StudyGuideFor TheDigestiveSystem
Chepter24
A. Describethe digestivefunclions.
B. Desc{ibethe histotogy
of the dioesliverracr.
1 Contrastthe majorlayersof the ctiOestive
taact.
2. Wh€tfuncliondo the enloroendoc;ne
c€llsservo?
3. Descdbethe musdllarlayersasssociated
wilhthe musqrlarisextema.
^
u.
how
malerial
move
through
the
diooslivo
syslem.
_Epr^arn
r. uomrastporistatsis
and seomentalion.
2. Describotho meafisnisansthat regulatedigoslive sydon activi{ios.
a. netrat
b. hormonal
c.
(p.ostagtandins
and histamines)
locatmechanisms
^ LloscnDe
^
u.
|he @mponontsof lhe peritonealc€vity.
l. Contrad visceaatand padetal pedtoneum.
2. Descdbethe strudure afo fundion of the mes€nle.ies.
3 Wrere are the greaterand resseaomentummembcanesrocated?
vvhatfunctiondo they
se've?
4. Explainperilonitis.
E. Oescribe
the digeslivefunctionsassociated
withthe oaalcavitv.
1. Describethe functionatrotesthat the tongueand teeth;h;;
digeslion,
2. Oefinemaslication
and bolus.
3. Desc.ibelhe^threepairsofsalivsry gland. Describetheir secretions.
Wrat food./s
are digested? Describes€tiva. What productsare absorbedir| it
o,"i ."uityi4. Wlat controlssalivarysecretion?
"
a. medullaandautonomicnervoussystem?
b. initatingstim{rli?
c. tactileslirhulation?
Oescfibethe digeslivefunctionassociated
withesophagus.
1. Explainswa owing(deotutition).
2 Desc{ibethe esophageal
hiatus.
Oescfibethe struciureand funclionof the $olnach.
1. Localethefolloviingstructuaes:
cardia.fundus,pylorus,pytoricsphincter,
augae,
and
grealerand lessercurvatures.
2. What
rsthe obtquemusclelayerIn the slomach.smusculans
extema?
''benelit
r uesmoe
lne gastncpils andglands
a. parietatcetlsandlheir secrctions
b. funclionsof gastricjuice
c chaefcettsandtheirsecaetions
d enzymesseqeted
4 Describethe affectsof hormonessecretedby pyloricglsnds
a G cellsandgastrin
b. D celtsand stomatostatin
5. Explaingastrilisandpepliculcers Wharare pos.stble
causes?
6. Describethe regulatory
mechanisms
ol gastricsecrelions
a cepnalrc
phase
b gastricphase(gastnn)
c Intesltnat
phaseand the eolerogaslfic
feflex
o grvethe sl.mulusfor and affeclso( secreltnchotecysloktntn.
andgastfcrnhrbrtory
/ What is chymc?
8 Whal foodsarl)drgested
and absotuedby Urestomach?
I Desc.iberhe nrechanrsms
assocrared
wrthvonltrng
Descnbethe stnrctureaod {unctron
ol Ihc \mall Inlcsajne
and assooale.j!t induta.orqarrs
I
Name the three sutJdivisionsof the sma inlestines.
Descdbethe histologyof lhe sma intestine
a. ptac:le
circulares
b. inleslinalvitti
c. tactealsandchylomicrons
d. brunneas
glandandduodenum
e. peyels palchesanthe ileum
3. Describethe movementmechanisms
associated
withthe intestine.
4- Describethe structureand functionof the pancreas.
a. pancreatic
ecini- function
b. endocrinefunction/s- pancreaticislels/insulinand glucsgon
c. exoc{inefunclion/s- pancreaticjuice
o secretin- stimulatesthe releaseof fluids Ihat buffea
_ e. cholecystoknin- releasepancreaticenzymes- digest all basicfood tvoes
r. uescnDelne slrudureand functionsof the liver
a. lobes
b. originof roundligament
c. bile.bileduct,gall bladdea.
andfunctions
of t'|e
d. Kupffercells(macrophage
cells)
e--metabolicand hematol€icatfunctions(super{icjal)
f. choleryslitis
6. Leamlhe majorgaslrointestinal
hormones.Whatslimulates
theirrelease?Whatrstheia
o.igin,theirtargetandtheireffeds.
l. Describe
the slructureand functionof the targeintesline.
