NEW ZEALAND
A
Regional
Profile
SOUTHLAND
Published in November 1999 by
Statistics New Zealand
Te Tari Tatau
Wellington, New Zealand
Catalogue Number 01.718.IN98
ISBN 0-478-20708-5
Recommended retail price $15.00
(includes 12.5% GST)
Preface
New Zealand - A Regional Profile aims to summarise information about all 16 regions in New Zealand
into one comprehensive volume.
What do regions mean to New Zealanders? Essentially they are a place to live, a focus for
parochialism on the sports field and a source of local identity. If you asked a Southlander, “Do you
see yourself as being different to a Nelsonian”, they would answer firmly, “Yes”. Defining regional
qualities is, however, rather less definitive. What does it really mean to be a Cantabrian, a
Northlander or a Wellingtonian? How does the region of residence affect the individual in terms of
employment choices, income, access to health and educational services? This publication explores
how the history, topography, social, demographic and economic forces in each region have shaped
experiences. While it cannot exactly describe each individual in Northland or Canterbury, the
publication can show the most distinctive characteristics of each region.
The publication has a two-fold purpose: to provide a comprehensive source of information about
each region in New Zealand; and to analyse each region, comparing differences and similarities,
with the aim of celebrating regional diversity in New Zealand. The sixteen chapters examine the
history, topography, population characteristics and economy of each region. Information is presented
in written, graphic and tabular form.
I would like to acknowledge my appreciation of Dr Rosemary Goodyear, Aaron Green and Rochelle
Morgan of the Regional and International Statistics Division who contributed to this report, under
the direction of Zane Colville.
Len Cook
Government Statistician
Blank Page 4
Acknowledgement
This report was prepared by the Regional and International Statistics Division and published by the
Publishing and Community Information Division of Statistics New Zealand.
Further information
For further information on the statistics in this report, or on other publications or products, contact
Information and Consultancy Services.
AUCKLAND
WELLINGTON
70 Symonds Street,
Private Bag 92003,
Telephone 0-9-357 2100,
Fax 0-9-379 0859.
Aorangi House,
85 Molesworth Street,
PO Box, 2922,
Telephone 0-4-495 4600,
Fax 0-4-495 4610.
CHRISTCHURCH
Winchester House,
64 Kilmore Street,
Private Bag 4741.
Telephone 0-3-374 8700,
Fax 0-3-374 8864.
Internet
Home Page: http//www.stats.govt.nz
Email: [email protected]
Liability statement
Statistics New Zealand gives no warranty that the information or data supplied contains no errors.
However, all care and diligence has been used in processing, analysing and extracting the information.
Statistics New Zealand shall not be liable for any loss or damage suffered by the customer
consequent upon the use directly, or indirectly, of the information supplied in this product.
Reproduction of material
Any table or other material published in the following pages of this report may be reproduced and
published without further licence, provided that it does not purport to be published under
Government authority and that acknowledgement is made of this source.
Blank Page 6
CONTENTS
Page
Highlights
Introduction
History
The land and environment
Topography
Soil and climate
Environment
Regional features
The people
Population structure
Migration
Age and sex structure
Ethnicity
Religion
Education
Labour market
Access to services
Dwellings
Households and families
Number of children
Income and expenditure
Health
Crime
The economy
Business
Energy
Minerals
Agriculture
Forestry
Fishing
Manufacturing
Buildings
Retail trade
Tourism
Transport
Definitions
Bibliography
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14
15
16
17
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19
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Southland
Highlights
·
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·
·
·
·
·
·
Southland is the second-largest region with a land
area of 34,000 square kilometres.
There were 97,100 people usually resident at the
1996 Census.
Southland has been experiencing the largest population decline of all regions, declining 6.9 percent
between 1986 and 1996.
Presbyterianism is the dominant religion.
The region has the highest proportion of people
identifying with the Mäori ethnic group in the South
Island (11.3 percent).
Southland has the highest proportion of separate
private dwellings (90.8 percent).
More private dwellings were owned (77.4 percent)
than in any other region.
Important industries include agriculture, fishing,
manufacturing, and tourism.
Sheep are the predominant stock but there have been significant increases in dairy cattle,
beef cattle and deer farming.
Introduction
Murihiku, the “tail end”, is the southern area of New Zealand, where pre-European Mäori did not
engage in horticulture, but lived by hunting and gathering. Hunting seals and moa and other large
flightless birds was their main means of getting food until numbers of these prey were reduced from
over-hunting. Southern Mäori, having to live without kumara that would not flourish in colder
soils, became skilled fishers and fowlers. Fishing, shellfishing, fowling and gathering became their
main sources of food. Settlements were small, usually coastal and temporary, although there is
evidence of houses in some southern coastal sites. Southland was inhabited by the Waitaha, Ngäti
Mamoe and possibly Ngai Tahu tribes.
Captain James Cook and his crew were the first Europeans to set foot on Southland’s west coast at
Fiordland in 1772, when Cook repaired his ship at Dusky Sound during his second voyage. Sealers
from New South Wales began visiting the Fiordland coast, causing the near extinction of fur seals in
the area by the 1820s. They were followed by whalers, who pioneered European settlement of
Southland. After early encounters with sealers and whalers, Mäori grew potatoes for trading and
began to live peacefully with Europeans.
9
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
European settlement began in 1834 at Jacob’s River, now Riverton, by Captain John Howell, a
whaler who received 20,000 hectares from a Mäori chief as a marriage dowry. Other communities
were set up at Preservation Inlet and Bluff. In 1853, most of Southland became available for
settlement with the government purchase of the Murihika Block. Numerous Scottish settlers
arrived from Dunedin and the town of Invercargill was founded in 1856.
Historically Southland’s prosperity has relied upon the land, with sheep farming being dominant.
Today the region is one of New Zealand’s most productive agricultural regions. The manufacturing,
fishing, tourism, coal mining and forestry industries also contribute to the local economy.
History
1770
Stewart Island (Rakiura) is sighted by Captain James Cook.
1772
Captain James Cook and his crew are the first Europeans to set foot in Fiordland.
