The Communist Manifesto
1
The Communist Manifesto
The Communist Manifesto
The first edition of the book, in German.
Author(s)
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Country
United Kingdom
Language
Originally German, subsequently into many others.
Genre(s)
History, sociology, philosophy
Publication date 21 February 1848
The Communist Manifesto (Das Kommunistische Manifest), originally titled Manifesto of the Communist Party
(German: Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) is a short 1848 publication written by the political theorists Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels. It has since been recognized as one of the world's most influential political
manuscripts.[1] Commissioned by the Communist League, it laid out the League's purposes and program. It presents
an analytical approach to the class struggle (historical and present) and the problems of capitalism, rather than a
prediction of communism's potential future forms.[2]
The book contains Marx and Engels' theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The
history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".[3] It also briefly features their ideas for how
the capitalist society of the time would eventually be replaced by socialism, and then eventually communism.
Authorship
Friedrich Engels has often been credited in composing the first drafts, which led to The Communist Manifesto. In
July 1847, Engels was elected into the Communist League, where he was assigned to draw up a catechism. This
became the Draft of a Communist Confession of Faith. The draft contained almost two dozen questions that helped
express the ideas of both Engels and Karl Marx at the time. In October 1847, Engels composed his second draft for
the Communist League entitled The Principles of Communism. The text remained unpublished until 1914, despite its
basis for The Manifesto. From Engels's drafts Marx was able to write, once commissioned by the Communist
League, The Communist Manifesto, where he combined more of his ideas along with Engels's drafts and work, The
Condition of the Working Class in England.[4]
Although the names of both Engels and Karl Marx appear on the title page alongside the "persistent assumption of
joint-authorship", Engels, in the preface introduction to the 1883 German edition of the Manifesto, said that the
Manifesto was "essentially Marx's work" and that "the basic thought... belongs solely and exclusively to Marx."[5]
Engels wrote after Marx's death,
"I cannot deny that both before and during my forty years' collaboration with Marx I had a certain independent
share in laying the foundations of the theory, but the greater part of its leading basic principles belongs to
The Communist Manifesto
2
Marx....Marx was a genius; we others were at best talented. Without him the theory would not be by far what it
is today. It therefore rightly bears his name."[6]
Despite Engels's modesty in these two quotations, in fact he made major contributions to the Manifesto, starting with
the suggestion to abandon "the form of a catechism and entitle it the Communist Manifesto." Moreover, Engels
joined Marx in Brussels for the writing of the Manifesto. There is no evidence of what his contributions to the final
writing were, but the Manifesto bears the stamp of Marx's more rhetorical writing style. Nevertheless, it seems clear
that Engels's contributions justify his name's appearance on the title page after Marx's.[7]
Textual history
The Communist Manifesto was first published (in German) in London by a group of German political refugees in
1848. It was also serialised at around the same time in a German-language London newspaper, the Deutsche
Londoner Zeitung.[8] The first English translation was produced by Helen Macfarlane in 1850, and the book was first
published in the United States by Stephen Pearl Andrews.[9] The Manifesto went through a number of editions from
1872 to 1890; notable new prefaces were written by Marx and Engels for the 1872 German edition, the 1882 Russian
edition, the 1883 French edition, and the 1888 English edition. The 1910 edition, translated by Samuel Moore with
the assistance of Engels, has been the most commonly used English text since.
However, some recent English editions, such as Phil Gasper's annotated "road map" (Haymarket Books, 2006), have
used a slightly modified text in response to criticisms of the Moore translation made by Hal Draper in his 1994
history of the Manifesto, The Adventures of the "Communist Manifesto" (Center for Socialist History, 1994).
In late 2010, Red Quill Books [10] announced the release of a modern, illustrated "comic book"
Communist Manifesto in four parts.[12][13]
[11]
version of the
Contents
The Manifesto is divided into an introduction, three substantive sections, and a conclusion.
