Peabody Institute Style Guide The Peabody Institute follows the Johns Hopkins University Style Guide and the AP Stylebook. Additions, exceptions, and clarifications are included below. Music specific sources include: Cowdery, James R. How to Write About Music: The RILM Manual of Style. New York: Répertoire International de Littérature Musicale, 2005. Donahue, Thomas. A Style and Usage Guide to Writing About Music. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010. Holoman, D. Kern. Writing About Music: A Style Sheet, 3rd Ed. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. academic and administrative titles In most cases, titles should follow a name and be lowercased (Fred Bronstein, dean); the exception is named professorships and deanships, which stay capped even when they follow a name (Hajime Teri Murai, Ruth Blaustein Rosenberg Director of Orchestral Activities). When a formal title precedes a name, capitalize it, but lowercase words that modify the title (Peabody Institute Dean Fred Bronstein, Humanities Department Chair Hollis Robbins, former Peabody Institute Director Jeffrey Sharkey). academic degrees, general Omit periods (BM, MM, GPD, DMA), but avoid abbreviations in prose when possible (John Jones, who has a doctorate in music). Capitalize the formal name of a degree (Master of Music), but lowercase the discipline (Master of Music in viola) and the informal name (master’s degree in music), unless it is a proper noun, such as in language studies (German literature). academic degrees, official Peabody In a list, or in order to save space: abbreviate and italicize within parentheses, abbreviate degree year using an apostrophe, instrument or area is capitalized. If multiple degrees, group together (BM '13, Piano) (GPD '02, Conducting) (MM ’03, DMA ’11, Composition; MM ’05, Music Theory). academic departments Capitalize both the formal name of the department and the flip‐
flopped name: Department of Music Theory, Music Theory Department. ages See “numbers” ampersand (&) An ampersand should never be used in prose simply to abbreviate the word “and.” Reserve the ampersand for artistic reasons (such as in a logo or design), in company names, and in places where space is very limited (such as in a chart or table). audiovisual One word, no hyphen, lowercase. Updated 8/5/15 1
awards Competition prize winners should be spelled out as first, second and third place, not 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and always lowercase. Exception: student opera bios should use abbreviations (1st, 2nd, 3rd) in order to save space. cancel, canceled, canceling, cancellation comma Use a serial comma (i.e., before and in a series). composers’ names Preferred spellings: Sergei Prokofiev Sergei Rachmaninoff Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Felix Mendelssohn composition titles Generic titles: capitalized, roman type. True titles (assigned by composer): capitalized according to language rules, italics. Common names/popular names (titles derived post‐composition, commonly used, but not assigned by the composer): should never be used without first giving either a generic or true title. Roman type, quotations, in parentheses following the formal title. Exception: Some common/popular names have become more commonly known than the composer’s title. These may be set in italics in place of a true title. Use discretion when replacing true titles with common names. (Donahue 13) Composer possessives: when indicating the composer’s name as part of a title within prose, use possessives: either apostrophe s or using “by.” Avoid using the word “of” or “the” construction. Use: Schubert’s G major Mass or Mass in G major by Schubert. Do not use: Schubert G major Mass or G major Mass of Schubert. An official album title is italicized (Chicago 8.192). Songs and other shorter musical compositions are set in roman and enclosed in quotation marks, capitalized in the same way as poems (Chicago 8.189). Books, newspapers, and periodicals are italicized and capitalized headline‐style (Chicago 8.166). Movies and television and radio programs and series are italicized. A single episode in a television or radio series is set in roman and enclosed in quotation marks (Chicago 8.185). Number – No.; Opus – Op.; minor and major – lowercase; key – uppercase; flat or sharp – lowercase and hyphenated, and spell out, no symbols (Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Op. 64; Saxophone Concerto in E‐flat major, Op. 109). Movements of full compositions in running copy, not in programs, are enclosed in quotation marks ("Allegro"). Sections/movements: (Donahue 14‐15) In prose: follow rules for foreign words (see “foreign words”). On program pages: indent, do not number sections/movements unless necessary (to help listeners follow the form of a piece, if the movements do not have titles or tempo indications). Unique titles: roman type, quotation marks, capitalize according to language rules (headline‐style capitalization for English titles) Updated 8/5/15 2
