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Indiana" University
Professor" Sang" Oak" Lee" has" been" a" leading" researcher" in" the" field" of"
3orean"tonologyB"The"recent"republication"DLee"2007H"of"his"doctoral"dissertation"
on" Middle" 3orean" tonology" makes" accessible" his" important" work" to" a" new"
generation"of"researchersB"This"is"timely"because"the"nature"of"the"tonal"systems"
of" various" modern" 3orean" dialects," particularly" the" 3yungsang" dialects," has"
become" the" focus" of" much" recent" research," both" in" terms" of" their" phonetics"
and" their" DmorphoHphonologyB" One" of" the" issues" that" is" still" debated" is" whether"
South" 3yungsang" 3orean" is" a" tone" language" or" a" pitchLaccent" languageB" Two"
of" the" most" recent" dissertations" on" this" dialect" take" opposing" views:" Chang"
D2007H" argues" for" its" tonal" nature," largely" based" on" phonetic" evidence,"
maintaining" that" it" has" a" threeLway" tonal" contrastB" On" the" other" hand,"
Dongmyung" Lee" D2009H" argues" from" a" combination" of" evidence" that" South"
3yungsang" 3orean" is" a" pitchLaccent" system" with" an" initial" tone" registerB"
Already" in" Professor" Sang" Oak" LeePs" dissertation" DChapter" 3H," there" is" an"
excellent" discussion" on" the" supposed" dichotomy" of" pitchLaccent" languages"
vsB" tone" languages" and" he" maintains" like" McCawley" D1970H" and" somewhat"
similar" to" Hyman" D2006H" that" there" is" a" continuum" of" how" deeply" tonal" a"
language" is" rather" than" there" being" a" strict" dichotomy" between" tone" and"
pitchLaccentB" As" Professor" Lee" argues" in" his" dissertation" for" Middle" 3orean,"
a" single" language" can" display" characteristics" of" both" pitchLaccent" and" tone"
in" its" prosodic" systemB" He" also" suggested" that" the" modern" dialects" reflect"
a" pitchLaccent" system" rather" than" a" deeply" tonal" systemB" However," I"suspect"
the" debate" about" the" modern" dialects" will" continue" in" the" foreseeable" future,"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 1
though" I" view" the" debate" as" largely" being" a" phonological" debate" over" how"
phonetic" facts" about" pitch" in" the" different" dialects" Despecially" the" 3yungsang"
dialectsH" are" interpretedB"
Uiven"Professor"Sang"Oak"LeePs"longLstanding"interest"in"3orean"tonology,"
I" thought" I" would" focus" my" contribution" on" an" issue" of" the" loanword" tonology"
of"3yungsang"3oreanB"In"discussions"on"3yungsang"3orean"tonology,"researchers"
make" a" distinction" between" North" 3yugnsang" DN3H" 3orean" and" South"
3yungsang" DS3H" 3oreanB" One" important" tonological" difference" between" the"
two" dialects" is" that" in" the" N3" dialect" multisyllabic" words" can" begin" with"
a" seVuence" of" low" tones" while" in" the" S3" dialect" one" of" the" first" two" syllables"
must" have" a" high" toneB" This" difference" is" manifested" in" loanword" tonologyB"
Consider" how" the" two" dialects" borrow" the" fourLsyllable" word" WAmericaPB" In"
N3" the" tone" pattern" for" this" word" is" LLHL," but" in" S3" it" is" LHHLB" In" both"
dialects" the" accent" DiBeB" the" location" of" the" pitch" fallH" is" on" the" penultimate"
syllableX" the" difference" is" on" the" second" syllableB" In" a" sense," the" expected"
pattern" is" what" is" found" in" the" N3" dialect" given" that" recent" discussions" on"
loanword" phonology" in" the" 3yungsang" dialects" DeBgB" 3enstowicz" and" Sohn"
2001," Chung" 2002a,b," Lee" 2009H" show" that" light" syllables" DiBeB" CV" syllablesH"
overwhelmingly" are" correlated" with" low" toneB" However," in" the" S3" borrowing"
of" WAmericaP" the" second" syllable" cannot" have" low" tone" even" though" it" is"
light" because" of" the" absolute" constraint" on" the" tonology" of" S3" words," whether"
native" or" borrowed," that" words" cannot" begin" in" a" seVuence" of" low" tonesB"
This" constraint" is" further" manifested" in" the" difference" between" the" two" dialects"
in" the" borrowing" of" trisyllabic" loanwords" where" the" medial" vowel" is" epenthetic"
DiBeB" a" vowel" that" is" not" in" the" source" language" wordHB" For" example," according"
to" Chung" D2002bH" in" the" N3" dialect" the" English" word" WmetroP" is" borrowed"
as" meBth!Bro" with" the" tone" pattern" LLH" with" final" accentB" This" reflects" a" strong"
tendency" in" borrowings" to" avoid" having" an" epenthetic" accented" vowelB"
However," in" the" S3" dialect" described" by" Lee" D2009H," the" source" of" the" S3"
data" to" be" discussed" in" this" paper," a" word" like" WmetroP" would" be" borrowed"
as" meBt!"Bro" with" the" tone" pattern" LHL" where" the" epenthetic" vowel" is" indeed"
accentedB" The" penultimate" syllable" is" accented" in" such" words" so" as" to" avoid"
2" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
a" seVuence" of" two" low" tone" syllables" at" the" beginning" of" the" wordB" DInitial"
