THE ADAPTABILITY OF EVAPORATIVE VENTILATION AND
AIR-CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY FROM CHINA AND THE COUNTRIES
ALONG THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
——KAZAKHSTAN
Kazakhstan, as an important country along the Belt and Road Initiative, is a landlocked
country located in Central Asia,and also is the largest landlocked country in the world.
Kazakhstan is across Asia and Europe,connecting with Xinjiang,China in the southeast, Russia in
the north,and Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan in the south.The terrain in Kazakhstan
is complex,and mostly are plains and lowlands.The southwestern belongs to Turan Depression
and the Caspian lowlands.The eastern belongs to Kazakhstan hilly and eastern mostly are
mountainous.The land area of desert and semi desert is account for 60%, most of them are
located in the southwest of Kazakhstan.The natural environment in northern is similar to Russia.
The north and the caspian region are acceptable moisture from the ocean.
Kazakhstan is a serious arid continental climate( summer is hot and dry, winter is cold and
less snow).The temperature range of the diurnal and annual is large.The temperature in spring is
rising fast and autumn is also cool quickly,and spring temperature is usually higher than autumn.
Average temperature in January is -19℃~-4℃, and average temperature in July is 19℃~26℃.
Absolute maximum and minimum temperatures respectively are 45℃ and -45℃ , the highest
temperature in the desert can be as high as 70℃. Annual rainfall is less than 100 mm in desert
region, 300 to 500 mm in the north and 1000 to 2000 mm in the mountainous area. "Dry air
energy" is the driving power for evaporative ventilation and air conditioning technology.The
more air is dry, its ability to absorb water is stronger,which means "dry air energy" is more rich.
It can not only cool the outdoor air, but also can be used as a humidifier it. Moreover, agriculture,
animal husbandry is relatively developed in Kazakhstan, and evaporative ventilation and air
conditioning technology can also be used as a ventilation system, especially suitable for
greenhouses, rural construction that well ventilated place.
The above is a brief introduction to the weather conditions and the economic situation in
Kazakhstan,a detailed analysis of the applicability of evaporative ventilation and
air-conditioning technology in Tajikistan is carried out below. The dry bulb temperature and
mean coincident wet bulb temperature of the evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning
technology in Kazakhstan is modified from the appendix: design condition for selected locations
in 2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals. See table 1 for details:
Figure 1 The dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature in Kazakhstan
Figure2
The design partitions of evaporative ventilation and
air-conditioning in psychometric chart
As it can be seen from Figure1,the dry and wet bulb temperature difference is larger in
Kazakhstan, about 12℃~17℃.Thus, evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning technology’s
driving potential is large in these areas, which means more abundant "dry air energy".
Meanwhile, the wet bulb temperature of typical cities in Kazakhstan is mostly betwee16℃~19℃,
which belongs to high adaptation area of evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning technology.
From the outdoor dry and wet bulb temperature ,it can be seen that the climate condition of
Kazakhstan is similar to Xinjiang of China, and it is one of the most suitable area for application
of evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning technology.
From the above analysis we can clearly see that evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning
technology in Kazakhstan has a good application prospects and conditions. In the following, the
specific operation mode and the outlet temperature of evaporative ventilation and
air-conditioning technology in India are analyzed in detail.
