Q1.
Some athletes use drugs containing the steroid testosterone to improve their performance.
In an investigation:
•
scientists monitored the performance of 18 male athletes over a 6 week training
programme
•
9 athletes were given weekly injections of testosterone with the dose of 3.5 milligrams per
kilogram of body mass, for 6 weeks
•
the other 9 athletes were given a placebo
•
the athletes’ performance on a bench press exercise was measured at 3 weeks and 6
weeks.
The graph shows the results of the investigation.
David Cohen, Steroids boost performance in just weeks,
© New Scientist Magazine 12 August 2004
(a)
The data would have been better presented as a bar chart.
Give a reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Suggest what was given as a placebo in this investigation.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 1 of 33
(c)
Describe the results of the investigation.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Most internet advertisements for testosterone state that athletes need to use testosterone
for at least 10 weeks to significantly improve performance.
Do the results of this investigation support the statement in the advertisements?
Give one reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q2.
Many people use recreational drugs.
(a)
Give one example of:
(i)
a legal recreational drug
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
an illegal recreational drug.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Some recreational drugs are addictive.
(i)
Give one example of a recreational drug that is very addictive.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain how the action of a drug makes a person become addicted to it.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 2 of 33
(c)
Some doctors think that smoking cannabis causes depression.
Doctors investigated the cannabis smoking habits of 1500 young adults.
The table shows the percentage of cannabis smokers in the investigation who became
depressed.
How many times the men
or women had smoked
cannabis in the last 12
months
Percentage of men
who became
depressed
Percentage of women
who became
depressed
Less than 5 times
9
16
More than 5 times, but less
than once per week
10
17
1 – 4 times per week
12
31
Every day
15
68
From the data, give two conclusions that can be drawn about the relationship between
cannabis and depression.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
Many people use drugs recreationally.
(a)
(i)
What is meant by the recreational use of drugs?
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Explain why a person might become addicted to a recreational drug.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 3 of 33
(b)
Some people move on from using one type of recreational substance to using another.
Some recreational substances are legal, but some are illegal.
Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are the most dangerous.
The table below shows government statistics linking the use of pairs of recreational
substances.
A ‘+’ in the table shows that there is a strong statistical link between the use of two
substances.
For example, people who use solvents are very likely to have used tobacco before using
solvents. This is shown by a ‘+,’ in the table.
Home Office statistics (Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.) Reproduced under the terms of the Click-Use Licence.
(i)
Many people think that using cannabis leads onto using class A drugs.
Does the data in the table support this view?
Draw a ring around your answer. Yes / No
Use data from the table to support your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 4 of 33
(ii)
What is most likely to lead people to use class A drugs?
Use data from the table to support your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.
It is legal in the UK to use certain recreational drugs but illegal to use others.
(a)
Tobacco is a legal drug. Pregnant women are strongly advised not to smoke.
Explain how a fetus may be affected if the mother smokes tobacco.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Illegal drugs are classified as Class A, B or C. Class A drugs are the most dangerous. The
use of Class A drugs attracts the most serious punishments and fines.
•
Cannabis is a Class C drug.
•
These are some facts about cannabis.
•
It is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol.
•
It may cause mental illness.
•
It does not seem to cause major social problems.
•
It may be a ‘gateway’ drug to more harmful substances.
•
It has a higher tar content than tobacco.
•
It has an effect on the heart, similar to the effects of exercise.
•
It can upset the control of blood pressure.
•
Use the above information to answer these questions.
Page 5 of 33
(i)
Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis should be classified as a
Class A or Class B drug.
1. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Give two reasons why many people think that cannabis should not be classified as
an illegal drug.
1. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. .......................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
Read the description of an investigation into the link between smoking cannabis and heroin
addiction.
Six ‘teenage’ rats were given a small dose of THC – the active chemical in
cannabis – every three days between the ages of 28 and 49 days. This is the
equivalent of human ages 12 to 18.
The amount of THC given was roughly equivalent to a human smoking one
cannabis ‘joint’ every three days.
A control group of six ‘teenage’ rats did not receive THC.