accent" does" not" occur" in" S3" in" loanwords" like" WmetroP" but" would" occur" in"
cases" of" double" epenthesis" as" in" the" borrowing" of" the" English" word" WdeskP"
as" ]teBs"Bkh"^," which" has" the" tone" pattern" HLLB" See" Lee" D2009H" for" discussionBH"
Examples" like" WmetroP" show" the" impact" of" the" constraint" against"words" beginning"
in" a" seVuence" of" low" tones," a" constraint" that" does" not" exist" Dor" is" lowLranked"
from" an" optimalityLtheoretic" perspectiveH" in" the" N3" dialectB" Uiven" this" as"
background," I" would" like" to" focus" the" remainder" of" this" article" on" an" observation"
regarding" loanword" borrowing" into" the" S3" dialect," also" noted" by" 3ubozono"
D2007H," namely" that" loanwords" in" S3" are" always" borrowed" as" accentedB" In"
order" to" do" this," I" would" like" to" first" briefly" present" and" illustrate" what" is"
meant" by" unaccented" in" S3B" I" will" then" show" how" loanwords" are" never"
borrowed" as" unaccented" or" accentless," and" I" will" conclude" by" offering" an"
explanation" for" thisB" Some" of" what" I" will" present" for" S3" is" applicable" to"
N3," but" the" notion" of" unaccented" words" is" perhaps" more" relevant" in" S3"
3orean" than" in" N3B"
Lee" and" Davis" D2009a,bH" have" recently" argued" that" S3" words" can" be"
unaccentedB" An" essential" character" of" accentless" words" is" that" they" do" not"
have" a" pitch" fallB" Compare," for" example," the" Japanese" word" in" D1aH" with"
that" in" D1bH" taken" from" Haraguchi" D1999HB
" D1H Japanese" Accented" vsB" Unaccented" Class"
"
"
aB" kaki`ga" Wfence" DnomBHP" bB" kaki`ga" Wpersimmon" DnomBHP
" " L H" L
" " " " L H" H
The" word" in" D1bH" is" accentless" since" there" is" no" pitch" fall" even" when" the" suffix"
is" addedB" On" the" other" hand," the" word" in" D1aH" is" considered" finalLaccented"
since" the" word" witnesses" a" pitch" fall" once" a" suffix" is" addedB" South" 3yungsang"
3orean" has" disyllabic" words" exactly" like" the" Japanese" words" in" D1H" where"
disyllabic" nouns" that" are" LH" have" different" suffixal" tone" patternsB" This" is" seen"
by" the" S3" data" in" D2H" where" the" nominative" case" marker" is" added" so" as" to"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 3
make" clear" the" two" different" classesB
" D2H Tone" Patterns" of" S3" Native" Words1"
aB" k!Br"Bm`i"
bB" naBmuB`ka
" " L" H" " " L"
" " L" H" " " L
" " Wfertilizer" DnomBHP" " " " " " " " Wtree" DnomBHP"
cB" saBraBm`i
" " L H" " " H
"
" " Whuman" DnomBHP
dB" neBmoB`ka
" " L" H" " " H
" " WsVuare" DnomBHP
The" S3" words" in" D2aLbH" resembles" the" Japanese" word" in" D1aH" in" that" they"
have" final" accent" on" the" base" noun" Das" seen" by" the" presence" of" a" pitch" fall"
on" the" nominative" suffixH" while" the" S3" words" in" D2cLdH" resembles" the" Japanese"
word" in" D1bH" in" that" they" are" unaccented" with" no" pitch" fall" on" the" suffixB"
While" the"examples"in"D2cLdH"reflect"the"clearest"type"of"case"for"the"notion"
of" unaccented" words" in" S3," monosyllabic" words" can" also" be" unaccentedB"
It" is" wellLknown" in" the" tonal" literature" on" S3" that" there" are" three" types" of"
monosyllabic" words" with" respect" to" tone" that" are" reflected" by" different" tonal"
behavior" under" suffixationB" Consider" the" threeLway" contrast" in" D3HB
"
" D3H Tone" Patterns" of" S3" native" monosyllabic" words
"
"
1
aB" mal"
" " " H"
" " Whorse
"
""
"
mal`i"
" H" L" "
Whorse" DnomBHP"
"
These" words" are" also" discussed" by" Chang" D2007H" who" views" these" disyllabic"
words" as" having" different" underlying" tonal" patterns" even" though" they" are" not"
perceptually" distinctB" We" maintain" that" their" difference" reflects" final" accented"
vsB" unaccentedB"
4" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
"
bB" mal"
"
" " " H"
"
" " " measuring" unit"
mal`i"
H" " H" "
measuring" unit" DnomBH"
cB" mal"
""
" " " L" " "
""
" " WlanguageP"
mal`i"
L" " H" "
Wlanguage" DnomBHP
In"analyzing"the"pattern"in"D3H"with"respect"to"accentuation,"it"is"clear"that"only"
the" word" in" D3aH" is" accented" since," similar" to" the" words" in" D2aLbH," it" witnesses"
a" pitch" fall" when" the" nominative" suffix" is" addedB" The" words" in" D3bH" and" D3cH"
are" unaccented" since" no" pitch" fall" occurs" even" when" the" nominative" suffix"
is" addedB" The" example" in" D3bH" is" exactly" like" D2cH" and" D2dH" in" that" the" suffixal"
form" ends" in" a" seVuence" of" high" tonesB" The" word" in" D3cH" differs" from" D3bH"
in" that" it" has" an" initial" low" tone," but" it" is" like" D3bH" in" taking" a" high" tone" on"
the"nominative"suffixB"DIn"3c"the"suffix"cannot"be"low"tone"since,"as"mentioned,"
S3" words" cannot" begin" in" a" seVuence" of" low" tonesBH" Since" there" is" no" pitch"
fall," the" word" is" still" considered" accentlessB"