According to Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil
buildings(GB50736-2012) specified, the indoor state point N selects dry-bulb temperature 26 ℃,
relative humidity of 60%;the supply air temperature difference ∆t is 8℃,then the ideal state point
of air supply O(that is, apparatus dew-point temperature L),selects dry-bulb temperature 18 ℃,
relative humidity of 95%.And then the specific operating modes of the typical cities in
Kazakhstan are divided over the partition map which is determined by the indoor state point N
and the ideal state point of air supply O (Figure 4).See table 1 for details:
Table 1 evaporative cooling ventilation and air conditioning systems in all operating modes and the typical urban air temperature in Kazakhstan
Outdoor State Point W
The Ideal State Point
Indoor State Point N
（Cooling1%）
O(18℃,95%)
（26℃,60%）
City
DB ℃ WB ℃ SE kJ/kg SE kJ/kg HR g/kg WB ℃ SE kJ/kg HR g/kg WB ℃
The Specific
Operation Mode
Outlet
Outlet
Temperature Temperature
DEC ℃
IEC+DEC ℃
ASTANA
29.9
17.3
50
50.7
12.8
17.5
60
13.2
20.2
DEC
19.2
KARAGANDA
30
16.2
47.4
51.6
13.2
17.5
60.8
13.6
20.2
DEC
18.3
SHYMKENT
35.9
19.2
57.3
49.8
12.5
17.5
59
12.8
20.3
IEC+DEC
21.7
17.1
PAVLODAR
30.7
18.3
52.2
52.9
13.7
17.5
62.2
14.1
20.1
IEC+DEC
20.2
15.5
ALMA-ATA
32.1
18.2
55.1
51.8
13.3
17.5
61.1
13.7
20.2
IEC+DEC
20.3
16.5
*DB—Dry-Bulb Temperature；WB—Wet Bulb Temperature；SE—Specific Enthalpy；HR—Humidity Ratio；DEC—Direct Evaporative Air Condition；
IEC—Indirect Evaporative Air Condition.
From the above analysis it can also be seen: evaporative ventilation and air conditioning
technology in Kazakhstan has a good application conditions and prospects. The outlet
temperature that only use the direct evaporative cooling system in Astana and Karaganda can
respectively theoretically reached 19.2℃ and 18.3℃. The outlet temperature that only use the
direct evaporative cooling system in Shymkent, Pavlodar and Almaty can respectively
theoretically reached about 20 ℃,which can also meet the same requirements of indoor comfort.
But to ensure the stability of operation,IEC+DEC system is often used and its outlet temperature
is up to about 16 ℃,so the temperature drop effect is remarkable.
In many applications of evaporative ventilation and air-conditioning technology, it is more
economical, green and environmental protection to integrate evaporative cooling technology
with the construction itself. There are many famous buildings in Kazakhstan that can represent
the local culture and the development trend, and understanding them can help us to effectively
combine the two.
One. The National Museum of Kazakhstan
Since it is decided that the capital of Kazakhstan will move to Astana which will build for
the most beautiful cities in Central Asia; the world's youngest capital city has become the
brightest platform for architects to display their hands,and various styles of buildings are being
built.The national museum of Kazakhstan is one of them.
The national museum of Kazakhstan was opened to the public on July 2014.It is one of s
youngest and largest museum in central Asia,with a total area of 14,000 square meters and a total
of 11 exhibition halls. Here, visitors can not only enjoy the "Jin people", Kazakh tents and other
national treasures, but also learned various historical periods and cultural development from the
formation of the Kazakh nation, the founding of aggression, and independence.
Fig.3 The national museum of Kazakhstan
Fig. 4 The appearance of Kazakh tent
Fig.5 The figure of inside the Kazakh tent
Two. The National Library of Kazakhstan
The new National Library is located in the capital of Astana, covering about 33,000 square
meters, and will named after first president Nursultan Nazarbayev’s name. Its collection of
modern and classic characteristics in one.The entire building is inwardly "loop" line shape spiral
flow, simple and elegant.
Fig.6 National Library of Kazakhstan elevation
This building use Mobius ring design, breaking the traditional architectural style, which
makes the walls change at different angles,sometimes become wall, sometimes become roof,
sometimes became a floor, and finally into a wall. It includes two mutually engaging structure - a
perfect circle and hovering public space.The traditional arrangement of libraries, museums and
the level of services transforms into various functions perfect together way. BjarkeIngels said:
"We change package with a continuous surface of the inner space.This combination creates a
Mobius ring shape -outer wall is suddenly in and suddenly out."
