Handel
And the glory of the lord
Schoenberg
Peripetie
Reich
Electric Counterpoint
Bernstein
Something’s Coming
Moby
Why Does My heart Feel So
Bad?
Davis
All Blues
Buckley
Grace
Capercaillie
Skye Waulking Song
Rag Desh
Indian Classical
Koko
Yiri
Chopin
Prelude - Raindrop
Mozart
Symphony in G Minor
Background
• Baroque Period
• 1600-1750
• Decorative music
• Contrapuntal
• Terraced dynamics
• Basso Continuo
• Diatonic with Simple harmonies
Background
• Classical Period
• 1750-1820
• Homophonic
• Balanced phrases
• Clear cadences
• Subtle dynamics
• Piano
Background
• Romantic Period
• 1820 – 1900
• Expressive and emotional
• Rich and chromatic harmonies
• Modulations
• Larger orchestra
• Descriptive/programme music
Background
•
th
20
Century Music
• 1909
• Experimental
• Atonal
• Expressionism
Background
• Musicals
century)
• 1957
• New York
• Romeo and Juliet
• Sharks and Jets
• Jazz features
• Popular style
th
(20
Background
• Minimalism
• 1960s
• Repetition of simple ideas
• Small changes (metamorphosis)
• Note addition
• Layered textures
• Diatonic harmony/ slow harmonic
rhythm
Background
• 1959
• Jazz
• Southern states of America
• Improvisation
• Modal jazz
• Syncophation
• Complex chord progressions
Background
• Folk Rock
• 1994
• Folk revival combined with rock
• Popular music
Background
• Club Dance Music
• 1999
• 4/4
• Steady tempo
• Electronic sound
• Strong beat
• Short phrases and repetitive, looped
sections.
Background
• Folk Music -Traditional music
• Celtic Fusion
• Scottish
• Celtic folk music that is combined
with elements of pop music.
Background
• Indian Classical Music
• Improvised form of music
• Well defined structure and texture
• Highly skilled musicians
• Melodic line – Raag
• Rhythm – Taal
• Drone
Background
• West African Music
• Typical features:
• Repetition
• Improvisation
• Call and Response
• Layered textures
Instruments
• Soprano, Alto, tenor, bass
• Strings
• Continuo (Cello, Harpsichord or
Organ)
• Orchestra doubles the vocal lines
Instruments
• Chamber Orchestra
• Strings, woodwind and horns
Instruments
• Piano
• Middle and lower ranges
• Not virtuoso
• Sustain pedal
• Wide dynamic range – Crescendo
and diminuendo
Instruments
• Large orchestra
• Rapid changes of instruments
creating many contrasts in timbre
• Extreme use of range
• Unusual effects
• Piccolo, Cor anglais, Bass clarinet,
contrabassoon and tam-tam
Instruments
• Solo tenor voice
• Woodwind, brass, percussion and
strings
• Soft timbres – trumpets muted and
pizzicato strings
• Use of tremolo
Instruments
• Amplified live guitar
• Backing tape:
• 7 pre recorded guitars
• 2 pre recorded bass guitars
Instruments
• Front line:
• Trumpet
• Alto sax
• Tenor sax
• Rhythm section:
• Piano
• Bass
• Drums
Instruments
• Voice
• Accompaniment:Guitar, bass guitar,
synthesiser, strings and drumkit
Instruments
• Electronic instruments: drum
machine, synthesisers, sequencer.
• Samples – gospel choir
• Male singer - verse
• Female singer-chorus
• Looped samples
Instruments
• Drum kit
• Bass guitar
• Synthesiser and accordion
• Voice
• Violin, Wurlitzer piano, uilleann
pipes and bouzouki
Instruments
• Sitar
• Tabla
• Sarod
• Sarangi
• Cymbals
• Bansuri
Instruments
• Balafon – xylophone
• Djembe
• Talking drum
• voice
Structure
• Large work (Oratorio)
• Orchestral introduction (Ritornello)
• No set form to the movement.
• Based on different combinations of
the four motifs.
Structure
• Sonata form
• Exposition – 1st and 2nd subject
• Development
• Recapitulation
• Coda (Subject 1 in G minor)
Structure
• Ternary form
• ABA Coda
Structure
• Free Rondo Form
• Five sections ABACA
Structure
• Three main themes
• Alternated a number of times
• Repetitions are not exact and
Bernstein varies the themes by
changing such things as the words or
metre.