Now" that" we" have" established" the" nature" of" accentless" behavior" in" S3"
native" words," it" is" interesting" to" consider" the" behavior" of" loanwords" under"
suffixation," specifically" looking" at" loanwords" that" are" reported" to" be" borrowed"
with"the"last"syllable"containing"a"high"toneB"Such"loanwords"always"have"a"low"
tone" when" the" nominative" suffix" is" addedB" This" is" seen" by" the" representative"
examples"in"D4H"where"D4aH"shows"a"monosyllabic"loanword"and"D4bH"a"disyllabic"
oneB
" D4H Tone" Patterns" of" S3" loanwords" with" a" high" tone" on" the" final" syllable
"
aB" k!!p"
" " " H"
" " WcupP"
"
"
k!!p" `i"
" H" " " L"
Wcup" DnomBHP"
"
"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 5
bB" t"Brim"
t"Brim`i"
" " " L" H"
L" H" " L"
"
" " " " " " WdreamP" " " " " " Wdream" DnomBHP"
Since"the"examples"in"D4H"witness"a"pitch"fall"when"the"suffix"is"added,"they"are"
borrowed" with" accent" on" the" final" syllableB" We" thus" concur" with" 3ubozono"
D2007H" in" observing" that" loanwords" S3" are" always" borrowed" as" accentedB" This"
is" even" the" case" for" S3" loanwords" that" come" from" JapaneseB" Although" we"
will" not" detail" it" here," Lee" D2009H" points" out" that" Japanese" borrowings" into"
S3" always" have" a" pitch" fall" even" if" the" source" word" is" unaccented" in" JapaneseB"
For" example," the" Japanese" word" ]udoN^" WnoodlesP" is" unaccented" and" has" the"
tone" pattern" LHH" when" the" nominative" suffix" is" added," ]udoN`" ga^B" However,"
its" borrowing" into" the" S3" dialect" witnesses" a" pitch" fall" when" the" suffix" is"
added," ]udoN`i^" LHL," thus" indicating" its" accented" nature" in" S3B"
While" loanwords" are" always" borrowed" as" accented," when" we" exam" a"
fuller" range" of" suffixal" patterns" on" loanwords" with" accent" on" the" final" syllable,"
we" observe" that" they" do" not" really" pattern" like" native" words" with" final" accent"
such" as" that" in" D2cH" or" D3aHB" First," consider" the" data" in" D5H" where" we" show"
the" unaffixed" form," the" nominative" form," and" the" form" with" the" suffix"
]`c!Br!m^" WlikeP" for" the" disyllabic" native" words" that" were" shown" in" D2aH" and"
D2cH," respectivelyB
" D5H Suffixal" patterns" for" ]k!Br"m^" WfertilizerP" and" ]saBram^" WhumanP
"
"
"
aB" k!Br"Bm"
k!Br"Bm`i"
" " " L" H" " " " " " L" H" " L "
" " WfertilizerP"
Wfertilizer" DnomBHP"
k!Br"m`c!Br!m
L" H" " " H" L
Wlike" fertilizerP"
bB" saBram
" " " L" H"
" " WhumanP"
saBram`c!Br!m
L" H" " " H" L
Wlike" humanP
saBraBm`i
"
L" H" " " H
"
Whuman" DnomBHP "
6" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
In" the" third" column" in" D5H," the" accent" occurs" on" the" initial" syllable" of" the"
suffix" DiBeB" the" location" of" the" pitch" fallH" regardless" of" whether" the" base" is"
underlyingly" accented" or" unaccentedB" This" is" seen" most" clearly" in" the" third"
column"of"D5bH"and"contrasts"with"the"second"column"in"D5bH"where"the"nominative"
suffix"is"addedB"The"pattern"shown"by"the"third"column"in"D5H"can"be"accounted"
under" the" assumption" that" the" suffix" ]`c!Br!m^" is" underlyingly" accented" Dwith"
the" tone" pattern" HLH" and" that" two" accents" cannot" appear" in" a" single" prosodic"
wordB"With"]k!Br"m`c!Br!m^"in"D5aH,"the"accent"on"the"stem"deletes"when"addacent"
to"the"suffix"]`c!Br!m^"resulting"in"the"LHHL"tone"pattern"for"]k!Br"m`c!Br!m^B"
This" shows" that" the" first" accent" deletes" when" there" are" accents" on" addacent"
syllablesB2"
Now" consider" the" pattern" of" suffixation" of" the" loanword" ]t"Brim^" LH"
WdreamP" in" D6HB
" D6H Suffixal" tone" patterns" for" ]t"Brim^" WdreamP
"
"
t"Brim"
L" H"
WdreamP"
t"Brim`i"
L" H" " L
Wdream" DnomBHP"
t"Brim`c!Br!m
L" H" " " L" L
Wlike" a" dreamP
"
As" seen" in" the" third" column" in" D6H" the" suffix" ]`c!Br!m^" deaccents" when" it"
is" added" to" the" loanwordB" This" contrasts" sharply" with" D5HX" the" suffixing" pattern"
shown" in" D6H" is" a" pattern" that" is" only" witnessed" in" loanwordsB"
Now" let" us" consider" the" more" complicated" case" of" the" suffixation" pattern"
with" suffix" ]`c!Br!m^" to" the" native" monosyllabic" forms" shown" in" D3HB" In" D7H,"
we" show" the" tone" pattern" of" the" group" in" D3H" with" a" third" column" added"
showing" the" pattern" associated" with" the" suffixation" of" ]`c!Br!m^B
2
It" should" be" noted" that" when" two" underlying" accents" in" a" S3" word" are" not"
addacent," the" second" one" deletesB" This" can" be" seen" in" the" example" ]kiBr"m^" HL"
WoilPB When" suffixed" by" ]`c!Br!m^" the" resulting" output" is" ]kiB" r"m`c!Br!m^"
HLLL" Wlike" oilPB" Here" the" first" accent" cannot" delete" since" the" resulting" output"
would" begin" with" a" seVuence" of" low" tones," which" is" not" allowed" in" S3B
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 7
" D7H Suffixal" tone" Patterns" of" S3" native" monosyllabic" words
"
"
aB" mal
