M embrane structure of polar bear hair

‘
西 安 工 程 大 学 学 报 J
ournal
of
Xi
’
an Pol
yt
e
chni
c
Uni
ve
rs
i
t
y 第 26卷第 5期 (
总 117期 )
2012年 1O月 Vo1
.26,
No.5(Sum.No.117)
Art
i
cl
e ID:1674-649X(2012)05—0563—
05 M em brane structure of pol
ar bear hai
r W ANG Qi
ng—
l
i
,
XIE Hui
—l
i
,HE Ji
—
huan。,
GAO Hong-
j
i
an ZHANG Yu—dong ,
ZH AO Lei
。
(1.Col
l
ege
of
Text
i
l
es,
Donghua
Uni
ver
si
t
y,
Shanghai
201620,Chi
na;
2.Col
l
ege of
Food Engi
neer
i
ng,Hebi
Col
l
ege of
Vocat
i
on and Technol
ogy,Hebi,Henan 458030,Chi
na;
3.Nat
i
onal
Eng.Labor
at
or
y f
or
M odern Si
l
k,
Col
l
ege
of
Text
i
l
e and Eng.。
Sooc
how Uni
v.,
Suz
hou,
Ji
angsu 215123,
Chi
na;
4.El
ect
r
on Mi
croscpy Cor
e
Laborat
or
y,Shanghai
M e
di
cal
Col
l
e
ge,
Fudan Uni
versi
t
y,
Shanghai
200032,
Chi
na
l
5.Depart
ment
of
Text
i
l
e Eng.,Yanche
ng Text
i
l
e Vocat
i
onal
Technol
ogy Col
l
ege,Yanche
ng,
Ji
angsu 224005。
Chi
na)
Abs
t
r
ac
t:The
pol
ar
bea
r(
Urs
us
m ar
i
t
i
m us)has
supe
r
i
or
a
bi
l
i
t
y of
s
ur
vi
vi
ng i
n t
he
har
s
h Ar
c—
ti
c
regi
ons.Li
ke other cold-resi
stant
ani
m al
s,the hai
r of pol
ar bears pl
ays an i
mportant
rol
e i
n ke
epi
ng war
m.The
m or
phol
ogy a
nd s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e of
t
he pol
ar
bear
hai
r
wer
e
exami
ned
by means
of
the opti
cal
microscope(OM ),scanni
ng el
ect
ron mi
croscopy(SEM ),fi
el
d em i
ssi
on scanni
ng elec—
t
r
on mi
cr
osc
opy (FE-
SEM ) a
nd t
r
ans
mi
ss
i
on el
ec
t
r
on mi
cr
os
cope (TEM ) r
e
spec
t
i
ve
l
y.The
m embrane st
ruct
ure of
the pol
ar bear hai
r
i
s descri
bed.That
t
hi
s
uni
que membr
ane-pore struc— ture may be cri
ti
eal
for t
he heat
transfer process of
pol
ar bear
hai
r.
Key words:pol
ar bear hai
r;morphol
ogy;structure;m em brane structure
CLC number:TS 102.319 Document
code:
A 0 Introd ucti
on Pol
a
r
be
ar
s(
Ur
s
us
m ar
i
t
i
m us)ar
e
t
he
l
ar
ges
t
l
and l
i
vi
ng pr
edat
or
on t
he
e
ar
t
h.W i
t
h an abr
upt
i
n—
crease
of
the scal
e of
gl
aci
al
cycle i
n the Northern Hemi
sphere。the arcti
c sea—i
ce ecosyst
em was estab一
1
i
shed at
about 2.5 mya,whi
ch resul
ted i
n an i
ni
ti
al
burst
of
bi
odi
versi
ty,i
ncl
udi
ng brown bears.A s
t
he descendent
s of brown bears and a ki
nd of
mari
ne mammal
f
eedi
ng on seal
s,modern pol
ar bears
are born on 1
and but
spend most
of
thei
r ti
me i
n the sea.I
n order to survi
ve i
n the
harsh envi
ronment at
mi
nus 50"
C i
n t
he
Ar
c
t
i
c,
t
hi
s
huge
ani
mal
has
an ext
ensi
ve
f
at
l
aye
r(up
t
o 1
0 cm) and bul
ky
f
ur
s,
whi
c
h con—
tri
bute to i
t
agai
nst
col
d.Pol
ar bear fur
consi
sts of
a l
ayer
of
dense
underfur and an outer l
ayer of
guard hai
rs,whi
ch are tr
anspar
ent
but
appear
t
o be whi
te.The whi
t
e out
si
de hel
ps
them t
o cam ouf
lage i
