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K E Y CON CE P T
Most fungi are
decomposers.
BE F ORE , y o u le a r n e d
N OW , y o u w ill le a r n
• P la n t s a n d a n im a ls in t e r a c t
•H
m
•A
•H
o
w it h t h e e n v ir o n m e n t
• P la n t s t r a n s f o r m s u n lig h t in t o
c h e m ic a l e n e r g y
• A n im a ls g e t e n e r g y b y e a t in g
o t h e r o r g a n is m s
o w fu n g i g e t e n e rg y a n d
a t e r ia ls
b o u t d if f e r e n t t y pe s o f f u n g i
o w f u n g i in t e r a c t w it h o t h e r
r g a n is m s
VOCABULARY
EX P LO R E M u s h r o o m s
hyphae p. 67
spore p. 67
lichen p. 70
What does a mushroom cap contain?
P ROCE D URE
1
C a re fu lly c u t th e s te m a w a y fro m th e
m u s h ro o m c a p , a s n e a r th e c a p a s p o s s ib le .
2 P la c e th e m u s h ro o m c a p o n w h ite p a p e r a n d
c o v e r it w ith a p la s tic c u p . L e a v e o v e rn ig h t.
3 C a re fu lly re m o v e th e c u p a n d lift th e
M AT E RIALS
• f r e s h s t o r e -b o u g h t
m u sh ro o m s
• s h a r p k n if e
• c le a r pla s t ic c u p
• pa pe r
• h a n d le n s
m u s h ro o m c a p s tra ig h t u p .
4 U s e a h a n d le n s to e x a m in e th e m u s h ro o m
c a p a n d th e p rin t it le a v e s b e h in d .
W H AT D O YOU T H IN K ?
• H o w d o e s th e p a tte rn in th e m u s h ro o m
c a p c o m p a re w ith th e m u s h ro o m p rin t?
• W h a t m a d e th e p rin t?
F u n g i a b s o r b m a t e r ia ls f r o m
t h e e n v ir o n m e n t .
M A IN IDE A A N D DE TA ILS
D o n ’t fo rg e t to m a k e a
m a in id e a c h a rt w ith d e ta il
n o te s o n th e m a in id e a :
Fungi absorb materials from
the environment.
Plants are producers; they capture energy from the Sun and build complex carbon compounds. Animals are consumers; they take in complex
carbon compounds and use them for energy and materials. Fungi
(FUHN-jy), at least most fungi, are decomposers. Fungi break down,
or decompose, the complex carbon compounds that are part of living
matter. They absorb nutrients and leave behind simpler compounds.
Fungi are heterotrophs. They get their energy from living or onceliving matter. They, along with bacteria, decompose the bodies of dead
plants and animals. They also decompose materials left behind by
organisms, such as fallen leaves, shed skin, and animal droppings.
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66 Unit: Diversity of Living Things
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Ch a r a c t e r is t ic s o f F u n g i
E xcept for yeasts, most fungi are multicellular. The cells of a fungus
have a nucleus and a thick cell wall, which provides support. Fungi are
different from plants and animals in their organiz ation. Plants and
animals have specializ ed cells, which are usually organiz ed into tissues
and organs. Multicellular fungi don’t have tissues or organs. Instead, a
typical fungus is made up of a reproductive body and network of cells
that form threadlike structures called h y p h a e (HY-fee).
r e a d in g t ip
T h e ro o t o f th e w o rd
hy p hae m e a n s “ w e b .” L o o k
a t th e d ia g ra m b e lo w to s e e
th e ir w e b lik e a p p e a ra n c e .
A mass of hyphae, like the one shown in the diagram below, is
called a mycelium (my-SE E -lee-uhm). The hyphae are just one cell
thick. This means the cells in the mycelium are close to the soil or
whatever substance the fungus is living in. The cells release chemicals
that digest the materials around them, and then absorb the nutrients
they need. As hyphae grow, openings can form between the older cells
and the new ones. This allows nutrients to flow back to the older cells,
resulting in what seems like one huge cell with many nuclei.
Re p r o d u c t io n
Fungi reproduce with spores, which can be produced either asexually
or sexually. A s p o r e is a single reproductive cell that is capable of
growing into a new organism. The mushrooms that you buy at the
store are the spore-producing structures of certain types of fungi.
These spore-producing structures are reproductive bodies of
mushrooms. A single mushroom can produce a billion spores.