L Lislthe majortunctionsofthe larqeinlestine.
2. Descfibe-lhe.iteocecalvalve,
the-gastric
cecum,anclthevemitormappendix
(appenotctlts)
3. Describelhe colon
a. haustrae
b. laenia coli
c. epiploicappendages
4. Ust the four regionsof the colon.
5. €x|)laindivertic{rlitis_
6- Exdain what materiatare absorbedby the inteslinalwall.
a. vilamins
c. urobilinoginsand stercobilinogin
d bile salts
e. loxins
7 Define detecatton,
dtanhea,and, 04strpal,on
J . DescnbeIn a gencratway wherethp bdsrctoodtypesare
absorbed
K Explainvitamin absorption
Urinary
System
Chapter 26
Describe
lhe flow
Study
I.
2.
3.
4.
the organs associaled
with Lhe hlrman urinary
system. Trace
of urine from the kidneys to the outside of the body.
the different
structure
of rhe kidneys.
Renaf capsule. cortex,
and medulfa.
Corticaf
nephron (BSt) and juxtamedulfary
nephron.
CoLlecting
tubule,
renal pelvis,
major a;d minor calyces,
pelitubular
capillaries,
vasa recca,
renat pyramids, renal
hilus.
Supportive
tissues
that surround the kidney.
Describe the nephron, s structure
in detail.
1. What fuoction
do podocyte cells
and filtration
slits
serve?
2. Compare cortical
and juxtamedullary
nephrons.
3. Describe the capiflary
beds associ;ted
with nephrons.
a. glomerulus
b. peritubular
4.
5.
D.
Compare efferent
and afferenE
Explain the vasa recta.
arterroies
Describe in detai_L the mechanisms of urine rolmation.
l. axplain glomerular
filtr:ation.
what is the average gfomerufar
filtration
rate per minute?
How many f iters
of blood-derived
fluid
are processed da_ily? How much of this fluid
leaves as
urine?
2. Describe the followiog
three nephron processes:
cfomerular
fiLtration,
tubutar
reabso;ption
and secretion.
What regulates
these processes?
l. Knov the role each of the foltowing
piay in the formatron ot
glomerular
fittrate:
a. fenestrated
capi I Lary endothelilrm
b. basement nembrane
c. podocytes
q. what rs ner filtrarion
pressure?
Whdt effecrs
the frlirarron
raLe?
Wha! is gLomerular hydrost.rtrc
pressrrre?
5 what regutates
gLomeruLar trlLrarron?
In trrn s i c
r:o n rrol s:
I J my o g e n c m e c hani .rm
'
4
J D x t.r(t I o m e .u l a I i ppnratLrs
)r f t:n l n a n g ro t( ' nsrn
{ tr,t-hdf L:i i ,.
W h .rL .ff.r.t
.i .,.s ttr. r.nrr]
. r i j . i r .) ( i . | .j j . rri rv,,,,rl
ry l e ru .
.j r t., r r,rl r.5
tl .t .ri ,t,.j L.,r(.n,,,
Ij Lrs !t,...1
U x l rL n .i l i
..r\l
r!ri rj :
.j vnrt).tttrL,l I
r,,:._,. r,r .;v,j t.,
7.
E,
F.
c.
Describe the medultary osmotic gradient.
What funcEron do the
vasa recta, nracufa densa cells, and collecting
tubules serve?
D efine:
1- m_icturiti.on
2 . anuria
3- tu.bu_lar secteti,on
4. tubuLar reabsorption
5. pyelonephritis
6 - ptosis
Explain the effects of:
1. aldosterone
2. antidiutetic
hormone
3. atrial
natriuretic
factor
on sodium and uater
Descri-be the characteristics
associated rrith urine. Describe
the possible causes of the folloving
ullnary
conditions:
1. glycosulia
2. protienuria
3. ketonuria
4. hemoglobinuria
5. hehaturia
6. pyur:ia
H.
What effect
I.
Descrlbe the circulatory
systern associated
Explain the position anct functlon of:
1. afferent arterioles
2. gloheru.lar capj.Ilaries
3. efferent arteriofes
4. peritubular
capillary
beds
5. vasa recta
6. juxtagfomerular cells
J.
rea.bsorption
do diuretics
have on urine
fornation?
where is renal blood pressure the highest?
with
the nephron.
Lowest?