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Table of Contents:
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Genetic Evidence for Multiple Waves of Migration to the Americas (STR and SNP) .................. 2 Historical Background ............................................................................................................ 2 STR Analysis of Paleo-Indian and Arctic Genetic Components in Native North American
and Far East Siberian Populations .......................................................................................... 6 SNP Analysis of Non-Local Genetic Components in Far East Siberian and the Americas ... 8 Conclusion: Multiple Layers of Native American Ancestry ................................................ 11
SNP Project for Enrolled Tribal Members.................................................................................... 12 Introduction
Hello, and welcome to the December 2012 issue of DNA Tribes® Digest. This month’s article
explores the origins of Native American populations. This analysis will include genetic evidence for
multiple waves of migration from Siberia, as well as the role of copper using Mound Builder societies in
integrating Paleo-Indian and Arctic related populations in Eastern North America.
Have a safe and happy Holiday Season,
Lucas Martin
DNA Tribes
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Genetic Evidence for Multiple Waves of Migration to the
Americas (STR and SNP)
Historical Background
The ancestors of Native Americans are thought to have migrated to North America from near the
Bering Sea in several waves (see Table 1). The first Paleo-Indian settlers are thought to have migrated
into North America from Beringia (the area between Far East Siberia and Alaska) some time before
11,500 BCE. These Paleo-Indian populations are thought to be descended from Siberian cultures that
became the ancestors of indigenous peoples throughout North, Central, and South America.
However, the more specific genetic relationships of Paleo-Indian populations to indigenous
cultures of Siberia are less understood. These links within the vast territories of Siberia are particularly
important, because Siberia has been a meeting point for populations of Europe, the Middle East, the
Indian Subcontinent, and East Asia since early periods.1 Some of the geographical links in Siberia that
might have shaped populations that migrated to North America are illustrated in Figure 1.
Several thousand years later, a second group of migrations expanded into North America: the
Paleo-Eskimo and subsequent Proto-Inuit (Thule) cultures (see Table 1) ancestral to present day Inuit
peoples of Far East Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Like the earlier Paleo-Indians, these cultures
originated in Beringia. However, the substantially more recent time periods of these waves of migrations
(beginning 2,500 BCE and continuing after 1000 CE) makes them contemporaries of emerging Uralic and
Indo-European related cultures of West Siberia.
For instance, archaeologists have suggested links between the Siberian Ust-Poluy culture (1st
millennium BCE coastal hunters living along the Arctic Sea near the Gulf of Ob) and not only Inuit
cultures, but also Iroquoian cultures of Eastern North America.2 Another link with Siberia that survives
until the present day is the similarity between Athabaskan languages (such as Apache, Navajo, and
Dogrib) and the Yeniseian languages of Central Siberia.
These archaeological and linguistic links are a reminder that indigenous Siberians interacted with
distant cultures during the time that Paleo-Eskimo cultures were expanding in North America (2,500 BCE
- 1,500 CE) and long prior to the modern period. Similar contacts might also have connected the Siberian
ancestors of Paleo-Indians (expanding into North America before 11,500 BCE) with populations linked to
East Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Indian Subcontinent.
1
For more information, see http://dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2009-11-30.pdf.
See Prehistory of Western Siberia by V. N. Chernetsov and W. Moszynska p. 129-133; 243; 308. Ust-Poluy (500200 BCE) were Arctic sea hunters (similar to Inuit and coastal Chukchi). Ust-Poluy peoples used distinctive bone
and antler combs (decorated with a face to face bird motif) similar to combs used by Iroquois until the modern
period and somewhat similar to combs used by Inuit. Linguists have suggested that vocabulary shared between
Northern Samoyedic, Yukaghir, and Inuit (Eskimo) languages might derive from Arctic coast cultures that might
have helped transmit the Ust-Poluy comb tradition between the Gulf of Ob and Eastern North America.
Ust-Poluy was also influenced by Scytho-Sarmatians of West Siberia and shared some cultural practices (such as
facial tattooing and braided hair worn by men and women) with later Ob-Ugrians. Masks from the Scythian
influenced Tashtyk culture vividly illustrate West Siberian personal adornment from this period, including elaborate
facial painting and a mohawk hairstyle with shaved sidelocks. See http://hermitagemuseum.org/fcgibin/db2www/quickSearch.mac/gallery?selLang=English&tmCond=oglahty&go.x=4&go.y=7 (copy and paste full
URL).
