Exotic marine pests in Portland harbour and environs.
G. D. Parry, D. R. Currie and D. P. Crookes
March 1997
Exotic marine pests in Portland harbour and environs.
G. D. Parry, D. R. Currie and D. P. Crookes
Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute
Technical Report No. 1
March 1997
Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute
PO Box 114
Queenscliff 3225
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
1
SUMMARY
3
1. BACKGROUND
4
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF PORTLAND
2.2 Shipping movements
2.3 Port development and maintenance activities.
5
5
6
3. EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
7
4. SURVEY METHODS
8
4.1 Phytoplankton
4.11 Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species.
4.12 Phytoplankton sampling
8
8
8
4.2 Trapping
8
4.3 Zooplankton
9
4.4 Diver observations and collections on wharf piles
9
4.5 Visual searches
9
4.7 Benthic infauna
10
4.8 Seine netting
10
4.9 Sediment analysis
10
5. PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
10
6. SURVEY RESULTS
11
6.1 Port environment
11
6.2 Introduced species in port
11
7. IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES
16
8. ORIGIN AND POSSIBLE VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC SPECIES
FOUND IN THE PORT.
16
9. INFLUENCES OF THE PORT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURVIVAL OF INTRODUCED
SPECIES.
16
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
17
1
REFERENCES
18
TABLES 1-7
FIGURES 1-6
APPENDICES 1 & 2
2
SUMMARY
The Port of Portland was surveyed for introduced species between 29 April and 5 May
1996. The survey focused on habitats that were likely to be colonised by introduced
species and a variety of techniques were used to detect exotic species, but potential ‘pest’
species were targeted particularly. Within the resources available, the survey followed
guidelines produced by the CSIRO Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests
(CRIMP). The following exotic species were found in the Port of Portland: the toxic
dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, the bottom-dwelling sabellid tube worms
Euchone sp.1 and Myxicola infundibulum, the bottom-dwelling molluscs Corbula gibba,
Musculista senhousia and Theora lubrica, the bryozoans Bugula dentata, Bugula
neritina and Watersipora subtorquata.
Euchone sp.1 is a small (25 mm) worm with a mean density in Portland harbour of
>2000/m2. Euchone sp.1 was the only confirmed exotic species in Portland harbour that
was abundant enough to cause significant ecological impact. Unfortunately very little is
known about the ecology of this species, indeed the species is undescribed and its country
of origin is presently unknown. The presence of Alexandrium tamarense in the harbour is
of concern as blooms of this species may result in paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), a
potentially fatal human illness that can effect shellfish consumers.
Most ports are located on sheltered shores hence most species in ballast water are likely
to be poorly suited to exposed coasts. The very exposed coastline surrounding the Port of
Portland and the rapid (~17 day) flushing of the harbour appear to reduce the risk of
introducing exotic species with long larval periods. Such species, which are the most
likely to be translocated across natural barriers by shipping, may have difficulty
establishing in Portland harbour, as even if conditions are suitable within the harbour,
most of their larvae will be flushed out of the harbour into unsuitable habitat. Portland
harbour remains vulnerable to introductions of hull fouling species.
3
1.
BACKGROUND
The transfer of species across natural oceanic barriers by international shipping has led
Carlton and Geller (1993) to suggest that bays, estuaries and inland deepwater ports may
be amongst the world’s most threatened ecosystems. Major disruptions to the Great Lakes
have been caused by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, which occurs in densities
up to 700,000/m2 (Griffiths et al. 1991; Strayer 1991) and to fisheries in the Black Sea by
the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi (Vinogradov et al. 1989), which within two years of its
establishment had a biomass of 1.5-2 kg/m2, an order of magnitude greater than that of all
other plankton.
All exotic species alter natural interactions in the invaded ecosystems, but not all pose
serious threats to these ecosystems. Unfortunately identifying species likely to establish
in new ecosystems is difficult, as is predicting their likely impact (Hengeveld 1989).
There are now ~20 species that are known to have established in Victoria (Coleman and
Sinclair 1996). Not all of these species appear to be causing major disruptions but a
number of species are causing concern as they occur in large numbers.
Recognition that exotic species introduced into Victorian waters may be causing
significant ecological effects on our coastal environments resulted in the formation of the
Victorian Ballast Water Working Group (VBWWG) in 1994. This group included
representatives from Environment Protection Authority (EPA), Department of Natural
Resources and Environment (NRE), Port of Melbourne Authority (PMA) and the
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS). VBWWG commissioned two
studies in 1995. The first of these (Walters 1996) was a desk study to document patterns
of visitation and ballast water discharge by shipping in Victorian ports. The second study
was to document the exotic species which had established in each of Victoria's ports and
is described in part in this report. This report describes the results of a field survey for
exotic species in the Port of Portland, and subsequent reports will describe exotic species
in other Victorian ports.
Concern about the impact of exotic species throughout all coastal regions of Australia
and particularly near ports, resulted in the establishment of the Centre for Research on
Introduced Marine Pests (CRIMP) within the Fisheries Division of the CSIRO in 1994.
One of their primary tasks is to establish the distribution of all marine pest species in
Australia by surveying all of Australia's ports. The survey reported here was designed in
June 1995 but revised in April 1996 following the release of CRIMP guidelines for the
conduct of port surveys for exotic species. These guidelines were used as the basis for the
design of the survey of the Port of Portland, but there are some minor differences between
the guidelines and this survey. These differences resulted from small differences in the
dimensions and type of gear available, a greater emphasis on benthic species (as our
experience in Port Phillip Bay suggested they may be particularly important in Victoria)
and constraints on funding. In most instances the sampling intensity proposed in the
CRIMP guidelines were followed but limited resources meant that in some instances only
a sub-sample of the samples collected were analysed.
A variety of sampling techniques were used to sample a large range of habitats for exotic
species. Potential ‘pest’ species were targeted particularly. Sampling strategies were
designed to detect species listed on the Australian Ballast Water Management Advisory
Council (ABWMAC) schedule of target introduced ‘pest’ species, including
Gymnodinium and Alexandrium sp. (toxic dinoflagellates), Undaria pinnatifida
4
(Japanese seaweed), Asterias amurensis (Northern Pacific seastar), Sabella spallanzanii
(Giant fan worm) and Carcinus maenus (European shore crab), but not Vibrio cholera
(Cholera bacterium) and fish pathogens, although they are also on the ABWMAC
schedule. In addition, recent research in Port Phillip Bay confirmed the presence of the
exotic bivalve Theora lubrica and identified four newly established, abundant and
potentially damaging pest species, the small sabellid polychaete worm Euchone sp.1, the
bivalves Corbula gibba (Currie and Parry 1996) and Musculista senhousia, and the majid
crab Pyromaia tuberculata (Coleman and Sinclair 1996). These five benthic species
were also targeted in our survey.
2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PORT OF PORTLAND
The Port of Portland is midway between Adelaide and Melbourne. The harbour basin has
an area of 101 ha and is enclosed by two breakwaters, each greater than 1 km in length
(Fig.1). The harbour contains six shipping berths, berths for commercial fishing vessels, a
marina for recreational vessels and a slipway for small vessels (Fig. 1).
Within the port the following habitats were recorded: sandy beaches, muddy sediments,
seagrass (Heterozostera tasmanica) beds, basalt boulder breakwaters, concrete, steel and
timber piles and wharf structures. A small creek discharges within the port creating a
small estuarine area. Previous studies of habitats within 5 km of Portland harbour (Alcoa
and Kinhill 1980) indicated that sandy, silty and seagrass beds occurred as well as areas
of solid and patchy reef.
The port is located on an extremely exposed coastline. While Point Danger to the south
provides some protection to the port from prevailing south westerly swells the region
immediately surrounding the port is frequently subject to large swells and waves.
2.1
Shipping movements
The movement of shipping in all Victorian ports between August 1994 and July 1995 was
recently documented by Walters (1996), which provides the source for the following
summary.
The Port of Portland has fewer ship visits than other Victorian ports (Geelong, Melbourne
and Hastings), but the 1.1 million tonnes of ballast discharged annually in Portland is
similar to the amount discharged in other Victorian ports (1.1-2.3 million tonnes
annually). Many of the ships visiting Portland are bulk carriers which arrive unloaded and
discharge all their ballast during loading. In the Port of Melbourne there are many more
ship visits, but most ships discharge minimal ballast as they both load and unload cargo.
Approximately 42% of ships visiting Portland between August 1994 and July 1995 had
an international last port of call. Of these 37 % were from Japan (mostly woodchip
carriers), 12 % were from Gulf ports, 9 % were from British Columbia, 9 % were from
USA and 4 % were from New Zealand. Most ballast from ships with a domestic last port
of call was discharged from ships from Launceston, Kwinana, Newcastle and Geelong.
Most of these ships were bulk carriers loading cargo and were likely to be carrying ballast
from overseas ports.
5
In recent years there has been a marked increase in the seasonal movement of commercial
fishing vessels from Port Phillip Bay to Portland to engage in the offshore squid fishery.
Increased movement of vessels between these ports increases the likelihood of the
introduction of the exotic Sabella spallanzanii from Port Phillip Bay. Maturation of fast
growth blue gum plantations near Portland is anticipated to result in increased woodchip
exports from 2005 onwards. These increased exports will increase the risk of further
introductions of exotic species, especially from south east asia, as woodchip vessels
contain large amounts of ballast and usually have rapid transit times.
2.2
Port development and maintenance activities.
The likelihood of establishment of exotic species in ports will typically increase with the
amount of shipping and the amount of ballast discharged due to the increased number of
introductions. However most exotic species do not become established either because the
physical environment is unsuitable or because the native biological community resists the
invasion. It is a well-established ecological phenomenon that undisturbed communities of
competitive dominants resist recruitment of other species, which typically require newly
opened space to gain a foothold (Vermeij 1991). Consequently the likelihood of
establishment of exotic species may also depend on port practices and in particular on
those practices that remove competitive dominants and create unoccupied space. Port
practices have been documented in an effort to determine whether differences in practices
between ports may explain any differences in the frequency of establishment of exotics in
different Australian ports, and to bring these practices to the attention of port authorities.