Introduction
The preamble to the main text of the Manifesto states that the continent of Europe fears the "spectre of communism",
and the powers of old Europe are uniting in "a holy alliance [intended to] exorcise this spectre". Marx refers here to
not only the houses of power and landed gentry of old Europe—the bourgeoisie—but diverse factions such as the
papacy and the emerging corporate world as well.[14] Marx declares that "It is high time that Communists should
openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of
the spectre of communism with a manifesto of the party itself".[14]
I. Bourgeois and Proletarians
The first chapter of the Manifesto, "Bourgeois and Proletarians", examines the Marxist conception of history, with
the initial idea asserting that "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles".[3] It goes
on to say that in capitalism, the working class, proletariat, are fighting in the class struggle against the owners of the
means of production, the bourgeois, and that past class struggle ended either with revolution that restructured
society, or "common ruin of the contending classes".[3]
It continues by adding that the bourgeois exploits the proletariat through the "constant revolutionising of production
[and] uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions".[3]
The Manifesto explains that the reason the bourgeois exist and exploit the proletariat with low wages is private
property, "the accumulation of wealth in private hands, the formation and increase of capital",[3] and that competition
amongst the proletariat creates wage-labour, which rests entirely on the competition among the workers.[3]
The Communist Manifesto
This section further explains that the proletarians will eventually rise to power through class struggle: the
bourgeoisie constantly exploits the proletariat for its manual labour and cheap wages, ultimately to create profit for
the bourgeois; the proletariat rise to power through revolution against the bourgeoisie such as riots or creation of
unions. The Communist Manifesto states that while there is still class struggle amongst society, capitalism will be
overthrown by the proletariat only to start again in the near future; ultimately communism is the key to class equality
amongst the citizens of Europe.
II. Proletarians and Communists
The second section, "Proletarians and Communists", starts by stating the relationship of conscious communists to the
rest of the working class, declaring that they will not form a separate party that opposes other working-class parties,
will express the interests and general will of the proletariat as a whole, and will distinguish themselves from other
working-class parties by always expressing the common interest of the entire proletariat independently of all
nationalities and representing the interests of the movement as a whole.[15]
The section goes on to defend communism from various objections, such as the claim that communists advocate
"free love", and the claim that people will not perform labor in a communist society because they have no incentive
to work.[15] The section ends by outlining a set of short-term demands:
1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
Abolition of all right of inheritance.
Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive
monopoly.
6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of
waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of the distinction between town and
country, by a more equitable distribution of the population over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form and
combination of education with industrial production.[16]
The implementation of these policies would, as believed by Marx and Engels, be a precursor to the stateless and
classless society.[15] In a controversial passage they suggested that the "proletariat" might in competition with the
bourgeoisie be compelled to organise as a class, form a revolution, make itself a ruling class, sweep away the old
conditions of production, and in that step have abolished its own supremacy as a class.[15] This account of the
transition from socialism to communism was criticised particularly during and after the Soviet era.
3
The Communist Manifesto
III. Socialist and Communist Literature
The third section, "Socialist and Communist Literature," distinguishes communism from other socialist doctrines
prevalent at the time the Manifesto was written.[17] While the degree of reproach of Marx and Engels toward rival
perspectives varies, all are dismissed for advocating reformism and failing to recognise the preeminent role of the
working class.