n the snow and i
ce-covered envi
ronm ent
D-
z
].M uch attenti
on has been pai
d on the opti
ca1
funct
i
on of
the pol
ar Rec
ei
ved dat
e
l
2012—
04一
O1
Foundat
i
on i
t
em ,
Support
e
d by Nat
i
onal
Nat
ural
Sci
enc
e Foundat
i
on of
Chi
na(10972053)
Cor
re
spondi
ng aut
hor,
W ANG Qi
ng-l
i
(1985一
),
Fe
mal
e,
a nat
i
ve of
Anyang ci
t
y,Henan Pr
ovi
nc
e.E-mai
l
:wangqi
ngl
i
1985
@ mai
l
.dhu.edu.cn 564
西
安
工
程
大
学
学
报 第 26卷 bear hai
r
and t
he cont
ami
nants
of
t
he hai
r,and there are several
publ
i
cati
ons[
3
-
1
3
].Recentl
y,the
morphol
—
ogy and structure of
pol
ar
bear hai
r
have been m ent
i
oned [
.and the holl
ow structure
of
guard hai
rs i
s
descri
bed[
引.However,the
m embrane structure
of
pol
ar bear hai
r has
not
been thoroughl
y i
nvest
i
gated and descri
bed.Thi
s paper i
ntends to i
ndenti
fy the membrane structure of
pol
ar bear hai
r f
i
ber,whi
ch i
s observed by scanni
ng el
ectron mi
croscopy (SEM )and transm i
ssi
on el
ectron mi
croscope (TEM ).
1
Sampl
e
prepar
at
i
on and i
nst
rum ent
s
The
hai
r
was
obtai
ned from a t
wo-year
ol
d m ale
pol
ar bear i
n the
Laohutan Pol
e Aquari
um i
n Dal
i
an,Chi
na.Four types of
observati
on tool
s were used t
o exami
ne
the m orphology and st
ruct
ure of
the pol
ar
bear
ha
i
r,
Opt
i
c
al
mi
c
r
osc
ope(OM ),
JEOL JSM-
6380LV Sc
anni
ng El
ec
t
r
on Mi
cr
osc
opy (
SEM ),
4800 Fi
el
d Em i
ssi
on Scanni
ng El
ectron M i
croscopy (FE-SEM ) and transmi
ssi
on el
ectron mi
croscope (TEM )were i
ncl
uded.
The sampl
es of
OM observat
i
on were em bedded i
n t
he centre of
a wool
f
i
bre bundl
e and t
hen sl
i
ced i
nto a number of
thi
n pi
eces by usi
ng one of
H a
'
s
sl
i
ce
devi
ces;the sam pl
es of
SEM and FE-SEM obser—
vat
i
on were
fi
xed on t
he speci
men st
age
and then deposi
ted a conducti
ve coat
i
ng on thei
r observat
i
on sur—
f
ace;the
fi
bers
of
l
ongi
tudi
nal
secti
ons
observati
on were cut
i
nt
o hal
f
al
ong the f
i
ber venat
i
on whi
ch is
a di
ff
i
cui
t
wor
k;whi
l
e the
sampl
es of
TEM observati
on were em bedded i
n the resi
n and then sl
i
ced i
nto thi
n pi
eces
wi
th t
he thi
ckness
of
up to 50nm by usi
ng ul
trami
crot
ome.
2
M orphol
ogi
cal
and st
ruct
ur
al
anal
ysi
s
2.1
Surface st
ruct
ure of pol
ar bear hai
r Fi
g.1
s
hows
t
he
surf
ac
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ur
e
of
pol
ar
be
ar
ha
i
r
.Fi
gs
.1(
a)and 1(
b)ar
e
f
i
el
d e
mi
ss
i
on s
c
anni
ng el
ectron mi
crographs
of
di
f
ferent
hai
rs at
the magni
fi
cat
i
on of
1.00k,whi
l
e Fi
gs.1(c) and 1(d)are
mi
—
crographs
of
di
ff
erent
hai
rs at
hi
gher
m agni
fi
cat
i
on 5.0Ok.These show that
pol
ar bear hai
r was
covered wit
h ci
rcul
ar
scales
i
n i
rregular shapes and vari
ous
si
zes,whic
h arrayed toward the end poi
nt of
t
he fi
ber.