1803
Stewart Island is named by William Stewart.
1836
John Howell establishes a whaling station at Riverton which becomes the first
European settlement in Southland.
1853
The government purchases the Murihika Block from Mäori.
1856
The town of Invercargill is named.
1861
Southland becomes a province.
1861
Southland Agricultural Association is formed.
1863
Gold fields lead to a building boom.
1864
Rakiura is purchased from the Mäori.
1870
Nine years of over-spending and migration losses to northern goldfields result in
Southland’s bankruptcy, forcing it to rejoin the Otago Province.
1871
Municipality of Invercargill is proclaimed (population 1,600).
1877
Southland County is established.
1882
A disastrous fire in Dee Street causes £85,000 of damage.
1920
Construction of Lake Monowai power station begins.
1930
Invercargill becomes a city (population 20,045) - the most southern city in the
world.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
10
1960s/1970s
Construction of Lake Manapouri hydro electric power station.
1971
An aluminium smelter opens at Tiwai Point
1978
Present railway station built.
The land and environment
Topography
Southland is the southernmost region in New Zealand. With a land area of 34,000 square
kilometres, it is the second-largest region and it accounts for 12.5 percent of New Zealand’s land
area. Coastal Southland extends from Awarua Point, where it meets the West Coast Region, down
the South Island’s most western coast (bounded by the Tasman Sea), and across the South Island’s
most southern coast (bounded by Foveaux Strait) to Brothers Point. Southland’s boundary with
Otago extends south-east from Milford Sound, along the southern edge of Lake Wakatipu, and
follows a southerly course just south of Balclutha. The region comprises Invercargill City, Gore
District and Southland District (including Stewart Island).
Southland has a natural, unspoilt and contrasting landscape. Its south-west coast is a rugged remote
region with fiords and forested wilderness. This area, known as Fiordland, covers 1.3 million
hectares and is the largest national park in New Zealand and one of the largest in the world.
Waitutu Forest Park, around 46,000 hectares, was added to the park in 1998, and includes New
Zealand’s largest remaining lowland virgin forest which had been under constant threat from
logging. In contrast, most of the remainder of Southland is pastoral land of fertile alluvial plains
(Southland and Waimea), laced with rivers and small towns.
The larger part of Te Waipounamu, a world heritage site, lies in Southland and includes the four
national parks: Fiordland, Mt Aspiring, Mt Cook and Westland. The region is home to the
mountains Tutoko (2,746 metres), Christina (2,502 metres), David Peaks (2,097 metres), McDougall
(2,036 metres) and Elliot (2,003 metres).
Lake Te Anau covers an area of 344 square kilometres and is the second-largest lake in New
Zealand after Lake Taupo. Smaller lakes include Lake Manapouri (142 square kilometres), Lake
Hauroko (71 square kilometres) and Lake Monowai (31 square kilometres). The major rivers of the
region; Mataura, Waiau and Oreti, each stretch over 200 kilometres and flow into Foveaux Strait.
Soil and climate
Some of New Zealand’s oldest rocks - dating back to the Paleozic era around 570 million years ago
- can be found in Fiordland. A considerable area of Fiordland consists of wild alpine country with
scrubby bush reaching to the snowline. While unsuitable for agriculturists and pastoralists, it is
popular with artists and nature lovers.
11
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
The extensive plains and valleys are formed by the numerous rivers in the region. The plains
contain rich and fertile silt deposits in many places, capable of raising any crop (subject to climatic
limitations). Soils consist of yellow-grey earths in drier parts grading to yellow-brown earths in the
higher rainfall areas. Generally, plains and valleys rise from river levels in a gradual slope, sometimes
into a series of terraces and sometimes into rolling hills intersected frequently by lateral gullies
which afford natural drainage and an abundant supply of water. The region is also home to a number
of well-defined rivers.
Being the most southern region, it is not surprising that Southland has the lowest mean annual
temperature in New Zealand (10°C). Invercargill’s average temperature ranges from a minimum
mid-winter average of 1.1°C to a maximum mid-summer average of 18.5°C. The region also
experiences the lowest annual average sunshine hours. Invercargill receives an annual average of
1,580 hours compared with 2,470 hours in Blenheim. In 1983, Otautau had the lowest number of
sunshine hours ever recorded in one year (1,227 hours). Fiordland and Westland are New Zealand’s
coolest and wettest area with Milford Sound receiving over 7,000 millimetres of rain per year.
Environment
Southland’s vegetation is the leading component of the region’s natural beauty. The region provides
superb examples of native forest, bold landscapes, lush green rolling farmland and spectacular
scenery.
Southland is a natural breeding place for numerous native birds. The region is home to the tuatara,
which is the only living being left from the dinosaur age. A remote valley in Fiordland is home to
one of New Zealand’s most endangered bird species, the takahe. Until recently this bird was
believed to be extinct.
Stewart Island (Rakiura), a land of unspoilt inlets, bush-clad hills and rugged coastline, is a haven
for native bird life including kiwis, muttonbirds, wekas and the rare kaka. Kiwis can be spotted in
their habitat at night. Cod Fish Island houses the kakapo, the world’s largest and most endangered
parrot.
Marine species are well represented in Southland and include blue cod, crayfish, brown trout and
oysters. Around the rocky bush-fringed coast it is possible to view fur seals, yellow-eyed penguins,
Hooker sea lions and Hector dolphins (the rarest species of dolphin in the world). Curio Bay, the
fossil remains of ancient forest, is one of the most extensive and least disturbed examples of Jurassic
fossil forest worldwide.
Five Islands, approximately 950 kilometres south of Invercargill, are New Zealand’s most remote
and sensitive nature reserves and harbour some of the world’s last remaining areas of vegetation
unmodified by humans. These hostile islands are breeding grounds for thousands of seabirds,
penguins and marine mammals.