At least some port practices which create unoccupied space within port areas may be able
to be modified at minimal expense, without the need for longterm studies that
categorically demonstrate their benefits in reducing the establishment rates of exotic
species. The more important port disturbances that create unoccupied space are
documented in Table 1.
There do not appear to be any published studies documenting preferential establishment
of exotics in disturbed regions of harbours. However observations of the distribution of
the exotic tubeworm Sabella spallanzanii in the Queenscliff region suggest that this
species establishes more readily where there is more unoccupied space. Within
Queenscliff ‘Creek’ Sabella is only abundant on corroded steel walls with large amounts
of bare space, it is not found on adjacent concrete piles which are covered entirely by
Pyura. Similarly 50-60 Sabella were collected from the sparsely encrusted wall of the
main seawater storage tank at MAFRI in 1995 and 1996, but no Sabella were found on
sponge-encrusted piles of Queenscliff pier immediately adjacent to the intake to this
storage tank.
2.21
Dredging and spoil dumping
Most of the spoil dredged from within the harbour has been used as landfill to reclaim
land within the port boundaries. A small percentage (~1%) of dredge spoil was dumped
outside the port area when the land crane used for reclamation was inoperative and when
the dump area within the port was full. Spoil in excess of landfill requirements was
removed from the port with a barge and deposited within an area of approximately 1 km2
due north of the lee breakwater. This area has not been used for disposal of dredge spoil
since 1991.
6
The main breakwater forms a headland which traps sand moving along the coast.
Consequently sand is dredged from near the harbour entrance to maintain the depth
necessary for safe passage of shipping. In May 1990, 250,000 m3 of sand was dredged
from near the harbour entrance and along the main breakwater. Most of this sand
(200,000 m3) was dumped on the shore immediately north of the lee breakwater but
50,000 m3 was dumped in 750 × 750 m area located 3 km due north of the lee
breakwater (CEE 1991). Since 1994 a sand bypass system has been in operation near the
port entrance. Between early 1994 and September 1996 231,000 m3 of sand was pumped
from near the harbour entrance to Anderson Point a headland 2 km north of the base of
the lee breakwater.
2.22
Pile construction and cleaning
Wharf piles must often be the primary site of establishment, particularly of hull fouling
species. The construction material of these piles (Table 1) may influence the provision of
unoccupied space and hence the invasibility of the communities growing on these piles.
Corroded steel piles would seem the least desirable. The six berths are constructed of
reinforced concrete (2 berths), steel only (1 berth) and steel covered by a concrete sleeve
to a depth of 1 m below low water to minimise corrosion (3 berths). Two of these latter
three berths also have cathodic protection which further minimises corrosion (Table 1).
The Port of Portland has no maintenance program to scrape piles to remove encrusting
organisms.
3.
EXISTING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
There have been several biological surveys of marine biota in the Portland area. Previous
studies have either included Portland as part of a regional survey of the Victorian outer
coast (Bennett and Pope 1953; Marine Research Group of Victoria 1984) or have
considered the biota as part of a particular environmental impact assessment in the
Portland region. Unpublished reports of biological surveys that form part of various
environmental impact assessments undertaken by marine environmental consultants,
particularly Marine Science and Ecology (MSE 1979, 1983, 1994; Alcoa and Kinhill
1980; CEE 1991) were examined. In none of the above studies were exotic species
identified explicitly, and the level of taxonomic detail required for impact assessments
was unlikely to reveal any but the most conspicuous exotic species. In December 1993
divers surveyed nine 200-1000 m transects within and near Portland Harbour (MSE
1994). Exotic species conspicuous to divers such as the tubeworm Sabella spallanzanii
and kelp Undaria pinnatifida were not observed, although the native kelp Ecklonia
radiata was abundant on the inner and outer lee breakwater (MSE 1994). Similarly in an
earlier study (Alcoa and Kinhill 1980) all the Victorian kelps (Durvillea potoratum,
Ecklonia radiata, Macrocystis angustifolia, Phyllospora comosa) were recorded but
Undaria was not and only E. radiata was recorded by (CEE 1991).
Two species with cosmopolitan distributions, that are probably exotics in Portland
Harbour, the bryozoan Bugula dentata and the polychaete worm Myxicola infundibulum
have been recorded (MSE 1994).
7
Sabellidae were found at 3 of 9 sites sampled in Portland harbour in the late 1970s
(Alcoa and Kinhill 1980). These taxa may be exotics (Euchone sp.1 or Myxicola), but
their specific identity was never determined and specimens have now been discarded
(Harry Houridis, MSE, personal communication).
The only previous study of Portland harbour to explicitly consider exotic species was an
unpublished field survey for Sabella spallanzanii undertaken in 1994 after a barge that
had previously been moored at Queenscliff was slipped in Portland harbour and found to
be heavily fouled with S. spallanzanii. Volunteer divers who undertook this survey did
not find any S. spallanzanii in the harbour.
4.
SURVEY METHODS
The wide range of methods used in this survey are summarised in Table 2.
4.1
Phytoplankton
4.11
Sediment sampling for cyst-forming species.
Sediment cores were taken by divers on 3 and 4 May 1996 using 20 cm long plastic tubes
with a 25 mm internal diameter. Sediment tubes were capped with bungs and kept upright
in a refrigerator or on ice until delivered to the Australian Government Analytical
Laboratory on 7 May 1996. Sediment cores were taken at the base of pylons at berth 1 (4
cores, Site 15, Fig. 2), berth 2 (3 cores, Site 12, Fig. 2) and at the western end of berth 6
(3 cores, Site 9, Fig. 2).
4.12
Phytoplankton sampling
Three phytoplankton samples were collected using vertical tows of a small 20 µm
plankton net. Samples were collected from the trawler wharf (Fig. 1) on 5 May 1996.
Samples were maintained on ice and examined live by Dr David Hill (Botany
Department, University of Melbourne).
4.2
Trapping
Traps of three different sizes, intended to catch crabs, shrimp and scavenging organisms,
were deployed at 14 sites (Fig. 3) between 1 and 4 May 1996 within Portland harbour.
The largest traps were oval-shaped “Opera-house” design crab/yabby traps (65 cm × 46
cm × 23 cm) covered in 2 cm mesh net, shrimp traps were rectangular (43 cm × 25 cm ×
25 cm) and covered in fine 2-5 mm mesh net, and the scavenger traps were constructed of
a 35 cm length of 10 cm diameter pvc pipe with a funnel at one end and a 1 mm plankton
mesh covering the other. Traps baited with pilchard or lobster tail were deployed
overnight and on most occasions a set of 3 traps (crab, shrimp, scavenger) were deployed
at each site.
8
4.3
Zooplankton
Zooplankton was collected using a 3 m long × 60 cm diameter, 300 µm mesh plankton
net. A small boat was used to undertake six 10 min plankton tows on 3 May 1996 near
berth 6 (Fig. 1). Three samples were collected during daylight between 1400 and 1600 hrs
and three were collected at night between 1900 and 2000 hrs. Samples were fixed in 10%
formalin and have been archived.
4.4
Diver observations and collections on wharf piles
Semi-quantitative sampling was undertaken on three piles on the smelter berth (Sites 1-3,
Fig 2), the Patterson wharf (Sites 4-6, Fig. 2), east of berth 6 (Sites 7-9, Fig. 2), berth 2
(Sites 10-12, Fig 2) and berth 1 (Sites 13-15, Fig. 2). The three piles (sites) surveyed on
each berth were located at least one pile from the end of each wharf and were separated
by 2 or 3 piles. On each sampled pile a bungee cord was used to fix a weighted cord
marked at 1 m intervals near the low water mark. A Panasonic NV MS95 SVHS video
movie camera was used to record the marine fouling on each of these piles and care was
taken to include the marked cord in the video to ensure depth was continuously recorded.
At depths of -0.5 m, -3 m and -7 m two photographs of fouling organisms (each 14 ×17
cm in area) were taken using a Nikonos Mark IVA underwater camera fitted with a 28
mm lens. An area 30 × 40 cm that included the areas photographed was then scraped with
a dive knife and all attached fouling organisms collected in a mesh bag and subsequently
fixed in 10% formalin. To prevent loss of spicules sponges from berth 1 were preserved
in 70% alcohol. Fouling organisms scraped from three depths on one pile from each berth
were identified as far as possible in the laboratory, and samples from the two other piles
sampled on each berth were archived.
Diver observations and qualitative samples were also collected by divers at five further
sites within Portland harbour and one site outside the harbour 100 m from the northern
end of the main breakwater (Fig. 2).
4.5
Visual searches
Divers examined harbour walls and pylons both of which form suitable substrates for
Sabella and Undaria during the main field survey between 29 April -5 May 1996. In
addition, on 3 and 4 October 1996 observations were made of kelps that had washed
ashore on three beaches near Portland harbour. The number of plants of all species of
kelp were counted.
4.6 Epibenthos
Epibenthos was sampled with an Ockelmann sled at 9 sites in Portland harbour and 10
outside the harbour (Figs. 4 and Fig. 5). The sled was fitted with a 1.0 cm liner and towed
for 5 min at each site. All samples were preserved in 10% formalin. All samples were
inspected on the vessel to detect large exotics vulnerable to this technique including
Asterias amurensis and Sabella spallanzanii, but only 5 samples taken within the harbour
were analysed for all species. The remaining samples were archived.
9
4.7 Benthic infauna
2
Benthic infauna was sampled using 0.1 m Smith-McIntyre grabs and diver cores. Grab
samples were taken at 15 sites within Portland harbour (Fig 5a) and 18 sites outside
Portland harbour (Fig 5b). Ten grab samples from within the harbour and five grab
samples from outside the harbour were analysed, the remaining samples were archived.
Three 86 mm diameter cores were collected by divers near the base of piles within the
harbour at the Patterson wharf, the smelter berth, berths 1 and 2, and west of berth 6 (Fig
2).
Animals from grab and core samples retained on a 1 mm sieve were examined under a
dissecting microscope and all species identified and counted.
4.8
Seine netting
A 10 mm mesh seine net, 60 m long and 1.25 m high, was used to sample inshore fish at
north and south of Henty Beach (Fig. 1). At each of these locations the net was shot at
night (1900 hrs on 3 May 1996) and during daylight (1500 hrs on 4 May 1996). The net
was shot over areas of sand and seagrass, Heterozostera tasmanica.
