CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2
Problems Abroad
KEY QUESTION Why did events in Europe create problems
for America?
The United States was now independent, but it remained
tied to European nations by treaty and through trade.
Britain was still the United States’s biggest trading partner.
France was allied with the United States by a treaty of
1778. When European nations went to war, Americans
feared being dragged into the conflict.
Teach
Problems Abroad
Talk About It
Trouble in France In 1789, a financial crisis led the
French people to rebel against their government. As in
the American Revolution, the French revolutionaries
demanded liberty and equality. At first, Americans supRevolution. By 1792, however, the revoported the French Revolution
lution had become very violent. Thousands were killed.
Then, in 1793, the revolutionaries executed both the king
and queen of France.
Other European monarchs believed the revolution
threatened their own thrones by spreading outside of
France. They joined in opposition to the revolution.
France soon declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain.
Britain took the lead in the fight against France.
• How was Jay’s Treaty successful? How was
it unsuccessful? (British agreed to leave Ohio
Valley and pay damages for seized U.S. vessels;
it did not open British Caribbean trade.)
• Summarize Why was the French Revolution
a problem for the United States? (The French
Revolution had become very violent. France
declared war on Britain, the primary trading
partner of the United States.)
History through Art
Janinet was an artist who invented a
color engraving method. He sometimes
sidestepped government restrictions on art.
• Why might an artist make an engraving
of a newsworthy event? (Possible Answer:
Before photography, engravings were one
way to illustrate newsworthy events.)
CRITICAL VIEWING ANSWER
Possible Answer: to show that the masses
support change in French government
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Interdisciplinary Projects, pp. 31–32
CONNECT
to the Essential Question
What political traditions and tensions
first appeared in the early years of the
new republic?
Ask students what they have learned so far
that can help them answer this question.
Students might mention:
• The government secured the Northwest
Territory as part of its responsibility to
protect American interests.
• The government put down the Whiskey
Rebellion and established its power to
enforce its laws.
• The United States chose to remain neutral
in the war between Britain and France
and negotiated treaties with Britain and
Spain to establish American rights.
History
through
Art
This engraving, The Women of Les Halles
Marching to Versailles, 5th October 1789, is
by French artist Jean-Francois Janinet
(1752–1814).
Britain put the United States in an awkward position.
France had backed America in the Revolution against the
British. Also, many ordinary Americans saw France’s revolution as proof that the American cause had been just.
Jefferson felt that a move to crush the French Revolution was an attack on liberty everywhere. But Hamilton
argued that Britain was the United States’ primary trading
partner, and British trade was too vital to risk war. In
CRITICAL VIEWING Why did the artist choose
April 1793, Washington declared that the United States
to portray some ordinary people of the revolution?
neutral, meaning it would not take sides.
would remain neutral
Congress then passed a law forbidding the United States
to help either Britain or France.
Hamilton and Jefferson came to agree that entering a war was not in
the new nation’s interest. But Federalists attacked Jefferson for his support
of France anyway. Jefferson was also tired of Washington’s support of
Hamilton’s ideas. In 1793, Jefferson resigned as secretary of state.
Britain made it hard for the United States to remain neutral. The British
were seizing the cargoes of American ships carrying goods from the French
West Indies. Chief Justice John Jay went to England for talks about the
seizure of U.S. ships. Jay also hoped to persuade the British to give up their
forts on the northwest frontier.
322 Chapter 9
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION: TIERED ACTIVITIES
OBJECTIVE Create and complete a chart analyzing the Whiskey Rebellion.
Basic
On Level
Create a three-column
chart with these headings:
“Reasons,“ “People
Affected,” and “Importance.”
Students should brainstorm
“Reasons” and have a
representative complete the
first column with:
Have students brainstorm
and fill in the second column
of the chart: “People
Affected.” Students should
provide:
Have students brainstorm
and complete the third
column of the chart:
“Importance.” Students
should explain the:
• locations of people
• reasons the tax greatly
affected them
• importance of putting
down the Whiskey
Rebellion
• their work, outlook, and
relationship to federal
government
• importance of putting
down the rebellion for
foreign countries
• dates of the problems
• description and reasons for
the tax
322 • Chapter 9
France and Britain at War War between France and
The work shows hungry, angry French women
marching in support of the revolution. They
are out to confront the French royal
family who live in the palace of Versailles,
about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Paris,
the capital of France.