" " " H"
" " WhorseP"
mal`i
" H" L" "
Whorse" DnomBHP"
mal`c!Br!m
" L" " H" L
Wlike" a" horseP"
"
bB" mal
"
mal`i
"
mal`c!Br!m
" " " H"
"
" H" H"
" "
H" " H" L
" " measuring" unit" measuring" unit" DnomBH" like" measuring" unit
"
"
"
cB" mal"
" " " L"
" " WlanguageP"
mal`i"
" L" " H"
Wlanguage" DnomBHP"
mal`c!Br!m
" L" " H" H
Wlike" languageP "
The" only" straightforward" example" in" D7H" is" the" form" in" D7bH" where" ]`c!Br!m^" is"
suffixed" to" unaccented" ]mal^" H" Wmeasuring" unitPB" When" the" accented" suffix"
]`c!Br!m^" is" added" to" the" unaccented" form" in" D7bH" the" accent" of" the" whole"
word" is" on" the" suffix," dust" as" we" see" for" the" unaccented" word" in" D5bHB" The"
form" ]mal`c!Br!m^" LHL" Wlike" a" horseP" in" D7aH" reflects" the" deaccentuation" of"
the" first" of" two" addacent" accentsB" This" is" what" we" saw" in" the" third" column"
in" D5aH," but," here" in" D7aH," the" deaccented" syllable" takes" a" low" toneB" In" D5aH,"
the" deaccented" stem" syllable" in" ]k!Br"m`c!Br!m^" LHHL" Wlike" fertilizerP" cannot"
take" a" low" tone" since" the" resulting" word" would" begin" in" a" seVuence" of" low"
tones," which" is" prohibited" in" S3B" As" for" the" example" in" D7cH," ]mal`c!Br!m^"
LHH" Wlike" languageP" with" the" deaccentuation" of" the" suffix," one" can" either" view"
it"as"deaccentuation"that"is"characteristic"of"monosyllabic"words"beginning" with"
low"tone"or"as"a"way"of"avoiding"a"potential"homophony"with"the"accented"class"
of" D7aH" when" ]`c!Br!m^" is" suffixed" DeBgB" ]mal`c!Br!m^" LHL" Wlike" a" horsePBH"
Regardless" of" the" details" of" the" explanation," the" data" in" D7H" show" that" native"
S3" monosyllabic" forms" have" three" different" condugation" patterns" when" suffixes"
are" added" depending" on" the" tone" and" accent" property" of" the" base" nounB
e" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
Now" let" us" consider" the" condugation" pattern" for" monosyllabic" loanwordsB"
This" is" exemplified" in" DeH" for" the" loanword" ]kh!p^" H" WcupP" and" is" reflective"
of" all" monosyllabic" loanwordsB
DeH" Suffixal" tone" patterns" for" ]kh!p^" WcupP
h
kh!p`i"
kh!p`c!Br!m
k !p
" " H"
" H" " L "
" H" " " L" L
WcupP" " " " " " Wcup" DnomBHP"
Wlike" a" cupP
As" seen" in" the" third" column" in" DeH" the" suffix" ]`c!Br!m^" deaccents" when" it"
is" added" to" the" loanwordB" This" distinguishes" the" monosyllabic" loanword" from"
the" three" types" of" monosyllabic" native" words" in" D7H," none" of" which" show" the"
patterns" that" we" see" with" the" loanword" in" DeHB" The" condugation" pattern" in" DeH,"
though,"is"exactly"what"we"saw"for"the"disyllabic"loanword"in"D6HB"With"suffixation"
onto" loanwords," the" suffixes" always" surface" with" low" tone" regardless" of" their"
independent" accentual" propertiesB"
In" this" paper" so" far," we" have" made" two" observations" regarding" the"
properties" of" S3" loanwordsB" First," as" also" noted" by" 3ubozono" D2007H," S3"
loanwords" are" always" accentedB" Second," suffixes" attached" to" loanwords"
always" take" low" tone" regardless" of" their" independent" accentual" propertiesB"
In" the" final" part" of" this" paper," we" briefly" speculate" on" the" explanation" for"
why" S3" loanwords" have" these" propertiesB"
One" of" the" important" observations" about" S3" tonal" patterning" that" has"
been" noted" by" a" variety" of" researchers" is" that" S3" words" cannot" begin" with"
a" seVuence" of" two" low" tonesB" If" the" first" syllable" of" the" S3" word" has" low"
tone"then"the"second"syllable"must"have"high"toneB"However,"if"the"first"syllable"
of" the" word" begins" with" a" high" tone" then" the" second" syllable" can" either" have"
a" high" tone" or" a" low" toneB" Based" on" this" observation," Lee" D2009H" proposes"
that" S3" 3orean" witnesses" a" tone" register" systemB" Words" that" begin" with" low"
tone" are" in" the" low" tone" register" classB" Words" that" begin" with" high" tone"
are" either" in" the" high" tone" register" class" Dif" the" following" syllable" has" high"
toneH" or" they" have" initial" accent" Dif" the" following" syllable" has" low" toneHB"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 9
It" is" a" lexical" property" of" individual" S3" words" as" to" which" class" they" belongB"
These" three" classes" are" manifested" by" the" monosyllabic" triplet" in" D7H" whereby"
]mal^" L" WlanguageP" is" unaccented" in" the" low" tone" register" class," ]mal^" H"
Wmeasuring" unitP" is" unaccented" in" the" high" tone" register" class," and" ]mal^" H"
WhorseP" is" initially" accented" Dand" thus" does" not" belong" to" a" register" classHB"
Uiven" this" and" their" pattern" of" suffixation," I" propose" here" that" the" difference"
between" an" accented" word" and" an" unaccented" word" in" S3" is" that" accented"
words" are" reVuired" to" have" foot" structure" whereas" unaccented" words" do" not"
