UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE,
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT.
J? . d7.
J 0 rs> /
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND
REGIONAL PLANNING.
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This
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JULY, 1975.
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O.H, K o e n i g s b e r g e r
P L A N N IN G S T A N D A R D S F O R F U T U R E
URBAN
I N D U S T R I E S , B A S E D ON T H E
PERFO RM A N C E OF T H E P R E S E N T
N A IR O B I IN D U S T R I A L A R E A
by Ja m e s W a n jo h i 1
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI LIBRARY
1
A t h e s i s p re s e n t e d in p a rt f u lf ilm e n t f o r the d e g re e
of M a ste r of A r t s ,
in U r b a n and R e g io n a l P la n n in g
in the U n i v e r s i t y o f N a i r o b i .
D e c la r a t io n by Candidate
T h i s t h e s i s i s my o r i g i n a l w o r k and h a s not
been p re s e n t e d f o r a d e g re e in any o t h e r
U n iv e rs ity .
S ig n e d
D e c la r a t io n by S u p e r v i s o r ( s )
T h i s t h e s i s h a s been s u b m itte d f o r e x a m in a tio n w it h
my ( o u r) a p p ro va l a s U n i v e r s i t y S u p e r v i s o r ( s )
S ig n e d
f
S ig n e d
A c k n o w le d g e m e n t s
I am g r e a t ly indebted to a n u m b e r o f people and o r g a n i ­
s a t i o n s , w h o s e h e lp , d i r e c t o r in d ir e c t h a s c o n trib u te d
to the s u c c e s s o f t h i s s t u d y .
My s p e c ia l T h a n k s go to
P r o f e s s o r S u b a h k r i s h n i a h , Head o f the D e p a rtm e n t o f
U r b a n and R e g io n a l P la n n in g o f the U n i v e r s i t y o f
N a i r o b i , who a s my s u p e r v i s o r , gave me e x c e lle n t g u i­
dance a s w e ll a s enc o ura g e m e n t.
My t h a n k s go to both
M i s s L y d i a h K i h a r a and M i s s G la d y s K i m a r u , who typed
my w o r k ; M e s s r s . A m o s N ju g u n a and T . A bu ta h o f the
U n i v e r s i t y C o m p u te r S c i e n c e , C e n t r e f o r t h e i r a s s i s - .
tance w it h the data a n a l y s i s ; and l a s t l y and by no means
le a s t , M r.
W . K a h o r o o f the C i t y E n g i n e e r ' s D e p a r t ­
m e n t, N a i r o b i C i t y C o un c il, f o r h i s
s u g g e s t io n s on
v a r i o u s a s p e c ts o f the s t u d y , that we have d i s c u s s e d .
IV.
T a b le o f C o n te n ts
1.
Su m m a ry:
Im p o rta n c e o f M a n u fa c t u rin g I n d u s t r y
In E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t
•
2.
C h a p te r I :
I n t r o d u c t io n
3.
C h a p te r 2 :
R e v ie w o f L i t e r a t u r e on
I
5
ln t r a - m e t r o p o l ita n M a n u fa c t u rin g I n d u s t r y
4.
C h a p te r 3;
II
P a t te rn of U rb a n iz a t io n of
E a s t A f r i c a and the E v o l u t i o n o f M a n u fa c t u rin g
In d u stry
5.
C h a p te r 4 :
.
28
N a tio n a l P o l i c y on
I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and i t s effect on M a n u fa c tu ­
r i n g I n d u s t r i e s in the N a i r o b i M e t r o p o lit a n
A re a .
•
6.
C h a p te r 5:
7.
C h a p te r 6; C o n c lu s io n s and R e c o m m e n d a tio n s.
8.
A p p e n d ix :
8 .1 .
44
D a ta C o lle c t io n and A n a l y s i s
Q u e s tio n a ire
49
53
57
8 .2
A n a l y s i s o f Q u e s t io n n a ir e Data
60
8 .3
B ib lio g ra p h y
80
!
- 1
SUM M A RY
Im p o rta nc e o f M a n u fa c t u rin g A c t i v i t i e s in E c o n o m ic
D e v e lo p m e n t.
I n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y f o r m s a p a rt o f the a c t i v i t i e s o f any m e t r o ­
p o lit a n a re a in the w o r l d today.
It may be e i t h e r m a n u fa c tu rin g
in n a t u re and, t h e r e a f t e r an im p o rta n t economic f a c t o r o f
an a re a a s a s o u r c e o f e x p o r t g o o d s , w ith o u t w h ic h a r e g io n
cannot s u s t a i n c o n tin ued g ro w t h and hence d e ve lo p m e n t, o r o f
a s e r v i c e n a t u re and, t h e r e f o r e , n e c e s s a r y to s u p p o r t o t h e r
t y p e s o f a c t i v i t i e s g oin g on in the r e g i o n .
P l a n n e r s dem arcate
a z o n e o f i n d u s t r i a l a c t iv it y in any n o rm a l p la n n in g p ro g ra m m e
f o r fu tu re a c t iv it ie s .
T h i s i s made p o s s i b l e by s t u d i e s u n d e r ­
taken on the p a t t e rn o f a c t i v i t i e s that a re e x i s t i n g w i t h i n the
r e g i o n , and a p r o je c t io n o f th e s e p r e s e n t a c t i v i t i e s in to the
f u t u r e u s i n g kn o w n t r e n d s o f p ast and p r e s e n t a c t i v i t i e s .
In
s u c h a s t u d y , e f f ic ie n t u s e o f s p a c e , g iv e n a n u m b e r o f
competing u s e s r e q u i r i n g the u s e of t h i s space i s the goal o r
o b je c t iv e .
T o a tta in s u c h a goal , accepted m ethods o f s t u d y
s u c h a s p r o p e r s u r v e y s o f a c t i v i t i e s , a n a ly s e s and p r o je c t io n
o f obtained data m u s t be adhered to.
A kn o w le d g e o r u n d e r ­
s ta n d in g o f d e s i r a b l e goal , both long t e rm and s h o r t t e r m , le a d s
to a f o r m u la t io n o f s t r a t e g i e s that a re l i k e l y to lead to the
achievem ent o f t h i s g o a l.
T h i s n o r m a ll y e n t a i l s a c o n s id e r a t io n
o f the a v a ila b le ra n g e o f a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r the achievem ent
o f the d e s ir e d goal and a s e le c t io n o f the h e s t c o u r s e o f a c tio n
le a d in g to s u c h an a c h ie ve m e nt.
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y h a s been u n d e rt a k e n a s a b a s i s f o r the
s t a n d a r d s that p la n n e r s s h o u ld u s e f o r the lo c a tio n o f f u t u r e
in t r a m e t r o p o l ita n i n d u s t r i e s in K e n y a .
T h e s t u d y a im s to
a c h ie ve t h i s by a r e s e a r c h conducted on the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l
A r e a , th ro u g h a q u e s t io n n a ir e in t e r v i e w s u b s e q u e n t ly a n a ly se d
to p r o v id e the p e r t in e n t data on v a r i o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s ­
/2
-2t r i e s located in the a r e a , and t h e i r land r e q u ir e m e n t a s w e ll
a s t h e i r r e q u ir e m e n t f o r s u p p o r t iv e s e r v i c e s .
F o r t h is p u r­
p o s e , s i x t y n in e d i f f e r e n t p la n t s w e r e in t e r v ie w e d u s in g a
q u e s t io n n a ir e aimed at d e t e r m in in g a c c e s s i b i l i t y , p ro d u c tio n
p a t t e r n s , m a r k e t s , la b o u r and s e r v i c e s .
A s th e se f a c t o r s
a re im p o rta n t in i n t r a - u r b a n i n d u s t r i a l lo c a t io n , t h e i r p e r ­
fo rm a n c e at p r e s e n t s h o u ld in d ic a te the s u c c e s s that p la n n e r s
have s o f a r achieved in p la n n in g e s p e c ia lly in z o n in g f o r u rb a n
a c tiv it ie s .
T h e N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a la c k s both the ra w m a t e r ia l o r i e n ­
ted and in t e n s iv e la b o u r o r ie n t e d i n d u s t r e i s .
T h e p r e s e n t in d u ­
s t r i e s a re g e n e r a lly m a rk e t o r ie n t e d i n d u s t r i e s .
R a w m a t e ria l
o r ie n t e d i n d u s t r i e s a s w e ll a s la b o u r o r ie n t e d i n d u s t r i e s a re
located e l s e w h e r e in
Kenya,
s o m e t im e s in s m a ll u rb a n c e n t r e s
l i k e E l d o r e t f o r the E a s t A f r i c a n T a n n in g E x t r a c t Com p any, o r
the P a n A f r i c a n P a p e r M i l l s I n d u s t r y at W e b u y e .
N e v e rt h e le s s ,
the N a i r o b i M e t r o p o lit a n R e g io n g a in s f r o m a ll th e s e i n d u s t r i e s
a s a la r g e m a rk e t c e n t r e , and t e r m in a l z o n e f o r many o f th e se
p ro d u c ts.