The region is adversely affected by a number of introduced plants and animals which threaten its
environmental integrity.1 A range of pest plants are controlled by the spread of pest plant biocontrol
agents throughout the region. Although rabbits are a pest and pose a threat to agriculture and the
environment, rabbit populations are currently stable. Bovine TB is a problem, particularly to
1
As outlined in the 1998 - 1999 Annual Plan, Funding Policy, Long term Financial Strategy, Southland Regional Council, April 1998.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
12
domestic cattle and deer, and to the environment in general. The Southland Regional Council
plans to further reduce the incidence of the disease in wild animal populations which can spread the
disease, such as possums, ferrets and feral cats, and to reduce the associated risk to domestic animals
by expanding the land area under Bovine TB control programmes.
Southland’s numerous lakes and rivers and generous rainfall provides a plentiful supply of good
quality water.
Regional features
The region is home to numerous natural resources such as lakes and rivers and is excellent for bush
walking and tramping. The most popular walks are the Milford Track, and the Routeburn and
Kepler Great Walks. The Takatimu Range is also a popular tramping and hunting area.
Attractions in Invercargill include the Southland Museum and Art Gallery, Anderson Park (and
Georgian mansion), Queen’s Park (and showcase gardens), and the water tower. Outside of
Invercargill, Lake Te Anau is a popular recreation area, and is the gateway to the Milford and Kepler
tracks. The Catlins, lying partly in eastern Southland, contain one of the most significant areas of
native forest on the east coast of New Zealand. Port Craig Walkway, an old timber extraction area,
contains some of the highest viaducts in New Zealand. Fiordland is home to Doubtful Sound, glowworm caves, the Manapouri Power Station exhibit and Mitre Peak in Milford Sound. Brown trout
fishing is popular in Gore, which is also known as the country and western music capital of New
Zealand, hosting the annual Golden Guitar Awards.
In Bluff an international signpost at Stirling Point marks the “land’s end” of New Zealand. Stewart
Island (Rakiura) hosts activities such as bush walks, launch trips around the island, kiwi spotting,
fishing and diving.
The people
Population structure
Although Southland is the second-largest region by area, less than 2.7 percent of New Zealand’s
population live there. The 1996 Census reported there were 97,100 people usually resident,
accounting for only 10.8 percent of the South Island’s population.2
Southland has been experiencing a gradual decline in population. During the 1986 to 1996 period,
Southland experienced the largest population decline of all regions, declining 6.9 percent compared
with national population growth of 10.9 percent. This reflects the generally lower population
growth in the South Island and the national trend towards northward migration.
Southland, with a population density of only 2.8 people per square kilometre (compared with a
national density of 13.1), is sparsely populated. Only the West Coast has a more sparse population.
Neighbouring Otago has a population density of 5.8 people per square kilometre.
2
The population usually resident in the Southland Region on census night in 1996. Overseas residents are excluded from the count.
13
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
With only 69.9 percent of people living in an urban area, Southland is more rurally based than most
regions in New Zealand, emphasising the region’s historical reliance on agriculture. Nationally, 85.4
percent of people live in an urban area.
Figure 16.1
Urban/Rural Population Distribution for Southland 1986-1996
Area
1986
(number)
1991
(number)
1996
(number)
Invercargill
Gore
Minor Urban Areas
Rural Centres
Other Rural Areas
Oceanic/Inlet
Total Southland
52,818
11,352
8157
6,546
25,341
63
104,280
51,540
10,956
7878
5,892
23,682
3
99,951
49,404
10,620
7887
5,730
23,382
78
97,101
Percentage change
1986-1991
Percentage change
1991-1996
- 2.4
- 3.5
- 3.4
- 10.0
- 6.5
- 4.1
- 3.1
0.1
- 2.8
- 1.3
- 4.2
- 2.9
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1986, 1991, 1996
Invercargill is Southland’s only major urban area and Gore is the only other significant urban area.
All areas within Southland except minor urban areas, are losing population. Invercargill’s share of
the population has fluctuated slightly from 50.7 percent in 1986, increasing to 51.6 percent in 1991
and decreasing to 50.9 percent in 1996.
Migration3
Southland experienced net losses of population to most other regions during the 1991 to 1996
period.4 The majority of Southland’s net loss of population has been to Otago and Canterbury,
probably because of greater employment and university education opportunities. Nearly one-third
of people leaving the region were young people aged 15 to 24 years and nearly one-third had a
tertiary qualification.
3
4
For definitions of internal and overseas migration, refer to glossary.
When census data is being referred to, unidentifiable, not applicable, or missing responses have been excluded from all calculations.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
14
Figure 16.2
Net Gains and Losses Through Internal Migration for Southland, 1991-1996
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
Despite this total net loss in population, the region gained significant numbers of people from
Taranaki and Waikato, probably because of cheaper land for farming and agricultural and fishing
opportunities. Of the employed people who lived in Southland in both 1991 and 1996, 20.6 percent
were employed as agriculture or fishery workers. Of the employed people who had previously lived
in Taranaki and Waikato and had migrated to Southland, 69.0 percent and 62.6 percent respectively
were employed as agriculture or fishery workers.
Age and sex structure
Southland had fewer young people aged between 15 and 24 years (13.5 percent) than the national
average (14.8 percent), resulting in a population which was generally older than that nationally. At
the time of the 1996 Census the median age of people in Southland was 33.7 years, compared with
33.0 years nationally.
The age structure varied throughout the region. Winton had one in four people 65 years of age and
over, while Te Anau had the highest proportion of people of working-age and only one person in 12
aged 65 years and over.
15
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
Figure 16.3
Urban/Rural Population Distribution by Age Group for Southland,
1996
Area
Invercargill
Gore
Winton
Bluff
Te Anau
Riverton
Rural Centres
Other Rural Areas
Total
0 - 14 years
(percent)
15 - 64 years
(percent)
65 years and over
(percent)
22.8
22.4
18.2
24.6
20.4
22.5
25.1
27.0
23.8
64.3
61.9
56.4
64.7
71.2
59.7
61.8
66.8
64.4
12.8
15.7
25.4
10.7
8.4
17.8
13.1
6.3
11.8
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
The 1996 Census reveals that there were 1,005 males for every 1,000 females. This was significantly
higher than the national ratio of 966 males for every 1,000 females and may be due to more ruralbased occupations. However, there has been a decline since 1991 when there were 1,013 males for
every 1,000 females, reflecting the national trend of a larger percentage increase in females than
males.