have" foot" structureB" Thus," given" the" data" in" D7H," ]mal^" WhorseP" surfaces" with"
foot" structure" while" ]mal^" Wmeasuring" unitP" and" ]mal^" WlanguageP" do" not" have"
foot" structureB" If" one" considers" the" middle" column" in" D7H," ]mal`i^" HL" Whorse"
DnomBHP" would" have" a" trochaic" foot" where" the" high" tone" is" associated" with"
the" head" of" the" foot" DiBeB" the" initial" syllable" of" the" foot" in" a" trochaic" systemH"
and" the" low" tone" with" the" nonhead" syllableB" On" the" other" hand," neither" ]mal`i^"
HH" Wmeasuring" unit" DnomBHP" nor" ]mal`i^" LH" Wlanguage" DnomBH" manifest" foot"
structureB" This" difference" in" foot" structure" also"occurs"in"D5H"where"]k!Br"Bm`i^"
LHL" Wfertilizer" DnomBHP" in" D5aH" has" a" trochaic" foot" over" the" last" two" syllables"
where" the" head" of" the" foot" has" high" tone," but" no" such" foot" structure" occurs"
with" ]saram`i^" LHH" Whuman" DnomBHPin" D5bHB" The" claim" made" here" is" that"
the" trochaic" foot" is" a" syllable" trochee" that" is" not" Vuantity" sensitive" and" that"
any" S3" native" word" that" is" accented" surfaces" with" this" foot" structureX" the"
footLhead" has" high" tone" and" the" nonhead" has" low" toneB" The" lack" of"
VuantityLsensitivity" of" the" foot" can" be" seen" in" final" accented" words" like"
]k!Br"m^" WfertilizerP" and" ]naBmu^" WtreePB3" Both" these" words" are" finalLaccented"
but" there" should" be" a" difference" if" the" system" were" Vuantity" sensitiveB"
Moreover," S3" no" longer" has" distinctive" vowel" lengthB" This" is"consistent"with"
Vuantity" insensitivity" and" is" a" characteristic" that" distinguishes" S3" from" North"
3
These" examples" show" that" the" trochaic" foot" can" be" degenerateB" For" example,"
final" accented" ]naBmu^" LH" WtreeP" would" have" a" degenerate" foot" over" the" final"
syllable" when" unsuffixed," but" would" have" a" proper" trochaic" foot" over" the" last"
two" syllables" in" ]naBmu`ka^" LHL" Wtree" DnomBHP" when" followed" by" an" unaccented"
suffixB
10" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
3yungsang" 3orean," which" preserves" vowel" lengthB"
Uiven" that" we" have" suggested" that" accented" native" words" have" VuantityL"
insensitive" trochaic" feet" DiBeB" syllabic" trochees" using" the" terminology" of" Hayes"
1995H,"how"do"we"account"for"the"observation"that"loanwords"are"always" accented"
and" have" suffixes" that" always" surface" with" low" tone" regardless" of" their"
underlying" accentual" propertiesB" A" good" part" of" the" explanation" for" this" has"
been" put" forward" by" 3ubozono" D2007H" who" argues" Vuite" persuasively" on"
acoustic" evidence" that" loanwords" are" sensitive" to" the" mora" instead" of" the"
syllableB" While" 3ubozono" does" not" discuss" the" loanword" condugation" pattern"
that" we" see" in" D6H" and" DeH," the" mora" sensitivity" of" loanwords" can" account"
for" the" patternB" 3ubozono" notes" that" loanwords" like" ]t"Brim^" LH" Wdream" in"
D6H" and" ]kh!p^" H" WdreamP" in" DeH" that" have" accent" on" the" final" syllable" always"
have" a" bimoraic" final" syllableB" Moreover," phonetically" they" have" a" falling"
tone" on" the" final" syllableB" That" is," the" final" syllables" in" these" loanwords" are"
really" HL" and" not" HB" If" they" are" HL," then" the" suffixal" tone" patterns" in" D6H"
and" DeH" where" suffixes" always" surface" with" low" tone" are" easily" explainedB"
For" example," the" hypothetical" underlying" tone" pattern" for" ]kh!p`c!Br!m^" Wlike"
a" cupP" in" DeH" would" be" HL`HLB" Here," the" initial" H" tone" has" to" remain" on"
the" stem" or" else" the" word" would" begin" with" a" seVuence" of" low" tonesB" This"
is" Vuite" different" from" ]mal`c!Br!m^" Wlike" a" horsePin" D7aH" which" has" the"
underlying" tone" pattern" HHL" with" addacent" accentsB" Here" the" first" syllable"
deaccentsB" The" fact" that" ]mal^" is" bimoraic" is" irrelevant" since" the" foot" over"
the" accented" word" ]mal^" WhorseP" is" not" a" bimoraic" trochaic" foot" Dit" is" a" syllable"
trocheeH," whereas" the" foot" structure" in" ]kh!p^" WcupP" is" moraLsensitiveB4"
While" 3ubozono" D2007H" makes" the" correct" observation" that" loanwords"
in" S3" are" always" accented" and" are" moraLsensitive," he" does" not" offer" an"
explanation" for" the" difference" other" than" to" suggest" that" loanwords" might"
reflect" a" default" trochaic" structure" that" may" be" witnessed" elsewhere" in" the"
4
As" a" side" point," when" said" in" isolation" or" in" phraseLfinal" position" both" ]mal^"
WhorseP" and" ]kh!p^" WcupP" would" have" falling" toneB" However," this" is" clearly" a"
phonetic" effect" only" with" native" words" like" ]mal^" WhorseP" Dsee," in" particular"
Chang" 2007:6H," but" has" been" phonologized" on" loanwords" like" ]k!!p^" WcupPB"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 11