2
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Figure 1: Geographical links in Siberia that might have influenced ancestral Paleo-Indian, Paleo-Eskimo, and Proto-Inuit (Thule) populations that migrated to
North America.
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Migration Group Source Area Dates Notes 
Thought to be the primary founding settlers of the Americas. Paleo‐Indian Before 11,500 BCE  Reached throughout North, Central, and South America.  Multiple cultures related to Arctic Bering Sea (Siberian and Small Tool tradition. Paleo‐Eskimo 2,500 BCE ‐ 1,500 CE Alaskan origins)  Reached northern parts of North America.  Ancestors of present day Inuit cultures Thule (Proto‐Inuit) Coastal Alaska 1,000 CE ‐ present of Far East Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.  Internal North American migrations due to climate changes.  Early copper mining in North America. Old Copper Western Great Lakes Ritual significance of metal use. 4,000 BCE ‐ 1,000 BCE Complex (North America)  New “copper elite” sub‐groups might have helped link northern and southern populations in Eastern North America.  Complex trade networks increase contacts between North American populations. Mississippi River Valley  Ceremonial centers (Watson Brake, Mound Builder Encompassed the area Cahokia, Kituwah, Spiro Mounds, etc.). 3,500 BCE ‐ 1,600 CE Societies between the Great Lakes  Specialist sub‐groups transmitting and Gulf of Mexico ideas between populations (Ani‐
(North America) Kutani, Allegewi, etc.).  Possible influence on Mesoamerican civilizations. Table 1: Migration waves from Siberia and internal expansions that shaped ancestral Native American populations.
Beringia (Siberian Origins) These periods of migration from Siberia (Paleo-Indian, Paleo-Eskimo, and Proto-Inuit)
potentially introduced multiple genetic components to the Americas. However, later processes might have
brought these populations in contact at various periods, particularly in North Eastern America.
One period that might have helped integrate these various populations might have been the Old
Copper Complex (4,000 BCE - 1,000 BCE; see Table 1). This complex introduced copper mining and
metalworking (possibly predating metallurgy in Central Siberia), first near Lake Superior and eventually
throughout Eastern North America. Due to its reddish color (like ochre), copper was considered a sacred
material and was used by an early specialist class or sub-culture (appearing in only a small percentage of
burials in Eastern North America).
The Old Copper Complex emerged during a period of ecological change around 3,000 – 1,500
BCE. During this time, retreating glaciers changed the landscape in Eastern North America. The formerly
navigable water route linking the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean was closed by uplift of the land
(due to less ice weight). A warmer climate caused populations to move northward and shift to a lifestyle
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based more on plant cultivation and less on hunting. These changes fueled population growth and placed
new stress on cultural traditions, stimulating an increase in artistic and ceremonial activity (including
symbolic copper use).3
These copper using specialist sub-groups became influential throughout Eastern North America
during later periods, when Mound Builder societies were founded along the Mississippi River Valley
(3,500 BCE - 1,600 CE; see Table 1), connecting tribal cultures in large areas between the Great Lakes
and Gulf of Mexico. In Mound Builder ceremonial and trade centers, copper was used for important
cultural symbols (for instance, in Hopewell breastplates and Mississippian copper plates).4 Native
traditions describe the importance of early specialist sub-cultures (such as the Ani-Kutani and Allegewi)
that established cultural norms and founded key settlements (such as the Cherokee mother town of
Kituwa in North Carolina).5
These Mound Builder centers participated in extensive trade: for instance, importing grizzly bear
teeth and mountain goat horns (probably from the Rocky Mountains) and alligator teeth (probably from
Southeastern tribes). These early trade and ceremonial settlements attracted populations from surrounding
parts of North America, possibly mixing cultures and becoming a source of population expansions when
settlements were disrupted due to climate change.