T h e s t u d y h a s p ro v e d the im p o rta n c e o f the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l
A r e a a s a c e n t re o f m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t y in K e n y a and E a s t
A f r i c a at la rg e by the s i z e o f i t s e x p o r t m a rk e t o f 5 3 % o f a ll
i t s p ro d u c tio n c apacity o u t s id e the m e t ro p o lit a n a re a i t s e l f .
E v e n the p u b lis h in g i n d u s t r y h a s a v e r y s i z e a b l e m a rk e t o u t s id e
K e n y a ! B o t h s e c t o r a l and p h y s ic a l p la n n e r s s h o u ld take the
/3
- 3o p p o r t u n it y to u s e the p r e s e n t N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a and the
f u t u r e i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s o f t h i s c o u n t r y a s a b a s i s f o r advanced
developm ent of the c o u n t r y .
P la n n in g s t a n d a r d s o p e r a t in g at p r e s e n t have been s u c c e s s f u l
on a llo c a t io n o f p l o t s , but v a r i o u s im p r o v e m e n t s , n o ta b ly in
■ t r a n s p o r t a t io n , h o u s in g and s e r v i c e s f o r w o r k e r s m u st become
a p r e r e q u i s i t e to f u t u r e p la n n in g .
T h e r e i s no r e a s o n w h y
e n t r e p r e n e u r s who w i s h to locate i n d u s t r i e s in N a i r o b i and
o t h e r la rg e u rb a n c e n t r e s cannot p ro v id e h o u s in g f o r t h e i r w o r ­
k e r s and a s a r e s u l t m in im is e the h o u s in g p ro b le m .
T h i s s t u d y h a s been c a r r i e d out w it h a c o n s c io u s e f f o r t to r e ­
p o rt o b je c t iv e ly and not s u b je c t iv e ly the o ft h e a rd o f p la in t s
o f i n d u s t r i a l p ro b le m s w h ic h a r e la r g e l y blamed on p o o r p la n ­
n in g , o r la c k o f p la n n in g .
T h e p ro b le m s that have been id e n ­
t if ie d by the s t u d y have been s e t out w it h re c o m m e n d a tio n s f o r
th e ir s o lu tio n s .
T h e ideal i s to u s e the a v a ila b le kn o w le d g e to
avoid f u t u r e m is t a k e s in p la n n in g .
A s it i s n o w , s o l u t i o n s to
p r e v a lin g p ro b le m s have a c t iv e ly been so u g h t a s w i t n e s s the de­
c e n t r a liz a t io n of i n d u s t r y f ro m the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a to
a r e a s n e a r the low income e a rn in g g r o u p s .
A n u n d e rs t a n d in g o f the i n d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e now p r e s e n t could
o n ly be achieved by a kn o w le d g e o f the e x i s t i n g t h e o r i e s and
m ethodology f o r s u c h a r e s e a r c h .
T h e l i t e r a t u r e r e v ie w in t h i s
s t u d y p r o v id e s t h e s e , and a b ib lio g r a p h y o f l i t e r a t u r e on i n d u s t ­
r i a l lo c a tio n s u p p l i e s the n e c e s s a r y r e f e r e n c e s on a u t h o r i t i e s of
i n d u s t r i a l lo c a tio n .
S t a n d a r d s that s h o u ld be use d in z o n in g f o r
s u c h a c t i v i t y , can then be d e te rm in e d a s an aid to e f f ic ie n t a l l o ­
c a tio n o f land and p r o v i s i o n o f s u p p o r t iv e s e r v i c e s .
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5
C H A PTER
I
In t r o d u c t io n
In t ra m e t ro p o l ita n I n d u s t r i a l L o c a t io n
T h e c o n c e n t ra tio n o f m a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s in
K e n y a i s h ig h e s t in the f o u r m a jo r u rb a n a r e a s o f
the r e p l u b l i c , v i z : N a i r o b i M e t r o p o lit a n A r e a , Mom­
b a s a , K is u m u and N a k u r u .
T h e f o u r a r e a s c o m p r is e
o v e r 9 0 % of a ll m a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s o f K e n y a .
W it h im p ro v e d economic a c t i v i t i e s a s e v id e n t fro m
the tr e n d o f g ro w t h o f the e c o n om y, s e r v i c e i n d u s t r ­
ie s b e s id e s the m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t i e s w i l l in c r e a s e
p r o p o r t io n a t e ly .
In c re a s e d m a 'n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t i e s w i l l
r e s u l t in g r e a t e r demand f o r land f o r lo c a tio n o f in d u s ­
t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s a s w e ll a s a demand f o r s u p p o r t iv e
s e r v i c e s and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .
T h i s n e c e s s it a t e s a
c le a r u n d e rs t a n d in g of the r e q u ir e m e n t s o f the g r o u p s
o f i n d u s t r i e s that a r e at p r e s e n t located in u rb a n a r e a s ,
and th o s e that a re l i k e l y to be located t h e r e in f u t u r e
f o r p la n n in g p u r p o s e s .
P r o p e r p la n n in g s t a n d a r d s f o r
in t r a u r b a n i n d u s t r i a l lo c a tio n can o n ly be achieved by
a n a ly s e s of the p e rfo rm a n c e o f e x i s t i n g i n d u s t r i a l a re a s .
A n t ic ip a t e d im p a c ts of f u t u r e g e o g ra p h ic , e c o n o m ic , te c h ­
n o lo g ic a l and s o c ia l o r g a n iz a t io n o f the m e t ro p o lit a n r e ­
g io n s w h e r e s u c h i n d u s t r i e s a r e lo c a te d , can then be
based on c u r r e n t demands a s d e te rm in e d f ro m s u c h
s tu d ie s .
T h e N a i r o b i m e t ro p o lit a n R e g io n e m p lo y s a p p ro x im a t e ly
................./6
3 6 ^ 0 0 w o r k e r s in v a r i o u s i n d u s t r i e s .
T h is is 35%
o f the c o u n t r y ’s total o f 1 0 2 , 0 0 0 i n d u s t r i a l w o r k e r s .
T h e la r g e s t s i n g l e i n d u s t r i a l
a re a in K e n y a i s the
N a ir o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a e m p lo y in g 2 5 , 0 0 0 i n d u s t r i a l
w o r k e r s , a q u a r t e r o f K e n y a ' s total i n d u s t r i a l e m p lo y ­
ment.
S e c o n d l y , the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a by i t s
p o s it io n and e x te n t in r e l a t i o n to the r e s t of the C i t y
m a ke s an ideal s t u d y o f the lo c a tio n o f m a n u fa c tu rin g
i n d u s t r i e s in u rb a n a r e a s .
T h e p ro b le m o f h o u s in g
and t r a n s p o r t a t io n in a la rg e i n d u s t r i a l a re a p o s e s a
m a jo r p la n n in g p ro b le m f o r many u rb a n a u t h o r i t i e s .
T h i s i s a p ro b le m that i s p o te n ly v i s i b l e in the p r e s e n t
N a ir o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a and r e q u i r e s a s t u d y i f p la n n in g
f o r f u t u r e i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s in N a i r o b i and o t h e r u rb a n
c e n t r e s i s to be done e f f i c i e n t l y .
P u rp o s e of Stu d y
T h e p u rp o s e of the p r e s e n t s t u d y i s to d e te rm in e the
p e rfo rm a n c e o f the i n d u s t r i e s located in the N a i r o b i
In d u s t ria l A re a .
S u c h a s t u d y w i l l id e n t if y the p ro b le m s
that a r e c u r r e n t l y faced by i n d u s t r i e s located in a la r g e
m e t ro p o lit a n a re a a s w e ll a s th o s e fa c in g a u t h o r i t i e s
engaged in p la n n in g f o r s u c h a r e a s .
T h e r e i s a d e f in it e
la c k o f c le a r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f manufac­
t u r i n g a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n the u rb a n a re a .
T h i s m a k e s it
d i f f i c u l t to f o rm u la t e an economic t h e o r y c onc e rned w it h
s u c h d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s , d e s p it e the fact that d i v e r s e
academic d i s c i p l i n e s a re in v o lv e d in u rb a n s t u d i e s , o f
7
w h ic h i n d u s t r i a l lo c a tio n i s one.
T h e N a i r o b i u rb a n S t u d y G ro u p h a s u n d e rt a k e n v a r i o u s
s t u d i e s o f a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n the N a i r o b i A r e a and h a s r e c o ­
mmended s t r a t e g i e s f o r d e ve lo p m e n t.
H o w e v e r, in d u s t ria l
a r e a s have n o r m a ll y been d iv id e d in to lig h t m a n u fa c tu rin g
and heavy m a n u fa c tu rin g z o n e s w ith o u t any attempt at an
in t e n s iv e r e s e a r c h to enable a lo g ic a l lo c a tio n a l p a t te rn
o f g r o u p s o f i n d u s t r i e s to e m e rg e .