Ethnicity
Most people in Southland identified with the European ethnic group (94.0 percent).5 The region
had less than the national proportion of people identifying with the Mäori ethnic group (11.3
percent compared with 15.1 percent nationally) but the highest proportion in the South Island.
Contributing factors to this may be historical reasons related to the degree of intermarriage or the
nature of employment opportunities in the region. There are nearly twice the national proportion of
Mäori working as plant and machine operators and assemblers, and significantly more in labourintensive occupations.
5
Because people can identify with more than one ethnic group, percentages across ethnic groups will add up to more than 100 percent.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
16
Figure 16.4
Percentage of People Identifying with the Mäori Ethnic Group
for South Island Regions, 1996
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
Figures for Pacific Islands, Asian and other ethnic groups were considerably lower than the national
figures (1.5 percent of people affiliated with the Pacific Islands ethnic group compared with 5.8
percent nationally and 0.8 percent with the Asian ethnic group compared with 5.0 percent
nationally). Overseas immigrants tend to settle in regions with large urban areas.
Religion
Historically, Presbyterianism has always been the dominant religion in Southland, which is attributed
to the large number of Scottish Presbyterians who migrated from Otago. Today, the region has a
higher proportion of Presbyterians than any other region (35.3 percent), followed by Otago (29.1
percent). In comparison 13.7 percent of people nationally stated that they were Presbyterian.
Southland has the smallest proportion of Anglicans (10.4 percent compared with 18.4 percent
nationally) and people with no religion (20.8 percent compared with 26.1 percent nationally) in
New Zealand.
Education
Southland has limited tertiary educational opportunities and does not have a university. Tertiary
educational institutions in Invercargill include the Southland Polytechnic and the Open Polytechnic
of New Zealand. With school rolls falling by 176 in 1998, corresponding to a declining population,
Southland faces the prospect of school amalgamations and closures.
With the region being more rurally based and a high proportion of young people moving north, it is
not surprising that Southland has one of the lowest educationally qualified populations in the
country. Of the population aged 15 years and over, 47.8 percent had no qualifications at the time of
the 1996 Census and just 4.7 percent had a degree, compared with 9.5 percent of adults nationally.
17
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
Figure 16.5
Highest Qualification Gained for Southland and New Zealand, 1996
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
Labour market
A close look at the manufacturing industry reveals that with numerous meat processing and fishing
companies, a larger proportion of people were employed in the food, beverage and tobacco industry
(7.6 percent compared with 3.3 percent nationally).
Figure 16.6
Selected Industries for Southland, 1996
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
Slightly more people were employed in the wood and paper manufacturing industry (1.8 percent
compared with 1.6 percent nationally), probably because of the region’s paper mills and fibreboard
plant.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
18
The labour force participation rate of 68.0 percent for the Southland Region was higher than the
national average of 65.4 percent.
Unemployment in Southland was 5.5 percent of the labour force on census night in 1996, which
was lower than the national average of 7.7 percent, although significant variation occurred within
the region. Of the territorial authorities, Invercargill City had the highest unemployment rate, with
7.5 percent of the labour force unemployed. Unemployment rates in the Southland and Gore
Districts were considerably lower at 3.1 percent and 3.7 percent respectively, although rural
unemployment tends to be under-reported. Bluff had the highest unemployment rate of 10.7
percent, followed by Riverton with 8.9 percent.
The proportion of the working age population both unemployed and not in the labour force
increased during the 1986 to 1991 intercensal period, and the employed population decreased. This
situation reversed during the 1991 to 1996 period to proportions similar to that for 1986, although
unemployment was lower in 1996.
There is evidence to suggest that a large number of unemployed people are moving away from
Southland for employment opportunities elsewhere. During the 1991 to 1996 period, 11.4 percent
of people who lived in Southland in 1991 but not in 1996 were unemployed. In comparison, only
5.0 percent of people who usually resided in Southland in both years were unemployed. Of the
people who lived in Southland in 1991 and Canterbury in 1996 as many as 13.2 percent were
unemployed. While the lack of employment opportunities may have encouraged people to the leave
the region, cheaper housing may attract people to the area.
Access to services
Southland is generally less well-served by most professionals than other regions in New Zealand.
Southland has below average access to medical, dental, and pharmaceutical services. With the
exception of nurses, who attend to a similar number of people as the national average, health
professionals in Southland serve significantly more people. Conversely, the region has a higher than
average proportion of surveyors.
Figure 16.7
Ratio of Population to One Professional, 1996
Profession
Engineers
Surveyors
General practitioner
Other medical professionals
Dentist and dental surgeon
Pharmacists
Nurses
Teachers
Barrister and solicitor
Southland
New Zealand
232
2,158
1,116
1,407
3,237
2,490
136
71
875
209
2,388
1,040
883
2,798
1,939
130
71
547
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
19
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
Dwellings
Southland had the highest proportion of separate private dwellings (90.8 percent compared with
81.8 percent nationally). More private dwellings were owned in Southland than in any other region
(77.4 percent), with 45.9 percent of these owned without a mortgage. There were the same
proportion of temporary private dwellings and 50 percent more non-private dwellings occupied on
census night in 1996 than the average for New Zealand.
Households and families
Nine households in 10 were either one-family households (67.9 percent compared with 64.9
percent nationally) or one-person households (22.3 percent compared with 20.7 percent nationally).
Southland has prided itself on retaining traditional values and maintaining strong community links.
This is evident in a number of areas including family statistics. The region had a similar proportion
of families with children as families nationally, however, fewer of these families were one-parent
families (15.6 percent compared with 17.7 percent nationally).
Figure 16.8
Family Types for Southland, 1996
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Census of Population and Dwellings, 1996
Occupancy rates in Southland were 2.74 people per dwelling, lower than the national average of
2.83 people per dwelling. This can probably be accounted for by the older than average population
and large number of one-family and one-person households.