In recent years, archaeologists have suggested links between early Mound Builder centers in
North America (particularly in present day Louisiana) and later Mesoamerican civilizations (such as the
Classic Era Maya and Aztec cultures) based on similarities between building proportions and alignments.6
Summary: Native populations of the Americas have been shaped by major migrations from
Beringia (Far East Siberia) during two general time periods: (1) Paleo-Indian migrations that reached
throughout the Americas before 12,000 BCE; and (2) Paleo-Eskimo and Thule (Proto-Inuit) migrations
that primarily reached northern parts of North Americas after 2,500 BCE. Later developments in Eastern
North America (such as the Old Copper Complex and Mound Builder societies) might have increased
north-south population contacts in areas between the Great Lakes and Gulf of Mexico between 4,000
BCE and 1,600 CE.
To assess genetic evidence of these migrations and internal expansions, the autosomal STR and
SNP analysis in this article will explore evidence for:
1. Origin regions in Eurasia for ancestral Native American populations.
2. Variation between Native American populations that might reflect multiple migrations
from Siberia, as well as inter-regional contacts within North America.
3
See Miskwabik, Metal of Ritual: Metallurgy in Precontact Eastern North America by Amelia M. Trevelyan, p.184.
The symbolic importance of copper continued during the Trail of Tears and Ghost Dance movement of the 1800’s.
5
The small percentage of “elite” copper burials included people of both genders and a range of ages, probably
representing related members of kinship societies. Archaeologists have noted evidence of high levels of endogamy
among the Adena and Hopewell copper elite. See Miskwabik by Amelia Trevelyan, pp. 133-134.
A similar role for metallurgist sub-cultures (such as Bell-Beaker peoples) as intermediaries between less developed
“wilderness” areas and primary civilization centers has been suggested for Eurasian prehistory. See
http://www.ajaonline.org/sites/default/files/AJA1134Amzallag_0.pdf.
6
See “America’s Lost City” by Andrew Lawler at http://www.sciencemag.org/content/334/6063/1618.summary or
http://andrewlawler.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=508%3Aamerica%E2%80%99s-lostcity&Itemid=22.
4
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STR Analysis of Paleo-Indian and Arctic Genetic Components in Native
North American and Far East Siberian Populations
To identify genetic evidence for Eurasian regional origins and variation between Native
American populations, Paleo-Indian (Native Central and South American), Arctic, and other Asia-Pacific
Island genetic components in North America and Far East Siberia were identified using autosomal STR
data.7 Results are summarized in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 2.
Discussion: Results in Table 2 indicate several genetic components in North American and Far East
Siberian populations. These included the expected Paleo-Indian (Native Central and South American) and
Arctic components, as well as smaller Asia-Pacific Island genetic components in some populations of
Northwest North America.
Paleo‐Indian Arctic Polynesian Malay Archipelago Other Yupik (Alaska) 0.3% 96.0% 0.0% 0.0% 3.7% Inupiat (Alaska) 0.0% 91.0% 9.0% 0.0% 0.0% Koryak (Far East Siberia) 0.0% 88.4% 0.0% 11.6% 0.0% Chukchi (Far East Siberia) 0.3% 71.9% 0.3% 9.9% 17.6% Athabaskan (Alaska) 40.9% 58.1% 0.0% 0.0% 1.0% Ojibwa (Ontario) 48.1% 51.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Cree (Saskatchewan) 44.1% 51.3% 0.0% 0.0% 4.6% Minnesota (Native Only)* 55.1% 44.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Coast Salish (British Columbia) 45.6% 34.7% 11.6% 8.1% 0.0% Navajo (Southwest U.S.) 68.0% 32.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Michigan (Native Only)* 72.9% 27.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Dogrib 61.3% 18.7% 0.0% 11.9% 8.1% Tepehua (Mexico) 84.5% 15.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Apache (Southwest U.S.) 86.9% 11.3% 0.0% 0.0% 1.7% Population Yucatan Maya (Mexico) 97.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.3% Table 2: Genetic components of Native North American and Far East Siberian populations. For mixed Minnesota
and Michigan populations (noted with an asterix), only the relative percentages of native (Paleo-Indian and Arctic)
components are listed.
The Paleo-Indian component is largest in the most southerly populations included in this
analysis. These include Tepehua (84.5% Paleo-Indian), Apache (86.9% Paleo-Indian), and Navajo (68.0%
Paleo-Indian). The Paleo-Indian component is also relatively large for the Dogrib of Northwest Canada
(61.3% Paleo-Indian), whose Athabaskan language is distantly related to Apache and Navajo.