Once g r o u p s o f in d u s ­
t r i e s can be id e n t if ie d and t h e i r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d e t e rm in e d ,
t h e i r p la n n in g becomes a f a i r l y e a s y t a s k f o r the p la n n e r .
T h e d i v e r s i t y o f m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n the in d u s t ­
r i a l a re a in a c it y at f i r s t glance s e e m s c ha otic and d i s o r ­
d e r l y and o n ly a c lo s e e x a m in a tio n can r e v e a l r e g u l a r i t i e s
o f r e q u ir e m e n t s for- v a r i o u s g r o u p s o f i n d u s t r i e s w h ic h
e x h ib it s i m i l a r lo c a tio n a l t e n d e n c ie s .
T h i s s t u d y i s an
attempt to d e te rm in e the r e q u ir e m e n t s o f g iv e n i n d u s t r i a l
c a t e g o r ie s f o r t h e i r e f f ic ie n t o p e r a t io n .
. 3
Im p orta nc e o f a S t u d y of N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a
T h e N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a h a s been s e le c te d b ecause it
i s the o ld e s t e s t a b lis h e d i n d u s t r i a l a re a in K e n y a .
It h a s
some f i r m s d a tin g back f ro m W o r l d W a r I , n o ta b ly L o r d
D e la m a r e ' s Unga L i m i t e d , f i r s t e s t a b lis h e d in the w a r
y e a r s and l a t e r s o ld to the K e n y a F a r m e r s A s s o c i a t i o n
in 1928 and s t i l l exp a n d in g today.
S e c o n d l y , the N a i r o b i
I n d u s t r i a l A r e a , l i k e any o t h e r i n d u s t r i a l a re a located
w i t h i n a la rg e m e t ro p o lit a n a r e a , o f f e r s g re a t a t t r a c t io n
to m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s t y o w in g to a la r g e p o p u la tio n b ase
................ / 8
8
n e c e s s a r y to s u p p o r t the p ro d u c tio n o f i n d u s t r i a l g o o d s.
T h e u rb a n m a rk e t o f f e r s v a r ie d fa c e ts f o r m a n u fa c tu rin g
g o o d s.
T h e m o st o b v io u s i s the c o n c e n t ra tio n o f la rg e
n u m b e rs o f people w i t h i n i t s c o n f in e s , e i t h e r f o r m in g a
m a rk e t f o r m a s s produced goods o r p r o v id in g enough s p e ­
c ia liz e d c l i e n t i l e f o r m o re e s o t e r i c p r o d u c t s .
B e s id e s ,
many f i r m s s e l l t h e i r p ro d u c t s to o t h e r m a n u f a c t u t e r s ,
e i t h e r f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g o r f o r a s s e m b ly in to la r g e -*
it e m s .
F i n a l l y , a c c e s s to in t e r n a t io n a l m a r k e t s i s r e a d i l y
a v a ila b le in la r g e c i t i e s l i k e N a i r o b i .
T o u n d e rs ta n d i n t r a
u rb a n i n d u s t r i a l r e q u ir e m e n t s , an a re a l i k e N a ir o b I n d u s t ­
r i a l A r e a becomes ideal f o r s t u d y .
It w i l l g iv e the p a t te rn
o f p ro d u c tio n and i n d u s t r i a l t r e n d s a s w e ll a s m a r k e t ,
la b o u r and i n f r a s t r u c t u r e r e q u ir e m e n t s o f an i n d u s t r i a l
a re a .
T h e s e a r e n e c e s s a r y a s a g u id e lin e to the lo c a tio n
o f m a n u fa c tu ra l a c t i v i t i e s in f u t u r e , h e r e and e l s e w h e r e .
T h e N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a h a s a w id e v a r i e t y o f manufa­
c t u r in g a c t i v i t i e s w h o s e land r e q u ir e m e n t s s h o w a w id e
d iv e rg e n c e .
O n ly a c o m p re h e n s iv e s t u d y o f i t s in d iv id u a l
f i r m s can p ro v id e an i n s ig h t in to the p la n n in g r e q u ir e m e n t s
o f v a r i o u s g r o u p s o f m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t i e s .
N a iro b i w ill
get i n c r e a s in g s h a r e s o f K e n y a ’s i n d u s t r i e s in f u t u r e ,
o w in g to the a g g lo m e ra tio n economi e s it o f f e r s to v a r i o u s
in d u s t rie s .
T h i s b eh oves the p la n n in g a u t h o r i t i e s to be
c le a r in t h e i r m in d s a s to the s t a n d a r d s the i n d u s t r i e s
lo c a tin g in N a i r o b i r e q u ir e , to re d u c e the f r i c t i o n that
r e s u l t s f ro m im p r o p e r a llo c a t io n o f s i t e s .
/9
9
•A
S c o p e o f the S t u d y
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y a im s at d e t e r m in in g the p e rfo rm a n c e
o f m a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r ^ l s in the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a
a s zoned in the 1947 M a s t e r P l a n f o r N a i r o b i C i t y .
'I h i s
a re a c o m p r is e s the T o w n P la n n in g T r a f f i c D i s t r i c t s N o s .
151 to 162 w i t h i n the'land u s e Z o n e s N u m b e r s II , 1 3 , 1 4 , and
16.
T h e s e z o n e s can be b ro a d ly d e fine d a s :
Zone No.
II
f o r heavy i n d u s t r i e s .
Zone No.
13
L ig h t in d u s t rie s
Zone No.
14
N o x io u s i n d u s t r i e s .
Zo ne No.
16
A b u i l t - u p a re a m a in ly f o r the E a s t
A fric a n
P o w e r and L i g h t i n g p u r p o s e s .
T h e s t u d y w i l l be done th ro u g h a s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f
q u e s t io n n a ir e data obtained fro m s e le c te d in d iv id u a l g r o u p s
o f f i r m s in the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a .
T h e s e g ro u p s w ill
be based on the t h r e e d ig it In t e r n a t io n a l I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i ­
f ic a t io n .
F i r m s w h ic h q u a lif y f o r the s u r v e y a r e th o se
em p lo y in g 20 o r m o re people - a p p ro x im a t e ly 1% o f the
total N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a e m plo ym ent.
data h a s been obtained f ro m the
T h e employment
M i n i s t r y o f F in a n c e and
E c o n o m ic P l a n n i n g , C e n t ra l B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s c e n s u s
o f 1973.
A s the q u e s t io n n a ir e data i s f o r in d iv id u a l p la n t s
a s the u n it o f s t u d y , the f i r m s s e le c te d a r e id e n t if ie d by
s t r e e t a d d r e s s and p lo t n u m b e rs .
T h i s w a s p o s s i b l e due to
the c e n s u s o f the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a taken in 1973 by
.................../ I 0
10;
an u rb a n S t u d y G ro u p fro m the R o y a l D a n i s h A c a d e m y,
Sc ho ol of A rc h ite c t u re .
A c o m p a ris o n w it h the C e n t ra l
B u r e a u of S t a t i s t i c s C e n s u s , 1 9 7 3 , f o r the M a n u fa c t u rin g
I n d u s t r i e s o f N a i r o b i C i t y a s a w h o le , w a s made.
A g r e a t e r d e g re e o f d is a g g r e g a t io n o f i n d u s t r i e s h a s
not been p o s s i b l e o w in g to the tim e l i m i t f o r t h i s s t u d y .
It i s f e l t , h o w e v e r , that the p r e s e n t s t u d y w i l l go f a r in
p r o v id in g a m o re d e ta ile d b ase f o r the a llo c a t io n o f s i t e s
f o r the v a r i o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g p l a n t s , in N a i r o b i and o t h e r
to w n s in K e n y a .
-II
CHAPTER
2. 0
2
R e v ie w o f L i t e r a t u r e on in t ra m e t nopo| ita n____
M a n u fa c t u rin g I n d u s t r y
2. I
U r b a n L a n d U s e M o d e ls and M a n u fa c t u rin g T h e o r i e s
H u r d in 1903 show ed that a r e l a t i o n s h i p between u rb a n
land v a lu e s and the u rb a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m e x is t e d
NjOJUviiand that the vfere o f land w a s dependent on i t s n e a r n e s s
to the C i t y C e n t r e .
F r o m t h i s p r o p o s i t i o n , H a ig (1926)
p o stu la te d a t h e o r y to e x p la in the s p a t ia l o r g a n iz a t io n
o f the m e t ro p o lit a n a re a .
In h i s t h e o r t y , the c e n t re o f the
C i t y r e p r e s e n t s the m a rk e t p o in t , and land r e n t i s the
c h a rg e imposed in o r d e r f o r a b id d e r to get a r e l a t i v e l y
a c c e s s ib le s i t e , w h ic h s a v e s h im t r a n s p o r t a t io n c o s t s
that w o u ld r e s u l t f r o m h i s s e p a r a t io n f ro m the m a rk e t
p o in t .