After 56 days catheters (narrow tubes) were inserted in all twelve of the now
adult rats and they were able to self-administer heroin by pushing a lever.
All the rats began to self-administer heroin frequently. After a while, they
stabilised their daily intake at a certain level.
The ones that had been on THC as ‘teenagers’ stabilised their heroin intake at a
much higher level than the others. They appeared to be less sensitive to the
effects of heroin. This pattern continued throughout their lives.
Reduced sensitivity to the heroin means that the rats take larger doses. This has
been shown to increase the risk of addiction.
Page 6 of 33
Evaluate this investigation with respect to establishing a link between cannabis smoking and
heroin addiction in humans.
Remember to include a conclusion to your evaluation.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(Total 5 marks)
Page 7 of 33
Q6.
The drawings show a dandelion plant and goosegrass plant.
The drawings are not drawn to the same scale.
Use the information in the drawings to answer the questions.
(a)
Explain one way in which dandelions are adapted to live in lawns and in fields where
animals feed.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 8 of 33
(b)
Explain one way in which goosegrass is adapted to live alongside hedges.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q7.
Organisms have adaptations that enable them to survive in extreme conditions.
(a)
The photograph shows an arctic fox.
This fox lives in the arctic, where it is very cold.
Suggest two ways in which the arctic fox is adapted for life in very cold conditions.
Explain how each adaptation helps the arctic fox to survive in very cold conditions.
Adaptation 1 ..............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
How this adaptation helps the arctic fox to survive in very cold conditions.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 9 of 33
Adaptation 2 ..............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
How this adaptation helps the arctic fox to survive in very cold conditions.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
The photograph shows an antelope that lives in a sandy desert.
The antelope is prey to large cats such as cheetah.
Suggest two adaptations that help this antelope to avoid being killed by predators.
Explain how each adaptation helps the antelope to avoid being killed by predators.
Adaptation 1 ..............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
How this adaptation helps the antelope to avoid being killed by predators.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Page 10 of 33
Adaptation 2 ..............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
How this adaptation helps the antelope to avoid being killed by predators.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 11 of 33
Q8.
The drawing shows a bean caper plant.
The bean caper plant lives in hot desert conditions.
Explain two ways in which the bean caper is adapted for life in a hot desert.
Adaptation 1 .........................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
How this adaptation helps the bean caper to survive
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
Adaptation 2 .........................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
How this adaptation helps the bean caper to survive
...............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................
(Total 4 marks)
Q9.
(a)
One food chain in the wood is:
Hazel tree nuts → squirrels → owls
(i)
What does this food chain tell us?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Which one of the organisms in the food chain is a producer?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 12 of 33
(iii)
This year the hazel bushes have produced very few nuts.
Explain, as fully as you can, how this might affect the populations of:
1. squirrels;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. owls.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
An area of the floor of the wood 1 m² was fenced off so that animals could not reach it.
The graph below shows the depth of leaf litter (dead leaves) inside the fence over the next
few months.
Explain, as fully as you can,
(i)
why the depth of the leaf litter decreased;
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 13 of 33
(ii)
how this decrease happened.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
In which month does leaf litter disappear fastest? Explain why.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
Q10.
The table shows the results of a ten-year study of the owls and voles in a forest.
The data for years 1 - 7 have been plotted on the grid below.
Page 14 of 33
(a)
Complete the graph by plotting the data for years 8 - 10.
(2)
(b)
(i)
What is the main factor which limits the size of the owl population?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons other than owl predation, for the large fall in the numbers of
voles between years 5 and 6.
1 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 15 of 33
Q11.
The photograph shows a sand gazelle.
The sand gazelle lives in the Arabian Desert where temperatures often reach 45 °C.
(a)
The sand gazelle feeds only at dawn and at dusk. At other times it stays in the shade.
Suggest how this helps the animal to conserve water.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
During the dry season, the sand gazelle’s liver and heart shrink in size. This reduces the
amount of oxygen that the body needs.
Suggest how needing less oxygen helps the animal to conserve water.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 16 of 33
Q12.