7
For more information about DNA Tribes® STR based 15, 21, and 27 Marker Kit tests, see
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Similarly, a higher percentage of the Paleo-Indian component is expressed for the sampled
Alaskan Athabaskans (40.9%) than for the Inupiat and Yupik populations (both Inuit related Alaskans)
for which no Paleo-Indian component is expressed. This indicates that Paleo-Indian (Native Central and
South American) ancestry is found in most parts of North America, possibly reflecting widespread
settlements by Paleo-Indian populations that entered the Americas before 11,500 BCE. Within Northwest
Canada and Alaska, the Paleo-Indian genetic component is associated with Athabaskan languages.
Figure 2: Genetic components of North American and Far East Siberian populations. For mixed populations (noted
with an asterix), relative percentages of Paleo-Indian and Arctic components (not including European components)
are listed.
The Arctic component is largest in the most northerly populations included in this analysis.
These include Yupik (96.0% Arctic) and Inuit (91.0% Arctic) populations of Alaska, as well as Koryak
(88.4% Arctic) and Chukchi (71.9% Arctic) populations of Far East Siberia. This concentration near the
Bering Sea that links Siberia and Alaska suggests this component is related to the Paleo-Eskimo and
Thule (Proto-Inuit) expansions since 2,500 BCE.
Outside of Alaska, the Arctic component is highest in northern and western populations of North
America, including Ontario Ojibwa (51.9% Arctic), Saskatchewan Cree (51.3% Arctic), and the
Minnesota Native Americans (44.9% Arctic). In addition, the Arctic component is found to some degree
as far south as Apache (11.3% Arctic) and Tepehua (15.5%).
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This wide distribution suggests the Paleo-Eskimo and Thule (Proto-Inuit) expansions affected not
only Inuit and other far northern cultures of Alaska and Canada, but eventually reached relatively distant
parts of North America. This could reflect secondary population expansions within North America, such
as mixed populations (of partly Paleo-Indian and Arctic origins) that gathered around Mound Builder
ceremonial and trade centers (such as Kituwah and Cahokia) and then dispersed to surrounding areas.
Asia-Pacific Island components are also identified for some North American populations.
These include Malay Archipelago and Polynesian components, both related to maritime cultures of the
Pacific Ocean. These populations include Coast Salish of British Columbia (11.6% Polynesian and 8.1%
Malay Archipelago), Dogrib of Northwest Canada (11.9% Malay Archipelago), and Inupiat of Alaska
(9.0% Polynesian). Similar Pacific Ocean components are also found in Koryak (11.6% Malay
Archipelago) and Chukchi (9.9% Malay Archipelago) populations of Far Eastern Siberia.
Asia-Pacific Island components are concentrated near Beringia and Northwest North America
and not found in other studied populations. This suggests these components might have accompanied
maritime related Paleo-Eskimo and/or Thule (Proto-Inuit) expansions in contact with early populations
near the Pacific Rim of East Asia.
SNP Analysis of Non-Local Genetic Components in Far East Siberian and
the Americas
To further explore genetic evidence for ancestral Native American origins in Eurasia and multiple
waves of migration to the Americas, non-local genetic components for Native American and Far East
Siberian populations were identified using autosomal SNP data (excluding local Arctic and
Mesoamerican genetic components).8 Results are summarized in Table 3 and illustrated in Figure 3.
Baltic‐
Urals Indus Valley West Siberian East Siberian East Asian Tibetan Maya (Mexico) 7.1% 6.8% 40.6% 29.7% 15.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% Amerindian (Colombia) 1.1% 4.3% 42.2% 36.9% 12.5% 0.0% 2.4% 0.5% 0.0% Aymara (La Paz, Bolivia) 8.9% 3.1% 44.0% 29.1% 10.2% 4.7% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Surui (Brazil) 2.8% 2.9% 39.6% 38.6% 13.8% 0.0% 0.4% 1.9% 0.0% Karitiana (Brazil) 1.5% 0.3% 48.0% 36.0% 12.1% 0.0% 2.1% 0.0% 0.0% Pima (Mexico) 4.8% 0.0% 48.1% 30.0% 14.5% 1.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.8% Eastern Greenland 0.0% 0.0% 52.6% 43.9% 0.0% 3.6% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Totonac (Mexico) 7.3% 0.0% 45.3% 30.0% 16.4% 0.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Koryak (Far East Siberia) 0.0% 0.0% 16.1% 82.6% 1.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Chukchi (Far East Siberia) 0.0% 0.0% 33.2% 66.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Population Southeast Ocean‐
Asian ian Other Average 3.4% 1.7% 41.0% 42.4% 9.7% 1.0% 0.5% 0.3% 0.1% Table 3: Non-local genetic SNP components of Native American and Far East Siberian populations (excluding Arctic and
Mesoamerican genetic components).