C o m p e titiv e b id d in g f o r s i t e s , t h e r e f o r e , c r e a t e s
an o r d e r o f prec e denc e o f a c t i v i t i e s w i t h i n the u rb a n
a r e a , based on the economic f o r c e s o f the
m a rke t.
As
the H u r d - H a ig model s t a n d s , it im p l i e s that the c o s t s o f
lo c a tio n a re th o s e f o r the r e n t o f the land p lu s the c o s t s
o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and that a c t i v i t i e s a re o r g a n iz e d to
m in im iz e th e s e c o s t s .
T h e model h a s been objected to by A lo n s o (1966) because
l i k e W e b e r ' s (1929) lo c a tio n model , it i s based on m i n i m i ­
z a t io n of the c o s t s r a t h e r than m a x im iz a t io n o f p r o f i t s , and
n e g le c ts the e f f e c t s o f t h e s i z e o f the s i t e .
R a t c l i f f (1949)
p o in t s out that the lo c a tio n a l p a t te rn o f u rb a n a r e a s i s a
r e f le c t io n o f the b a s ic economic f o r c e s w i t h i n the s o c i e t y ,
o f w h ic h the u rb a n c o n c e n t ra t io n s a r e a p a r t .
On c o n c e n ........... / 1 2
12
t r a t i o n s at s t r a t e g ic p o in t s on a n e t w o r k o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n l i n e s ,
M a y e r (1942) p ro v id e d evidence of p e a kin g land v a lu e s at t r a f f i c
i n t e r s e c t i o n s , the d i f f e r e n t i a l peak v a lu e s depending on the r e l a ­
t iv e im p o rta n c e of the j u n c t i o n s .
T h e u s e o f s u c h land d e t e r m in e s
the peak v a lu e s .
W in g o (1961) c o n s tru c te d a model that depended on d e ta ile d a s s u m ­
p t io n s he made o b s c u re d the g e n e ra l p a t te rn o f land u s e w i t h i n the
c it y .
Muth (|96|) and A L O N S O (1966) c o n s tru c te d m o d e ls w h ic h
w e r e m o re s i m p l i f i e d than that o f W in g o , but w h ic h n e v e r t h e l e s s
made q u ite a c c u ra te p r e d ic t io n s o f som e f e a t u r e s o f c it y land u s e .
T h a t o f Muth w a s c onc e rned w it h r e s i d e n t i a l land u s e w h i l s t
A l o n s o ' s model w a s f o r both r e s i d e n t i a l and b u s i n e s s land u s e .
T h e s e two m o d e ls w e r e s i m i l a r in t h e i r a s s u m p t io n s o f an a n a l y s i s
o f the f i r m s d e c i s i o n s
w e r e in c o rp o ra t e d in the m odel.
T h e u rb a n
f i r m a c c o rd in g to A l o s o d e c id e s on a lo c a tio n and the amount o f
land to be occupied in o r d e r to m a x im iz e p r o f i t s .
T h e th e o re t ic a l model that h a s the m o st c o n c is e o r i t i s m to make on
the t h e o r y o f maximum a c c e s s i b i l i t y o r c e n t ra l lo c a tio n o f an u rb a n
m a n u fa c tu rin g f i r m
i s that o f P r o d (1964 a).
H i s a rg um en t on
c e n tra ! lo c a tio n p ro p o n e n t s i s that th e y do not take in to account the
fact that m a r k e t s s e r v e d by some m e t ro p o lit a n m a n u f a c t u r e r s a re
d is c o n t in u o u s , n o n - lo c a l and d is t a n t ; that t r a n s p o r t c o s t s a re
im m a te ria l to s i t e s e le c t io n d e c is io n s o f many i n d u s t r i e s ; and that
the d e s i r a b i l i t y o r u n d e s i r a b i l i t y o f c o re lo c a t io n s f o r s p e c if ic
k in d s o f i n d u s t r i e s i s not ta ken in to account.
/13
13
2
D e s c r i p t i v e M o d e ls
O f d e s c r i p t i v e sc h e m e s that i l l u s t r a t e the e m p h a s is la id on
lo c a tio n of a c t i v i t i e s a s the b a s i s f o r u rb a n land v a lu e s
t h r e e d e r iv e f r o m the e a r l i e r t h e o r y o f H u r d ( 1 9 0 3 ), and
H a ig (1926).
T h e f o u r t h d e s c r i p t i v e sc hem e a t t r ib u t a b le to
I s a r d (1956) i s a m o d ific a t io n o f the L o s c h i a n hexagonal
m a rk e t a r e a s in t e r m s o f g ra d a tio n that w o u ld r e s u l t f r o m
the c o n c e n t ra t io n s o f c e n t r e s g iv e n in the L o s c h s y s t e m .
T h e f i r s t t h r e e s c h e m a tic p a t t e r n s emanate f r o m u rb a n
r e s e a r c h u n d e rta k e n at the u n i v e r s i t y o f C hic a g o.
The
c o n c e n t ric z o n e t h e s i s o f B u r g e s s (1925) i s the s i m p l e s t
model and c o n t a in e s f iv e z o n e s f o r m in g c o n c e n t ric c i r c l e s .
T h e zo n e o f w a r e h o u s in g and lig h t m a n u fa c tu rin g d e lim it e d
by B u r g e s s i s adjacent to the c e n t ra l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t and
beyond t h i s z o n e o f t r a n s i t i o n i s the low income h o u s in g
zone.
T h e second d e s c r i p t i v e schem e i s the s e c t o r o r
wedge t h e o r y f o rm u la te d by H o y t (1939) and based on e x t e n ­
s i v e data c o lle c te d o r a p p ro x im a t e ly two h u n d re d A m e r ic a n
c itie s .
In t h i s t h e o r y , g ro w t h
along a p a r t i c u l a r a x i s o f
t r a n s p o r t ta k e s the f o rm of s i m i l a r t y p e s o f land u s e .
Each
s e c t o r i s of r e l a t i v e l y homogeneous land u s e and e xp a n d s
fro m the C e n t ra l b u s i n e s s
D is t ric t .
I t s re le v a n c e to i n d u s t ­
r i a l land u s e i s g ro w th along t r a n s p o r t a t i o n l i n e s r a d ia t in g
f ro m the c it y c e n t r e .
T h e s e two t h e o r i e s a r e c o m p le m e n ta ry
r a t h e r competing a c c o rd in g to s o c io lo g ic a l data c o lle c te d by
A n d e r s o n and E g e la n d ( l 9 6 1), and a n a ly s e d f o r s p a t ia l d i s t r i ­
b u tio n o f in d ic e s o f s o c ia l r a n k and u r b a n iz a t io n o f f o u r A m e r i ­
can c i t i e s .
/ I4
- 14 T h e t h i r d d e s c r i p t i v e scheme i s that o f m u lt ip le n u c le i t h e o r y
o f H a r r i s and U llm a n (1945) who a rg u e that t h e r e may be m o re
than one focal p o in t in an u rb a n a re a ,a n d that each d i s c r e t e
n u c le i in flu e n c e the lo c a tio n o f c e r t a in land u s e s .
T h i s th e o ry
p r o v i d e s - f d r a w h o le s a lin g lig h t m a n u fa c tu rin g n u c le u s , a heavy
m a n u fa c tu rin g n u c le u s and an i n d u s t r i a l s u b u r b .
A s U llm a n (1962)
t-
a rg u e d , ' T h e M e t r o p o l i s o f today and i n c r e a s i n g l y in the f u t u r e i s
not o n ly one c i t y , but a f e d e ra t io n o f g e n e ra l and s q e c ia l c e n t r e s .
A s s u c h the c it y i s l i k e l y to have s e v e r a l h e a r t s b e t t e r located
than o n e , and b a s i c a l l y w i l l be b e t t e r o f f because o f r e d u c t io n
in t r a v e l t im e , c o n g e s t io n , and u t i l i z a t i o n o f b e t t e r s i t e s ; and
t h i s s t r e n g t h e n s the m u lt ip le n u c le i concept but f o r w a r d e a r l i e r '
Is a r d 's
d e s c r i p t i v e schem e m o d ifie d L O s c h ' s (1940) a s s u m p t io n
of u n if o r m d e n s it y in h i s economic la n d sc a p e , to in c lu d e the
v
g ra d in g o f m a rk e t a r e a s ra n g in g f r o m the s m a ll o n e s a ro u n d the
c e n tre to la rg e o n e s away f ro m the c e n t r e . , H i s p a t te rn o f land
u se c o m p ris e d o f f o u r s e p a ra te i n d u s t r i a l d i s t r i c t s , and in each
w e re conc e ntra te d p r o d u c e r s o f any g iv e n com m odity.
H i s scheme
had no i n d u s t r i a l a re a adjacent to th e C e n tra l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t
and w a s based on i n i t u t i o n , lo g ic a l a n a l y s i s o f p r i n c i p l e s g o v e r n ­
ing land u s e , and f a c t s .