4.9
Sediment analysis
A 70 ml subsample of each benthic grab sample was taken in the field and frozen as soon
as practical.
4.91
Organic content analysis
A 15-25 g sample of sediment was dried in an oven at 95 °C for 24 h and then placed in a
muffle furnace at 500 °C for 24 h. The percentage organic content of the sediment was
estimated from the loss of weight on ignition in the muffle furnace.
4.92
Particle size analysis
A 20-30 g sample was wet sieved through a 63 µm sieve and the fine fraction and coarse
(sand) fraction were each dried at 95 °C for 24 h and weighed. Fall velocities and
equivalent grain sizes were measured for the sand fraction using a 2 m high automated
settling tube controlled by a Macintosh computer with software from the University of
Waikato (Greilach et al. 1995, de Lange personal communication).
5.
PUBLIC AWARENESS CAMPAIGN
The local newspaper, "Portland Observer", provided extensive front page coverage of the
exotic species survey in Portland harbour during the week of the field work. But this
report did not result in any relevant observations of exotic species from interested
members of the public.
10
6.
SURVEY RESULTS
6.1
Port environment
The Port of Portland has a temperature range of 11-19 °C + 1.5 °C and an annual salinity
range of 35.42-35.56 %o (Walters 1996). Seasonal changes in sea temperature at Port
Phillip Heads (King 1970) are similar, but Portland is subject to regular summer
upwelling events (Schahinger 1987) which may reduce sea temperatures by up to 4 °C
(Rochford 1977). A small localised reduction in salinity occurs where a creek discharges
into Portland harbour, but the influence of this discharge on salinity has not been
measured. Sediment characteristics inside and outside Portland harbour are shown in
Table 3. Of note are the high levels of organic matter in sediments within the harbour
compared to areas outside the harbour. These high levels may be the result of the
(naturally) finer sediments in the more sheltered harbour, although inputs of woodchips
and organic dust from grain loading facilities may also contribute significantly.
The flushing characteristics of Port of Portland were estimated using a simple analytical
model (Appendix 1) by Dr Bob You (MAFRI). This model considers only tidal influences
and assumes ~70% mixing during each tidal cycle. The flushing time for Portland
harbour was estimated to be approximately 17 days.
6.2
Introduced species in port
A list of all exotic species found in Portland harbour is shown in Table 4. A summary of
the mean number of all species found in the survey, except for dinoflagellates, by each
sampling method is shown in Appendix 2a. The percentage of samples containing each
taxa for each sampling method is shown in Appendix 2b.
6.21
ABWMAC target introduced species
Gymnodium & Alexandrium
Cysts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp were found in sediment cores (Table 5)
and live specimens of Alexandrium tamarense were found in phytoplankton samples
taken in Portland harbour on 5 May 1996 (Table 6). A. tamarense is probably an
introduced species and was the only species detected that may cause potentially fatal
paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). No cysts of the introduced Gymnodinium catenatum
were detected in Portland harbour (Table 5), although live specimens of the native nontoxic Gymnodinium simplex and of Gymnodinium spp. were found (Table 6).
Previous surveys of shellfish from Portland and other areas of western Victoria in July
1992 indicated they contained measurable levels of PSP toxins, but levels were below the
health limit (Arnott, MAFRI, unpublished data).
Other potentially toxic species detected were Dinophysis acuminata and D. acuta both of
which may cause diarrhoretic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Human consumption of shellfish
that have consumed large amounts of these algae will cause illness.
11
Undaria pinnatifida
Undaria pinnatifida was not identified by divers during examination of harbour walls and
pylons. Nor was Undaria observed by divers surveying the Portland area during the
preceding two decades (see section 2). Undaria was first recorded on the east coast of
Tasmania in 1988 (Sanderson 1990) and in New Zealand in 1987 (Hay and Luckens
1987). Undaria was first recorded on the Australian mainland in August 1996 (Burridge
personal communication) and it is now known to be patchily distributed in an area
approximately 1 km × 0.7 km near Kirk Point in Port Phillip Bay (Parry unpublished
data).
Divers were unlikely to have identified Undaria during our field survey in May 1996
because at this time of year Undaria exists, either mostly or exclusively, as the
microscopic gametophyte stage (Hay and Luckens 1987; Anon. 1994). The large (2 m)
sporophyte stage, recognisable by divers, probably occurs only between June/July and
February. Consequently a search for Undaria amongst kelp drift was undertaken on three
beaches near Portland in October 1996. This search revealed many specimens of four
species of native kelp but no Undaria (Table 7). Collectively all the evidence indicates
that Undaria has not established at Portland.
Asterias amurensis
Asterias was not observed by divers and none were collected in Ockelmann sleds in the
Portland area. The known distribution of Asterias in Australia includes the south eastern
region of Tasmania. No specimens have been recorded in Bass Strait, although 3
specimens have been collected by scallop dredgers in Port Phillip Bay (Parry personal
observations).
Sabella spallanzanii
No individuals were observed by divers and none were observed in Ockelmann sled
samples. Although a barge covered in Sabella is known to have been moored in Portland
harbour for a period in 1994, a population of Sabella does not appear to have established
in the harbour.
Carcinus maenus
Many crab traps were set throughout Portland harbour (Fig. 3) and while these traps
caught many crabs only the native crabs Nectocarcinus integrifrons, N. tuberculosus,
Plagusia chabrus and Paragrapsus gaimardii were caught (Appendix 2). Traps set in
shallow (2m depth) seagrass habitats, apparently suitable for Carcinus maenus, caught
many N. integrifrons but no Carcinus. Carcinus occurs in central and eastern Victoria
(Marine Research Group of Victoria 1984) as well as in South Australia (Rosenweig
1984), but has not been recorded in western Victoria. Carcinus prefers sheltered rather
than exposed shores (Crothers 1970; Joska and Branch 1986) and the exposed coastline
near Portland harbour may not provide a suitable habitat. However at least the seagrass
habitat within the sheltered harbour would appear suitable.
Carcinus is an intertidal and shallow subtidal species and it is possible that there is
minimal suitable intertidal habitat in Portland because of extremely limited and erratic
12
tidal fall. Within the harbour Carcinus may also be restricted by competition with the
aggressive native crab Nectocarcinus integrifrons which is very abundant. In Port Phillip
Bay Carcinus is confined to shallow regions, none for example have been found in the
stomach contents of fish found in depths between 7 m and 22 m, although N. integrifrons
was often eaten (Parry et al. 1995; Officer and Parry 1996). Finally the area of suitable
habitat within the harbour may be too small to sustain a species like Carcinus with a long
larval life (75 days at 10 °C and 13 days at 25 °C, Wear 1974) as nearly all larvae would
be flushed (flushing period of harbour is approx 17 days, see above) from the harbour
each breeding season.
6.22
Other targeted species
One of the purposes of this and similar surveys of exotic species in Australian ports is to
provide a better appreciation of those exotic species which are causing large impacts.
Once further information becomes available it seems likely that there will be alterations
to the ABWMAC schedule of marine pest species. Most of the pest species on the
ABWMAC schedule occur in Port Phillip Bay (Alexandrium, Asterias, Undaria, Sabella,
and Carcinus). However in Port Phillip Bay the species of most concern currently (note
Asterias is rare and Undaria was only detected in July 1996), based on their apparent
abundance and biomass (Parry personal observations) are Sabella and Corbula gibba and
possibly Euchone sp.1, Theora lubrica, Musculista senhousia and Pyromaia tuberculata.
These latter five species were targeted using Smith-McIntyre grabs but only Euchone
sp.1, Corbula, Theora and Musculista were detected and of these species only Euchone
sp.1 was abundant (Fig. 6).
Euchone sp.1
Euchone sp.1 is a small (25 mm length) sabellid worm that builds a sediment tube and
occurs in large numbers at the sediment surface. Recent research indicates that Euchone
sp. is an undescribed species (Matt Macarthur, B.Sc(Hons) student, Museum of Victoria)
with an unknown natural distribution. Within the harbour Euchone sp. 1 had the highest
numerical abundance of any species (mean density = 2127/ m2, Fig 6a) and it was found
in all 10, 0.10 m2 grabs and in 47 % of the 15, 0.006 m2 diver cores taken, but it was not
found in the 5 grabs taken outside the harbour area.
Euchone sp. 1 in Portland harbour appears to be the same species found at depths of ~15
m near St Leonards in Port Phillip Bay during 1991-92 (Currie and Parry 1996, as
Jasmineira sp.1), although the palmate membrane on the Portland specimens is
consistently longer than those from Port Phillip Bay (Matt Macarthur, personal
communication). Euchone sp.1 was not found in Port Phillip Bay during 1970-74 (Poore
et al. 1975, R. Wilson, Museum of Victoria, personal communication), but was found in
densities of up to 1000/m2 in 1991-92 (Currie and Parry 1996). During 1994/95 Wilson
(personal communication) also found this species in high densities throughout Port
Phillip Bay.
The abundance of Euchone sp.1 in Port Phillip Bay varied markedly between April 1991
and October 1992 and the highest densities occurred between January and May (Currie
and Parry 1996).
13
Corbula gibba
A single small individual (length 2.1 mm, height 1.8 mm, width 1.2 mm) was found in
one grab within the harbour (Fig. 6b). This species occurs naturally in European coastal
waters. In 1991/92 Corbula was found near St Leonards in Port Phillip Bay (Currie and
Parry 1996 as Corbula cf.coxi) where it occurred in average densities of up to 1000/m2. In
1994/95 Wilson (Museum of Victoria, personal communication) found Corbula
throughout Port Phillip Bay. Recent studies have shown that densities of Corbula exceed
7000/ m2 in parts of Port Phillip Bay (Parry unpublished data).
Musculista senhousia
One small individual (length 13 mm) was found in one grab in the harbour (Fig. 6b).
Musculista is native to the western Pacific area including Japan and China. In Port Phillip
Bay it is found principally in intertidal and shallow regions.
Theora lubrica
This species was found in 20 % (n=15) of diver cores and 60 % of benthic grabs (n=10)
within the harbour. The mean density of this species within the harbour was 13/m2.