Number of children
In 1996 Southland had the third-highest average number of children born alive to women, below
Gisborne and Taranaki, relating partially to younger mothers. The average number of children born
alive to women in Southland was 2.95 compared with 2.80 nationally.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
20
Income and expenditure
Households in Southland had both lower household income and lower household expenditure than
the national average. However, households in Southland spent less relative to their income. At the
time of the 1996 Census, median household income was $31,975 ($2,732 below the national
average). Average household expenditure was $27,986 for the year ended March 1997 which was
$5,159 lower than the national average.6 A more detailed look at expenditure patterns reveals that
only 10.9 percent of all household expenditure was spent on housing, nearly half that of the national
average. This may relate to low house prices and the high proportion of houses that are owned
without a mortgage. As a result of the low expenditure on housing, Southland households spent
more proportionately on food, household operation and apparel than the New Zealand average.
Figure 16.9
Average Household Expenditure for Southland, Year Ended March 1997
(1) The household operations category covers the cost of running a household, and includes such items as
heating, the pruchase of household items (eg furniture) and any non-food household services
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Regional Household Expenditure Database
For the year ended March 1996, median annual personal income in Southland, at $14,884, was the
sixth-highest in New Zealand. Median annual personal income was below the national median of
$15,603 because of regions such as Auckland and Wellington dragging the national median up.
Health
People in Southland have the fourth-lowest life expectancy, ahead of people in Gisborne, the West
Coast and Northland. For the period 1992 to 1996, Southland’s infant mortality rate (7.7 per 1,000
live births), was higher than the national rate of 7.0 and this contributes to this low life expectancy.7
A Southlander’s average life expectancy at birth is 76.0 years compared with a national average life
expectancy at birth of 77.1 years.8 Males in Southland have a life expectancy at birth of 73.2 years,
while females have a life expectancy at birth of 78.9 years.
6
7
8
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Regional Household Expenditure Database.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Vital Statistics.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Regional Life Tables, 1995-97.
21
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
Lower levels of access to most health professionals, and a sparse population resulting in larger
distances to travel to medical services, may also contribute to a lower life expectancy. Southland
people also spend less on healthcare goods and services than the national average. Another factor
that may contribute to a lower life expectancy is that a higher proportion of the employed
population are employed in more hazardous occupations such as agriculture, services to agriculture,
commercial fishing and metal product manufacturing.
Provision of hospital care is concentrated in Invercargill. In September 1997 there was one major
hospital, located in Invercargill, with 433 beds, and three smaller hospitals located in Riverton and
Gore providing a further 95 beds.9 This equates to one bed per 184 people, compared with 242
nationally.
Information from the 1996 Census revealed that there were fewer people in Southland who had
never regularly smoked (52.3 percent compared with 54.2 percent nationally). Regular smokers in
Southland constituted 26.1 percent of the adult population compared with 23.7 percent nationally.
Crime
For the year ended June 1997, there were a total of 12,380 offences reported in the Southland
Region.10 In Invercargill City and Gore District, reported crime was higher than the national
average (145.5 offences per 1,000 people) with 158.9 and 165.6 offences respectively per 1,000
people. In Southland District, reported offences were significantly lower with only 56.5 offences per
1,000 people. However, reported crime is generally lower in rural areas.
In general, drug and anti-social crimes, property damage and property abuse crimes were
proportionately higher than the national trend. Gore, in particular, had 37.2 drug and anti-social
offences per 1,000 people (compared with 17.4 nationally), 22.2 property damage and 14.2 property
abuse offences per 1,000 people (compared with 12.2 and 8.0 respectively, nationally). There were
proportionately fewer other crimes.
Figure 16.10
Distribution of Reported Offences for Southland
and New Zealand, 1996/97
Crime
Violence
Sexual
Drugs and anti-social
Dishonesty (not including burglary)
Burglary
Property damage
Property abuses
Administrative
Southland
(percent)
New Zealand
(percent)
8.4
0.8
14.3
38.7
13.6
14.7
7.5
2.1
8.8
0.8
12.0
46.0
16.4
8.4
5.5
2.1
Source: New Zealand Police
9
10
Source: Ministry of Health.
Source: New Zealand Police.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
22
The economy
Business
The Southland economy has traditionally relied on the farming of its pastoral and fertile plains, in
particular sheep farming. When refrigeration became available in the early 1880s, the frozen meat
industry transformed the region. Sheep were bred as much for meat as for wool. Agriculture
remains the most important industry in Southland and has since diversified, as has industry in
general. Important manufacturing industries include the aluminium smelter at Tiwai Point and the
paper mill at Mataura. Forestry, fishing and tourism are also significant industries.
Of the estimated 5,311 businesses operating within the region, 10.2 percent were in the agriculture,
forestry and fishing industries (compared with 4.4 percent nationally).11 There were also a significantly
larger proportion of business in the mining, retail trade and education industries and a much smaller
proportion of business in the property and business services industry.
Energy
The Manapouri hydro electric power station in Southland is the largest hydro electric power station
in terms of both capacity and energy generation. In the year ended 30 June 1996, it had a capacity
of 600 megawatts.
Southland is the third-largest coal-producing region in New Zealand after Waikato and the West
Coast. Deposits are both bituminous and lignite coal. The region’s main coal deposits are in the west
and east of the region. In 1994, Southland produced 150,058 tonnes of sub-bituminous coal and
51,402 tonnes of lignite, accounting for 6.6 percent of total New Zealand coal production.
Minerals
Mineral deposits are widespread throughout the region, but although there are substantial quantities,
they are difficult to mine. Gold has also been found over much of Southland. Alluvial gold mining
occurs in the region, with Nokomai being the fourth-largest field in New Zealand (producing
around 0.75 tonnes of gold annually). There are deposits of tin on Stewart Island. Southland has
large reserves of limestone.
Agriculture
Southland’s fertile land provides prosperous conditions for farming. Historically, settlers from Otago
and gold miners after the gold rush moved to Southland to farm the land. Communities were built
to service farms and were dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Today, agriculture continues
to be the region’s dominant industry. At the time of the 1996 Census, 20.4 percent of Southland’s
employed population were engaged in the agriculture industry (including services to agriculture).
This proportion increased from 18.3 percent in 1986. In comparison only 8.9 percent of the
employed population were employed in this industry nationally.