T h e o r i e s of land u s e a s re v ie w e d above do not c o n s id e r manufac­
t u r in g s i n g l y but a s one a c t iv it y w i t h i n the u rb a n economic s e t t in g .
S e c o n d ly the d i v i s i o n o f i n d u s t r y into lig h t and heavy m a nufa c tu­
r i n g i s not q s u f f i c i e n t d is a g g r e g a t io n f o r the p u r p o s e o f a r i g o r o u s
a n a l y s i s o f m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t i e s .
/! 5
15
2. 3
E m p e r ic a l S t u d i e s
E m p e n ic a l s t u d i e s have been c a r r i e d out to h e lp ga in u n d e r ­
s ta n d in g o f lo c a tio n f a c t o r s and p a t t e r n s o f i n d u s t r i a l lo c a tio n
rfe th e r than to t e s t e x i s t i n g t h e o r i e s .
E m p e r ic a l s t u d i e s
that a r e re le v a n t to in t r a m e t r o p o l ita n m a n u fa c tu rin g lo c a tio n
a re m a n y , but the m a j o r i t y do not attempt to f o r m u la t e a
s ig n if ic a n t t h e o r y .
G ro v e s
(1971) c o n s i d e r s that an ideal
s tu d y o f in t r a m e t r o p o l ita n m a n u fa c tu rin g lo c a tio n s h o u ld
g ive r e c o g n it io n to f o u r b a s ic e le m e n ts .
F irs t ,
that the
s t u d y a p p ly to a total m e t ro p o lit a n a r e a , not to j u s t one
segment o f that m e t r o p o lis .
S e c o n d l y , that m a n u fa c tu rin g be
tre a te d in a h ig h ly d isa g g re g a te d m a n n e r, ( I n t e r n a t io n a l
S ta n d a rd I n d u s t r i a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n 4 - d i g i t l e v e l ) , so that
m e aning ful g r o u p in g s o f lo c a tio n a l i y s i m i l a r i n d u s t r i e s can
be e s t a b lis h e d .
T h i r d l y , that t h e r e be c a r t o g r a p h ic r e p r e ­
s e n t a t io n o f the lo c a tio n o f i n d u s t r i e s .
F o u r t h , that f ro m
the e m p e ric a l data c o lle c te d and a n a ly s e d t h e r e be some
attempt at the f o r m u la t io n o f a ty p o lo g y o f in t r a m e t r o p o l ita n
m a n u fa c tu rin g lo c a tio n .
S u c h a ty p o lo g y s h o u ld c o n s id e r fa c ­
t o r s s u c h a s c e n t ra l v e r s u s n o n - c e n t r a l lo c a t io n , m a rk e t
a r e a s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s , and lin k a g e to w h o le s a le , r e t a i l
and o t h e r m a n u fa c tu rin g f u n c t io n s .
B y the above c r i t e r i a , f o u r o t h e r s t u d i e s that a r e r e le v a n t
to in t r a m e t r o p o l ita n
m a n u fa c tu rin g lo c a tio n a r e th o s e by
H a ig (1 9 2 7 ), D e m e i r l i e r (1 9 5 0 ), C h i n i t z
(1964).
( I 9 6 0 ) , and P r e d
T h e s e s t u d i e s attempt to d e r iv e th e o re t ic a l f o r m u l a ­
t io n s fro m e m p e ric a l data.
................ / I 6
-162.4
CENTRAL VERSUS NON-CENTRAL SITES OF URBAN
INDUS CRIES________________
Haig's urban land theory was based on extensive emperical
data comprising twelve studies for Regional Survey of
New York and its environs.
Haig collected data for nine
groups of industries which were sub-divided to form thirty
one sub-groups, showing the distribution of each for the
years 1900 to 1922.
For the nine major groups shifts
in the location for the survey period were discussed and
the reasons for the shifts analysed.
Haig reached a conclusion that in the absence of special
measures such as zoning, certain industries will adhere
to sites in the centre of the city.
He presented the
characteristics of those industries that will cling to
the central areas of the city (table I) as well as the
characteristics of those industries that will abandon
central sites (table 2)
Table 1
Characteristics of industries that cling to central sites.
1.
No specialised buildings required;
2.
Time or service factor an important element;
3.
Specialized, unstandardized, highly skilled work;
4.
Low ground area per work required;
5.
Comparatively small scale;
6.
Obsolete buildings suitable;
Close contact with market required;
3.
Highly seasonal, fluctuating labour force;
9.
Style factor important.
-1 7 Industry Group
Applicable characteristics
1.
Women's cloaks & dresses
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 3
2
Men's clothing
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8m 9
3.
Knitted outwear
1
2
3 .4
5
6 7 8
9
4.
Textile small wares
1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
5.
High grade jewellery
1
2
3
4
5 - 7 - 9
6.
Small job printing
1
2
3
-
5
6 7 8
-
7.
Special furniture and
cabinet work
1
2
3
-
5
- 7 -
.9
Metal assembling and service
plants
1
2
3
4
5
6 - - -
Technical instruments
(local type)
1
2
3
-
5
6 - -
Cigars (high grade, hand
made product)
1
3
4
5
6 - - -
11.
Photo-engtaving
1
3
4
-
6
-
-
-
12.
Cosmitc and toilet
preparations
1.
-
4
_
6
-
-
-
-
-7
.
8.
9.
10.
2
13.
Metropolitan newspapers
14.
Biscuits and crackers
4
8
15.
Candy (large, hand-work
type)
4
8
2
9
-
Table 2
CHARACTERISTICS Q't
plants that will aba ndon cen tral sites
1.
Comparaticely large size.
2.
Time or service factor unimportant.
3-
Large ground area per worker required.
4.
Nuisance features (odours, noise, high fire hazard).
3.
Specialized buildings required.
6.
Serious problem of waste disposal.
7.
Large quantities of fuel and/or water required.
Applicable characteristics
-18Industry Group*
. Applicable characteristics
1.
Heavy chemicals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2.
Copper smelting and
refinery
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
3.
Sugar refining
1
2
3
4
5
-
7
4.
Iron foundires
1
2
3
4
5
6
5.
Explosives
1
2
3
4
5
6.
Paint, soap and fertilizer 1
2
3
4
5
7.
Slaughtering
1
3- 4
5
8.
Textile finishing
1
3
4
7
9.
Petroleum refining
1
3
4
7
10.
Lumber and planing mills
1
3
4
11.
Candy (large, machine type)1
2
12.
Technical instruments
(non-local type)
1
2
5
13.
Periodical printing
1
2
5
14.
Book Printing
1
2
15.
Book binding
1
2
16.
Job printing (large runs)
1
2
17.
Jewellery (medium-priced)
1
2
18.
Women 1s underwear, kimonos 5
corsets, etc.
6
5
3
Having outlined site characteristics of various groups
of industries, Haig then considered factors that would
cause shifts in the industrial location of different
plants.
These included excess of female labour; attraction
o± water fronts to some industries; increase of bulk weight
in the final stages of processing and thus attraction to
erminal areas; and growth of local industries to serve
19/..cont...
-19increasing populations.
these factors are very important
to analysis of intraurban industries.
Haig's analysis of New York industry was aimed at
determining the most efficient location of industrial
activities, therefore, transportation and accessibility
within the city was a very important factor in the planning
process2.5
His work forms the basis of modern land economics.
MARKET AND RAW MATERIAL SOURCES FOR INDUSTRIES
De Meirlier (1950) for his study of West Central Area of
Chicago classified manufacturing industries on the basis
of the market for their industrial products and the origin
of their basic raw materials to give four divisions as
follows:1.
Local market industries with locally obtained basic
raw materials,
2.
National market industries with locally obtained raw
materials,
3.
Local market industries with nationally (non-local}
obtained basic raw materials, and
4.
National market industries with nationally obtained
raw materials.
His ahaTysisr.was',' however, not detailed to support this
basis for the above classification.
20/..Cont
-2 0 2.6. TRUCK TRANSPORTATION AS A FACTOR FOR INDUSTRIAL
_________________LOCATION______________________
Chinitz (I960) made a study of the New York Region and
found that the area oftered more attraction to some indu­
stries than to others.
By examining the effect of past
developments in freight transport in attracting industries
to the region, the future pattern of location could be
predicted.
His analysis was based on three broad groups
of industries that accounted for 80% of New York Region's
manufacturing employment, as follows
2.61
Communication Oriented Industries
These comprised mainly the clothing (apparel) and printing
categories which are highly concentrated in the region.
The locational pattern of these industries is highly
influenced by a need for fast communication with suppliers
sub-contractors, and customers.
2.62
Local Market Industries
These industries include newspapers and bakeries.
The
characteristic of these industries is that they will sell
more than half of their products inside the region.
2.63
National-Market Industries
These industries sell more than 50% of their products
outside the region.
They exhibit significant differences
depending on size of plant and the value of the product.
Chintiz then analysed each of the above groups using a
concentric ring pattern to demarcate New York Region,into
three areas; New York City, the Inner Belt, and the Outer
•
His study produced a typology based on extensive
•
21/..cont.o
-21transportation survey data, for the manufacturing plants
of the area, though he did not produce any cartographic
representation.