IV. Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties
The concluding section, "Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties", briefly
discusses the communist position on struggles in specific countries in the mid-nineteenth century such as France,
Switzerland, Poland, and Germany, and declares that Germany "is on the eve of a bourgeois revolution",[18] and
predicts that a world revolution will soon follow.[18] It then ends by declaring an alliance with the social democrats,
boldly supporting other communist revolutions, and calling the proletarians to action, ending with the rallying cry of
communism, "Workers of the world, unite!".[18]
Reception
The revolutionary wave throughout Europe in 1848, which began in France in February and immediately spread to
most of Europe and parts of Latin America,[19] owed nothing to The Communist Manifesto, but within a year the
revolutions collapsed.[20] Subsequently, traditional authorities found in The Communist Manifesto and its contents a
good excuse for action against its authors. As a consequence, Marx and his wife were arrested and expelled from
Belgium, the German daily newspaper published by Marx in Cologne between 1 June 1848 and 19 May 1849, Neue
Rheinische Zeitung: Organ der Demokratie, was suppressed,[21][22] and Marx himself was expelled from Germany
and France, and, in August 1849 he sought refuge in London.[23][24][25]
A number of 21st century writers have commented on The Communist Manifesto's continuing relevance. Academic
John Raines, writing in 2002, noted that "In our day this Capitalist Revolution has reached the farthest corners of the
earth. The tool of money has produced the miracle of the new global market and the ubiquitous shopping mall. Read
The Communist Manifesto, written more than one hundred and fifty years ago, and you will discover that Marx
foresaw it all."[26] Writing in 2003, the English Marxist Chris Harman described the work, stating that:
There is still a compulsive quality to its prose as it provides insight after insight into the society in which we
live, where it comes from and where its going to. It is still able to explain, as mainstream economists and
sociologists cannot, today's world of recurrent wars and repeated economic crisis, of hunger for hundreds of
millions on the one hand and "overproduction" on the other. There are passages that could have come from the
most recent writings on globalisation.[27]
The continued relevance of the Marxist theories found within the text has also been supported by the Marxist
academic Alex Callinicos, editor of International Socialism, who stated that "This is indeed a manifesto for the 21st
century."[28]
Writing in The London Evening Standard on 23 April, Andrew Neather cited Verso Books' 2012 re-edition of The
Communist Manifesto, with an introduction by Eric Hobsbawm, as part of a resurgence of left-wing-themed ideas
which includes the publication of Owen Jones' best-selling Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class, and
Jason Barker's documentary Marx Reloaded.[29]
4
The Communist Manifesto
Notes
[1] Seymour-Smith, Maerin (1998). The 100 Most Influential Books Ever Written: The History of Thought from Ancient Times to Today.
Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.
[2] The Great Philosophers, by Jeremy Stangroom and James Garvey, Arcturus 2005/ 2008 ISBN 978-1-84837-018-0, pp160 UKP9.99
[3] Marx and Engels 1848. Chapter One.
[4] Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, by Tristram Hunt, Metropolitan Books 2009 ISBN 978-0-8050-8025-4,pg.
142-44
[5] Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, introduction by Martin Malia (New York: Penguin group, 1998), pg. 35 ISBN 0-451-52710-0
[6] Marx's General: The Revolutionary Life of Friedrich Engels, by Tristram Hunt, Metropolitan Books 2009 ISBN 978-0-8050-8025-4,pg. 117
[7] The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels: A Reinterpretation, by J.D. Hunley, Yale University Press 1991 ISBN 0-300-04923-4,pg. 65–79
(quotation pg. 66) for an extended discussion of the two men's contributions
[8] Kuczynski, Thomas, Das kommunistische Manifest (Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei) von Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels: von der
Erstausgabe zur Leseausgabe, mit einer Editionsbericht (Trier, 1995).
[9] Riggenbach, Jeff (1 April 2011) Stephen Pearl Andrews's Fleeting Contribution to Anarchist Thought (http:/ / mises. org/ daily/ 5161/
Stephen-Pearl-Andrewss-Fleeting-Contribution-to-Anarchist-Thought), Mises Institute
[10] http:/ / www. redquillbooks. com/
[11] http:/ / www. redquillbooks. com/ Communist_Manifesto. html
[12] Susan Polo. 20 December 2010. "The Communist Manifesto: The Comic Book" http:/ / www. geekosystem. com/
the-communist-manifesto-the-comic-book/ Accessed 20 February 2012
[13] Jamie Long. 29 December 2010. "Communist Manifesto to get Comic Books Treatment" Toronto Sun. http:/ / www. torontosun. com/ news/
weird/ 2010/ 12/ 29/ 16703416. html
[14] Marx and Engels 1848. Introduction.