11
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Annual Business Frame Update.
23
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
Southland’s agricultural output increased dramatically after World War I. Government-assisted
land development schemes and the abundant use of lime and superphosphate resulted in a steady
increase in sheep numbers from 1.7 million in 1919 to 5.4 million 40 years later. At 30 June 1996,
Southland had approximately 7.5 million sheep, accounting for 15.8 percent of New Zealand’s
sheep population.12 Today, Southland’s four freezing works process seven million sheep and lambs
per year.
As at 30 June 1996, there were 4,368 farms in the region covering an area of 12,376 square
kilometres. The high incidence of livestock farming has resulted in an average farm size of 283
hectares, slightly larger than the national average of 251 hectares.
Figure 16.11
Percentage of Farms with Livestock for Southland,
Year Ended June 1996
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Agricultural Production Survey, year ended June 1996
Although sheep are still the predominant stock, there have been significant increases in dairy
cattle, beef cattle and deer farming. The rapid increase in dairy farming resulted in the commissioning
of a new milk powder plant in the 1994/1995 season and a new casein plant which opened in 1996.
Southland has a number of meat processing and exporting plants and operates the largest sheep and
lamb processing plant in the world, located at Lorneville.
Diversification in horticulture is occurring within the region with increased plantings of cool
climate crops such as oats and barley.
Forestry
The forestry industry in Southland is developing. Planted production forest accounted for 65,947
hectares at 1 April 1997.13 Southland’s planted production is relatively young, almost half being
aged 5 years or less. The region has relatively more douglas fir and hardwood species than the
average for New Zealand, and less radiata pine. In some areas of Southland particular altitudes and
a cooler climate are more suited to douglas fir than radiata pine. A high proportion of hardwood
species in the region can be attributed to the export of hardwood chips to Japan.
12
13
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Agriculture Statistics.
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
24
Figure 16.12
Species of Planted Production Forest for Southland,
1 April 1997
Radiata pine
Douglas fir
Other softwoods
Hardwoods
Southland
(percent)
New Zealand
(percent)
69.2
14.5
2.5
13.8
90.8
4.6
2.0
2.6
Source: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Most of the region’s planted forest can be found on inland hill country. A medium density
fibreboard plant has been constructed south of Mataura and produces fibreboard. Timber is
processed at sawmills in western and eastern Southland.
Forestry, being a relatively new industry to the region, employs a similar proportion of people as are
employed nationally. However, this is expected to increase.
Fishing
Fishing is also a significant industry in Southland. The main species caught commercially are blue
cod and crayfish. The oyster beds of Foveaux Strait are a major economic resource. Salmon farming
is an established industry on Stewart Island (Rakiura) and mussel farming is increasing within the
region.
Southland is served by the Port of Bluff, 27 kilometres south of Invercargill. Bluff is an all-weather
mechanised port with a prosperous fishing fleet which harvests Bluff oysters from Foveaux Strait.
The proportion of people employed in the commercial fishing industry (0.7 percent compared with
0.3 percent nationally) reflects the significance of the fishing industry.
Manufacturing
Although there were fewer than the national percentage of businesses operating within the
manufacturing industry, some of these businesses employed large numbers of people. Consequently,
Southland had the highest proportion of full-time equivalent people employed in the manufacturing
industry. At the time of the 1996 Census, Southland had 17.7 percent of employed people working
in this industry (compared with 15.2 percent nationally), more than any other region. The nexthighest regions, Canterbury and Auckland, both had 17.4 percent employed in the manufacturing
industry.
New Zealand’s only aluminium smelter is at Tiwai Point, near Bluff, powered by electricity from the
vast underground power station at Lake Manapouri. Most of the metal product is exported to Japan
and other Asian countries but fabrication and foil products are made for local consumption. The
aluminium smelter has resulted in a larger proportion of people being employed in the metal product
manufacturing industry (3.6 percent compared with 1.7 percent nationally) and contributes
significantly to the Southland and New Zealand economy.
25
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
Buildings
The number of building consents (new and altered) in Southland has been lower than the national
average.14 The number of new consents decreased by 21.2 percent between 1994 and 1997,
compared with a 12.9 percent increase nationally. During the same period the value of new building
consents decreased 5.3 percent compared with a national increase of 27.0 percent.
Average house prices were low in the region: Southland District $75,003, Gore District $63,367
and Invercargill City $81,943 for the six months ending December 1997, compared with $178,996
nationally15 for the same period.
Figure 16.13
Average House Prices in Southland Territorial Authorities,
Six Months Ended December 1997
Source: Valuation New Zealand
Retail trade
While national growth in retail trade increased by 0.7 percent between December 1996 and
December 1997, retail trade growth in Southland increased by only 0.5 percent.16 However, this was
a significant increase from the same period one year previously, when Southland experienced a
decline in retail trade of 1.8 percent compared with 2.5 percent growth nationally. Retail trade for
the March quarter in 1998 was worth $255.5 million.
Tourism
Southland’s tourism industry is an important and growing industry. Between September 1996 and
June 1998 the region averaged 142,766 guest nights per quarter, accounting for 2.6 percent of total
guest nights nationally.17 The total number of guest nights increased by 4.2 percent between the
December quarter in 1996 and the December quarter in 1997, compared with an increase of only
1.5 percent nationally.
14
15
16
17
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Building Consents.
Source: Quotable Value New Zealand.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Retail Trade Survey.
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Accommodation Survey.
New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
26
Transport
For the six months ending June 1998, the Port of Invercargill (Bluff) loaded 245,500 tonnes, or
$432.5 million worth of cargo. During the same period it unloaded 497,000 tonnes, or $191.2
million worth of cargo.18 The region is also served by an airport located near Invercargill.
Southland has a relatively well-developed roading system. With 10.0 percent of the total road
length of 7,229.9 kilometres being state highways and 81.7 percent being rural roads, the roading
structure of the region is predominantly rural. Traffic volumes are low - 829 million vehiclekilometres per year (see glossary)19 - reflecting Southland’s sparse population distribution.