Challenge
CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2
Jay’s Treaty During the talks in 1794, news came of the U.S. victory at
the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Fearing another entanglement, the British
Treaty,
agreed to leave the Ohio Valley by 1796. In what is called Jay’s Treaty
the British also agreed to pay damages for U.S. vessels they had seized.
Jay failed, however, to open up the profitable British Caribbean trade
to Americans. Because of this, Jay’s Treaty got through the House and
Senate with great difficulty. Western settlers, for example, were angry
that the British were still allowed to continue their fur trade on the
American side of the U.S.-Canadian border. In spite of criticism, Jay’s
Treaty did help to reduce frontier tensions.
Like Jay, U.S. diplomat Thomas Pinckney helped reduce tensions along
the frontier with the signing of Pinckney’s (PINK•neez) Treaty of 1795. The
United States won favorable terms with Spain in the peace treaty.
More About . . .
Opposition to Jay’s Treaty
Because John Jay was unsuccessful in
opening trade in the British Caribbean,
opposition to the treaty was intense.
Alexander Hamilton was stoned by a crowd
in New York when speaking in support
of the treaty. Jay was burned in effigy so
many times that he commented that he
could travel down the Eastern coast using
only the light of his burning effigies. With
Washington’s support, the treaty was
ratified by the Senate with exactly the 2/3
vote it needed, 20–10.
• Americans had the right to travel freely on the Mississippi River,
• U.S. goods could be stored at the port of New Orleans free of
customs duties.
• Spain accepted the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida
and the southern boundary of the United States.
Together, Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney’s Treaty gave Americans a greater sense
of security. With far less fear of European hostility, more Americans were
moving west. But when Washington announced he would not run again
for president, Americans were deeply divided over how the nation should
be governed.
ANALYZE Describe how crises in Europe created challenges for the new American
government.
Answer: The United
States had ties to both
Great Britain and France.
The two European
countries were at war
with each other. Each
demanded that the
United States take its
side in the conflict.
4
Assess & Reteach
Assess Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
ONLINE QUIZ
2
Section Assessment
For test practice, go to
Interactive Review @ ClassZone.com
TERMS & NAMES
1. Explain the importance of:
• Battle of Fallen
• French Revolution
Timbers
• Jay’s Treaty
• Treaty of Greenville
• Pinckney’s Treaty
• Whiskey Rebellion
USING YOUR READING NOTES
2. Summarize Complete the diagram you started at
the beginning of the section.
Challenge
From Spain
First U.S
Government
Response
Pinckney’s
Treaty
From Britain
From France
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Section Quiz, p. 44
KEY IDEAS
3. Why did Washington consider it important to put
down the Whiskey Rebellion?
4. How did the French Revolution create problems for
the United States?
Interactive Review
@ ClassZone.com
Power Presentations
CRITICAL THINKING
5. Evaluate What were some of the advantages of
the new nation remaining neutral?
Test Generator
Reteach Write each of the two main headings
on the board. Ask the class to provide bullets
points under each heading and then provide an
explanation of each orally.
Connect to Today The Whiskey Rebellion
threatened civil order. What are some more current
example of citizens threatening civil order in the
belief that their cause is just?
7. Connect Economics & History How did
Pinckney’s Treaty protect American interests?
6.
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Reteaching Activity, p. 47
8. Geography/Art Map Make a map that shows
a plan of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, or draw a
scene from that battle.
Launching a New Republic 323
SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT ANSWERS
Terms & Names
1. Battle of Fallen Timbers, p. 320; Treaty of
Greenville, p. 321; Whiskey Rebellion, p. 321;
French Revolution, p. 322; Jay’s Treaty, p. 323;
Pinckney’s Treaty, p. 323
Using Your Reading Notes
2. law requiring neutrality (response to Britain
and France)
Key Ideas
3. to show that the federal government could
enforce its own laws
4. Many Americans believed in its ideals, but it
became very violent and involved conflicts with
Britain and others.
Critical Thinking
5. It allowed continued trade relations with
Britain and did not require war with France.
6. Possible Answers: civil rights movement,
antiwar movement during Vietnam War,
labor strikes
7. It allowed continued trade on the Mississippi
River and allowed storage of goods in New
Orleans without paying duties.
8. Maps should show the location of the battle;
art should include fallen trees. Use the rubric
to score students’ maps.
Map/Display Rubric
Historical
Accuracy
Content
4
excellent; displays all
important features
no errors
3
good; displays some
important features
few/minor
errors
2
fair; displays few important
features
several errors
1
poor; displays no important
features
many errors
Teacher’s Edition • 323