Cell Growth
and
Reproduction
Cell Size Limitations
1.  Diffusion limits cell size
Slow and inefficient over large areas
2.  DNA limits cell size
Limit to how quickly DNA can be read
Limit to # of proteins built / period of time
3.  Surface area to volume ratio limits cell size
Volume increases faster than surface area
Requires more nutrients, get rid of more wastes
but through a relatively smaller surface area –
it is more difficult for things to get in and out!
Question
Which of these has the best ratio of
surface to cell volume?
Cell Reproduction
All cells in the world today come from
preexisting cells. (Cell Theory)
How does this happen?
The Cell Cycle
Can You Memorize This Word?
InProMATeC
Steps of the Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
•  Interphase
–  G1: Growth…
–  S: Copy the DNA...
–  G2: Growth…
•  Mitosis
–  Process which forms
two daughter cells.
Interphase
The Cell Cycle
–  Normal time
–  Cells spend MOST of their time in this phase
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Steps of Mitosis
Step 1: Prophase
Chromosomes form
Chromosomes
•  DNA when it is tightly packed.
Chromosomes appear just before a
cell reproduces.
– (normally around as chromatin)
Chromatin: Is simply
a mass of genetic
material composed
of proteins and
DNA. It must
condense to form
the chromosome
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Prophase: Details
Two halves called sister chromatids
Center region called centromere
Nucleus disappears
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
Spindle fibers made of microtubules form
between centrioles
Step 2: Metaphase
Chromosomes line up
Metaphase: Details
•  Chromosomes attached to spindle fibers at
centromeres
•  Pulled to middle (equator) by spindle fibers
•  Each sister chromatid has own fiber
Step 3: Anaphase
Chromosomes begin to pull apart
Step 4: Telophase
Chromosomes at opposite ends
Telophase: Details
•  Reverse of Prophase
•  Nucleus reforms
•  Chromosomes
unwind into
Chromatin
•  Spindle breaks down
•  Nucleolus reappears
Step 5 Cytokinesis
Cell splits into two cells.
All Together Now
The Cell Cycle
•  G1
•  S
•  G2
INTERPHASE
• 
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• 
MITOSIS
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
CYTOKENISIS
Results of Mitosis
•  Allows for
multicellular
organisms
•  Cells  tissues
 organs 
organ systems
 organisms
Animation
Another
One More
Control of the Cell Cycle
Normal Control
•  Proteins called Cyclins interact with enzymes
to become activated
•  These proteins control the cell cycle
Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth
•  Cancer – malignant growth
resulting from uncontrolled
cell division.
•  Change in one or more
genes that produce Cyclins
•  Cancerous cells form
masses of called tumors
•  2nd leading cause of death
in US
•  Affects any tissue in body
Causes of Cancer
–  Environmental Conditions (carcinogens)
•  Affect Genes: segment of DNA responsible for production of a
protein
•  Failure to produce enzymes
•  Overproduction of enzymes
–  Viral Infection
Some of the Many Cancers
Caused By Smoking
Some Cancers Associated With
Smoking Cigarettes
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
Lung Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer
Mouth Cancer
Esophageal Cancer and Throat Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Stomach Cancer
Bladder Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Breast Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Kidney Cancer
Myeloid Leukemia
Liver cancer
Encyclopedia of Cancer by R.N. Tamara L. Brown
http://www.ash.org.uk/html/factsheets/html/fact04.html
Chemicals Included In
Tobacco Smoke
Cancer Prevention
•  Diets low in fat and high in fiber content
•  Vitamins and minerals may also prevent cancer
•  Daily exercise and controlling environmental
conditions help as well.
• DON T
SMOKE!
Assignments
Assignment 1
• 
Create a public service announcement about the dangers of smoking. Your audience can be
adults, teenagers or young children.
• 
This can be a pamphlet, a power point, digital video, audio announcement, a webpage. We will
publish your announcement online if you choose to use a digital format. Make sure all of your
content is appropriate for public viewing. Additionally I strongly suggest that you submit your
PSA to the Arizona Student Film Festival anti-tobacco PSA competition.
• 
Your video & audio PSAs should not exceed 2 minutes in length, however if you intend to
submit to the film festival competition they should not exceed 30 seconds. http://
azstudentfilmfestival.com/contestinfo.htm
• 
You must use one to three sources minimum and you must CITE all your sources. Make sure
everything is in your OWN words. You must also cite all music and images you use. If you
intend to submit your film to the film contest you need to have either created all of the images
and music you use or have written permission from the owners of the materials and music you
use.
You may work alone or in groups of two depending on the type of project you select.
Due Thursday November 11th
Sample PSAs
Here are some student produced public service announcement
videos done by Mrs. Robson s students.
Little Lost Lives by Brittany McCarthy
Do You Have Time? by Bob Bingham and Taylor Goelz
Cool Jim by Robert Futch
Priceless by Jonathan McCurdy
Do You Smoke? by Brian Folkers
Choices by Kimberly Davies
Public Service Announcement by Lauren Stockert
The Truth On Cigarettes by Krista DeRosa
Additional Sample PSAs
Here are some student produced public service announcement
videos done at other schools.
Ashes (2.3MB)
Chew Off a Lip (1.9MB)
Disappear (1.4MB)
Grave Future (5.6MB)
Hole in Pocket (6.9MB)
In Your Brain (3.0MB)
Party Killer (3.2MB)
Smoking Blows (5.1MB)
Walking on the Sun (1.5MB)
Yum! (5.5MB)
Here are some student produced public service announcement
radio spots done at other schools.
Track 1 (MP3, 447KB)
Track 2 (MP3, 419KB)
Even more sample PSAs
NFL Football player Darrell Green did several Public Service
Announcement video and audio spots with young children. Here are
some links:
Video Spot #1 -- Listen to Your Kids
Video Spot #2 -- Kids Know
Video Spot #3 -- Secondhand Smoke
Video Spot #4 -- Score by Quitting
Audio Spot #1 -- Kids Know What Smoking Can Do
Audio Spot #2 -- It's Never Too Late to Quit
Assignment 2
•  Create an animation of mitosis / the cell cycle.
•  It can be a flip book on paper or a digital
animation that we can put online to share with
others
You may work alone or in groups of two,
depending on the type of project you select.
DUE 1 week
Requirements for Assignment 2
• 
• 
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ALL steps must be clearly illustrated
Appropriate detail must be shown
Text explaining scene should be shown
Labels are used & accurate
Neat & attractive
Take pride in your work!
Sample Cell Cycle Animation
More Cell Cycle Animations
These are more animations done by my students in the past.
A Close Look at Mitosis by Robert Futch (claymation video)
Mitosis The Cell Cycle by Martha Harrison and Jamie Lines (narrated video)
Mitosis Animation by Kristyn Merbeth (video)
Mitosis Animation by Justin Contreras (video)
The Cell Cycle - by Makena Welton (powerpoint)
Mitosis by Alex Montimy (powerpoint)
Sample Mitosis Animation
Note: While nicely done, what is this lacking?
Resources
GIF Editor:
http://www.coffeecup.com/gif-animator/
Pivot Stickfigure Editor:
(make sure you export to gif!!)
http://www.snapfiles.com/get/stickfigure.html
Windows Movie Maker
(make sure you export it to an avi file!!)