2.7
DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
INDUSTRIES
Fred (1964) made a study of the intrametropolitan location
of American manufacturing and produced a detailed sub­
division of the manufacturing industries of the U.S.
He
grouped the manufacturing industries into, 'seven flexible
types, each of which, theoretically, should be characte­
rized by distributional patterns with a unique set of
attributes, including, in some instances, randomness,'
Fred, 1964a, p.174.
The seven groups are based on a
number of factors such as raw materials origins, markets,
external economics, value of product, and tr ansportation
with respect to media and rates.
The seven groups are:
2.71
Ubiquitous industries concentrated near the Central
Business Districts (including local market, non­
local raw materials).
2.72
Local Market Industries with Local Raw Material
Sources.
2.73
Centrally located 'Communication-Economy Industries.
2.74
Non-centrally located 'Communication-Economy
Industries.
2.75
Non-local Market Industries with High Value Products.
2.76
Non-local Market Industries on the waterfront.
- 22 -
2.77
Industries Oriented towards National Markets.
Pred's typology was based on generalizations concerning •
logical patterning of locational trends and not on
analysis of a given set of data.
2.8
TYPOLOGY ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Groves (1971) made a study of the San Francisco Bay Area
based on the collection of substantial amount of data on
each of twenty-three selected industries with regard to
specific characteristics within the study area.
Plants
in separate industries were mapped by street address and
plant size to allow for the
p roduction of a set of maps
of selected disaggregated industries.
The characteristics
Grove considered most discriminating were:
1.
Location Pattern for which the area was divided
into sub-areas as follows:2.81
Urban Clusteres,
2.82
Traditional urban core areas,
2.83
Central Business District,
2.84
Peripheral Business Districts.
The possibility of an industry or group of industries being
highly concentrated outside any of the areas was taken
into account.
2.85
Market area served,
2.86
Plant charateristics such as site area required
per plant and per employee, length of plant occupation
of site, and the characteristics of the building
occupied by the plant.
2.87
Transportation media used, such as rail-road
- 23 -
or truck.
2.88
Nature of product and/or raw material such as perisha­
bility or bulk.
2.89
Communication orientation.
2.90
On the basis of the above factors, thirteen distinct
intramentropolitan manufacturing locations were found as
set out on Table 3.
Table 3
Typology of Intramentropolitan Manufacturing
Locations
,
Industries in study
Market Groupings_______________ by S.I.C. Classification
A.
Local Market Industries
1.
CBD Concentrated, Communication
Oriented
2751
2752
2.
Dispersed Location, Large Plants
Url|*an core oriented. General Consumer
Market
2711
2026
Bulky Product,
manufacturer
3221
3411
3.
Linked to local
B.
Local/Reqional Market Industries
1.
Urban Core Oriented.
Transportation
Rail
2851
3441
2.
Urban Core Oriented.
Transportation
Truck
2051
2071
24 -
C.
Regional Market Industries
1.
Strong Urban Core Orientation
2082
2.
Located Outside Urban Core Areas
3312
D.
Reqional/Multi-Regional Market Industries
1.
Concentrated 'Communication Oriented.'
2.
Located Outside Urban Clusters
3611
3675
Random location within Urbai>Clusters
3511
3571
1925
1931
E . Multi-Regional (National) Market Industries
1.
2071
Concentrated Outside Urban Core
Industries Local/Regional Perishable
Raw Materials
2033
F.
Waterfront Industries
1.
Urban Core Location
3751
2.
Non-Urban 1
Core Location
2911
6.
Additions From Literature (Fred 1964a)
1«. Local Market.
Random location, some
CBD Association.
Local Material Sources
2097
I
to
Cl
Sralp -1.2(1000
i
~ 26
L. TURKANA
L.KYOGA
THE SETTLER ENCLAVES
:k u r u
EDWARD
NAIROBI
NATRON
AR USHA •
MOMBASA
PEASANT ENCLAVE
—
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KIGOMA
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TABORA
ANZiBAR
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DAR-ES- SALAAM
ANYIKA
L\ MALAWI
Ma p
AFRICA.
No 3
P R E -IN D E P E D E N C E
SPACE
ECONOMY
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NAIROBI CITY MAJOR ACTIVITIES
I
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l
CHAPTER 3
3.0
PATTERN OF URBANIZATION OF EAST AFRICA AND
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
3.1
Early Space Economy of East Africa
During the era of Industrial Revolution in Europe, and
the resultant migration of European Population to the
Countries of the New World, a system of long distance
trade was taking root on the Eastern Coast of East
Africa.
Between 1830 and 1895 there occured a restru­
cturing in the space economy brought about, firstly by
the shifting of the headquaters of the Sultan of Oman by
Zanzibar and secondly by increased demand for ivory and
slaves in the world market.
Zanzibar became the centre
for slave trade with the Arab middlemen supplying slaves
from the hinterland to American Colonists and French
Colonists from the Reunion Islands.
Ivory and slave trade
became instrumental in the establishment of American and
British firms like Smith Mckenzie, Old East African Trading
Company and other firms who had branches in South East
Asia.
Zanzibar, therefore, became a primate city of East
Africa, having a por^t, being the capital as well as the
commecial centre, linked to the interior especially the
*
lake basin.
Development at this time was mostly marked
in Ugandan's Lake basin which later developed as the core
legion of Uganda.3*2
The Balkanization of East Africa and Wars of
—
______Pacification______________________
Following the Berlin Conference of 1885, largely
29
conventd to direct attention of European Nations from
their internal problems which threatened war, East Africa
was Balkanized into four contiguous territories.
These
were Zanzibar ruled by the Sultan of Oman, British East
African Protectorate, the Eastern Province of Uganda
under Britain, and German East Africa.
Explorers and
Missionaries who came as commercial travellers were
precursorns to colonisation.
The process of colonization
required establishment of colonial authority in the
interial which necessitated rail links to the three
territories from Mombasa, Tanga and Dar-es-Salaam.
Thu^
in 1896, the Kenya-Uganda Railhead started at Mombasa,
which now supplanted Zanzibar as the centre of East
Africa.
Along the rail-lines stations were established
with administrative role and from these centres a process
of diffusion of colonial authority began.
Soldiers were
sent from the stations to pacify the native populations
in the interior of the land.
Thus stations such as Voi,
Nyeri, Machakos and Nakuru were set up and were later
declared as district headquaters and formed the backbone
of the present spatial system.
The spatial system was organised from Mombasa through
branches of European firms and Banks, as well as Indian
firms.
Exports of cotton from the Lake Basin peasant
enclave were financed by banks through European firms
who then sold the cotton to Indian firms for exports to
nclia.
Most of the information on the activities of the
- 30 -
Bazaar was obtained through having Indian managers for
these firms.
In this way Mombasa became the primate
node of East Africa having the highest interaction
potential of communication lines.
3.3
The Settler Enclave
Until 1912, the second enclave in Kenya, the White
Highlands, a Settler enclave had not become a viable
economic proposition.
This enclave, unlike the peasant
enclave around Lake Nyanza, was founded on a weak and
artificial economic base.
It could not survive competition,
therefore, without protection in the form of tarrifs
and freight rates.
Its existence could only be assured
through the settler community exerting pressure on the
colonial government to protect and subsidize its
agricultural production.
The role of the settler enclave
became that of extraction of the resources of the peri­
phery, by forcing labour from the peasant farms into the
highlands, through taxation that had no representation.
This enclave monopolized resources and to this end the
settlers tried to force the federation of East African
Territories to expand their sphere of influence.
Nakuru became the centre of this enclave.
Meanwhile, with the advent of the rail head in Nairobi,
ln
Nairobi became the new headquaters of Kenya
Colony, the former British East Africa Protectorate after
C1De boundary changes.
Thus, the pattern of urban centres
- 31 -
form a control to the establishment of firms in Nairobi.
They were instrumental in their location and have
resulted in the evolution of industrial development now
visible.
They can be used to classify the industrial
pattern existing into three catefories, viz:
A«
Market Oriented Industries
205
209
Baking and Food Processing
250
259
Wood carving, saw milling and furniture making,
280
Printing and Publishing.
383
384
Motor works, repair and assembly.
401
412
Building and construction including timber mills.
313
Paints and varnishes making
220
Tobacco, beer brewing, and beverages.
202
Milk and dairy products.
350
Metal and general engineering repairs,
382
Railway repairs.
These firms depend on large concentrations of population
which the Nairobi Metropolis offers.
They can, therefore,
maximize their profits by locating in Nairobi area,
Printing and publishing and service industries are mainly
local as the greater demand is within the city.
The second category of industries located in the Nairobi
Industries Area, though material oriented to an extent is
well demand based.
This includes:
251 -
Saw milling
291 - 299
Leather tanning and wild game products
203
Agricultural processing
231
Cottn Yam production.