8
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Figure 3: Non-local genetic SNP components of Native American and Far East Siberian populations (excluding
Arctic and Mesoamerican genetic components).
Discussion: Results in Table 3 indicate a variety of non-local regional components for Native
American populations, with some degree of local variation between individual populations.
The largest non-local components for the studied Native American populations are West
Siberian (average 41.0%) and East Siberian (average 42.4%), consistent with origins for ancestral
Native American populations in Siberia. Relative proportions of these two components were generally
similar for studied populations throughout the Americas. However, the East Siberian component is
substantially larger for the studied Far East Siberian populations (Chukchi and Koryak), which might
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reflect contacts of ancestral Paleo-Eskimo and Thule (Proto-Inuit) with other East Siberians populations,
after the initial Paleo-Indian populations migrated to the Americas.
An East Asian component (related to present day populations of China and Japan) is identified
for most studied populations (average 9.7%). Percentages of this component are largest in Totonac
(16.4%), Maya (15.7%), and Pima (14.5%) populations of Mexico (near centers of Mesoamerican
civilization), but smallest in Chukchi (0.0%), Eastern Greenland (0.0%), and Koryak (1.4%) (near
Beringia). This suggests that this component might be related to earlier Paleo-Indian migrations, rather
than Paleo-Eskimo or Proto-Inuit (Thule) migrations.
A Baltic-Urals component (related to present day populations of Northeastern Europe) is
identified for most studied populations (average 3.4%). This component is largest in Aymara, Totonac,
and Maya populations (located near early Mesoamerican and South American civilization centers) but
absent in Eastern Greenland and Far East Siberia. This similarly suggests that this component might not
be related to Proto-Inuit (Thule) migrations to Northern North America, but instead could relate to earlier
Paleo-Indian and/or Paleo-Eskimo related migrations.
Indus Valley components are identified for some studied populations, including Maya (6.8%),
Colombia (4.3%), Aymara (3.1%), and Surui (2.9%). However, this component is absent for other studied
populations. This limited geographical distribution (concentrated near the Caribbean Sea and South
America) and absence in Mexico and Greenland suggests this component (although relatively small)
might not be related to either Paleo-Indian or Proto-Inuit (Thule) migrations.
This leaves a possible link to a wave of Paleo-Eskimo migrants, possibly with some early
ancestral links to Central Asia (where Indus Valley components are found today).9 For instance,
archaeological evidence supports some level of contacts between Iroquoian cultures of Eastern North
America, Ust-Poluy cultures of the Arctic Coast, and Scytho-Sarmatian cultures of Central Asia and West
Siberia (see Historical Background). To evaluate this possibility further, more data (in particular from
other North American populations) are needed.
Several small Asian components are also identified for some populations. These include Tibetan
components, which are highest in Aymara (4.7%) and Eastern Greenland (3.6%); Southeast Asian
components, highest in Colombia (2.4%) and Karitiana (2.1%); and Oceanian (Papua New Guinea and
Melanesian related), highest in Surui (1.9%). These small components might express traces of ancestral
links with Asia for the Paleo-Indian, Paleo-Eskimo, and/or Proto-Inuit (Thule) migrations to the
Americas.
In summary, SNP analysis shows more variation in small non-local genetic components in
Central and South America than in Far East Siberia and Greenland. This might be due to older PaleoIndian origins in archaic Siberians with early links to populations of East Asia, Northeast Europe, and the
Indian Subcontinent. In contrast, non-local components of Chukchi, Koryak, and Greenland Inuit
populations showed less variation, possibly due to recent contacts with Paleo-Eskimo and Thule (ProtoInuit) populations that were more similar to modern Siberians.