According to the 1996 Census, households in Southland are slightly more likely to have access to a
vehicle than households nationally. Of private households, 46.2 percent had access to two or more
motor vehicles, compared with 45.2 percent nationally.
Although there has been a national trend towards a decline in casualties as a result of road
accidents, the number of casualties in Southland has varied. In 1980 there were 493 casualties in
the region compared with 411 casualties in 1996. During this period the largest number of casualties
occurred in 1981 when there were 556, and the fewest number occurred in 1988 when there were
314. In 1996, of the 411 casualties, 13 people died on Southland roads.20
Figure 16.14
Road Casualties (Fatal and Injury) for Southland
Source: Land Transport Safety Authority
18
19
20
Source: Statistics New Zealand, Overseas Cargo Statistics.
Source: Road Safety Atlas, Land Transport Safety Authority, Wellington, 1996.
Source: Land Transport Safety Authority.
27
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Southland
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New Zealand- A Regional Profile
Southland
28
Definitions
Adult
Person aged 15 years and over.
Birth (fertility) rate
A measure expressing the number of births in relation to the size of the population from which these
births arose.
Census
A type of survey in which all members of a given population provide information at a given time.
These units may be people, companies, buildings, local authorities, etc. Statistics New Zealand
carries out a range of censuses at regular intervals, such as the Census of Population and Dwellings,
(at five-yearly intervals).
Child
Person under 15 years of age.
Country road
Defined by the Land Transport Safety Authority as a road with a posted speed limit of 70 km/h or
more.
Couple
Two persons who usually reside together, and are married or living in a consensual union.
Death (mortality) rate
A measure expressing the number of deaths in relation to the size of the population in which
these deaths occurred.
De facto population
The population enumerated in terms of its actual place of residence at a given time. Visitors from
overseas, who are in New Zealand on census night, are included in the de facto population. Thus
the de facto population is different from the usually resident population, which refers to people
who usually live in New Zealand.
Density (of population)
Average number of persons per square kilometre in a particular locality.
Dependency ratio
An indication of the burden of non-workers on workers. The conventional measure of dependency
is the sum of people aged 0-14 years and 65 years or more as a ratio of the number of people aged 1564 years. The child dependency ratio is the number of people aged 0-14 years as a ratio of the
number of people aged 15-64 years. The elderly dependency ratio is the number of people aged 65
years or over as a ratio of the number of people aged 15-64 years. The labour force dependency
29
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
ratio is the sum of people aged 0-14 years and the number of people not in the labour force as a ratio
of the number of people in the labour force. The advantage of the latter is that it takes into account
variations in the labour force participation of women, and changes in the age at entry and age at
retirement from the labour force. The employment dependency ratio is the sum of people aged 014 years and people who are not employed (including those not in the labour force and those who
are unemployed) as a ratio of the number of people who are employed. This has the additional
advantage of taking into account changing levels of unemployment.
Dependent child
Person aged under 18 years who is not employed full-time.
Elderly
Person aged 65 years and over.
Employment status
A person’s status within the labour force. Including those in full- and part-time employment: paid
employee; self-employed and without employees; employer; and unpaid family worker.
Ethnicity / ethnic responses
The ethnic group or groups that people identify with or feel they belong to. Thus, ethnicity is selfperceived and people can belong to more than one ethnic group meaning that the total number of
ethnic responses for the target population will often exceed the actual number of people. Furthermore,
this affects percentages, in that they will often sum to more than 100 percent. An ethnic group is
defined as a social group whose members have the following characteristics:
share a sense of common origins
·
·
·
·
claim a common and distinctive history and destiny
possess one or more dimensions of collective cultural individuality
feel a sense of unique collective solidarity.
Life expectancy
The average number of years that a person could expect to live from a given age if a given set of agespecific mortality rates are applied without change for each successive year. Conceptually, it equals
the number of years of life remaining to all persons reaching a specified age in a life table, divided by
the number of persons reaching that age. The expectation of life is derived from a life table.
Family
A family consists of two or more people, who are members of the same household, and who comprise
either a couple, or at least one parent role/child relationship, or both.
Full-time
Persons working 30 hours or more a week.
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
30
Full-time equivalent
Full-time equivalents are all full-time employees plus one-half of all part-time employees.
Guest nights
A guest night is equivalent to one guest spending one night at an establishment. For example, a
motel with 15 guests spending two nights each would report provision of 30 guest nights of
accommodation.
Household
One person who usually resides alone, or two or more people who usually reside together and share
facilities (such as eating facilities, cooking facilities, bathroom and toilet facilities, a living area).
Household operation
The household operation category (for household expenditure) covers the cost of running a
household, and includes items such as heating, the purchase of household items (eg furniture) and
any non-food household services.
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age registered during a year per 1000 live births
during the same year. It should be noted that some of the infant deaths in the numerator of the
infant mortality rate occur to infants born in the year prior to that for which the infant death rate is
computed. Hence, the measure is only an approximation of the true risk of mortality during the year
of birth.
Labour force
Persons aged 15 years and over who:
regularly work for one or more hours a week for financial gain
·
·
·
are unpaid working in a family business
are unemployed and actively seeking either part-time or full-time work.
Labour force participation rate
The percentage of the total population aged 15 years or over who are in the labour force.
Institutionalised people and those in the armed forces are sometimes excluded.
Median
The value which divides a distribution or array so that an equal number of items is on either side of
it. For example, the median age is the specified age where one half of the population is older and one
half is younger.
Migrant
A person moving from one place to another. A return migrant is a person who moves back to their
place of origin.
31
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
Migration
Net overseas migration
The number of overseas arrivals into a country, less the number of overseas departures from a
country. When there are more arrivals than departures it is known as net immigration, and when
there are more departures than arrivals it is net emigration.
Net internal migration
Internal migration is determined by matching details supplied in the “usual address five years ago”
question on the census form against the current usual address. If the two are the same, then the
person is classified as a non-mover. If there are differences, then it is assumed that the person has
changed where they usually live. Internal migration recorded in this way tends to under-estimate
the true magnitude of movements that have taken place. This is because the census only looks at
two points in time, and there is no record of any other movements which may have occurred in
between. For example, multiple moves by a single person will be missed, as will return migration,
moves by people who have subsequently died, been born, or moved overseas since the 1991 Census.