Generic titles: capitalized according to language rules, set in roman type, no quotations. Tempo indications used as movement titles always capitalize the first word. concert halls Whenever possible use the full name of the concert hall. Miriam A. Friedberg Concert Hall, Leith Symington Griswold Hall, Hilda and Douglas Goodwin Recital Hall, Joe Byrd Hall, Cohen‐Davison Family Theatre, Centre Street Performance Studio. dynamics Italicize full word (fortissimo). Italicize and bold abbreviations (ff). ear‐training One word, hyphenated Dashes (and hyphens) em dash — Mac: “Option,” “Shift,” and “‐“ Instead of commas, parentheses, or colons. Em dashes are used to set off an Windows: Alt 0151 amplifying or explanatory element and in that sense can function as an alternative to parentheses, commas, or a colon —
especially when an abrupt break in thought is called for. There should be one space on each side of the em dash. en dash – Mac: “Option” and “‐“ An en dash used between two numbers Windows: Alt 0150 implies up to and including, or through. Used to separate a series of numbers or letters: F–G–F–B‐flat; 1–2–3–4. Used instead of hyphens for multi‐word compound nouns: Franco‐Prussian War–era compositions. There should be no space on either side of the en dash. hyphen ‐ On the keyboard Used to join words into a single word, or to join syllables of a single word. There should be no space on either side of the hyphen. faculty artist Peabody refers to its performing/studio faculty members as faculty artists. Faculty who are not generally performers, like composers, musicology, or music theory, are usually referred to as faculty members. Peabody faculty are not professors. These titles should always be lowercase. foreign words Italicized in prose. genres lowercase unless named after proper nouns: jazz, ballet, opera, early music, etc. Updated 8/5/15 3
headlines Use lowercase style, follow AP Stylebook, use present tense. hourlong One word. keys The pitch names of keys are given in roman capital letters. Accidentals should be hyphenated to the pitch name and spelled out. Mode (major, minor, etc.) should be given in lowercase roman type, only hyphenated to the pitch name if is being used as an adjective. master class Two words, lowercase. musical titles Like academic and administrative titles (see above) musical titles should, in most cases, follow a name and be lowercased in prose. An exception is when the name of an ensemble and its director are set apart in title format (Peabody Wind Ensemble, Harlan D. Parker, Director). When listing soloists or members of a smaller ensemble with their instrument, the name of the instrument is set off by a comma or tab and lowercase (Herbert Greenberg, violin). In a roster of musicians in an orchestra or other large ensemble, leadership positions (e.g. concertmaster, principal) are set off by a comma or tab and capitalized. names In bios, use a person's full name on first use, afterwards use last name with prefixes (Dr., Mr., Ms., Mrs., etc.), interchangeable with pronouns. Exceptions for press releases and other such communications and marketing instances allow for last names to be used without prefixes. numbers In prose: under ten, numbers should be spelled out. 10 and above should be given in numerals. Exceptions: If a number is the first word of a sentence, it should be spelled out even if it is 10 or above. Do not spell out ages; always use figures. Use hyphens for ages expressed as adjectives before a noun or as substitutes for a noun. Examples: A 5‐year‐old boy; the boy is 5 years old. The boy, 7, has a sister, 10. The woman, 26, has a daughter 2 months old. The race is for 3‐year‐
olds. The woman is in her 30s (no apostrophe). Dates: In prose, months should be capitalized and spelled out. Numbers should all be numerals (Month dd, yyyy). When giving only month and year, do not separate with a comma (Month yyyy). When references a decade, add an s, no apostrophe (the 1950s). Do not repeat the first two digits when indicating a range of years (2011–12). Names of centuries should be spelled out or given in numerals according to the above rule for numbers in general. Do not use superscript. As a noun, no hyphen (the 19th century). As an adjective, hyphenate (19th‐century opera). parentheses Periods may only appear within parentheses if there is a full sentence within the parentheses. Otherwise, all punctuation is placed following the closed parenthesis. Avoid parentheses when possible. Commas and em dashes are preferred over parentheses. Updated 8/5/15 4