Theora is native to the western Pacific area including Japan and China. In Port Phillip
Bay is occurs in highly aggregated patches and its abundance fluctuates considerably.
6.23
Larval duration of introduced species
The low densities of the molluscs Corbula, Musculista and Theora and absence of the
crabs Carcinus and Pyromaia, may be the result of these species having larval periods
much longer than the flushing time of Portland harbour (~17 days). Most larvae from
these species will be flushed from the harbour into the adjacent very exposed habitat
where they are unlikely to survive. The larval duration of Corbula is “long” (Jones 1956),
while larvae life of Musculista is 14-25 days (Kikuchi and Tanaka 1978; Kulikova 1978)
and Carcinus larvae spend 13 (at 25 °C )-75 (at 10 °C) days in the plankton. Information
on the larval duration of Theora and Pyromaia could not be located. But it seems likely
that the larval period for Theora is long as the adult is short-lived, and typically lives less
than 1 year (Kikuchi and Tanaka 1978) and the several larval stages of Pyromaia
(Webber and Wear 1981) also suggest that its larval duration is at least 1 month.
The larval duration of Euchone sp.1 is uncertain, but as all sabellids appear to have larval
periods of 4 days or less (Rouse and Fitzhugh 1994), few larvae will be flushed from the
harbour before they settle.
6.24
Other exotic species detected
A further 4 species that were either exotic or probably exotic species were identified
during the survey. These species included the sabellid worms Myxicola infundibulum, the
bryozoans Bugula neritina, Bugula dentata and Watersipora subtorquata.
14
Bugula neritina
This distinctive European bryzoan is one of many fouling organisms that now has a world
wide distribution. This species is known from South Australia (Shepherd and Thomas
1982) and in common with most bryozoans occurs on hard surfaces. Its current
distribution probably results from its transport on the hulls of ships.
Watersipora subtorquata
This bryozoan appears to be a New Zealand species in the subovoidea-cuculata-nigra
complex of species (C. Hewitt, CRIMP personal communication). It occurs in a narrow
band on wharf piles near the low water mark.
Myxicola infundibulum and Bugula dentata
These species are probably best described as cryptogenic (Carlton 1996) ie. species that
are neither clearly exotic nor clearly native. Both are species with cosmopolitan
distributions that have resulted from their transport on sailing ships before natural
biological communities in many parts of the world were adequately documented. Bugula
dentata occurs as a fouling organism on wharf piles and Myxicola occurs in locally high
densities within the seabed. Myxicola was found in only 2 of 15 cores taken and was not
recorded in any grab samples. While the density of this species was low in most of the
harbour there were regions of high density near berth 2.
6.25
Adequacy of survey intensity
The more samples that are taken in any biological survey the more species will be
recorded. But as additional samples are taken additional species accumulate at a
decreasing frequency, until an asymptote is approached where essentially all the species
in all the habitats have been collected. To determine the likelihood that further species
exist on wharf piles and in the benthos of Portland harbour cumulative species curves
were calculated for grab sampling (Fig. 7a) and for sampling of wharf piles (Fig. 7b). It
is clear that the benthos outside the harbour was undersampled and additional samples
would reveal many additional species (Fig 7a). However as no exotic species were found
outside the harbour it is unlikely many exotic species were overlooked. In Portland
harbour the total number of benthic species was approaching an asymptote near 10 grab
samples, although additional sampling would undoubtedly have revealed a small number
of additional species, possibly including additional rare exotic species. However it is
unlikely that any ‘pest’ species was not collected as such species must usually be
abundant to be considered a ‘pest’. It is significant that this survey included grab
sampling additional to that recommended by CRIMP and that this additional sampling
identified three species (Corbula, Musculista and Theora) that were not detected by
diver cores. However diver cores were adequate to detect the more abundant exotic
species Euchone sp.1.
Limited resources meant that not all samples on wharf piles were analysed and the
number of samples analysed was less than recommended by CRIMP, but the asymptotic
nature of the cumulative species curve for sampling of wharf piles (Fig 7b) suggests few
exotic species were unrecorded.
15
7.
IMPACT OF EXOTIC SPECIES
The impact of the majority of the exotic species on the ecology of Portland harbour
appears to be low and populations of exotics may be only barely viable. The only
introduced species that was abundant enough to cause a significant ecological effect was
Euchone sp.1. None of the other species appear abundant enough to cause more than
minor ecological changes. The identity and native distribution of this species are
unknown. Euchone sp.1 is a filterfeeder, but further research would be required to
document its impact on the native fauna and fishing in the harbour.
8.
ORIGIN AND POSSIBLE VECTORS FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF
EXOTIC SPECIES FOUND IN THE PORT.
Alexandrium (Globally widespread), Euchone (Unknown), Musculista (S. E. Asia),
Theora (S. E. Asia), Corbula (Europe), Watersipora (New Zealand?), Bugula neritina
(Globally widespread), Bugula dentata (Globally widespread) and Myxicola (Globally
widespread) all occur in Port Phillip Bay. There is considerable shipping movement
between Portland and Port Phillip Bay and as Port Phillip Bay supports much larger
populations of these species than Portland harbour this is likely to be the proximal source
at least for species in low densities. The high densities of Euchone sp.1 in Portland
harbour increase the likelihood that this could have been the proximal source of the Port
Phillip Bay population. The natural distribution of Euchone sp.1 is unknown.
Alexandrium, Musculista, Theora and Corbula were probably introduced in ballast water,
although Musculista could have been introduced on the hull of a vessel. Watersipora
(New Zealand?), Bugula neritina (Globally widespread), Bugula dentata (Globally
widespread) are all abundant fouling organisms and were probably introduced on the
hulls of vessels, possibly as early as last century. Myxicola and Euchone both have short
larval lives which makes them unlikely to be introduced in ballast water, but their means
of introduction are unknown.
9.
INFLUENCES OF THE PORT ENVIRONMENT ON THE SURVIVAL
OF INTRODUCED SPECIES.
The environment surrounding Portland harbour is unusually exposed for an international
port and this appears to have major implications for its susceptibility to the establishment
of exotic species. Typically major ports are located in sheltered areas near the mouths of
rivers, upon which large cities have established. The environment immediately
surrounding most ports is typically not very different from that within the port itself.
Consequently most ballast will contain marine larvae adapted to sheltered conditions.
Such larvae are unlikely to survive in the very exposed environment outside Portland
harbour. Significantly the species most likely to be transported in ballast across natural
oceanic boundaries are those with long larval periods, but if these species establish in
Portland harbour they are also likely to lose most of their next generation of larvae to the
unsuitable habitat surrounding the harbour. The small size of the harbour, its high rate of
flushing, and the very exposed non-port like habitat which surrounds the harbour may
16
provide a natural barrier to many exotic species becoming abundant enough in Portland
harbour to be considered pest species.
Vessels with fast transit times across the equator (eg. woodchip vessels) that may
transport species with short larval durations are the vessels most likely to introduce
species in ballast water that subsequently become pests in Portland harbour. Portland
harbour would also seem vulnerable to the establishment of pest species which are
transported on the hulls of vessels, including small fishing and recreational vessels.
Species such as Sabella and Undaria, both of which have established in nearby Port
Phillip Bay, are likely to thrive if they are transported to Portland.
Introductions of exotic species through ballast water is less likely to occur in Portland
than in most other ports because of the unique positioning of the port within an extremely
exposed coastline. The risk of introducing further exotic species into Portland harbour
may be further minimised by discharging as much ballast as possible outside the harbour
directly into an environment likely to be hostile to most port/shelter-adapted species. The
species most likely to become pests in Portland harbour are probably those that are
transported on ships hulls. It would therefore seem appropriate in Portland that special
efforts should be made to ensure that hulls of ships are clean on entry and that no
cleaning of hulls should occur within the harbour. Vessels from Port Phillip Bay that may
transport Sabella or Undaria and those from New Zealand that may transport Undaria
would appear to be those of greatest concern.
The presence of planktonic Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium cysts in sediment
in Portland harbour, and earlier findings of measurable levels of PSP in shellfish in the
Portland area suggest that a monitoring program for toxic algae would be prudent. As no
blooms of Alexandrium have been recorded in Portland harbour this recommendation
should be seen as precautionary because of the serious human health consequences of an
undetected bloom.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to the Portland harbourmaster Captain Don O’Donnell and the acting
harbourmaster Captain Vijayapalan for their assistance during field operations and for
providing information on port operations.
Thanks to Andrew Watt (skipper ‘Nephelle’), Mark Ferrier, Mike Callan and Marne
Nelson (CRIMP) for assistance in the field. Bob Wollermann (NRE, Portland) collected
and identified kelps from Portland beaches during October 1996.
Thanks to Gary Poore, Robin Wilson and Sue Boyd (Museum of Victoria), John Lewis
(AMRL) and CRIMP for assistance with taxonomy. Special thanks to Chad Hewitt and
Dick Martin (CRIMP) for their freely given advice.
This project was funded by the Victorian Fisheries Division and the Port of Melbourne
Authority.
17
REFERENCES
Alcoa and Kinhill (1980). Alcoa Portland aluminium smelter. Environment effects
statement and draft environmental impact statement.
Anon. (1994). Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringer an introduced macroalga in
Australian waters. In 'AQIS Ballast Water Research Series.', Vol. 3, pp. 245-59.
Bennett, I., and Pope, E. C. (1953). Intertidal zonation of the exposed rocky shores of
Victoria, together with a rearrangement of the biogeographical provinces of temperate
Australian shores. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 4, 105-59.
Carlton, J. T. (1996). Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77, 1653-5.
Carlton, J. T., and Geller, J. B. (1993). Ecological roulette: The global transport of
nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261, 78-82.
CEE (1991) Monitoring programme for offshore disposal of dredged material to Portland
Bay.
Coleman, N., and Sinclair, M. A. (1996). A review of literature on exotic marine
invertebrates introduced into Victorian waters with special reference to Port Phillip Bay.
Marine Science Laboratories, Queenscliff, Technical Report (In press), 1-51.
Crothers, J. H. (1970). The distribution of crabs on rocky shores around the Dale
Peninsula. Field Studies 3, 263-74.