In just a decade the population of the African elephant dropped from 1.3 million in 1979
to 625 000 in 1989. The ivory trade was a major cause of this. The international trade in ivory
was banned in 1989 in an attempt to arrest the fall in elephant numbers. The ban does not,
however, have universal support, particularly amongst African countries. The extracts below give
some opinions about the ban on killing elephants.
Extract 1
Massive publicity for the plight of the elephant
in the US and Europe resulted in people
refusing to buy ivory products. As a result
the world price of ivory fell. Poaching levels
fell noticeably in five out of six countries
studied since the introduction of the ban.
Extract 2
If the case for wildlife is justified on economic
grounds alone, then protected areas could
give way to many more profitable forms of
land use. Wildlife, and especially an animal
as intelligent as the elephant, has an
absolute right to life and a value that cannot
be measured solely in economic terms.
Extract 3
South African governments consider wildlife
a natural resource which must earn its keep
alongside other competing forms of land use
both by bringing in tourists and from the
killing of excess animals for food and other
animal products. Zimbabwe for example
keeps elephant numbers to a level which can
be supported by the vegetation available.
Before the ban, ivory and hide were exported
to gain valuable foreign currency. The
planned use of wildlife for the benefit of local
people and as a means of conservation for
elephants is of great importance in that
country.
Extract 4
Banning the trade in ivory, these countries
argue, removes one of the main economic
justifications for giving over large areas of
land to wildlife and has resulted in heavy
financial losses for those countries which
conserve elephants. These countries are
asking that they should again be allowed to
trade in ivory and hides to provide the funding
to conserve elephants.
Page 17 of 33
Extract 5
Arguments about the need to preserve
elephants for their intelligence or for their
appearance carry little weight in a rural
population faced with widespread famine. In
the long run it appears that African wildlife will
have to benefit those who live alongside it,
and pay its way if governments are to invest
in it.
Read the extracts then state whether you think that the ban on ivory and hide trading should be
lifted. Justify your decision by referring to all the extracts.
(Total 7 marks)
Q13.
The gemsbok is a large herbivore that lives in herds in desert areas of South Africa.
Gemsboks feed on plants that are adapted to living in dry conditions. There are not many rivers,
lakes or ponds that can provide drinking water for the animals. The desert areas are hot during
the day but cool at night. As the air cools at night it becomes moist, and the plants absorb the
moisture.
Page 18 of 33
(a)
A few lions live in the desert areas. They hunt and feed on the gemsboks.
Use information from the drawing of the gemsbok to suggest two ways in which it could
avoid being killed by lions.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
The graphs show the water content of the desert grass and the times of day that the
gemsboks feed.
Page 19 of 33
(i)
Describe how the water content of the grass changes during the day.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why the water content of the grass changes.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
(i)
Between which times of day are more than 25% of the herd feeding?
...................................... and ...........................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest an advantage to the gemsbok of feeding mainly at these times.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q14.
Plant plankton are aquatic microscopic organisms that photosynthesise. The graph shows
the numbers of plant plankton in the North Sea at different times of the year.
Page 20 of 33
Use the data and your knowledge of photosynthesis and growth to explain:
(a)
why numbers of plant plankton were low in winter but increased rapidly during the spring,
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
the reduction in numbers of plant plankton in the early summer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q15.
Earthworms are important soil organisms. When they burrow, they help to bring air into the
soil as well as improving drainage. Earthworms also bury leaves in the soil. These decay
making the soil more fertile. Earthworms in turn are eaten by voles, moles, foxes, badgers and
birds.
New Zealand flatworm
In some parts of the United Kingdom, earthworms are being killed by New Zealand flatworms.
The animals are spreading quickly and have no natural enemies.
The flatworms do not make their own burrows. They only use the burrows made by the
earthworms in order to attack them.
Page 21 of 33
(a)
Explain, as fully as you can, why it is important to control or get rid of these New Zealand
flatworms in Britain.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(b)
Suggest one possible way, giving one advantage and one disadvantage, that this New
Zealand flatworm could be controlled.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 22 of 33
M1.