P art s of a F u ng u s
T he m yceliu m m ak es u p a larg e part of a m u lt icellu lar f u ng u s.
reprod u ct iv e b od y
spores
hyphae
m yceliu m
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R ESO U R CE CEN TER
C L A S S Z O N E .C O M
L e a r n m o r e a b o u t d iff e r e n t t y pe s o f f u n g i.
Spores are released into the air and spread by the wind. B ecause
they’re so small and light, the wind can carry spores long distances.
Scientists have found spores 1 6 0 kilometers above E arth’s surface. Some
spores have a tough outer covering that keeps the reproductive cell from
drying out. Such spores can survive for many years. If the parent fungus
dies, the spores may remain and grow when conditions are right.
Fungi reproduce in other ways. For example, a multicellular fungi
can reproduce asexually when hyphae break off and form a new
mycelium. Yeasts, which are single-celled fungi, reproduce asexually by
simple cell division or by budding. Yeasts can also produce spores.
F u n g i in c lu d e m u s h r o o m s , m o ld s ,
a n d y e a s ts .
A convenient and simple way to study fungi is to look at their forms.
They are mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. You are probably familiar
with all of them. The mushrooms on your piz z a are a fungus. So is the
mold that grows if you leave a piece of piz z a too long in the refrigerator. The crust of the piz z a itself rises because of the activity of yeast.
M u s h ro o m s
What we call a mushroom is only a small part of a fungus. A single
mushroom you buy in the store could have grown from a mycelium
that fills an area 3 0 meters across. When you see a patch of mushrooms, they are probably all part of a single fungus.
For humans, some mushrooms are edible and some are poisonous.
A toadstool is a poisonous mushroom. The cap of a mushroom is
where the spores are produced. B oth the cap and the stalk it grows on
are filled with hyphae.
IN F E R W h e r e is t h e
m y c e liu m o f t h e s e
m u sh ro o m s?
C h e c k Yo u r R e a d in g
W h a t is pr o d u c e d in a m u s h r o o m c a p?
M o ld s
What we call mold, that fuz z y growth we sometimes see on food, is
the spore-producing part of another form of fungus. The hyphae of
the mold grow into the food, digesting it as they grow. Not all food
molds are bad. D ifferent species of the fungus Penicillium are used in
the production of B rie, C amembert, and blue cheeses. Some species of
the Aspergillus fungus are used to make soy sauce.
O ne interesting application of a mold is the use of the fungus
Trichoderma. This mold grows in soil. The digestive chemicals it
produces are used to give blue jeans a stonewashed look.
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spore cap
st alk
Pilobolus r e a c t s t o s u n lig h t a s a s t im u lu s . T h e
b e n d in t h e s t a lk w ill
c a u s e t h e s po r e c a p t o
f ly o f f .
Many molds cause disease. Fungal molds cause athlete’s foot.
Molds also affect plants. They are the cause of D utch elm disease and
the powdery white mildews that grow on plants. C ompounds made
from molds are also used to treat disease. Penicillin is an antibiotic
that comes from the Penicillium fungus. It is used to fight bacterial
diseases, such as pneumonia.
Molds reproduce with spores, which are typically carried by moving air. The “ hat thrower” fungus Pilob olus, however, has an interesting
adaptation for spreading spores. Pilob olus grows in animal droppings.
It has a spore-containing cap— its hat— that grows on top of a stalk.
The stalk responds to light as a stimulus and bends toward the Sun.
As the stalk bends, water pressure builds up, causing the spore cap to
shoot off, like a tiny cannonball. A spore cap can be thrown up to two
meters away. If the spore caps land in grass, then cows and other graz ing animals will eat the caps as they graz e. A new cycle begins, with
more Pilob olus being dispersed in the animal’s droppings.
Ye a s t s
Yeasts are single-celled fungi. Some species of fungi exist in both
yeast form and as multicellular hyphae. Yeasts grow in many
moist environments, including the sap of plants and animal tissues. They also grow on moist surfaces, including shower
curtains. C ertain yeasts grow naturally on human skin. If the
yeast begins to reproduce too rapidly, it can cause disease.
Yeasts are used in many food products. The activity of yeast
cells breaking down sugars is what makes bread rise. The genetic
material of the yeast S accharomy ces cerev isiae has been carefully
studied by scientists. The study of this organism has helped scientists
understand how genetic material controls the activities of a cell.
Ye a s t s a r e s in g le c e lle d f u n g i.