Currie, D. R., and Parry, G. D. (1996). The effect of scallop dredging on a soft sediment
community: a large scale experimental study. Marine Ecology Progress Series 134, 13150.
Greilach, P. R., Black, K. P., Parry, G. D., and Forsyth, M. (1995). Scallop dredging and
sedimentation in Port Phillip Bay. Victorian Institute of Marine Sciences Working Paper
29, 1-200.
Griffiths, R. W., Schloesser, D. W., Leach, J. H., and Kovalak, W. P. (1991). distribution
and dispersal of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Great Lakes region.
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1381-8.
Hay, C. H., and Luckens, P. A. (1987). The Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Phaeophyta:
Laminales) found in a New Zealand harbour. New Zealand of Botany 25, 329-32.
Hengeveld, R., Ed (1989). 'Dynamical biological invasions.' (Chapman and Hall:
London.)
Jones, N. S. (1956). The fauna and biomass of a muddy sand deposit off Port Erine, Isle
of Man. Journal of Animal Ecology 25, 217-52.
Joska, M. A., and Branch, G. M. (1986). The European shore-crab - another alien
invader. African Wildlife 40, 63-5.
Kikuchi, T., and Tanaka, M. (1978). Ecological studies on benthic macrofauna in Tomoe
Cove, Amakusa. I. Community structure and seasonal change of biomass. Publications
from the Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory Kyushu University 4, 189-213.
18
King, R. J. (1970). Surface sea-water temperatures at Port Phillip Heads, Victoria.
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 21, 47-50.
Kulikova, V. A. (1978). Morphology, seasonal population dynamics, and settlement of
larvae of the bivalve mollusk Musculista senhousia in Busse lagoon (South Sakhalin).
Soviet Journal of Marine Biology 4, 769-73.
Marine Research Group of Victoria (1984). 'Coastal invertebrates of Victoria.' (MRGV
and Museum of Victoria: Melbourne.)
MSE (1979-94) Ecological surveys of Creek Outfall to Grant bay, Portland, Vic. Report
for Portland Aluminium by consultants Marine Science and Ecology.
MSE (1983) Ecological monitoring of cooling water discharge at Portland, Victoria.
MSE (1994) Investigation of habitats and communities Portland harbour Victoria for
Global Environment Services.
Officer, R. A., and Parry, G. D. (1996). Effects of season, size, depth and time of day on
diets of demersal fish in Port Phillip Bay. CSIRO Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study,
Technical Report (Draft).
Parry, G. D., Hobday, D. K., Currie, D. R., Officer, R. A., and Gason, A. S. (1995). The
distribution, abundance and diets of demersal fish in Port Phillip Bay. CSIRO Port Phillip
Bay Environmental Study, Technical Report 21., 119.
Poore, G. C. B., Rainer, S. F., Spies, R. B., and Ward, E. (1975). The zoobenthos
program in Port Phillip Bay, 1969-73. Fisheries and Wildlife Paper, Victoria 7, 1-78.
Rochford, D. J. (1977). A review of a possible upwelling situation off Port MacDonnell
S.A. CSIRO Australia Division of Fisheries and Oceanography Report Number 81.
Rosenweig, P. A. (1984). A range extension for the European shore crab Carcinus
maenus (Linn, 1758) in South Australia. South Australian Naturalist 59, 18-9.
Rouse, G., and Fitzhugh, K. (1994). Broadcasting fables: Is external fertilization really
primitive? Sex, size, and larvae in sabellid polychaetes. Zoologica Scripta 23.
Sanderson, J. C. (1990). A preliminary survey of the distribution of the introduced
macroalga, Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringer on the east coast of Tasmania.
Botanica Marina 33, 153-7.
Schahinger, R. B. (1987). Structure of coastal upwelling events observed off the southeast coast of South Australia during February 1983-April 1984. Australian Journal of
Marine and Freshwater Research 38, 439-59.
Shepherd, S. A., and Thomas, I. M., Eds (1982). 'Marine Invertebrates of Southern
Australia. Part 1.' (J.D. Woolman, Government Printers: South Australia.)
Strayer, D. L. (1991). Projected distribution of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha,
in North America. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1389-95.
Vermeij, G. J. (1991). When biotas meet: Understanding biotic interchange. Science 253,
1099-1104.
19
Vinogradov, M., YE, Shushkina, E. A., Musayeva, E. I., and Sorokin, P., YU (1989). A
newly acclimated species in the Black Sea: The ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
(Ctenophore: Lobata). Oceanology 29, 220-4.
Walters, S. (1996). Ballast water, hull fouling and exotic marine organism introductions
via ships - A Victorian study. Environment Protection Authority, Victoria Publication
494, 143.
Wear, R. G. (1974). Incubation in British decapod Crustacea, and the effects of
temperature on the rate and success of embryonic development. Journal of the Marine
Biological Association of the United Kingdom 54, 745-62.
Webber, W. A. R., and Wear, R. G. (1981). Life history studies on New Zealand
Brachyura 5. Larvae of the family Majidae. New Zealand Journal of Marine and
Freshwater Research 15, 331-83.
20
Table 1. Summary of wharf development
Berth
K.S. Anderson (No. 1)
K.S. Anderson (No. 2)
S.L. Patterson
No. 6
No. 5 (South end)
Smelter
No. 5 (North end)
Date completed Depth (m) Pile construction
Cathodic protection
early 1961
12.7 Reinforced concrete
Not required
early 1962
11.5 Reinforced concrete
Not required
early 1963
11.0
Steel
No
Jul 1968
12.0
Steel*
No (under consideration)
Dec 1968
12.7
Steel*
Yes
Nov 1982
12.5
Steel*
Yes
May 1987
12.7
Steel*
Yes
* The top of the outer piles are covered by a concrete sleeve to a depth of 1m below low water.
Table 2. Summary of sampling methods, habitats sampled and target taxa, Port of Portland,
29 April - 5 May 1996.
Sampling methods
Habitats sampled
Target taxa
Non-targeted surveys
Qualitative surveys
diver searches
video/still photography
Ockelmann sled
beach seine
plankton net 100 um
piles, breakwaters, soft sediments algae, invertebrates, fish
piles, breakwaters, soft sediments algae, invertebrates, fish
soft sediments
epifauna, mobile epifauna
soft sediments, seagrass
mobile epifauna, fish
water column
zooplankton
Quantitative surveys
diver scrapings
video/still photography
Smith-McIntyre grabs
large cores
piles
piles
soft sediments
soft sediments
algae, invertebrates
algae, invertebrates
infauna
infauna
Surveys targetting species on the ABWMAC marine pest schedule
diver searches
traps
small cores
shore surveys
plankton net 20 um
piles, breakwaters, soft sediments Asterias, Sabella, Carcinus
piles, breakwaters,softsediments Carcinus
soft sediments
dinoflagellate cysts
intertidal wrack
Undaria
water column
dinoflagellates
Table 3. Sediment characteristics of grab samples.
(a) Portland harbour
Grab Number
%<63 um
% organic
1
9.0
35.3
7
17.5
14.5
8
11.3
36.2
9
15.7
14.4
10
10.6
12.9
11
16.2
19.8
12
15.1
34.4
13
5.3
8.0
14
10.1
31.0
2.93
0.53
0.63
0.73
2.79
0.72
0.09
0.34
2.89
0.38
1.58
3.23
2.79
0.84
-0.47
0.45
2.38
0.79
-0.02
0.51
2.65
0.72
0.06
0.45
2.55
0.71
-0.88
2.30
2.81
0.61
-0.89
3.25
3.22
0.63
-0.10
0.86
5
0.2
2.2
9
1.5
3.1
14
0.3
5.1
18
1.3
5.9
2.97
0.59
-0.19
2.82
2.79
0.30
0.56
1.04
2.83
0.42
-0.05
1.61
2.30
0.75
-0.23
-0.25
Fraction >63um
Mean Phi
Sorting
Skewness
Kurtosis
(b) Outside Portland harbour
Grab Number
%<63 um
% organic
Fraction >63um
Mean Phi
Sorting
Skewness
Kurtosis
Table 4. Exotic species found in Portland harbour. * Indicates
species on the ABWMAC schedule of target pest species.
Species
Taxa
Alexandrium tamarense *
Bugula neritina
Bugula dentata
Corbula gibba
Euchone sp.1
Musculista senhousia
Myxicola infundibulum
Theora lubrica
Watersipora subtorquata
Algae
Bryozoan
Bryozoan
Bivalve mollusc
Sabellid polychaete
Bivalve mollusc
Sabellid polychaete
Bivalve mollusc
Bryozoan
Table 5. Dinoflagellate cysts detected in sediment cores Portland harbour, 2-4 May 1996.
Detected +, Not detected .
Species
Berth 1
3
4
1
Berth 2
2
3
Near Berth 6
1
2
3
1
2
Toxic dinoflagellates
Alexandrium spp
Gymnodinium catenatum
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
Non-toxic dinoflagellates
Gonyaulax spinifera
Protoperidinium spp.
Protoperidinium subinerme
Polykrikos schwartzii
Scrippsiella trochoidea
Scrippsiella spp
Diplopelta parva
+
+
.
+
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
+
+
.
.
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
Table 6. Phytoplankton species in Portland harbour, 5 May 1996. Species are listed
approximately in their order of abundance. B - Bacillariophyceae (diatoms);
C - Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae); D - Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates);
S - Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagellates).
Species
1
+
+
+
Nitzschia sp.(B)
Amphora sp. (B)
Bacillaria paxillipera (B)
Thalassiosira sp. (B)4
Sample number
2
+
+
3
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
3
+
+
Dinophysis acuminata (D)
Nodularia spumigenia (C)
Gymnodinium simplex (D)
4
Ceratium furca (D)
Licmophora sp. (B)
Protoperidinium spp (D)
+
Dinophysis acuta (D)1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
4
Scrippsiella trochoidea (D)
Dinophysis tripos (D)
2
Alexandrium tamarense (D)
4
Dictyocha octanaria (S)
Gymnodinium spp. (D)
Striatella unipunctata (B)
Ardissonea crystallina (B)
Hyalodiscus sp. (B)
Oscillatoria sp. (C)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 = potentially toxic (DSP). 2 = potentially toxic (PSP) and probably introduced.
