running fast.
4. The dog’s bone was buried.
5. The tree’s leaves were falling, OR
The trees’ leaves were falling.
6. The girl’s mother made the cake, OR
The girls’ mother made the cake.
7. The pig’s tail was curly.
8. The boy’s arm was broken.
9. The cats were asleep on the couch.
10. The girls’ hats were full of sand, OR
The girl’s hats were full of sand.
11. The sun’s rays can burn our skin.
12. The cat’s kittens are very cute, OR
The cats’ kittens are very cute.
13. The policeman’s hat fell off.
Exercise 186
1. There are three plates on the table.
2. The table’s legs are wobbly.
3. The cow’s calf is very cute.
4. The cows are going to be milked now.
5. The door’s handle is broken.
6. The doors to the house are locked.
7. The dogs had lots of fleas.
8. The dog’s fleas were biting, OR
The dogs’ fleas were biting.
9. The paints were spilled everywhere.
10. The girls’ candles were melting, OR
The girl’s candles were melting.
Exercise 187
1. The witch’s broom was old.
2. The bird’s wing was broken.
3. The woman’s purse was stolen.
4. The cat’s kittens had just been born.
5. The children’s lunches were wet.
6. The TV’s reception was bad.
7. The boys’ helmets were forgotten.
8. The boys’ fathers all came to cricket.
9. The car’s tyre had a puncture.
10. I borrowed my friend’s play-station game.
11. The skateboard’s deck had new grip-tape.
12. The tree was blown over by the gale’s force.
13. Snow at lambing time is every sheep-farmer’s
nightmare.
Exercise 188
John was halfway across the paddock when he saw the
bull. The bull’s eyes followed his every move. It shook its
head and its hooves began to paw the ground. John’s heart
began to thump. His hands felt sweaty and his throat was
dry. He tried to remember his mother’s instructions about
facing angry bulls. Should he stop or keep going? Should
he run or walk slowly? He didn’t dare look to see the bull’s
reactions but he suddenly heard a frightening noise. The
bull’s territory had been invaded and it was charging.
John’s body reacted instantly. He ran as fast as he could
towards the fence. The bull’s hooves were pounding
behind him, getting closer and closer. He would never
reach the fence in time. Suddenly he had an idea. He could
almost feel the bull’s breath on the back of his neck when
he reached a tree. The tree’s branches were low enough
for him to grab. He swung his legs up just in time but his
bag’s strap caught on the branch. As his bag hit the ground
all John’s books scattered everywhere.
The bull stopped and then began to stamp and snort at the
books. It charged at them and ripped them to pieces. All the
bull’s rage was taken out on John’s books. It trotted round
the tree a few times then wandered off to the other side of
the field. John sat in the tree and looked at his belongings
on the ground. His nearly finished assignment was ruined.
His bag was in a dozen pieces and he would have a bit of
explaining to do when he got home. Keeping his eyes fixed
on the bull on the other side of the paddock, John carefully
slid down the tree and ran for the fence. Two week’s work
on the assignment was wasted but at least he was still in
one piece.
So much for a short-cut home!