The Peabody Institute of The Johns Hopkins University When the full name stands alone, use The and capitalize it. In running copy, do not capitalize the for either Peabody or Johns Hopkins. (In all cases, capitalization should match from the first ‘the’ to the second.) The Peabody Institute comprises two divisions: the Conservatory and the Preparatory. Retain the initial caps for Conservatory and Preparatory. The words university and institute, used alone, are not capitalized. Formal names, followed by shortened and informal forms: The Peabody Institute of The Johns Hopkins University: Peabody The Peabody Conservatory of The Johns Hopkins University: the Conservatory The Peabody Preparatory of The Johns Hopkins University: the Preparatory Johns Hopkins University's Peabody Institute Johns Hopkins University's Peabody Conservatory Johns Hopkins University's Peabody Preparatory periods (punctuation) Only one space after periods and other punctuation. periods of music history Always capitalize in order to avoid ambiguity (Classical, Baroque, Romantic, etc.). The words “era” and “period” should not be capitalized. pitch names Capitalized (A, B, C‐sharp…). Plural: add an s, no apostrophe (Ds, E‐flats). Series of pitch names are separated by en dashes (A–C‐sharp–E). Possessives Plural common or proper nouns ending in s: add an apostrophe: the students’ questions Singular common or proper nouns ending in s: add apostrophe‐s: Strauss’s compositions Names ending in an eez sound: add an apostrophe: Euripedes’ tragedies Nouns plural in form, singular in meaning: add an apostrophe: the series’ actors Nouns ending in unpronounced s: add apostrophe‐s: Camus’s existence premiere/premier Premiere (no accent, per AP) can function as a noun meaning first performance, as an adjective meaning the lead or first performer, or as a verb meaning to give a first performance: Composers have premieres of their works. Premier is either an adjective or a noun: As an adjective, it means chief, key, first in importance: The Peabody Preparatory is Baltimore's premier community school for the performing arts. As a noun, it is used for the title of the prime minister of certain countries. quotations Periods (and other punctuation) should be contained within the closing quotation mark. A colon should be used when the text introducing the quoted material can stand as an independent statement. Otherwise, commas are used to introduce quoted material. When quoting in a foreign language, use quotations, but do not italicize. Updated 8/5/15 5
Block quotations: When the quoted material is four full lines of text or longer. Should be indented from the left margin as a block in a reduced font size. Block quotations are introduced by a colon and do not require quotation marks. seasons Lowercase spring, summer, fall, winter and derivatives such as springtime unless part of a formal name. The word “season” should also be lowercase unless used in a headline. sonata form When referencing sections of sonata form (exposition, development, recapitulation), always spell out the full word (not “expo” or “recap”) and lowercase. state, region, country names Follow these guidelines: IN THE BODY OF STORIES: Except for cities that stand alone in datelines, use the state name in running copy when the city or town is not in the same state as the dateline, or where necessary to avoid confusion (Springfield, Massachusetts, or Springfield, Illinois). PUNCTUATION: Place one comma between the city and the state name, and another comma after the state name, unless ending a sentence or indicating a dateline (He was traveling from Nashville, Tennessee, to Austin, Texas, en route to his home in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She said Cook County, Illinois, was Mayor Daley's stronghold.) SPELL OUT: The names of the 50 U.S. states should be spelled out when used in the body of a story, whether standing alone or in conjunction with a city, town, village or military base. Abbreviate U.S. with periods. The Mid‐Atlantic region is hyphenated and capitalized. WHEN ABBREVIATIONS ARE NEEDED (e.g. to save space in Peabody Magazine’s Alumni Notes, Applause, or Fanfare sections): Use the state abbreviations listed here, not the postal code abbreviations (shown