3 = often toxic in freshwater habitats - probably washed in by rain.
4 = species implicated in harmful algal blooms (rarely) through oxygen depletion.
Table 7. Species composition of kelps found on beaches near Portland harbour on
4, 5 October 1996
Beach
Species
Durvillea
potoratum
Ecklonia
radiata
Macrocystis Phyllospora
angustifolia
comosa
Dutton Way
Pivot Beach
Nuns Beach
150
12
25
80
8
15
5
9
14
4
Total
150
117
28
27
Undaria
pinnatifida
0
Appendix 1. Flushing characteristics of Portland Harbour
1. Volume of Water in the Harbour
For simplicity, the harbour is simplified to be rectangular with a constant water
depth of 7.0m as shown in Figure 1.
280m
Uo
Ux
B=1100m
Figure 1. A simplified mathematical model (plane view, not scaled).
The total volume of water in the harbour can be simply calculated as
VT = h × S = 7. 0 × 8.1 × 105 = 5. 7 × 106 (m3)
[1]
in which S is the area (≈8.1 × 105 m2 ).
2. Volume of Water Brought into the Harbour by Tides
The volume of water brought into the harbour by tides can be simply estimated as
Vo = ∆H × S = 0. 6 × 8.1 × 105 = 4. 8 × 105 (m3)
[2]
in which ∆H is the difference between the high and low tide levels in the harbour
and approximately equal to 0.6m.
3. Mixing in the Harbour
The tidal current at the harbour entrance can be simply assumed to be
u = U sin ωt
[3]
in which U is assumed to be constant with depth and ω is the angular frequency.
Hence, the time-averaged tidal current for the first 6hrs can be estimated from
Eq.(3) as
π
1 2
U sin ωt d ωt = U
π0
ω
Uo =
[4]
Hence, the volume of water brought into the harbour by tides is
Vo = Bo ho U o ∆t = 3360U o ∆t
[5]
in which Bo is the entrance width (≈280m), ho is the water depth at the entrance (≈
12m), and ∆t is the length of time (=6hrs). The tidal current U x in Figure 1 can
be determined by the momentum equation
Bo ho
Uo
Bh
Ux =
[6]
in which the bottom friction is ignored. Hence, the volume of water passing the
vertical plane for the period of ∆t is
Vx = U x Bh ∆t = Bo ho Bh U o ∆t = 5086U o ∆t
[7]
in which B is the width of the harbour (≈1100m), and h is the averaged water
depth (≈7m). From Eqs.(5) and (7), it is obvious that Vx > Vo . This indicates that
the fresh water brought by tides has mixed with the old water in the harbour. The
amount of the old water mixed with the fresh water brought by tides is
∆V = Vx − Vo = 1726 U o ∆t
[8]
Therefore, the amount of the old water taken away from the harbour by tides every
12hrs is
∆Vold = Vo ×
∆V
= 0. 34Vo
Vx
[10]
4. Flushing Time
The flushing time is
TF =
0. 5VT
0.5 × 7
=
= 17 (days).
∆Vold 0. 34 × 0. 6
[11]
Appendix 2a. Mean density of species in Portland harbour/sampling unit. Exotic species are shown in bold type.
PHYLUM
Annelida
FAMILY
Ampharetidae
Ampheretidae
Aphroditidae
Capitellidae
Cirratulidae
Eunicidae
Flabelligeridae
Glyceridae
Goniadidae
Hesionidae
Lumbrineridae
Magelonidae
Maldanidae
Nephtidae
Nephtyidae
Nereidae
Neridae
Ophellidae
Orbiniidae
Oweniidae
Palmyridae
Pectinariidae
Phyllodocidae
Sabellidae
Serpulidae
Sigalionidae
Spionidae
Syllidae
Terebellidae
Bryozoa
Chelicerata
Chlorophyta
Bicellariellidae
Bugulidae
Bugulidea
Membraniporidae
Reteporidae
Thalamoporellidae
Unknown
Vesiculariidae
Watersiporideae
Ammotheidae
Caulerpaceae
Cladophoraceae
Codiaceae
Ulvaceae
Chordata
Apogonidae
Arripidae
Ascidiidae
Atherinidae
Centrolophidae
Cheilodactylidae
Clinidae
Clupeidae
Congridae
Gobiidae
Hemiramphidae
Holozoidae
Labridae
Molgulidae
SPECIES NAME
Isolda sp.1
Ampharete sp.1
Lepidonotus sp.1
Capitellid spp
Chaetozone sp.1
Tharyx sp.2
Tharyx sp.3
Eunice cf. australis
Eunice sp.1
Lysidice sp.1
Eunice sp.2
Diplocirrus sp.1
Glycera cf. americana
Goniada cf. emerita
Ophioglycera sp.1
Nerimyra longicirrata
Lumbrineris cf. latreilli
Magelona cf. dakini
Magelonid sp.
Asychis sp.1
Nephtys longipes
Nephtys inornata
Simplisetia amphidonta
Platynereis sp.1
Nereis sp.1
Armandia cf. intermedia
Leitoscolopolos bifurcatus
Orbinia sp.
Owenia cf. fusiformis
Paleanotus chrysolepis
Pectinaria cf. antipoda
Phyllodoce sp.1
Euchone sp.1
Myxicola infundibulum
Sabella sp.1
Serpulid sp.2
Sigalion sp.1
Prionospio coorilla
Laonice quadridentata
Prionospio sp.1
Prionospio sp.2
Scolelepis sp.1
Syllis sp.1
Syllis sp.2
Syllis sp.3
Amaenna trilobata
Pista australis
Thelepus setosus
Terebella cf. ehrenbergi
Beania megellanica
Bugula neritina
Bugula dentata
Membranipora #1
Triphyllozoon sp.1
Stiginoporella sp.1
Cheilostome #1
Cheilostome #2
Amathia sp.1
Watersipora subtorquata
Ammotheid sp.1
Caulerpa longifolia
Caulerpa brownii
Caulerpa trifaria
Cladophora sp.1
Codium galeatum
Ulva lactuca
Ulvaria sp.1
Vincentia conspersa
Arripis georgiana
Ascidia sydneyensis
Ascidia sp.1
Ascidia sp.2
Atherinosoma microstoma
Seriolella punctata
Dactylophora nigricans
Cristiceps argyropleura
Clinus perspicillatus
Sprattus novaehollandiae
Conger verreauxi
Nesogobius sp.1
Hyporhamphus melanochir
Ascidian #12
Ascidian #13
Pictilabrus laticlavius
Notolabrus tetricus
Ascidian #10
Molgula sp.1
PYLON
SCRAPING
n=15
.
.
0.13
0.33
.
.
0.87
.
0.07
0.07
0.20
.
.
.
.
.
0.33
.
.
.
.
.
0.27
0.27
.
.
.
.
.
0.13
.
.
.
.
0.33
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.33
0.07
0.13
.
.
0.07
0.13
+
+
+
+
+
.
0.07
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
+
.
+
+
.
.
0.07
0.73
2.60
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.67
+
.
.
0.67
5.53
NET
SEINE
n=4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.50
.
.
.
38.00
0.50
0.50
1.00
.
0.25
.
0.50
0.25
.
.
.
.
.
.
CRAB
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.11
.
.
.
.
0.06
0.06
.
.
TRAPS
SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=6
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.39
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.06
.
.
.
0.11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SLED
CORES
n=5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n=15
0.27
.
.
6.00
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.53
0.07
.
0.07
.
0.73
.
.
.
.
.
10.27
.
0.13
0.27
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
4.53
0.13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.60
6.47
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
GRABS
(In harbour)
n=10
0.60
0.10
.
32.60
.
0.10
.
0.20
.
.
.
2.00
0.20
0.10
0.40
0.10
0.80
0.20
.
0.20
.
0.70
58.30
.
0.60
7.30
0.10
.
.
.
0.10
0.20
212.70
.
.
.
0.10
1.60
0.10
1.00
.
.
.
.
.
1.20
48.40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
GRABS
(Outside harbour)
n=5
.
1.40
.
1.60
0.80
1.20
.
.
.
.
.
0.80
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
0.20
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.80
4.20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.60
1.40
.
.
4.60
0.20
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Appendix 2a (Cont.)
PHYLUM
FAMILY
Cnidaria
Monacanthidae
Moridae
Mugilidae
Ophichthidae
Polycitoridae
Pyuridae
Sillanginidae
Actiniaria
Crustacea
Alpheidae
Ampeliscidae
Amphithoidae
Anthuridae
Apseudidae
Astacillidae
Bodotriidae
Callianassidae
Caprellidae
Chthamalidae
Corophiidae
Cylindroleberididae
Cypridinidae
Dexaminidae
Diastylidae
Eurydicidae
Grapsidae
Haustoriidae
Hippolytidae
Hymenosomatidae
Leucosiidae
Leucothoidae
Liljeborgiidae
Lysianassidae
Majidae
Mysidae
Nebaliidae
Oedicerotidae
Paguridae
Palaemonidae
Paranthuridae
Philomedidae
Phoxocephalidae
Platyischnopidae
Portunidae
Serolidae
Sphaeromidae
Squillidae
Stegocephalidae
SPECIES NAME
Acanthaluteres spilomanurus
Pseudophycis barbata
Myxus elongatis
Muraenichthys breviceps
Polycitorella mariae
Pyura australis
Sillaginodes punctata
Anthozoan #1
Anthozoan #2
Edwardsia sp.1
Athanopsis sp.2
Alpheus sp.1
Ampelisca euroa
Byblis mildura
Ampithoe sp.1
Amakusanthura olearia
Amakusanthura sp.2
Apseudes sp.2
Apseudes sp.3
Neastacilla deducta
Leptocuma cf. pulleini
Cyclaspis sp.1
Bodotriid sp.1
Glyphocuma bakeri
Callianassa cf. australiensis
Metaprotella cf. haswelliana
Chamaesipho columna
Gammaropsis sp.2
Corophiid sp.1
Photis sp.1
Corophium sp.1
Gammaropsis sp.1
Empoulsenia sp.1
Cypridinidae sp.2
Dexaminid sp.1
Paradexamine moorhousei
Paradexamine lanacoura
Cumacean #1
Anchicolurus waitei
Gynodiastylis ambigua
Dicoides fletti
Natatolana corpulenta
Eurydice tarti
Paragrapsus gaimardii
Plagusia chabrus
Acanthohaustorius sp.1
Tozeuma elongatum
Halicarcinus ovatus
Phlyxia intermedia
Philyra undecimspinosa
Leucothoe spinicarpa
Liljeborgia sp.2
Liljeborgia dubia
Lysianassid sp.6
Lysianassid sp.7
Lysianassid sp.8
Lysianassid sp.9
Hippomedon denticulatus
Amaryllis macrophthalmus
Thacanophrys spatulifer
Siriella sp.2
Australomysis sp.2
Siriella vincenti
Paranchialina angusta
Nebalia sp.2
Oedicerotid sp.3
Oedicerotid sp.2
Paguristes frontalis
Macrobranchium intermedium
Leander intermedius
Leander serenus 5
Bullowanthura pambula
Philomedid sp.2
Phoxocephalid sp.7
Phoxocephalid sp.8
Phoxocephalus kukathus
Birubius panamunus
Playtyischnopidae sp.1
Nectocarcinus tuberculosus
Nectocarcinus integrifrons
Serolis cf. bakeri
Cerceis tridentata
Exosphaemora sp.2
Chitonopsis cf. spatulifrons
Exosphaemora sp.1
Austrosquilla osculans
Tatradeion sp.1
PYLON
SCRAPING
n=15
.
