2 Science as a Way of Knowing: Critical Thinking about the

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



       
















































 

        


          
        


        



         

         

       










   




     


         







         








       

     
        


          
 




            



        





 





 
 





        




        

       
        

     



         





      
        





       
       








       
      
         
       


      


       





   






        
   
   
        
    




    

 

        






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









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



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






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




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
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


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
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






     






         












           





        

       








  







      





            
 
 




 






         
       
     

 
     








     

      



       

     


      
       
   


     








       



       
      

       


    


       

      
     
        







    

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



      
       



        
  


       



          
       

       


      


       










       




      



        




      
          

       

            

    




         





















         
          
      
        


        








      


        




        
    





       
  
    





      






         



    
         
        
        
      





      
       



     
      



   
 



          

         


        
       


      
      





        

       
         
   









       














      






            
                 


































      



 







       




        

         




        


    

    

        




         
          



        


         





    
      
   
        



       













      







       


      








      





       














            



 




     



         
       
      





       
   
          

        
    






           

        




        


         
         
     




     
 

      
       

       

      
    
     

      
          







    
       








       






           

        

    




       




    

                 





















 



















































 










            
       
      

        
           
        


       










 



      










 
 
 
 


 

         




      





      
    


       
      
       


      






      







 




       


      


   
       




      
      



    











         

        
      



   
      









        




       


       
         
      





         



  

      











       


         
    



   


      





   


      

        


  



        
 








   



            






        

      
         



          


    
  


  
 
 

 

 
    

     
    
























         
    
         
   




 
















  
 













 
 
















         
 

     
       


       







    





      
       

      


        
      
      
      
   
     


















       






     
      

       



            





        
    
        

      

        
        


       
         
 














        


        
        









  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  


             
       


 

 
 
 
           

  
 

 


 
  
 
  
 
  
        

 
 
         

 
 
 

 


         
          



 




         
         

       






    

 
 
 

 

 

       
     

        

 
        


          



       

 


   

         



  


 

            
              

       
         

         


         






         
        





       







       









































            
        











       




         





     

         



        





        







         
        
      




        
         

        








      
      
      

       


  



        

























        









        

       











      



            

 


        
    
           

       
         



       


















   






       







        

         



 

 




        










         







 
        






       

       
       
    

         





          



                 








 








  



 
 






 

 

















 
 





























       







            
































     



        



     
        





       







 




        
      

       

 
        
        
          
  




       



      


  






    




    



       

          



        








            

       

   
          







       

 
 
















 
  
   
  
      
      
 


         





      




         
       

         


       

         


         












 








       

            




  
  

  
   
 

 
 
 
 
         
        
           


  
 

 
 
 
 

    

         






 
 


 
 

   
   




   

       



        
         




         
         
 





 

    


 



 
  
     
         











 

    









       
    












        





       







        
      

        


       
     

       


   
       



     
       


























        









            

        
       


        





      

      





       
         

          



     
 
          






         



     
         
       

 





     



      



          
         
        
        





        





         










         

     






      

        




    
        

































































  








        






        
   



      



     
 



  















 








            


















        






                 






















    

          











  
 






  

   
 
     

        

















      








 


  


 



  








   




          










 
      
      
       
      






            





        


















      






        





      


        
 
         
      

       
        

         



















    
  



      
       

















      

       
    
        




         
     
















        

  
      


       


       




    








        











       







       


























            
        






        

     






         





        

           

  
 
 
 




         


         



       

      




        



      


      


      
       

     
        



       



          





         
          
         
         
















           
        
        
           
         
         

        
          



           

        




  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
            
             
 

 

       

 


         

 



 



       


     

       