A number of groups within the population are excluded from census-based internal migration analysis
because they have no previous address available. This could be due to a variety of reasons, including
being overseas at the time, being born after the 1991 Census, or providing a previous address which
could not be coded to an area. Overall, around 4 in every 5 New Zealanders were able to be included
in an analysis of internal migration flows between 1991 and 1996.
Natural increase
The excess of births over deaths. When deaths exceed births, there is what may be called a negative
natural increase or natural decrease.
New Zealand
Geographic New Zealand, that is, the North Island, South Island, and adjacent islands. Persons on
board ship in New Zealand ports or territorial waters are included in regional council area, North
and South Island, and New Zealand populations, but not in those of smaller administrative or
statistical units.
Non-private dwelling
A building or structure in which a number of generally unrelated people (either individuals or
families) live. Includes institutions and group-living quarters: hotels, motels, hospitals, prisons, hostels,
motor camps, boarding houses, ships and trains. They usually have common cooking and dining
facilities. Lounge rooms and dormitories can also be shared by the occupants.
Occupancy rate (for accommodation providers)
These are calculated by dividing stay unit nights occupied by stay unit nights available (a stay unit
is the unit of accommodation charged out to guests). If a motel had six of its ten units occupied
every night in July, it had 6 x 31 = 186 stay unit nights occupied. Its stay unit nights available
(capacity) would have been 10 x 31 = 310. So its occupancy rate would be 60 percent (186 / 310
x 100).
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
32
Occupation
A set of jobs which involve the performance of a common set of tasks. It refers to the job, trade,
profession or type of work in which a person is employed for financial reward or as an unpaid worker
in a family business.
Part-time
Persons working less than 30 hours a week.
People not in the labour force
People who were not in the categories employed or unemployed. This category includes people who
were solely engaged in home duties, retired people, pensioners, people in institutions (hospitals,
gaols, sanatoriums, etc), trainee teachers, students and children under 15 years.
Permanent dwelling
A building or structure that is both fixed in location and of durable construction. This includes
houses, flats, baches, hotels and hospitals, but excludes tents, houseboats and caravans.
Population projections
Estimates of the future size and other demographic characteristics of a population, based on an
assessment of past trends and assumptions about the future course of demographic behaviour (fertility,
mortality and net migration).
Private dwelling
A building or structure in which one person usually resides alone, or two or more people usually
reside together and share facilities (such as eating facilities, cooking facilities, bathroom and toilet
facilities, a living area).
Ratio
A quotient which indicates the relative size of one number to another.
Regional council area (region)
The Local Government Amendment Act (No 3) 1988 provides for the constitution of these regions.
The geographical boundaries conform as far as practical to the boundaries of one or more water
catchments. Consideration was also given to regional communities of interest, civil defence, natural
resource management, land use planning, port facilities and environmental matters. At 31 March
1992, there were fourteen regions covering every territorial authority area in New Zealand except
for Chatham Islands District.
At 1 July 1992, the number of regions increased to sixteen following boundary reorganisation in the
northern South Island. Twelve of these regions are administered by regional councils while the
Gisborne, Tasman, Nelson and Marlborough Regions are administered by their respective district/
city councils. The boundaries of territorial authority areas are generally the same as regional council
area boundaries, although there are eight instances where territorial boundaries straddle regional
boundaries.
33
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
Regional council boundaries extend out to the Coastal Marine Area which is the seabed from the
line of mean high water spring tides extending to the territorial (12 mile) limit.
Rural area
An area not specifically designated as “urban”. This includes towns of fewer than 1,000 population
plus district territory where this is not included in an urban area. Rural areas also include offshore
islands.
Territorial authority areas
The smallest local government entities, created by the local government reorganisation that took
effect on 1 November 1989. There is a total of 74 territorial authority areas, comprising 15 cities and
59 districts.
A city must have a minimum population of 50,000 persons and be predominantly urban in character,
while a district serves a combination of rural and urban communities. The boundaries of territorial
authority areas are defined according to “community of interest” considerations to each other and
the ability of the unit to efficiently service its community.
Unemployment rate
For any group, the number of unemployed expressed as a percentage of the labour force (employed
plus unemployed) in the same group.
Unpaid work. Hours of unpaid work performed outside the household in the 4 weeks prior to the
1996 Census.
Urban area
A non-administrative area with urban characteristics and high to moderate concentration of
population. The classification of urban areas was revised for the 1991 Census of Population and
Dwellings, and comprises a three-part classification consisting of main, secondary and minor urban
areas, differentiated by population size:
(i)
Main urban areas - centres with populations of 30,000 or more. There are currently fifteen
main urban areas, eleven in the North Island and four in the South. Auckland, Wellington,
Hamilton and Napier-Hastings are further subdivided into zones.
(ii)
Secondary urban areas - centres with populations between 10,000 and 29,999. There are
currently fifteen secondary urban areas including Timaru, formerly a main urban area.
(iii)
Minor urban areas - centres with populations of 1,000 or more not already classified as
urban (ie not falling within a main or secondary urban area). There are currently ninetynine
minor urban areas and together with the above two categories they constitute the urban
population of New Zealand.
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
34
Usually resident (de jure) population
The legal population of a locality. The de jure population at census is obtained by assigning all
persons to their usual place of residence. Overseas residents who are temporarily in New Zealand on
census night are excluded from the population, while those persons normally resident in an area in
New Zealand but who were enumerated elsewhere in New Zealand on census night are relocated to
their usual address.
Vehicle-kilometre
A vehicle-kilometre occurs when one vehicle travels a distance of one kilometre.
Vitals
Events such as births, deaths and marriages which influence the numbers of a population.
Working-age population. People aged 15-64 years.
35
New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Definitions
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New Zealand - A Regional Profile
Bibliography
36
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publication, Date of publication
·
·
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·
·
·
·
·
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McLauchlan, Gordon (ed.), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of New Zealand, David Bateman Ltd,
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