.
.
.
0.07
0.07
.
0.07
0.07
.
0.80
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.27
0.87
.
.
0.13
2.33
.
.
.
0.13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1.33
.
.
0.40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
NET
SEINE
n=4
1.25
.
22.75
.
.
.
2.50
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.25
.
CRAB
n=18
.
1.28
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.33
0.17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
0.07
.
.
.
0.40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.67
2.28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
TRAPS
SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=6
n=18
.
.
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.33
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
5.83
.
.
.
.
0.11
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
0.11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.17
0.94
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
3.00
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SLED
CORES
n=15
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.27
.
.
.
.
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.13
0.40
.
.
.
.
0.47
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
GRABS
(In harbour)
n=10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
0.50
2.50
.
0.10
.
.
.
.
.
1.70
.
0.50
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
1.40
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
.
1.70
1.10
0.60
.
.
.
.
0.60
3.60
0.10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
0.10
0.40
.
.
.
.
0.10
.
GRABS
(Outside harbour)
n=5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.80
.
.
10.80
0.20
.
0.80
0.60
.
112.80
0.40
1.60
2.20
0.20
.
0.40
.
.
.
1.40
.
.
.
0.20
.
2.00
.
.
.
5.80
0.40
1.80
1.20
.
.
.
4.40
.
.
.
0.20
.
0.60
0.20
.
1.40
1.40
0.60
0.40
0.40
.
0.20
0.40
.
.
0.60
1.40
0.80
.
.
.
n=5
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
0.07
.
.
0.27
3.40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.10
0.90
.
.
7.40
13.10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
.
0.60
1.00
5.00
0.20
.
.
7.80
.
.
0.40
.
.
0.20
.
0.20
.
Appendix 2a (Cont.)
PHYLUM
FAMILY
Stenothoidae
Tanaidae
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Tetraclitidae
Upogebiidae
Amphiuridae
Antedonidae
Loveniidae
Synaptidae
Cardiidae
Cariidae
Corbulidae
Dorididae
Fasciolariidae
Glycymeridae
Hiatellidae
Ischnochitonidae
Mactridae
Muricidae
Mytilidae
Nasssaridae
Nuculanidae
Nuculidae
Octopodidae
Pholadidae
Pleurobranchidae
Semelidae
Sepiidae
Solemyidae
Tellinidae
Veneridae
Nemertea
Phaeophyta
Phoronida
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Rhodophyta
Sarcodina
Sipuncula
Vereridae
Nemertea
Alariaceae
Dictyotaceae
Ectocarpaceae
Scytosiphonaceae
Unknown
Phoronida
Platyhelminthes
Aplysillidae
Calcarea
Halichondriidae
Haliclonidae
Suberitidae
Unknown
Ceramiaceae
Corallinaceae
Graccilariaceae
Unknown
Discorbidae
Elphidiidae
Miliolidae
Phascolosomatidae
SPECIES NAME
Stenothoe cf. marina
Paratanais sp.2
Tanaidae sp.1
Paratanais ignotus
Tetraclitella purpurascens
Upogebia simsona
Amphiura elandiformis
Antedon incommoda
Echinocardium cordatum
Leptosynapta dolabrifera
Pratulum thetidis
Pratulum sp.2
Corbula gibba
Doris cameroni
Pleuroploca australasia
Tucetilla striatularis
Hiatella australis
Ischnochiton australis
Mactra jacksonensis
Thais orbita
Musculus ulmus
Musculista senhousia
Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus
Nuculana dohrne
Nucula pusilla
Octopus australis
Pholas obturamentum
Pleurobranchaea maculata
Theora lubrica
Sepia apama
Solemya velessiana
Tellina (Macomona) mariae
Tellina victoriae
Tellina cf. albinella
Venerupis sp.
Chioneryx cardioides
Notocallista diemenesis
Tawera spissa
Nemertean sp.13
Nemertean sp.4
Nemertean sp.7
Ecklonia radiata
Dictyopteris muelleri
Zonaria sp.1
Ectocarpus sp.1
Colpomenia sinuosa
Lobospira sp.1
Phoronis sp.1
Turbellarian sp.2
Dendrilla cf. rosea
Sycon sp.1
Halichondria sp.1
Haliclona sp.1
Suberitidae sp.1
Desmospongiae sp.2
Desmospongiae sp.3
Desmospongiae sp.4
Desmospongiae sp.5
Ceramium sp.1
Wrangelia sp.1
Corallinaceae sp.1
Gracilaria cf. secundata
Rhodophyta #1
Discorbis cf. dimidiatus
Elphidium sp.1
Triloculina affinis
Quinqueloculina sp.3
Phascolosoma annulatum
PYLON
SCRAPING
n=15
1.87
4.13
0.67
4.67
0.13
.
.
0.13
.
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
1.00
.
.
.
0.20
.
0.33
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
.
.
0.07
+
+
.
+
+
.
0.20
+
0.13
+
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.13
+
.
.
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
NET
SEINE
n=4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CRAB
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
4.80
.
.
TRAPS
SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=6
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.17
0.11
.
.
.
.
3.00
0.06
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SLED
CORES
n=15
.
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
0.20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.60
.
0.47
.
.
.
.
.
0.07
0.07
0.13
.
0.07
0.13
.
.
.
0.07
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
GRABS
(In harbour)
n=10
.
2.60
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
0.10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.10
2.40
0.40
3.30
.
.
.
1.30
.
0.50
0.30
0.70
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.10
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.60
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2.10
.
GRABS
(Outside harbour)
n=5
.
.
0.40
.
.
.
3.20
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
0.20
.
.
.
.
0.80
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.20
.
.
0.20
0.80
.
.
0.40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6.60
0.60
15.20
0.20
n=5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
+
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
+
+
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
+
+
.
+
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Appendix 2b. Percentage occurance of species in Portland harbour obtained using different sampling methods. Exotic species are shown in bold type.
PHYLUM
Annelida
FAMILY
Ampharetidae
Ampheretidae
Aphroditidae
Capitellidae
Cirratulidae
Eunicidae
Flabelligeridae
Glyceridae
Goniadidae
Hesionidae
Lumbrineridae
Magelonidae
Maldanidae
Nephtidae
Nephtyidae
Nereidae
Neridae
Ophellidae
Orbiniidae
Oweniidae
Palmyridae
Pectinariidae
Phyllodocidae
Sabellidae
Serpulidae
Sigalionidae
Spionidae
Syllidae
Terebellidae
Bryozoa
Chelicerata
Chlorophyta
Bicellariellidae
Bugulidae
Bugulidea
Membraniporidae
Reteporidae
Thalamoporellidae
Unknown
Vesiculariidae
Watersiporideae
Ammotheidae
Caulerpaceae
Cladophoraceae
Codiaceae
Ulvaceae
Chordata
Apogonidae
Arripidae
Ascidiidae
Atherinidae
Centrolophidae
Cheilodactylidae
Clinidae
Clupeidae
Congridae
Gobiidae
Hemiramphidae
Holozoidae
Labridae
Molgulidae
SPECIES NAME
Isolda sp.1
Ampharete sp.1
Lepidonotus sp.1
Capitellid spp
Chaetozone sp.1
Tharyx sp.2
Tharyx sp.3
Eunice cf. australis
Eunice sp.1
Lysidice sp.1
Eunice sp.2
Diplocirrus sp.1
Glycera cf. americana
Goniada cf. emerita
Ophioglycera sp.1
Nerimyra longicirrata
Lumbrineris cf. latreilli
Magelona cf. dakini
Magelonid sp.
Asychis sp.1
Nephtys longipes
Nephtys inornata
Simplisetia amphidonta
Platynereis sp.1
Nereis sp.1
Armandia cf. intermedia
Leitoscolopolos bifurcatus
Orbinia sp.
Owenia cf. fusiformis
Paleanotus chrysolepis
Pectinaria cf. antipoda
Phyllodoce sp.1
Euchone sp.1
Myxicola infundibulum
Sabella sp.1
Serpulid sp.2
Sigalion sp.1
Prionospio coorilla
Laonice quadridentata
Prionospio sp.1
Prionospio sp.2
Scolelepis sp.1
Syllis sp.1
Syllis sp.2
Syllis sp.3
Amaenna trilobata
Pista australis
Thelepus setosus
Terebella cf. ehrenbergi
Beania megellanica
Bugula neritina
Bugula dentata
Membranipora #1
Triphyllozoon sp.1
Stiginoporella sp.1
Cheilostome #1
Cheilostome #2
Amathia sp.1
Watersipora subtorquata
Ammotheid sp.1
Caulerpa longifolia
Caulerpa brownii
Caulerpa trifaria
Cladophora sp.1
Codium galeatum
Ulva lactuca
Ulvaria sp.1
Vincentia conspersa
Arripis georgiana
Ascidia sydneyensis
Ascidia sp.1
Ascidia sp.2
Atherinosoma microstoma
Seriolella punctata
Dactylophora nigricans
Cristiceps argyropleura
Clinus perspicillatus
Sprattus novaehollandiae
Conger verreauxi
Nesogobius sp.1
Hyporhamphus melanochir
Ascidian #12
Ascidian #13
Pictilabrus laticlavius
Notolabrus tetricus
Ascidian #10
Molgula sp.1
PYLON
SCRAPING
n=15
.