(a)
because there is insufficient data for line graph
1
(b)
injection with no testosterone
1
(c)
performance of testosterone group improved more
than that of placebo group
1
quantitative figure given eg about 4 times greater
1
(d)
(no)
there was a significant improvement after 6 weeks
allow significant improvement after 3 weeks
1
[5]
M2.
(a)
(i)
tobacco / nicotine / alcohol
accept solvent / glue / caffeine
ignore cigarettes / coffee
1
(ii)
cannabis / heroin / cocaine
allow eg crack / weed / ecstasy / LSD / amphetamine / speed /
steroids / GHB
1
(b)
(i)
heroin / cocaine / tobacco / nicotine
ignore alcohol / cigarettes / cannabis / caffeine / coffee
1
(ii)
alters body chemistry
ignore withdrawal symptoms / craving
ignore non-chemical effects on nervous system
1
Page 23 of 33
(c)
any two from:
•
increase in cannabis smoking increases (%) depression
•
greater effect in women
allow women become more depressed
•
depression linked with / not directly caused by cannabis
ignore cannabis causes depression
•
not all cannabis smokers get depression
2
[6]
M3.
(a)
(i)
using drugs for pleasure / to make you feel good / to reduce stress
allow not for medical use
1
(ii)
any two from:
•
drug contains addictive chemical / names
•
drugs alter body chemistry
•
cause withdrawal symptoms owtte
ignore craving
•
uses drug frequently
or uses a lot of the drug
or needs more drugs
2
(b)
(i)
(no) only leads to cocaine use
or only leads to 1 class A
allow (yes) leads to cocaine
ignore reference to uptake of class B drugs
1
Page 24 of 33
(ii)
(using) class B drugs / named class B
1
(each / named type B drug) can lead to use of 2 class A drugs /
2 named class A drugs
or
most +s for class A drugs opposite class B drugs
mark the two answers independently
1
[6]
M4.
(a)
any two from:
•
birth mass / growth reduced
•
smoke contains carbon monoxide
ignore references to poison
•
blood carries less oxygen / fetus receives less oxygen
do not accept harder for fetus to breathe
2
(b)
(i)
it may cause mental illness
1
it may be a ’gateway’ drug to more
harmful substances
three answers max 1
three answers max 0
1
(ii)
it is less addictive than amphetamines, tobacco or alcohol
1
it is not associated with major sociological problems
three answers max 1
four answers max 0
1
[6]
Page 25 of 33
M5.
any five from:
maximum 4 marks if no conclusion
pros eg
maximum three pros
•
used ‘teenage rats’ as equivalent to human teenagers
•
THC dose typical of human cannabis smoking habits
•
used control group
•
rats allowed to choose amount of heroin
cons eg
•
sample size small / only used 12 rats
ignore cruelty
•
heroin administration very different from human situation
conclusions
•
rats given THC / cannabis took more heroin
•
(this) is evidence for a link between THC / cannabis and heroin
•
(but) rat behaviour / physiology not necessarily same as human
behaviour / physiology
•
does not prove link in humans
allow results not reliable for humans
[5]
M6.
(a)
most leaves lie close / flat on the ground
1
therefore the leaves are less likely to be eaten / mown
1
reason must be linked to adaptation given
or
thick root (1)
therefore the plant is less likely to be pulled out by grazers (1)
Page 26 of 33
(b)
long stems
1
therefore the plant is a better competitor for light or
therefore the plant grows higher than other plants to gain light
or
wide spread roots (1)
therefore the plant is a better competitor for water or therefore
the plant is able to collect water from a larger area (1)
1
[4]
M7.