9
For more information about early archaeological links between Central Asia and West Siberia, see “The Neolithic
period of north-western Siberia: the question of southern connections” by L. L. Kosinskaya, collected in Early
Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations pp. 265-287, available
at http://tiedekirja.fi/.
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Conclusion: Multiple Layers of Native American Ancestry
In conclusion, both autosomal STR and SNP results present evidence for multiple layers of
Native American ancestry. Autosomal STR analysis identifies geographical variation in the proportions of
Arctic and Paleo-Indian (Native Central and South American) components for North American tribal
populations. Paleo-Indian components (possibly related to the founding Paleo-Indian migrations) are
highest in southern parts of North America; while Arctic components (possibly related to later PaleoEskimo and Proto-Inuit migrations) are highest in northern parts of North America.
STR results express a gradual north-to-south transition in proportions of these Paleo-Indian and
Arctic genetic components. This might reflect mixing of populations descended from various waves of
migrations, possibly facilitated by Mound Builder trade and ceremonial centers and other internal
processes.
In addition, STR results identify smaller Asia-Pacific (Malay Archipelago and Polynesian)
genetic components in some populations near Beringia and Northwest North America that were not found
in other studied populations. These components might have accompanied maritime related Paleo-Eskimo
and/or Thule (Proto-Inuit) expansions in contact with early populations near the Pacific Rim of East Asia.
Autosomal SNP results indicate that, after excluding local Arctic and Mesoamerican components,
the largest non-local genetic components of the studied Native American populations are East Siberian
and West Siberian. This is consistent with ancestral origins in Siberia for the Paleo-Indian, Paleo-Eskimo,
and Thule (Proto-Inuit) populations that migrated to the Americas.
SNP results further identify several smaller components found in varying degrees in the studied
Native American populations. These include: East Asian components (possibly related to Paleo-Indian
migrations); Baltic-Urals components (possibly related to Paleo-Indian and/or Paleo-Eskimo migrations);
and Indus Valley components (possibly related to Paleo-Eskimo migrations with links to Central Asia).
As new STR and SNP data become available in the future, it might become possible to further
clarify the genetic history of the Americas, including both ancestral links with Eurasia, as well as local
genetic variation between Native American cultures.
DNA Tribes® Digest December 1, 2012
Page 11 of 12
Web: www.dnatribes.com; Email: [email protected]; Facebook: facebook.com/DNAtribes
Mail: DNA Tribes, P.O. Box 735, Arlington, VA 22216
DNA Tribes® Digest December 1, 2012
All contents © 2006-2012 DNA Tribes. DNA Tribes®.
DNA Tribes patented analysis is available exclusively from
DNA Tribes. U.S. PAT. NO. 8,285,486. All rights reserved.
SNP Project for Enrolled Tribal Members
For a limited time, DNA Tribes® would like to offer a free DNA Tribes® SNP analysis for enrolled
members of federally recognized Native American tribes. This will help us include less sampled Native
American populations in our geographical analysis.
Project Requirements:

Members of U.S. federally recognized tribal nations are eligible for free SNP analysis.

Genome data from a SNP microarray based autosomal test is required (separate from 15, 21, or
27 Marker Kit STR testing). New lab testing is not included in this offer.
There are several commercial tests available that include SNP microarray lab work (such as an
autosomal test to locate distant relatives). If you have had a previous SNP microarray test, we can
confirm whether this can be used, if you email your genome file to [email protected].

Your SNP genome will be submitted for anonymous, aggregated inclusion in our geographical
SNP database.

Offer is available until January 1, 2013.

Example SNP reports are available at http://dnatribes.com/snp.html.
For free DNA Tribes® SNP analysis, interested participants can fill out the Project Submission Form
(http://dnatribes.com/snp-tribal-project.html)
and
email
their
zipped
genome
file
to
[email protected] between now and January 1, 2013. Project participants will not need to enter
an order through our website after submitting grandparent information.
DNA Tribes® Digest December 1, 2012
Page 12 of 12
Web: www.dnatribes.com; Email: [email protected]; Facebook: facebook.com/DNAtribes
Mail: DNA Tribes, P.O. Box 735, Arlington, VA 22216