Structure
• Three layers
• Syncopated quaver motif on the live guitar,
top 4 guitar parts one part at a time
• Syncopated quaver motif introduced on the
bass guitar
• Sustained motif, three chords in the live
guitar
• Fade out
Structure
• 12 bar blues progression
• Introduction
• Head 1
• Solos
• Head 2
• Coda
Structure
•
Verse Chorus
• Intro
• Verse
• Chorus
• Intro, verse 2
• Chorus 2
• Bridge
• Intro, verse 3
• Coda
Structure
• Verse Chorus
• Intro
• Verse
• Chorus
• Verse
• Break
• Chorus
• verse
Structure
• Four different phrases
• Phrase 1
• Refrain
• Phrase 2
• Refrain
• Call and response pattern
Structure
• Alap – no regular pulse
• Gat – table entres
• Jhalla – fast rhythmic
Structure
• Intro
• Main section
• Coda
Tonality and Harmony
• A Major
• Dominant (E major)
• Supertonic (B major)
• Plagal cadence
• Diatonic
Tonality and Harmony
• Diatonic and functional
• Chromatic chords
• Circle of 5ths progression
• Pedal notes
Tonality and Harmony
• Db Major
• Diatonic harmony with occasional
chromaticisms
• Tonic major
• Enharmonic tonic minor (C# minor)
• Imperfect and perfect cadences
• Dominant pedal
Tonality and Harmony
• Atonal
• Dissonant harmony
• Hexachords
Tonality and Harmony
• D major
• Contrasting sections in C major
• Sharpened fourth – flattened seventh –
Tritone
• Unresolved harmony
• Incomplete – no cadence
• Added note chords
Tonality and Harmony
• G major
• Diatonic
• Hexatonic
• First motif is hexatonic
• No conventional harmonic progressions
• No complete chord at the end
• No cadences
Tonality and Harmony
• 12 bar blues chord sequence
• This chord sequence is known by jazz
musicians as the changes
• G major with a flattened 7th (blues note)
• Mixolydian mode
• Modal jazz
Tonality and Harmony
• E minor although ambiguous
• Chromatic
• Parallel motion
• Dissonant harmony
Tonality and Harmony
• Diatonic
• Simple chord progressions
• Amazing Emily Goes Dancing
Tonality and Harmony
• G major
• Diatonic
• Three main chords G Em C
• Dominant chord is avoided
• Has a modal feel
Tonality and Harmony
• Raag Desh
Tonality and Harmony
• Gb major
• Hexatonic (6 note scale)
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 3/4
• Fast – Allegro
• General pause
• Adagio
• Hemiolas
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 4/4
• Molto Allegro – very fast
• Short repeated rhythmic ideas
• Anacrusis
• Dotted rhythms
• syncopation
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 4/4
• Septuplet
• Dectuplet
• Legato
• Unhurried manner
• Rubato
• Dotted rhythms
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 3/4, 2/4 and 4/4
• Very quick – Sehr rasch
• Complex rhythms
• Varied
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 3/4 and 2/4
• Changes of metre
• Fast
• Syncopation
• Excitement and anticipation
• On-beat bass part
• Off beat chords
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 3/2
• 12 quavers per bar
• Very fast speed
• Little rhythmic variety
• Syncopation
• Metrical displacement
• polymetre
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 6/4
• Jazz waltz
• Swing quavers
• syncopation
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 12/8
• Compound
• Bass drum 1 and 3
• Snare drum 2 and 4
• Syncopation
• Cross rhythms
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 4/4
• Steady tempo
• Drum loop
• Breakbeat (drum solo)
• Syncopation
• Static chords
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 12/8
• Syncopation
• Hi-hat pattern cross rhythm
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• Rhythm cycle
• Tala
• Tintal
Rhythm, Metre and Tempo
• 4/4
• Free tempo, steady pulse
• Syncopation
• Cross rhythms
• Triplets
• Rhythmic ostinato
• fills
Texture
• Homophonic and contrapuntal
• Short sections of monophony
• Use of imitation
Texture
• Mostly homophonic
• There are examples of:
• Counterpoint, imitation, octave
doublings, dialogue between woodwind
and strings.
Texture
• 2 bars before the end the texture is
homophonic
• Melody and accompaniment (broken
chords left hand)
• Melody is sometimes played in the left
hand
• Short monophonic passage in the coda.
Texture
• Contrapuntal
• Complex textures
• Imitation
• Inversion
• Canon
Texture
• Homophonic
• Repeated riff
• Short syncopated chords
• Fast um cha accompaniment
Texture
• Ostinato
• Canon
• Contrapuntal texture
Texture
• Chords
• Riffs
• Melody solos
Texture
• Varied texture
• Generally melody (voice) and
accompaniment (guitar, bass, synth,
strings and drumkit)
• Thickens towards the end of the song
Texture
• Built up
• Piano only, voice joins, drums enter, plus
string-synth countermelody, bass enters,
syncopated piano chords introduced.
Texture
• Layered texture
• Rhythm (drum kit
• Bass line (bass guitar)
• Chords (synth accordion)
• Main melody (voice)
• Countermelodies (Wurlitzer Piano, etc.)
Texture
• Raag melody
• Taal rhythm
• Drone
Texture
• Layered texture
• Monophonic
• Heterophonic
Texture
• Homophonic and contrapuntal
• Short sections of monophony
• Use of imitation