Scal
e
de
ns
i
t
y
was
r
e
l
at
i
ve
l
y
sma
l
l
,
5O
一
70s
ca
l
e
s
/mm a
nd
t
he
sc
al
e
e
dges
s
ee
me
d t
o
be
wavy
or
se
r
ra
t
ed.
2.2 Transvers
e sect
i
ons
of pol
ar
bear hai
r Al
most
al
l
t
he hai
r
s were ci
rcul
ar
or el
l
i
pt
i
cal
cros
s s
ec
t
i
on,
as s
hown i
n Fi
g.2(a)and 2(b).The red ci
rcl
es
re—
present
f
i
ne hai
r
s.No medul
l
a was
observed i
n t
he cortex of
most
f
i
ne
hai
rs
wher
e l f
f
ew bl
ack pi
gments
wer
e foun& Vg
-
here
as.
there
was an evi
dent
medul
l
a l
ayer i
n t
he
cor
tex of
coars
e hai
r
wi
幽 out
pi
gment
s.
Mi
crographs
by t
he scanni
ng electron mi
croscope wi
t
h precise resol
uti
on,gave
f
l more i
ntui
ti
oni
sti
c i
mage of
the transverse sect
i
on of
pol
ar bear
hai
r.whi
ch was
membrane—pore structure [
引.From Fi
g.3 (a) and 3(b),we could see that
the
m edul
l
a of
pol
ar
bear
hai
r was f
l hol
l
ow col
um ned cavi
t
y surrounded by alveol
ate spaci
ng l
ayers.The
holl
ow m edull
a approxi
m ated 2 5/
am i
n di
am eter,accounti
ng for one thi
rd of
the fi
ber di
ameter,about
80/
 ̄m.
2.3 Longi
tudi
nal
sect
i
ons
of pol
ar bear hair
Fi
g.4 i
s
the l
ongi
tudi
nal
secti
on of
pol
ar bear hai
r under
opti
cal
mi
croscope.The m edul
l
a was
a con— secuti
ve cavi
ty wi
th a f
uzzy m embrane-
pore structure,and t
he space of
hol
l
ow cavi
ty was found to be si
g— ni
f
i
cantl
y l
arge,approxi
matel
y one t
hi
rd t
o f
l hal
f of
the fi
ber i
n di
ameter,whi
ch coul
d also be drawn i
n part
2.3.
M uc
h c
l
ear
e
r
me
mbr
ane
—
por
e
s
t
r
uc
t
ure
was
obt
ai
ned i
n Fi
gs
.5(a),
(b)a
nd(c
).The
y wer
e
t
a
ken nn—
der
di
f
f
e
r
ent
magni
f
i
c
at
i
on,520,
3.81k and 11.Ok,
re
s
pe
ct
i
ve
l
y.Fi
g.5(a)i
ndi
c
at
es
t
hat
we
sl
i
c
ed i
n t
he
f
i
—
ber
di
recti
on.
W hen cut
i
n haI
f
al
ong the fi
ber
venati
on,t
he mem brane structure coul
d be seen cl
earer by SEM ,as show n i
n Fi
g.6.
第 5期 Membr
ane
s
t
r
uc
t
ure
of
pol
ar
be
ar
hai
r
567
References:
[
1
] FERGUSON S H,
TAYLOR M K,
BORN EW ,
e
t
a
1
.Fr
a
c
t
a
l
s,
s
e
a
-
i
c
e
l
a
n
ds
c
a
pe
a
nd
s
pa
t
i
a
l
pa
t
t
e
r
ns
of
po
l
a
r
be
ar
s
[
J
]
.
J
our
nal
of
Bi
ogeography,
1998,
25(6):1
081—
1
092.
[
2] sTEG,
A(
)
ER T,
LI
NKE M,
PLANCK H.