languageB" Still," if" loanwords" reflect" default" trochaic" structure," why" is" it" that"
the" trochaic" structure" in" loanwords" is" Vuantity" sensitive" but" not" in" native"
wordsB" We" now" turn" to" a" consideration" of" this" issueB
Uiven"that"S3"words"have"a"register"tone"system"in"which"the"first"syllable"
of" a" word" Dif" unaccentedH" is" arbitrarily" assigned" to" the" low" tone" or" high"
tone" register" class," the" issue" immediately" arises" with" loanwords" as" to" how"
to" assign" them" to" a" register" classB" What" strategy" does" S3" use" to" assign" initial"
register" tone" to" a" loanwordh" It" should" be" pointed" out" that" in" native" S3" words,"
it" is" unpredictable" as" to" whether" a" word" has" an" initial" H" tone" register" or"
an" initial" L" tone" registerB" For" example," register" assignment" is" not" based" on"
the" Vuality" of" the" first" segment" in" the" word," the" nature" of" the" vowel," or"
factors" like" syllable" weightB" This" issue" of" assigning" loanwords" to" a" register"
class" has" been" recently" discussed" by" 3enstowicz" and" Hsieh" D200eH" for" Lhassa"
Tibetan,"which"has"a"register"system"where"initial"syllables"must"be"either" assigned"
high"tone"or"low"toneB"While"with"native"Tibetan"words"the"assignment" of" initial"
register" tone" is" an" unpredictable" lexical" property," 3enstowicz" and" Hsieh"
D200eH" show" that" both" Mandarin" and" English" loanwords" into" Tibetan" are"
predictably" assigned" to" a" register" class" based" on" the" laryngeal" features" of"
the" initial" consonant" Dregardless" of" the" tone" or" stress" properties" of" the" source"
wordHB" Essentially," source" words" beginning" with" voiceless" DaspiratedH"
consonants" are" borrowed" with" initial" high" tone" into" TibetanX" other" source"
words" are" borrowed" with" initial" low" toneB" It" is" interesting" that" S3" 3orean"
does" not" adopt" a" similar" strategy" in" assigning" loanwords" to" a" tone" register"
class," given" that" phonetically" it" is" known" that" aspirated" stops" in" 3orean" is"
correlated" with" somewhat" higher" pitch" on" a" following" vowel" as" compared"
to" lax" consonants" Dsee," for" example," Jun" 1993" among" othersHB" Rather," as"
shown" in" detail" by" Lee" D2009H," S3" 3orean" assigns" loanwords" to" register"
class" based" on" the" weight" of" the" initial" syllableB" If" the" initial" syllable" is" heavy,"
it" is" assigned" a" high" toneB" If" the" initial" syllable" is" light," it" is" assigned" a"
low" tone" and" the" following" syllable" must" have" a" high" tone" Din" order" to" avoid"
a" word" beginning" with" a" seVuence" of" low" tonesHB" This" is" exemplified" by"
the" examples" in" D9HB
12" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
" D9H Tone" patterns" on" S3" loanwords"
aB" kolBph"
HL
WgolfP
bB" repBsoBti"
HHL
WrhapsodyP
cB" t"Brim"
LHDLH WdreamP
dB" aBmeBriBka" LHHL WAmericaP
DeB" mupi
HL
WmoviePH
The"examples"in"D9H"illustrate"the"primary"way"of"tonal"assignment"on"loanwordsB"
As" mentioned," if" the" first" syllable" is" heavy" it" is" assigned" a" high" toneX" if" it"
is" light" it" is" assigned" a" low" toneB" All" following" syllables" are" assigned" a" high"
tone," except" the" last" mora" always" has" to" have" low" toneB" This" is" what" D9H"
illustratesB" The" data" item" in" D9eH" makes" clear" that" low" tone" always" has" to" go"
on" the" last" moraB" The" data" item" in" D9cH" has" a" falling" tone" DHLH" on" the" final"
syllable," which" is" bimoraicB"
What"should"be"apparent"about"the"assignment"of"initial"tone"on"loanwords"
like" in" D9H," and" as" detailed" by" Lee" D2009H," is" that" it" reflects" an" initial" iambic"
systemB" In" an" iambic" system," an" initial" heavy" syllable" would" constitute" a"
foot" on" its" own," but" an" initial" light" syllable" followed" by" another" syllable"
would" constitute" a" rightLheaded" foot" DHayes" 1995HB" For" the" loanwords" in" D9H,"
an" iambic" foot" is" assigned" at" the" beginning" of" the" word" with" the" head" of"
the" foot" associated" with" high" toneB" In" D9aLbH" there" is" a" foot" over" the" initial"
heavy" syllableX" it" is" assigned" high" tone" since" it" is" the" head" of" the" footB" In"
D9cLdH," there" is" an" iambic" foot" over" the" first" two" syllablesX" the" second" syllable"
is" assigned" high" tone" since" it" is" the" head" of" the" iambic" foot" while" the" first"
syllable" is" assigned" low" tone" since" it" is" a" nonLheadB" In" LeePs" D2009H" analysis,"
the" high" tone" that" is" the" head" of" the" iambic" foot" then" spreads" rightward" in"
the" word" to" all" but" the" last" moraB" This" high" tone" spreading" is" seen" in" D9bH"
where" the" H" tone" spreads" from" the" initial" syllable" onto" the" penultimate" syllable"
in" ]repBsoBti^" HHL" WrhapsodyP" and" in" D9dH" where" it" spreads" from" the" second"
syllable" onto" the" penultimate" syllable" in" ]aBmeBriBka^" LHHL" WAmericaPB"