(a)
1 mark for each adaptation and 1 mark for its correct linked advantage
•
long / thick hair / fur (1)
for insulation (1)
allow keeps warm
•
small ears (1)
for reduced heat loss (1)
•
small feet (1)
for reduced heat loss (1)
ignore wide feet
ignore prevent sinking
•
white fur / coat (1)
for camouflage / poor emitter (1)
•
small SA/V ratio (1)
reduces heat loss (1)
•
thick layer of fat (1)
insulates / keeps warm (1)
max 4
Page 27 of 33
(b)
1 mark for each adaptation and 1 mark for its correct linked advantage
•
horns (1)
for defence (1)
•
long legs (1)
for speed / escape / vision (1)
•
light colour (1)
for camouflage (1)
allow pattern
•
eyes on side of head (1)
for wider field of vision (1)
•
hooves (1)
for speed / escape (1)
•
large ears (1)
to hear predators better (1)
max 4
[8]
Page 28 of 33
M8.
adaptation and linked advantage eg
max 2 for 3 adaptations
2
•
roots widespread / long (1)
to collect water from large area (1)
ignore large roots
accept to collect more water
•
some roots deep / long (1)
to collect water from deep down (1)
ignore large roots
accept to collect more water
•
absence of leaves(1)
reduces water loss (1)
•
swollen stem (1)
to store water (1)
•
roots near surface (1)
to absorb rainwater (1)
•
roots widespread (1)
support in sandy soil (1)
2
[4]
M9.
(a)
(i)
squirrels eat nuts;
each for 1 mark
owls eat squirrels
(2 marks for energy flow)
2
(ii)
hazel tree
gains 1 mark
1
(iii)
1 squirrel population would decrease;
because fewer nuts available as food
each for 1 mark
2
2 owl population would decrease;
because fewer squirrels available as food
each for 1 mark
2
Page 29 of 33
(b)
(i)
digested/broken down;
(ii)
by microbes/reference to worm action;
each for 1 mark
2
(iii)
March
warmer/increased activity of worms/microbes;
each for 1 mark
2
[11]
##
(a)
1 mark for each correct set of plots
for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
number of voles/amount of food
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
e.g. increased number of owls
new disease
for 1 mark each
2
[5]
M11.
(a)
stays cool
ignore shade
1
less sweat
1
(b)
any two from:
•
breathing rate less
•
less water lost via breath
less can be implied
•
less water from respiration
2
[4]
Page 30 of 33
M12.
7 of e.g.
need for resumption of some legal trading because:
conservation costs money
need to generate income
to justify giving over tracts of land needed to support it
need to keep elephant numbers consistent with vegetation available
need for hard currency by African countries
counter arguments:
‘right to life’ of elephants
need to prevent effects of poaching on numbers
if trading allowed again
each for 1 mark
[7]
M13.
(a) long / pointed horns and for defence
long legs and to run away reject strong / powerful legs
long legs and to kick predator
tall and can see predators a long distance away but accept
eyes on side of head and to see predator approaching
large ears and to hear predators approaching
pattern and for camouflage any
two for 1 mark each
2
(b)
(i)
fall in morning / day and rise at night or any reasonable
for 1 mark
description of whole pattern for one mark
1
(ii)
loss due to evaporation or transpiration in day / absorbed from air
at night / when cool
for 1 mark
1
(c)
(i)
19.30 – 20.30 and 07.30 – 08:30
for 1 mark
1
(ii)
highest moisture content in grass
needs water in desert conditions / response to shortage of drinking water
sensible reference to less chance of predation
any two for 1 mark each
2
[7]
Page 31 of 33
##
(a)
light and/or temperature too low in winter,
increasing light in spring leads to increase in photosynthesis
increasing temperature in spring leads to increasing metabolism/
growth/reproduction
for 1 mark each
3
(b)
they run out of minerals
for 1 mark
1
[4]
M15.
(a) idea:
soil wetter
soil less aerated
less food for moles/voles/foxes/badgers/birds
soil less fertile (less leaves in soil not enough on its own)
less food grown
earthworms die out/fewer earthworms
(not just “earthworms get eaten”)
any 4 for 1 mark each
4
(b)
method
advantage
disadvantage
e.g.*
•
chemical
•
kills worm/affects reproduction/maintains earthworm population
•
persistent/food chain/kill earthworm
or
•
import biological central/predator/disease/parasite
•
kills worm/affects reproduction/maintains earthworm population
•
may attack other animals/cause same sort of problems
as New Zealand worms
(* credit other plausible suggestions for method/advantage/disadvantage)
for 1 mark each
3
[7]
Page 32 of 33
Page 33 of 33