- 32
between the 1947 Master Plan and the present decentrali­
z a t io n
policy, the development of industries in Nairobi
Industrial Area has been largely on the artraction that
the area offers to certain types of industry.
Ihe
government policy has been oner, of encouraging industrial
development through government parastatal bodies such as
the Industrial and Commercial Developire nt corporation set
up in 1964, which has its subsidiary, the Kenya Industrial
Estate, a complex of manufacturing industries which is
undergoing critical appraisal and evaluation to determine
its efficiency and performance.
The pattern of industrial
location has thus been mainly determined by entrepreneurs
on consideration of agglomeration and economies of scale
once the initial zone was demarcated.
The factors that
appear obvious in attracting industries to the Nairobi
Industrial Area are:-
1.
Market for mass produced goods as well
as specialized goods marketable in East
Africa and elsewhere.
2.
Contiguity to the centre of decision
making.
•
3.
Terminal services for export production.
4.
Efficient supportive services and infrasture.
T ree economic considerations have combined with the
geographic and metropolitan influences to gravitate
n Ustri-es towards the Nairobi Industrial Area.
These
- 33 -
confined to the Nairobi Industrial Area, which was the
only zone where plots for industrial activities were
allocated.
As' a result of this policy, the Nairobi
industrial Area has been well laid out with a network of
rail lines and roads and is, therefore, easily accessible.
Despite the fact that there is an efficient network of
rail lines and roads within the industrial area itself,
traffic delays have demanded that new industrial centres
be demacarted to alleviate congestion.
This congestion
has resulted from the fact that the two main outlets
from the area have reached their-design capacities.
Jogoo
Road and Enterprise Road - Uhuru Highway are. the only .e
major outlets to the residential areas of most of the
workers, as well as the access to the city centre.
Secondly, Uhuru Highway is used as the Airport Access road
as well as the Road to Mombasa.
The high ownership of
vehicles per capita in Nairobi city, coupled with the
high employment opportunity available in the Nairobi
Industrial Area, has made congestion especially at Peak
hours of the morning and evening a major planning problem.
The policy of decentralising industry has, therefore, been
advocated as a measure for solving the transportation
problem.
in the light of the situation existing within
the railway operations, alternative means of transporting
workers and goods out of the Nairobi Industrial Area is
lacv
‘a n 9 ‘ Improvement of rail services within the metroP° itan area must be emphasised since planners cannot keep
centralizing activities for ever.
- 34 -
The Nairobi Industrial Area as zoned in the 1947 Master
plan for Nairobi comprises an area 960 Ha., approximately
50% of which is undeveloped.
The zone occupies 12% of
the old Nairobi city prior to the 1963 boundary changes.
The boundaries of the Nairobi Industrial Area shown on
Map and are as follows
1.
The city centre and the railway station to the west;
2.
The low income residential areas to the north;
3.
The Airport corridor to the east; and
4.
The Nairobi national Park to the south.
These areas are located in the Kapiti and Athi plains
which lie to the south and east of the Nairobi metropo­
litan Area.
The land is generally flat lying at an
average elevation of 1500 metres above sea level.
The
rail line passed through the Nairobi Industrial area as
it proceeds to Mombasa, some 500 km. away from Nairobi.
The Kisumu rail line which was completed in 1901 lies some
400 km. and passes through the Kikuyu Highland and plateau,
before its descent into the Great Rift Valley.
The other
major branch of the East African Railway in Kenya is the
Nanyuki line, that passes through Thika Town.
This line
was opened in 1930, and is the north-eastern access to
the Mount Kenya Region only some 210 km. from Nairobi.
T is system of rail lines has been important in the Indusrial development of Nairobi.
Until a recent policy of
decentralising industries to other zones of the Urban
Ga, n°tably, Dandora and Ruaraka, industries were
- 35 -
obtaining to-day and the activities within them has
been predominantly due to the colonial policy of the preindipendence era (1895-1960).
The mercantile nature of •
the activities of the city rather than that of fabrication
industries is due to Nairobi's emergency as a primate
city of Kenya as the seat of government, commercial and
industrial centre.
In Uganda where peasant agriculture
developed without undue influence, no primate city
e m e rg e d .
Entebbe developed as the capital, Kampala as
the commercial centre, and Jinja as the industrial centre.
This can also be explained by the fact that, the KenyaUganda Railway did not reach Uganda until 1928, by which
time a number of towns emerged there in that way.
3.4
The Evolution of Industries in Nairobi
Official concern on the development of the Nairobi
Industrial area was given expression by the colonial
Government in 1947.
It became obvious that the Nairobi
Urban Area had achieved dominance as the administrative,
commercial and industrial centre of the East African
towns.
A commission was set up to draw a Master Plan for
the development of a Colonial Capital which envisaged
Nairobi as the industrial centre of East Africa.
The
planning.group in their 1948 report recommended that a
we 1 defined area for exclusive industrial activities be
demarcated to the south east of the Nairobi Railway
Station.
This area is adjacent to the railway marshalling
yar s ana was therefore an extension of the service
industries area of the East African Railway.
- 36 -
C.
The third class of industries is both material and
market oriented included in this category is:
205
Grain milling
312
Animal and vegetable fats and oils
203
Fruit and vegetable canning
233
Fibre processing
209
Miscellaneous crop and food processing
241
Footwear and leather goods.
243 - 244
Clothing textile
334
Cement, glass and other mineral products
511
Electricity generation
311
Chemical industries
3.5
The Kenya Industrial Estate
The Kenya Industrial Estate was established in 1969 as a
subsidiary of the I.C.D.C., with the purpose of encouraging
indigeneous entrepreneurs to invest their skills and
*
capital in the manufacturing ^s^ctor of the economy.
.
.
The Estate was to be constructed in two phases to provide
a total number of farty five units on plot No. IL 209/7142
Likoni Road.
The first phase compromising 22 units
was completed in 1971 and occupied.
The second phase
with 23 units was completed in 1972 and has been occupied.
The activities carried out in the Estate are wholly
manufacturing in nature and employ approximately 400 people
on an area approximately 13 ha.
The government intends
to start industrial estates in all major urban areas of
country, so that the experience derived from the
- 37
Nairobi Industrial Estate can benefit the country at large.
Here, the policy of the central Government to protect
industries so established should be noted.
i n f a n t
im p o r ts
Some
•
have been banned in order, to reduce competition
from the better established firms outside Kenya.
This
policy should be applied together with strict standards
of production in order to make the industries viable in
their production.
I n d u s t r i a l
Secondly, as the size of the Kenya
Estate precludes any appreciable effect on the
market and expansion of activities should be considered
since it can only be effective if its force ii felt on
the market.
3.6
PROBLEMS OF EXPANSION IN THE EXISTING NAIROBI
INDUSTRIAL AREA_________________
3.61
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation and housing are two major problems that
confront planners faced with the development of industries
in the Nairobi Area.
On one hand, the existing Nairobi
Industrial Area has a large area that is undeveloped, but
congestion of traffic forces planners to look for alter­
native industrial areas.
The figures of peak hours .traffic
counts at various junctions when compared with the design
hourly volume in Table 4 clearly indicate the plight of
motorists entering or leaving the Nairobi Industrial Area.
Since the areas where these access roads pass are already
uilt up, any further expansion of industries in the
obi Industrial Area makes the construction of fly overs
se junctions, in order to separate the through traffic
from the traffic entering the Industrial Area at the
grades, necessary.
This is a costly exercise at the
present time when the City Authorities are faced with
financial problems, hence the need to decentralize
centres within the urban area, is urgent.
Table 4
Peak Hour Volumes (pcus) at given junctions of access
roads to Nairobi Industrial Area
Junction
Uhuru Highway
Bunyala Road
Peak Hour Volume pcus for
Movement arm
1 2
3
4
Design Hourly
Volume pcus
2000/700
Uhuru Highway
Lusaka/Aerodrome
Road
2000/1000
Jogoo Road
Likoni Road
2505
3037
1624
1719
1545
Mombasa Road
Enterprise Road 1000/700
(at Firestone
factory)
Enterprise Road
Lusaka Road
1000/700
. 4167
884
1969
6 24
-
621
251
878
1000/700
1783
500
835
1602
1163
1187
S K r 3?
0 0 0 /7 0 0
Jogoo Road
Factory Street 1000/700
—
1289
2268
1745
893
1470
996
- 39 -
FIG. 1
ROAD
MOVEMENTS
JUNCTI ON.
AT
A GRADE
- 40
problem of congestion has been compounded by the
The
d i s t a n c e
that-- wa~rk&-r&-have to that workers have to travel
their residences to Nairobi Industrial Area.
from
of segregation of races was taken into consider­
policy
in the 1947 Master Plan for Nairobi City.
ation
The
The
zoned areas adjacent to the Industrial Area in
plan
West and Nairobi South to people of Asian
N a iro b i
Origin
who were in the middle income group.
led to
homes of people forming the majority of the
labour
force in the industrial Area to be distant from
their
place of work.
it n e cessary
increase
which
.62
This has
These distant residences make
for workers to use bus transport and thus
the volumes of traffic on the Uhuru Highway
forms the access road from the City centre.