in parentheses): Ala. (AL) Md. (MD) N.D. (ND) Ariz. (AZ) Mass. (MA) Okla. (OK) Ark. (AR) Mich. (MI) Ore. (OR) Calif. (CA) Minn. (MN) Pa. (PA) Colo. (CO) Miss. (MS) R.I. (RI) Conn. (CT) Mo. (MO) S.C. (SC) Del. (DE) Mont. (MT) S.D. (SD) Fla. (FL) Neb. (NE) Tenn. (TN) Ga. (GA) Nev. (NV) Vt. (VT) Ill. (IL) N.H. (NH) Va. (VA) Ind. (IN) N.J. (NJ) Wash. (WA) Kan. (KS) N.M. (NM) W.Va. (WV) Ky. (KY) N.Y. (NY) Wis. (WI) La. (LA) N.C. (NC) Wyo. (WY) EIGHT NOT ABBREVIATED: The names of eight states are never abbreviated in datelines or text: Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas and Utah. (Memory Aid: Spell out the names of the two states that are not part of the contiguous United States and of the continental states that are five letters or fewer.) Mount Vernon: always spell out “Mount.” Updated 8/5/15 6
Washington, D.C.: Observe the proper punctuation for Washington, D.C. Always use the full name (never just Washington or D.C.). telephone numbers Should be given in the following format: xxx‐xxx‐xxxx theater/theatre “Theatre” refers to the art form or organization. “Theater” refers to the physical place. Follow these designations unless the formal name of a theatrical space is given as “theatre,” like Cohen‐Davison Family Theatre or Peabody Opera Theatre. times Use figures except for noon and midnight. Use a space before am, pm, lowercase, no periods; include both hour and minute figures in the time (11:00 am, 1:00 pm, 3:30 pm, 9:00 am to 5:00 pm). years See “numbers” website One word, lowercase. weeklong One word as an adjective. Opera Book: Student Bios Format: Name Hometown: Town/City, State (spelled out) or Country Name Education: Given chronologically. Academic degrees abbreviated. Format: [degree] in [field – lowercase unless proper noun], university; [degree] in [field], university; currently a [senior, junior, first‐year MM, second‐year MM, etc.] in the studio of [teacher’s name] Example: BA in music, New York University; currently a second‐year MM in the studio of John Doe Previous Roles and Engagements: Organized by venue, then chronologically. Opera titles always italicized. See composition titles for formatting titles for other works. Format: Role, Title, Role, Title, and Role, Title, with [venue]; Role, Title, with [venue]; Role, Title, and Role, Title, with [venue]. Awards: Organized Chronologically. If same award received more than once, only list it once but indicate the years it is received. Separate by semicolons. Upcoming Engagements: See above: Previous Roles and Engagements Updated 8/5/15 7
Operas frequently listed in bios with correct spelling and capitalization listed alphabetically by title Falstaff (Verdi) The Adventures of Sharp‐Ears the Vixen Faust (Charles Gounod) (Leoš Janáček) Die Fledermaus (Johann Strauss II) Czech: Příhody lišky Bystroušky Gianni Schicchi (Puccini) Other acceptable translations: The Hänsel und Gretel (Engelbert Cunning Little Vixen; Adventures of Humperdinck) Vixen Sharp‐Ears English translation: Hansel and Gretel Aida (Giuseppe Verdi) Hotel Eden (Henry Mollicone) Albert Herring (Benjamin Britten) Lakmé (Léo Delibes) Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss) A Little Night Music (Stephen Sondheim) Ariel’s Tempest (Douglas Allan Lucia di Lammermoor (Donizetti) Buchanan) Madama Butterfly (Puccini) Il barbiere di Saviglia (Gioachino Rossini) Les mamelles de Tirésias (Francis English translation: The Barber of Seville Poulenc) La bohème (Giacomo Puccini) Manon (Massenet) Camilla (Giovanni Bononcini) A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Britten) Candide (Leonard Bernstein) Le nozze di Figaro (Mozart) Carmen (Georges Bizet) English Translation: The Marriage of Cendrillon (Jules Massenet) Figaro Chérubin (Massenet) Pagliacci (Ruggero Leoncavallo) Les contes d’Hoffman (Jacques Porgy and Bess (George Gershwin) Offenbach) The Rake’s Progress (Igor Stravinsky) Così fan tutte (Wolfgang Amadeus The Rape of Lucretia (Britten) Mozart) Roméo et Juliette (Gounod) The Crucible (Robert Ward) English translation: Romeo and Juliet La descente d’Orphée aux enfers Rusalka (Antonín Dvořák) (Marc‐Antoine Charpentier) Susannah (Carlisle Floyd) Dialogues des Carmélites (Francis Tannhäuser (Richard Wagner) Poulenc) Tosca (Puccini) Don Giovanni (Mozart) La traviata (Verdi) L’elisir d’amore (Gaetano Donizetti) Turandot (Puccini) L’enfant at les sortilèges (Maurice Ravel) The Turn of the Screw (Britten) Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Mozart) Die Zauberflöte (Mozart) English Translation: The Abduction from English translation: The Magic Flute
the Seraglio Updated 8/5/15 8