Bi
o
ni
c
s
i
n
t
e
xt
i
l
e
s:
f
l
e
x
i
bl
e
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
l
u
c
e
n
t
t
he
r
ma
l
i
ns
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
or
s
ol
a
r
t
he
r
-
ea
r
l
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
s
[J
].Ph
i
l
os
op
hi
c
a
l
Tr
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
of
t
h
e
Roy
a
l
S
oc
i
e
t
y
A-
Ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
Phy
s
i
c
a
l
a
nd
Engi
n
e
e
r
i
n
g Sc
i
—
ences,
2009,
367(1894):
1
749-1
758.
[
3
] LAVI
GNE
D M.
Bl
a
c
k
po
l
a
r
be
a
r
s
[
J
]
.Nat
u
r
e,
19
7
4,
25
1(
5
47
2):
21
8
—
21
9.
[
4
] GROJ
EAN R E,
S
OUSA J
A,HENRY MC.Ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
on
of
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
by
p
ol
a
r
an
i
ma
l
s
:
a
n
op
t
i
c
a
l
mo
de
l
f
or
pe
l
t
s
[
J
].
Ap
pl
i
e
d
Opt
i
c
s,
1
98
0,
19(
3):
3
3
9
-
3
46
.
[
5
3
GRO]
EAN R E,
S
OUSA J
A,
HENRY M C.Ut
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n of
s
o
l
a
r
r
a
di
a
t
i
on
b
y
p
o
l
a
r
a
ni
ma
l
s
:
a
n
o
pt
i
c
a
l
mo
de
l
f
or
p
e
l
t
s
[J].Appl
i
ed Opt
i
cs,
1981,
20(11):
1
896—1
897.
[
6
3
KOON D W.
I
s
po
l
a
r
be
a
r
ha
i
r
f
i
b
e
r
op
t
i
c
?[
J
]
.Appl
i
e
d
Opt
i
c
s,
1
99
8,
3
7(
15
):
3
1
98
—
3
2
0
0.
[
7
] KOON D W.
Po
we
r
o
f
t
h
e
ol
p
a
r
my
t
h[
J
].
Ne
w Sc
i
e
nt
i
s
t
,
1
9
98,
1
58(
213
1):
50
.
[
8
] TRI
BUTSCH H,
GOSLOWSKI
H,
KUPPERS
U,
e
t
a1
.Li
g
ht
c
ol
l
e
c
t
i
o
n a
nd
s
ol
a
r
s
e
ns
i
n
g
t
hr
ou
gh
t
he
p
ol
a
r
b
ea
r
pe
l
t
[J].Sol
ar
Ener
gy Mat
eri
al
s。1990,21(2-
3):219
-236.
[
9
] BAHNERS T,
SCHLOSSER U,
GUTMANN R,
a
t
a
1
.Te
x
t
i
l
e
s
o
l
a
r
l
i
gh
t
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
o
r
s
ba
s
e
d
on
mo
de
l
s
f
o
r
p
o
l
a
r
b
ea
r
ha
i
r
[
J
]
.S
ol
a
r
En
e
r
gy
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d ol
S
a
r
Ce
l
l
s,
2
0
08,
92
(
1
2):
i
661
一
l
66
7.
[
1
O] DI
ETZ
R,
BORN E W,
RI
GET F,
e
t
a
1
.Te
mp
or
a
l
t
r
e
n
ds
a
nd
f
ut
u
r
e
pr
e
di
c
t
i
o
ns
o
f
me
r
c
ur
y c
o
nc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
o
ns
i
n n
o
r
t
h—
we
s
t
gr
e
e
nl
a
nd
po
l
a
r
be
a
r(Ur
s
us
ma
r
i
t
i
mus
)h
a
i
r
[J
].Env
i
r
on
me
nt
a
l
Sc
i
e
nc
e
8
L
Te
c
hno
l
og
y,
20
11。
45(
4):i
4
58
—
1
465.
[
1
1
]
J
ASPERS V L B,
DI
ETZ R,
SONNE C,
e
t
a
1
.A s
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
o
f
p
e
r
s
i
s
t
e
nt
o
r
g
a
no
ha
1
og
e
na
t
e
d
c
on
t
a
mi
na
nt
s
i
n
ha
i
r
of
e
a
s
t
gr
e
e
nl
a
nd
p
o
l
a
r
b
e
a
r
s
[
J
].