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F u n g i c a n b e h e lp f u l o r h a r m f u l t o
o t h e r o r g a n is m s .
Fungi have a close relationship to the environment and all living
things in the environment. Fungi, along with bacteria, function as the
main decomposers on E arth. The digestive chemicals that fungi
release break down the complex compounds that come from living
matter, dead matter, or the waste an organism leaves behind. A fungus
absorbs what it needs to live and leaves behind simpler compounds
and nutrients. These are then picked up again by plants, as producers,
to start the cycle over again. Fungi also live in the sea, recycling materials for ocean-living organisms.
C h e c k Yo u r R e a d in g
W h a t b e n e f ic ia l r o le d o f u n g i pla y in t h e e n v ir o n m e n t ?
The threadlike hyphae of a fungus can grow into and decompose
the material produced by another organism. This means that fungi
can be helpful, for example, by releasing the nutrients in a dead tree
back into the soil. O r fungi can be harmful, for example, attacking the
tissues of a plant, such as the D utch elm.
VO C A B U LA R Y
R e m e m b e r to a d d a fo u r
s q u a re fo r lic hen to y o u r
n o te b o o k .
Most plants interact with fungi in a way that is helpful. The
hyphae surround the plant roots, providing nutrients for the plant.
The plant provides food for the fungus. Some fungi live together with
single-celled algae, a network referred to as a lic h e n (L Y-kuhn). The
hyphae form almost a sandwich around the algae, which produce sugars and other nutrients the fungus needs.
L ichen
A lichen is f orm ed b y a close associat ion b et w een alg ae and f u ng i.
A lg ae p ro v id e nu trie nts
fo r th e fu ng u s.
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F u ng al hyphae
h o ld th e a lg a e in p la c e .
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L ichens can live just about anywhere.
L ichens are found in the Arctic and in the
desert. They can even grow on bare rock. The
hyphae can break the rock down, slowly, and
capture the particles of newly formed soil. This
eventually prepares the ground for new plant
growth.
O n the harmful side, many fungi produce
toxins, harmful chemicals. In 1 8 4 5 , a fungus
infected Ireland’s potato crop, causing the population of Ireland to drop from 8 million to
about 4 million. Many people died from disease. O thers died from starvation because of
the loss of the important food crop. And hundreds of thousands of Irish left Ireland, many
emigrating to the United States. Today, several
fungal diseases are spreading through the
worlds banana crops.
C h e c k Yo u r R e a d in g
Ba c t e r iu m
b e f o r e p e n ic illin
Ba c t e r iu m
a f t e r p e n ic illin
N a m e so m e w a y s fu n g i c a n b e h a rm fu l
t o o r g a n is m s .
The toxic q uality of a fungus can be put to
good use, as in the case of the antibiotic penicillin. The photographs show what happens
when a bacterium comes in contact with penicillin. The antibiotic prevents the bacterial cells
from making new cell walls when they divide.
This causes the cells to break open and the bacteria to die.
P e n ic illin is a n a n t ib io t ic d r u g m a d e f r o m
c o m po u n d s t a k e n f r o m a s pe c ie s o f t h e
Pe n ic illium f u n g u s .
K EY CO N CEPTS
C R IT IC A L T H IN K IN G
1 . D e s c rib e th e s tru c tu re o f a
fu n g u s .
4 . A nalyz e S c ie n tis ts u s e d to
c la s s ify fu n g i a s p la n ts . T o d a y,
s c ie n tis ts s a y th a t fu n g i a re
m o re lik e a n im a ls th a n p la n ts .
H o w a re fu n g i lik e p la n ts ?
H o w a re th e y lik e a n im a ls ?
5 . P red ict W h a t m ig h t c h a n g e
in a n e n v iro n m e n t w h e re th e re
w e re n o fu n g i?
2 . H o w d o fu n g i re p ro d u c e ?
3 . D e s c rib e tw o re la tio n s h ip s
b e tw e e n fu n g i a n d o th e r
o rg a n is m s .
C H A LLEN G E
6 . C onnect T h in k o f a t le a s t o n e
w a y y o u r life is a ffe c te d b y
fu n g i in e a c h o f th e ir th re e
m a in fo rm s : m u s h ro o m s ,
m o ld s , a n d y e a s t. A re th e s e
e ffe c ts b e n e fic ia l o r h a rm fu l
to y o u ?
C h a p te r 2 : Introd u c tion to M u ltic ellu la r O rga nism s 7 1
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