.
7
13
.
.
53
.
7
7
20
.
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
20
13
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
20
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
7
7
.
.
7
13
7
40
80
40
7
.
27
27
27
53
.
20
.
.
7
.
20
7
.
.
7
13
27
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
20
.
.
20
60
NET
SEINE
n=4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
.
75
50
25
50
.
25
.
25
25
.
.
.
.
.
.
CRAB
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
6
6
.
.
TRAPS
SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=6
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SLED
CORES
n=5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
20
.
.
.
.
20
40
20
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n=15
20
.
.
67
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
7
.
7
.
47
.
.
.
.
.
93
.
7
27
7
.
.
.
.
.
47
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
27
93
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
GRABS
GRABS
(In harbour) (Outside harbour)
n=10
n=5
30
.
10
40
.
.
90
40
.
20
10
40
.
.
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
80
20
.
10
.
30
.
10
.
50
.
20
.
.
20
20
.
.
20
50
.
100
.
.
.
40
.
90
.
10
.
.
40
.
60
.
.
10
.
20
.
100
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
40
50
40
10
.
10
.
.
100
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
30
20
100
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Appendix 2b (cont.)
PHYLUM
Cnidaria
Crustacea
FAMILY
Monacanthidae
Moridae
Mugilidae
Ophichthidae
Polycitoridae
Pyuridae
Sillanginidae
Actiniaria
Alpheidae
Ampeliscidae
Amphithoidae
Anthuridae
Apseudidae
Astacillidae
Bodotriidae
Callianassidae
Caprellidae
Chthamalidae
Corophiidae
Cylindroleberididae
Cypridinidae
Dexaminidae
Diastylidae
Eurydicidae
Grapsidae
Haustoriidae
Hippolytidae
Hymenosomatidae
Leucosiidae
Leucothoidae
Liljeborgiidae
Lysianassidae
Majidae
Mysidae
Nebaliidae
Oedicerotidae
Paguridae
Palaemonidae
Paranthuridae
Philomedidae
Phoxocephalidae
Platyischnopidae
Portunidae
Serolidae
Sphaeromidae
Squillidae
Stegocephalidae
SPECIES NAME
Acanthaluteres spilomanurus
Pseudophycis barbata
Myxus elongatis
Muraenichthys breviceps
Polycitorella mariae
Pyura australis
Sillaginodes punctata
Anthozoan #1
Anthozoan #2
Edwardsia sp.1
Athanopsis sp.2
Alpheus sp.1
Ampelisca euroa
Byblis mildura
Ampithoe sp.1
Amakusanthura olearia
Amakusanthura sp.2
Apseudes sp.2
Apseudes sp.3
Neastacilla deducta
Leptocuma cf. pulleini
Cyclaspis sp.1
Bodotriid sp.1
Glyphocuma bakeri
Callianassa cf. australiensis
Metaprotella cf. haswelliana
Chamaesipho columna
Gammaropsis sp.2
Corophiid sp.1
Photis sp.1
Corophium sp.1
Gammaropsis sp.1
Empoulsenia sp.1
Cypridinidae sp.2
Dexaminid sp.1
Paradexamine moorhousei
Paradexamine lanacoura
Cumacean #1
Anchicolurus waitei
Gynodiastylis ambigua
Dicoides fletti
Natatolana corpulenta
Eurydice tarti
Paragrapsus gaimardii
Plagusia chabrus
Acanthohaustorius sp.1
Tozeuma elongatum
PYLON
SCRAPING
n=15
.
.
.
.
53
7
.
7
7
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
27
.
.
7
33
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
NET
SEINE
n=4
50
.
100
.
.
.
50
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CRAB
n=18
.
78
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
11
.
.
TRAPS
SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=6
n=18
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
50
.
.
.
.
6
.
6
.
.
.
.
Halicarcinus ovatus 4
Phlyxia intermedia
Philyra undecimspinosa
Leucothoe spinicarpa
Liljeborgia sp.2
Liljeborgia dubia
Lysianassid sp.6
Lysianassid sp.7
Lysianassid sp.8
Lysianassid sp.9
Hippomedon denticulatus
Amaryllis macrophthalmus
Thacanophrys spatulifer
Siriella sp.2
Australomysis sp.2
Siriella vincenti
Paranchialina angusta
Nebalia sp.2
Oedicerotid sp.3
Oedicerotid sp.2
Paguristes frontalis
Macrobranchium intermedium
Leander intermedius
53
.
.
27
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
75
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
Leander serenus 5
Bullowanthura pambula
Philomedid sp.2
Phoxocephalid sp.7
Phoxocephalid sp.8
Phoxocephalus kukathus
Birubius panamunus
Playtyischnopidae sp.1
Nectocarcinus tuberculosus
Nectocarcinus integrifrons
Serolis cf. bakeri
Cerceis tridentata
Exosphaemora sp.2
Chitonopsis cf. spatulifrons
Exosphaemora sp.1
Austrosquilla osculans
Tatradeion sp.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
7
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
28
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SLED
CORES
n=5
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
n=15
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
GRABS
GRABS
(In harbour) (Outside harbour)
n=10
n=5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
10
.
.
40
.
20
10
.
80
20
.
20
10
.
.
100
.
20
.
40
.
80
.
20
70
.
.
20
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
10
.
.
.
.
.
60
20
.
.
.
40
.
.
10
.
.
.
.
60
.
40
50
40
20
80
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
80
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
20
60
60
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
20
20
7
40
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
7
30
80
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
10
20
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
.
20
.
60
20
.
40
40
20
40
40
.
20
20
.
.
40
60
60
.
.
.
33
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
7
.
.
13
93
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
50
.
.
70
90
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
.
20
60
100
20
.
.
100
.
.
40
.
.
20
.
20
.
Appendix 2b (cont.)
PHYLUM
FAMILY
Stenothoidae
Tanaidae
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Tetraclitidae
Upogebiidae
Amphiuridae
Antedonidae
Loveniidae
Synaptidae
Cardiidae
Cariidae
Corbulidae
Dorididae
Fasciolariidae
Glycymeridae
Hiatellidae
Ischnochitonidae
Mactridae
Muricidae
Mytilidae
Nasssaridae
Nuculanidae
Nuculidae
Octopodidae
Pholadidae
Pleurobranchidae
Semelidae
Sepiidae
Solemyidae
Tellinidae
Veneridae
Nemertea
Phaeophyta
Phoronida
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Rhodophyta
Sarcodina
Sipuncula
Vereridae
Nemertea
Alariaceae
Dictyotaceae
Ectocarpaceae
Scytosiphonaceae
Unknown
Phoronida
Platyhelminthes
Aplysillidae
Calcarea
Halichondriidae
Haliclonidae
Suberitidae
Unknown
Ceramiaceae
Corallinaceae
Graccilariaceae
Unknown
Discorbidae
Elphidiidae
Miliolidae
Phascolosomatidae
SPECIES NAME
Stenothoe cf. marina
Paratanais sp.2
Tanaidae sp.1
Paratanais ignotus
Tetraclitella purpurascens
Upogebia simsona
Amphiura elandiformis
Antedon incommoda
Echinocardium cordatum
Leptosynapta dolabrifera
Pratulum thetidis
Pratulum sp.2
Corbula gibba
Doris cameroni
Pleuroploca australasia
Tucetilla striatularis
Hiatella australis
Ischnochiton australis
Mactra jacksonensis
Thais orbita
Musculus ulmus
Musculista senhousia
Nassarius (Zeuxis) pyrrhus
Nuculana dohrne
Nucula pusilla
Octopus australis
Pholas obturamentum
Pleurobranchaea maculata
Theora lubrica
Sepia apama
Solemya velessiana
Tellina (Macomona) mariae
Tellina victoriae
Tellina cf. albinella
Venerupis sp.
Chioneryx cardioides
Notocallista diemenesis
Tawera spissa
Nemertean sp.13
Nemertean sp.4
Nemertean sp.7
Ecklonia radiata
Dictyopteris muelleri
Zonaria sp.1
Ectocarpus sp.1
Colpomenia sinuosa
Lobospira sp.1
Phoronis sp.1
Turbellarian sp.2
Dendrilla cf. rosea
Sycon sp.1
Halichondria sp.1
Haliclona sp.1
Suberitidae sp.1
Desmospongiae sp.2
Desmospongiae sp.3
Desmospongiae sp.4
Desmospongiae sp.5
Ceramium sp.1
Wrangelia sp.1
Corallinaceae sp.1
Gracilaria cf. secundata
Rhodophyta #1
Discorbis cf. dimidiatus
Elphidium sp.1
Triloculina affinis
Quinqueloculina sp.3
Phascolosoma annulatum
PYLON
SCRAPING
n=15
7
60
33
53
7
.
.
13
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
53
.
.
.
13
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
.
.
13
27
7
.
7
7
.
20
13
13
7
13
7
7
27
13
27
.
.
7
7
20
.
.
.
.
NET
SEINE
n=4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
CRAB
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
11
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
.
.
TRAPS
SCAVENGER SHRIMP
n=6
n=18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
17
11
.
.
.
.
33
6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
SLED
CORES
n=5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
.
.
.
20
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
60
20
.
20
20
20
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
20
20
.
40
.
.
.
.
.
n=15
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
7
20
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
40
.
27
.
.
.
.
.
7
7
13
.
7
7
.
.
.
7
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
13
.
.
.
GRABS
GRABS
(In harbour) (Outside harbour)
n=10
n=5
.
.
50
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
80
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
.
.
20
10
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
10
.
40
.
10
40
70
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
60
.
.
.
20
.
20
.
20
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
20
.
.
.
.
10
40
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
30
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
20
.
20
50
40
.
20
.
.