Sc
i
e
nc
e
o
f
t
he
To
t
a
l
En
vi
r
o
nme
nt
,
2
01
0,
4
08(
2
2):
5
61
3
-
5
6
1
8.
[1
2] HORTON T W,
BLUM J
D,
XI
E Z
Q,
e
t
a
1
.St
a
bl
e
i
s
ot
o
pe
f
o
od
—
we
b
a
na
l
ys
i
s
a
n
d
me
r
c
u
r
y
b
i
oma
g
ni
f
i
c
a
t
i
on
i
n
po
l
a
r
be
a
r
s(
Ur
s
u
s
ma
r
i
t
i
mu
s
)
[J
].
Pol
a
r
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h,
2
0
09,
2
8(
3):
44
3
-
4
5
4.
[
1
3] CARDONA-
Ma
r
e
k
T,
KNOTT KK,
MEYER B E,
e
t
a
1
.
Me
r
cu
r
y c
onc
e
nt
r
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
s
o
ut
he
r
n
Be
a
uf
o
r
t
Se
a
po
l
a
r
be
a
r
s:
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
on
ba
s
e
d
on
s
t
ab
l
e
i
s
ot
ope
s
o
f
c
l
f
r
D
on
a
nd
ni
t
r
o
ge
n
[
J
].
Env
i
r
o
nme
n
t
a
l
Tox
i
c
o
l
o
gy
a
nd
Che
mi
s
t
r
y.
2
009,
2
8(
7
):
1
416-
1
424.
[1
4
] ZHANG H J,
CHEN Z,
ZHU Y L,
e
t
a
1
.
Cha
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
on
f
or
ha
i
r
mo
r
p
ho
l
o
gy
a
n
d s
t
r
uc
t
u
r
e
of
c
ol
d
-
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
t
a
ni
ma
l
s
[
C]
//
YAO Mu
.Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
ngs
of
2
0
09
I
nt
e
r
na
t
i
on
a
l
Te
xt
i
l
e
Sc
i
e
nc
e
a
nd
Tec
hn
ol
og
y
Fo
r
u
m.Be
i
j
i
n
g:
Chi
na
Te
xt
i
l
e
a
nd
Appar
el
Press,2010:
333-
339.
[1
5
] HE J
H,
WANG Q L,
SUN J
.
Ca
n
p
ol
a
r
be
a
r
a
b
s
or
b
e
n
vi
r
on
me
nt
a
l
e
n
e
r
gy
?[
J
]
.The
r
ma
l
Sc
i
e
nc
e,
2
01
1,
I
5(
3):
91
1
—
913.
北极 熊 毛 纤维 的 膜 结构 王 青 利 ,
谢 慧 丽 ,
何 吉 欢。,
高 鸿建 ,张玉 东 ,
赵 磊。
(1
.
东 华大 学 纺织 学 院 ,
上海 2
0
16
2
0;
2
.
鹤 壁职 业 技 术 学 院 食 品 工程 学 院 ,
河南 鹤 壁 45
8
03
0;
3.
苏 州 大 学 现 代 丝 绸 国 家工 程 实 验 室 ,
江苏 苏 州 21
51
23;
4
.复 旦 大 学 上 海 医学 院 电镜 室 ,
上海 2
00
03
2I
5.
盐 城 纺 织 职业 技 术 学 院 纺 织 工 程 系 ,
江苏 盐城 2
24
0
05
)
摘要 :
北极 熊具有在 寒 冷 的北极地 区生存 下去 的特殊 能力.和其 他 的许 多耐寒 动物 一 样 ,北极 熊 的毛 发 对 其 身体 的保 暖起 着极为 重要 的作 用.本文分 别采 用光 学显微 镜 、扫描 电子 显微镜 、
场 发射 扫 描 电子 显 微 镜 和透射 电子显微 镜 研 究 了北极 熊毛 发 的形态和 结构.研 究结果 表 明 ,
北极 熊毛 纤维具 有独 特 的膜一
孔结构,
该 结构 应 该对 北极 熊毛 的 热传递过 程有 着关键 的影 响.
关 键词 :北极 熊毛 纤 维 ;
形态;
结构 ;膜结构 编辑 、校对 :
武
晖