NELLCO NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers New York University School of Law 5-1-2012 The Principle of Loyal Opposition Jeremy J. Waldron NYU School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Legal History, Theory and Process Commons, Legislation Commons, Politics Commons, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Recommended Citation Waldron, Jeremy J., "The Principle of Loyal Opposition" (2012). New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers. Paper 328. http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp/328 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the New York University School of Law at NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ! 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