The" analysis" of" initial" register" in" loanwords" based" on" the" assignment"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 13
of" an" initial" iambic" foot" provides" us" with" an" explanation" for" why" loanwords"
are" always" accentedB" They" are" accented" because" they" are" reVuired" to" have"
foot" structureB" This" is" consistent" with" our" earlier" claim" that" the" difference"
between" accented" and" unaccented" native" words" is" that" accented" native" words"
have" foot" structure," but" unaccented" words" do" notB" In" native" words," though,"
the" foot" is" trochaic" and" the" foot" head" is" associated" with" the" accented" syllableB"
This" is" not" the" case" with" loanwordsB" An" initial" iambic" foot" is" reVuired" on"
loanwords"to"account"for"the"assignment"of"tone"registerB"The"accented"syllable"
in" loanwords," though," dust" as" in" native" words," is" the" syllable" that" has" a" high"
tone" immediately" before" the" pitch" fallB" This" does" not" have" to" correspond"
to" the" head" of" the" foot" in" loanwordsB" In" D9bH" and" D9dH" the" accented" syllable"
is" the" penultimate" syllable," which" does" not" correspond" to" the" head" of" the"
iambic" foot," although" in" the" other" examples" in" D9H" the" accented" syllable" is"
the" head" of" the" DiambicH" footB" It" should" be" noted," though," that" because" of"
the" nature" of" the" tone" spreading" from" the" H" tone" of" the" iambic" foot," the"
accented" syllable" in" loanwords" would" always" be" the" one" containing" the"
penultimate" moraB" This" is" the" case" of" all" the" examples" in" D9H" and" is" consistent"
with" 3ubozonoPs" D2007H" observation" that" loanwords" have" accent" on" the"
penultimate" moraB" However," the" claim" I" make" for" why" loanwords" in" S3"
must" be" accented" is" somewhat" different" than" 3ubozonoPs" D2007HB" He" claims"
that" loanwords" are" accented" because" they" reflect" a" default" trochaic" system"
that" emerges" in" loanwords," but" hidden" by" the" system" of" lexical" accentuation"
in" the" languageB" My" claim" is" that" loanwords" are" accented" because" they" are"
reVuired" to" have" foot" structureB" In" a" sense," the" two" claims" are" not" incompatibleB"
Uiven" that" the" loanwords" are" reVuired" to" have" foot" structure," we" see" the"
emergence" of" the" unmarked" pattern" of" penultimate" accentuationX" however,"
on" the" view" here," the" penultimate" accentuation" on" loanwords" is" not" a" reflection"
of" trochaic" foot" structureB"
One" further" observation" under" my" proposal" that" loanwords" have" an" initial"
iambic" foot" while" accented" native" words" have" a" syllable" trochee," is" that" the"
difference" between" moraLsensitivity" of" loanwords" and" the" lack" of" moraL"
sensitivity" of" native" words" is" readily" understood" as" a" conseVuence" of" the"
14" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
two" different" types" of" foot" structuresB" Iambic" foot" structure" is" inherently" mora"
sensitive"Dsee,"in"particular,"3ager"1993"on"this"pointH"while"syllable"trochees"are"
notB"Thus,"we"observe"the"different"condugation"pattern"in"loanwords" Das" opposed"
to" native" words" as" contrasted" in" DeH" and" D7HH" reflects" the" mora" as" a" domain"
for" tonal" assignment," whereas" it" is" the" syllable" that" is" the" domain" for" tonal"
assignment" in" native" wordsB" DThis" point" is" also" made" by" Lee" 2009BH"
As" a" final" matter" of" concern," we" must" ask" why" S3" uses" a" strategy" of"
syllable" weight" to" assign" an" initial" register" to" loanwords" DiBeB" H" tone" to" initial"
heavy" syllables," L" tone" to" initial" light" syllablesH" and" not" some" other" strategy"
such" as" one" based" on" the" nature" of" the" word" initial" segment," as" in" Lhasa"
Tibetan," and" which" would" have" a" phonetic" base" in" S3B" We" suggest" that" since"
there" is" already" a" correlation" in" the" language" between" H" tone" and" the" head"
of" the" foot" with" accented" words," the" strategy" of" foot" assignment" is" used" to"
assign" register" at" the" beginning" of" the" word" where" H" tone" will" be" associated"
with" the" head" of" the" footB" With" such" a" strategy," the" foot" structure" could"
only" be" iambicB" An" initial" trochaic" foot" would" always" put" H" tone" on" the"
first" syllableB" An" iambic" foot" would" put" the" H" tone" sometimes" on" the" first"
syllable"and"sometimes"on"the"secondB"Iambic"feet"are"inherently"VuantityLsensitive,"
thus" the" S3" initial" register" system" on" loanwords" is" VuantityLsensitiveB" But"
this" initial" iambic" foot" is" not" an" accentual" footX" it" is" a" strategy" that" the" language"
uses" to" assign" the" initial" register" toneB" The" penultimate" accent" on" loanwords"
may" indeed" reflect" an" unmarked" accentuation" pattern" as" suggested" by"
3ubozono" D2007H," but" under" the" analysis" here," it" would" not" reflect" a" trochaic"
