The Principle of Loyal Opposition

NELLCO
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New York University Public Law and Legal Theory
Working Papers
New York University School of Law
5-1-2012
The Principle of Loyal Opposition
Jeremy J. Waldron
NYU School of Law, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp
Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Legal History, Theory and
Process Commons, Legislation Commons, Politics Commons, and the Public Law and Legal Theory
Commons
Recommended Citation
Waldron, Jeremy J., "The Principle of Loyal Opposition" (2012). New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers.
Paper 328.
http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp/328
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the New York University School of Law at NELLCO Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been
accepted for inclusion in New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of NELLCO Legal
Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected].
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