Three. The Large Tent Khan
The Tent Khan which is located in Astana, capital of Kazakhstan, is known as the world's
largest tent-style building, 150 meters high and an area of 100,000 square meters.It is one of the
largest shopping and entertainment center in Central Asia.Its yurt modeling show "Prairie Wind"
of central Asian.It is built by famous British architect Norman Foster,and is designed to evoke
memories of the Kazakh yurt. Its interior has an artificial beach, a waterfall, a mini golf course
and botanical gardens.
More precisely, The Tent Khan should be the world's largest structure of building tension. A
tripod mast that is 150 m high and 2,000 tons weighs stands in the center of it, which support the
cable network and three transparent plastic.Three layers of plastic can keep the heat inside when
sunshine enter.
The Tent Khan was opened to the public on July 5, 2010, on the occasion of the Capital Day.
There are cinema, restaurants, artificial beach, mini golf course and botanical gardens, and a
variety of brand shops in it.It is a comprehensive entertainment and shopping centers.
Fig.7 The appearance of The Tent Khan
Fig.8 The appearance of The Tent Khan in night
After having a certain understanding of the local culture by Kazakhstan landmarks,
the briefly introduction of refrigeration and air conditioning industry market in Tajikistan
is carried below.
Kazakhstan is the 9th largest country in the world, and have 56 million people.It is the
Central Asia's business center, and is the fastest growing countries in the CIS countries.Its
natural gas and oil reserves is extremely rich. Rich resources provide a large number of foreign
exchange earnings for the country, and also provide a guarantee for sustained consumer countries.
In recent years, ongoing urbanization bring great demand for heating, ventilation and
air-conditioning.Only national urban residential project on the country ,each year have
completed 12 million square meters and 10 billion euros of investment. The continental
climate(dry and little rain) causes a great temperature difference. Winter weather is cold( -20℃in
the South, -50 ℃ in the north),and summer weather is hot, the temperature can reach
30~40℃,which further increases the market for HVAC products.
In addition, Kazakhstan and China also have some cooperation. Chunlan is the first Chinese
brand to enter Kazakhstan. Walking in the streets of Almaty, former capital of Kazakhstan,
CHUNLAN trademark can be seen everywhere.Chunlan has won the recognition of the market
with a high quality and stylish design, and also contributed to the cooperation of AC.As the first
local brand, since 1990s,AC company begin to sale air conditioners.And now its business scope
has expand to drinking fountains, electric heaters and other electrical products.It not only
establish a sound sales network and a good brand reputation in Kazakhstan, but also exported to
Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and other neighboring countries. As of September 2012, AC has
import thousands of wall-mounted air conditioner from Chunlan.
Fig.10 Wall conditioners Chigo
Fig.11 Chigo air conditioning cabinet
MTC , a company of Kazakhstan, has made a major agreement in the country's formal
project with Chigo Air Conditioning of China. The project is an international business office, and
will all use Chigo’s central air conditioning system. It will make a very good bedding to open
market of Kazakhstan for Chigo.
Fig. 12 Chunlan wall-mounted air conditioner
Each country has its own unique architectural style and customs, in front of Kazakhstan's
many unique architectural introduced.The application of each technology are inseparable
from the local customs, evaporative cooling technology is no exception.
The national flower of Kazakhstan is tulips that are open in four season of territory.
National bird is the golden eagle, a symbol of freedom and uninhibited of Kazakstan. Kazakh is
the national language.Kazakh and Russian are both official languages. A lot of Kazakstan are
Islamic (about 70%), but also a large proportion are Nazarene.
Kazakhstan's main food is beef, mutton, milk, pasta, vegetables.Their habits are basically
same with Europe. They most likely to drink tea and mare's milk. Kazakh’s traditional food is
hand mutton. The Kazakh mutton called "Bie Shiba Czermak" that is to eat by hand, is the
cuisine.
In Kazakhstan, the most attractive food is horse meat.Many people living in cold northern
regions are eating horse meat in the winter to resistant cold.
Fig.9 Mutton Features of Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan has vast grasslands.Kazakhstan has untold origin with horse.Thus they call
themselves as "nation on horseback", " the most people riding horse in the world" , and write a
lot of horse hymn.They praise horse as their most loyal friend.