foot" structure" on" loanwordsB
In"this"paper,"inspired"by"work"of"SangLOak"Lee,"I"have"offered"speculations"
as" to" why" loanwords" are" accented" in" South" 3yungsang" 3oreanB" We" suggest"
that" they" are" accented" because" they" are" reVuired" to" have" foot" structure," and"
that" foot" structure" is" a" property" of" accented" words" in" S3," as" opposed" to"
unaccented" words" in" S3" which" do" not" have" foot" structureB" However," the"
foot" structure" is" different" between" native" S3" words" and" loanwordsB" In" native"
S3" accented" words," the" foot" is" a" trochaic" accentual" foot" that" is" not" VuantityL"
sensitive" DiBeB" it" is" not" sensitive" to" mora" structureH," whereas" in" loanwords,"
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 15
the" foot" is" not" accentual," but" is" reVuired" for" the" assignment" of" the" initial"
tone" registerX" the" foot" on" loanwords" is" iambic," assigned" from" the" left" edge"
of" the" wordB" As" is" typical" of" iambic" feet," it" is" sensitive" to" mora" structureB"
The" discussion" in" this" paper" for" the" most" part" does" not" apply" to" North"
3yungsang" 3orean" since" that" dialect" does" not" have" an" initial" tone" register"
system" like" S3B" Nonetheless," the" perspective" here" that" loanwords" must" have"
foot" structure" is" probably" relevant" for" N3" 3orean" as" wellB" One" important"
observation" about" loanwords" in" the" N3" dialect" is" that" monosyllabic" loanwords"
in" N3" always" have" high" tone" with" low" tone" on" any" following" suffixB"
Monosyllabic" loanwords" are" never" borrowed" into" the" double" H" class" in" N3"
where" a" monosyllabic" word" with" H" tone" also" has" H" tone" on" the" suffixB" If"
we" analyze" the" double" H" monosyllabic" class" of" N3" as" being" accentless" without"
foot" structure," then" we" have" an" explanation" for" why" loanwords" are" never"
borrowed" into" that" classB" As" shown" by" works" on" N3" loanwords" such" as"
3enstowicz" and" Sohn" D2001H," N3" loanwords" are" always" borrowed" with" trochaic"
foot" structureB" If" monosyllabic" double" H" words" in" S3" do" not" have" foot" structure,"
then" loanwords" cannot" fall" into" that" classB" We" leave" this" and" other" related"
matters" on" the" loanword" tonology" of" the" 3yungsang" dialects" to" future" researchB
!"#"$"%&"'()
Chang," SeungLEun" D2007H" !"#$ %"&'#()*+$ ,'-$ %"&'&.&/0$ &1$ 2&3("$ 403'/+,'/$ 4&5#,'$
!&'#+B" PhBDB" dissertation," University" of" Texas," AustinB" TiB
Chung," YoungLHee" D2002aH" ContextuallyLdependent" weight" of" closed" syllables:"
Cases" of" the" North" 3yungsang" dialect" and" EnglishB" 6&'#&",/" 33:23L35B
Chung," YoungLHee" D2002bH" Contour" tone" in" the" North" 3yungsang" dialect:" Evidence"
for" its" existenceB" 2(3-)#+$ )'$ %"&'#()*+7$ %"&'&.&/0$ ,'-$ 8&59"&.&/0" eB1:135L147B
Haraguchi," Shosuke" D1999H" AccentB" In" Natsuko" Tsudimura" DedBH," !"#$ :,'-;&&<$ &1$
=,9,'#+#$ >)'/3)+()*+," Oxford," U3:" Blackwell," 1L30B"
Hayes," Bruce" D1995H" 8#(5)*,.$ 2(5#++$ !"#&50," Chicago:" University" of" Chicago" PressB
16" " Contemporary" 3orean" Linguistics:" International" Perspectives
Hyman" LB" D2006HB" WordLProsodic" TypologyB" %"&'&.&/0" 23:225L257B"
Jun," SunLAh" D1993H" !"#$ %"&'#()*+$ ,'-$ %"&'&.&/0$ &1$ 4&5#,'$ %5&+&-0?" PhBDB"
Dissertation," Ohio" State" University," Columbus," OhioB
3agerB" René" D1993H" Alternatives" to" the" iambicLtrochaic" lawB" @,(35,.$ >,'/3,/#$ ,'-$
>)'/3)+()*$ !"#&50" 11:3e1L432B
3enstowicz," Michael" l" FengLfan" Hsieh" D200eH" Phonetic" knowledge" in" tonal"
adaptation:" Mandarin" and" English" loanwords" in" Lhasa" TibetanB" =&35',.$ &1$
6,+($ A+),'$ >)'/3)+()*+" 17:279L297B
3enstowicz," Michael" l" HyangLSook" Sohn" D2001H" Accentual" adaptation" in" North"
3yungsang" 3oreanB" In" Michael" 3enstowicz" DedBH," 4#'$ :,.#B$ A$ >)1#$ )'$ >,'/3,/#,"
Cambridge," MA:" MIT" Press," ppB" 239L270B
3ubozono," Haruo" D2007H" Loanword" accent" in" South" 3yungsang" 3orean:" A" moraic"
accountB" CD%"S" iVI:11e5L11ee
Lee," Dongmyung" D2009H" !"#$ >&,'E&5-$ !&'&.&/0$ &1$ 2&3("$ 403'/+,'/$ 4&5#,'B"
PhBDB" dissertation," Indiana" University," Bloomington," INB
Lee," Dongmyung" l" Stuart" Davis" D2009aH" On" the" pitchLaccent" system" of" South"
3yungsang" 3orean:" A" phonological" perspectiveB" >,'/3,/#$ F#+#,5*"" 45B1B"
3L22B
Lee," Dongmyung" l" Stuart" Davis" D2009bH" Accentless" words" of" South" 3yungsang"
3oreanB" 2#&3.$ C'(#5',()&',.$ D&'1#5#'*#$ &1$ >)'/3)+()*$ C'(#51,*#+$ II," ppB" 3e7L39e
Lee," Sang" Oak" D2007H" 8)--.#$ 4&5#,'$ !&'&.&/0," Seoul:" Hankook" Publishing" CoB"
McCawley," James" D1970H" Some" tonal" systems" that" come" close" to" being" pitch" accent"
systems" but" donPt" Vuite" make" itB" %,9#5+$ 15&G$ ("#$ 2)H("$ F#/)&',.$ 8##()'/$ &1$
("#$ D")*,/&$ >)'/3)+()*+$ 2&*)#(0:" 526L532B
A" Note" on" the" Loanword" Tonology" of" 3yungsang" 3orean" Dialects" " 17