[15] Marx and Engels 1848. Chapter Two.
[16] "The Communist Manifesto at Project Gutenberg" (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ etext/ 61). . Retrieved 24 January 2007.
[17] Marx and Engels 1848. Chapter Three.
[18] Marx and Engels 1848. Chapter Four.
[19] Merriman, John M. (1996). A History of Modern Europe. Volume 2: From the French Revolution to the Present. New York: Norton. p. 715.
ISBN 0-393-96928-2. OCLC 152762820.
[20] Eyck, Frank; Evans, Robert John Weston; von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge (2000). The Revolutions in Europe 1848–1849: From Reform to
Reaction. 4. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820840-5. OCLC 4669489521.
[21] Marx, Karl (19 May 1849). "The Summary Suppression of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung". Neue Rheinische Zeitung (301).
[22] Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich (1977). "The Summary Suppression of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung". Marx-Engels Collected Works. Volume
9. New York: International Publishers. pp. 451–453.
[23] Wheen, Francis (2001) [1999]. Karl Marx: A Life (1st American ed. ed.). New York: Norton. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-0-393-32157-9.
OCLC 48001599.
[24] Watson, Peter (22 June 2010). The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth
Century. "New York: HarperCollins. pp. 250–.... ISBN 0-06-076022-2. OCLC 456179681.
[25] Carter, John; Muir, Percy H. (1967). Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the
Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries. London: Cassell; New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 236. OCLC 576854.
[26] Raines, John. 2002. "Introduction". Marx on Religion (Marx, Karl). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Page 05.
[27] Harman, Chris. 2010. "The Manifesto and the World of 1848". The Communist Manifesto (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury,
London: Bookmarks. Page 03.
[28] Callinicos, Alex. 2010. "The Manifesto and the Crisis Today". The Communist Manifesto (Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich). Bloomsbury,
London: Bookmarks. Page 08.
[29] "The Marx effect" (http:/ / www. thisislondon. co. uk/ lifestyle/ london-life/ the-marx-effect-7669766. html). The London Evening Standard.
23 April. . Retrieved 8 May 2012.
5
The Communist Manifesto
References
• Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich (1848). The Communist Manifesto.
External links
• Full text of The Communist Manifesto (http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/
communist-manifesto/index.htm) English edition of 1888 from the Marxists Internet Archive in all formats:
PDF, Audio, HTML, Word, Text, etc.
• The Communist Manifesto (http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/61) at Project Gutenberg — English edition of
1888, edited by Friedrich Engels
• Free audiobook (http://librivox.org/the-communist-manifesto-by-karl-marx-and-friendrich-engels) from
LibriVox (http://librivox.org)
• A Marxism resource page (http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/marx.html)
• Only remaining page of the first draft of the Manifesto (http://www.iisg.nl/collections/manifest/manifest.
php) in Marx's handwriting from the Marx papers at the International Institute of Social History.
• Images of English versions (http://www.rationalrevolution.net/special/library/communist_manifesto.htm)
• The Communist Manifesto (http://books.google.com/books?id=mURxuWGr79IC&source=gbs_navlinks_s)
(Full Version in Google Books)
• The Communist Manifesto 160 Years Later (http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1557) by
Michael Löwy
6
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
The Communist Manifesto Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=516125639 Contributors: 172, 195.224.176.xxx, 1exec1, A0185316123456789, Abiyoyo, Abolishrants, Abrech,
Accurizer, Activistnetworker, AdamRetchless, Ajgiddings, Alansohn, Alex1011, Alexf, Alison, All runced out, Alperen, Ancapistan, Andeveron, Andrewneely, Angela, Animum, Anna Lincoln,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:communist-manifesto.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Communist-manifesto.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Friedrich Engels,
Karl Marx
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
7