The Housing Problem
The second problem evident in the industrial area is
housing.
This problem is of course a major one for
the planning authorities.
It has resulted from high
natu ral growth of population and the high rate of
rural-urban migration.
The city Planners in advocating
decentralization of industrial areas can solve this
problem partially by moving industries to the peripheral
residential areas like Dagoretti, Riruta, Kangemi and
Mathare.
ies m
Industrialists interested in starting industr­
these scheduled industrial centres can imitate
the examples of the British American Tobacco Company
r
he Kenya Breweries who provide housing to a large
- 41
proportion of their employees especially the low income
group.
Such schemes can accelerate the solution to
the housing problem of industrial workers whilst at
the same time it will be a good way of investing money
by those who build.
After all, if industrialists
have enough confidence to invest money in industries
they should have enought confidence in building as
an investment.
Indeed I believe the Nairobi City
Council and the Central Government should make it an
industrial policy for people investing large sums of
money to house one third of their workers.
Such
policies would be profitable to the country and create
a boom in the building industry as well as supporting
the local industries from which building materials would
be purchased.
The third problem evident in the Nairobi Industrial
Area is the plot sizes for light industries such
as garages, repair shops, timber mills and motor spray
which require large scrap yards.
These are congested in
a zone which is approximately 2 ha. in area and desig­
nated zone 1 3 .
These industries cannot expand on the
present sites, and considering the cost of shifting
industries the problem may be termed acute.
The
third problem once again makes decentralization of
n ustrial area a handy solution to the problem of
Nairobi Industrial Area.
7 *Decenf^.i
•
■»
|rali7 ,i1,tf,n of Industrial Areas - Problems
s<> fa,
the problems facing the Nairobi Industrial Area
pol nt to a policy of decentralization of the industrial
-entres within the urban area as the ideal solution.
However, the immediate problem in these areas must be
seen in perspective if efficient planning is to be
achieved.
The first problem that has to be solved in order to
m a k e
the new industrial areas viable to investors is
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .
D a n d o r a
The proposed industrial areas at
- Kassarani - Ruaraka; Langata, and Dagoretti
corner do not have a sophisticated road and railway
network as is found in the old industrial area.
means that
t h e
This
City Authorities will have to invest
large sums of money for developing infrastructure within
the industrial zones.
In the Dandora - Ruaraka area there are good standard-,
of roads notably the A2 to Thika,
and Komarock road.
The outer Ring road
Therefore, the area will be one with
low threshold costs in development of infrastructure.
Besides they are a number of industries here and their
performance can be an indicator of the future requireme­
nt for the proposed industries.
Water for industrial use is the second problem that the
ity Council will have to tackle before these areas can
e aH ° cated for industrial development.
hania Water
At present
Scheme is progressing and will be able to
PP y all required water for the domestic as well as
strial use.
In fact this has been the block to
industrial development on a large scale in the area.
In the Dagoretti—Langata area, the problem of water
will be solved as soon as the Chania water supply is
fully operational as the water presently used in Eastlands can be diverted to this area.
C o u n c il
The Nairobi City
envisages 1976 as the date of completion of
this scheme so that we may expect development of indu­
stries in the sub-urban areas of Nairobi in 1977.
- 44 ~
CHAPTER 4
4.0
National Policy on Industrialization and its
Effect on Manufacturing industries in the Nairobi
Metropolitan Area
The 1974-1978 Development Plan has set out both
urbanization and industrialization policies for Kenya.
*•
On urbanization, the plan envisages the development of
two more large towns besides Nairobi and Mombasa within
the near future.
The most likely towns for such growth
are Kisumu on Lake Nyanza, and Nakuru, in the important
large scale farming area of the Rift Valley.
These
towns are already important manufacturing areas of
Kenya and are likely to assume more prominence in
future, as they are located on the Trans-African
Highway that traverses the African Continent from
Mombasa, in Kenya, to Lagos in Nigeria.
4.1
On industrialization, the Development Plan, advocates;
4.12
Continued expansion of import substitution industries
as a means of saving foreign exhange of the country.
4.13
expansion of production of goods for export, to earn
foreign exchange,
4.14
more rural industries to stem the prevaling tide of
A
rural urban migration^
The Government hopes to achieve points(l) and (2 )
through taxes as deterrents and tax concessions as
inducements of industrial location the smaller towns.
These factors of location have been discussed by Gar­
wood (1952) Bridges (1 9 6 5 ) Floyd and Taylor (1952).
- 45
They all agree that these policies have little effect
on industrial location unless carried to extremes.
Thus we can expect that Nairobi will continue to
receive a larger share of new industries owing to its
market size, labour availability and highly developed
infrastructure.
However, direct subsidies will be
effective and decentralizing industries from larger
centres.
As advocated by the Ministry of Finance
and Planning, long term loans given by Parastatal
bodies of the Government to industries locating
in the smaller urban areas will pull a substantial
percentage of industries to N,akuru and Kisumu espe­
cially in the light of the construction of the TransAfrican Highway.
Export oriented industries will be
the mostly affected by such a policy as access to
African Markets will be fast.
Since Nairobi has
very few of these industries at present, it can be
assumed that the trend of industrial expansion exis­
ting here will continue for the foreseeable future.
This clearly
indicates that a study of the present
industrial structure is desirable, and much so when
it is considered that populaion projections give the
population figure for 1985
1 million people.
With
the present ratio of 6% of the City’s population
employed in the Industrial sector of Nairobi City
Region, the figure for 1985 will be 60,000 pople if
a constant growth rate of population is maintained,
and the city authorities have to plan for this
increase.
- 46
Balanced Growth Through Industrialization
During the current development Plan there has been
constant instability in the world market for various
goods that Kenya Exports.
Such fluctuations in the
world prices of primary goods indicate the desirabil­
ity of long term investments in the industrial sector
of the economy as a means of achieving balanced grow th
of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors.
Thus,
the policy of import substitution especially for capital
goods for the agricultural sector is very important
to our economy.
Agriculture, will determine the rate
of development of the economy even if the manufacturing
sector can import the durable capital goods from abroad,
as the tendency to diminishing returns makes it a
bottle neck to expansion of the economy.
The present
trend of high rural-urban migration indicates that
pressure on land is prevalent.
This situation inhibits
the expansion in the manufacturing sector.
The migrant
labour should be absorbed in the industries by encoura­
ging labour intensive production methods.
The Govern­
ment policy of encouraging such industries is, there­
fore, to be pursued vigorously.
Industries presently
showing export capacity should be subsidised directly
as they are likely to offer hgih employment to the
population besides earning foreign exchange.
Skilled manpower can be supplied to the manufacturing
sector if the government sets up industrial training
centres within the large towns.
Nairobi already has
- 47
a vacational training school located in the Nairobi
Industrial area.
Large industries should send emp­
loyees to such training centres to obtain skills
relevant to their jobs.
This will ensure that the
pattern of distribution of productive activities
and economic roles in the industries has a national
outlook.
This is important to the country as conce­
ptual problems are detrimental to efficient industr­
ial production, and these can occur if local people
do not obtain skilled employment.
The development strategy of the Nairobi City Council
should be based on the National Development Plan’s
recommendations.
Any policy of the central govern­
ment is bound to affect Nairobi much more than any
other area in the country.
The tendency here is
to test whether a certain policy can work in Nairobi
before it is recommended for other areas as witness
the Kenya Industrial Estate.
Secondly, entrepreneurs
will normally be able to interpret a given policy,
and if conducive to business ventures, they will
locate here.
Judging from the number of industries
that have been started during the current develop­
ment, plan, the city authorities will have to plan
for rapidly expanding industrial activities for
their 1985 planning period.
Housing shortages which are at the fore front of the
authorities' problems will remain so for a long time
unless an inspired solution to this problem can be
found soon.
The problem will be compounded by world
prices of building materials that are in common use
today.
The government and other relevant authorities
will have to think of cottage industries to produce
cheaper building materials.
Lower standards of
buildings will have to be accepted by local autho­
rities in their by-laws if only temporarily.
The policy of rural industrial centres should, there­
fore, be geared to production that will help in alle­
viating, not only employment, but in providing pro­
ducts that the country urgently requires.
Brick­
making, and other building materials can be easily
manufactured in rural industries and these will go
a long way to supplying the shortfull that
exists
today in the demand and supply of building materials.
These industries do not require high level of skill
or sophisticated machinery and are therefore ideal for rural areas.
Government ecouragement is, however,
necessary as most of the people who may have ambi­
tions to start such industries do not have the
capital or even the managerial ability to make the
projects a success.
Certainly such projects would
be labour intensive and as such would be serving the
policy of the Central Government of labour intensive
industries.
Given the initial impetus by the autho-
rities, there is no reason why these industries can­
not succeed and in the meantime supply much needed
goods and employment.
- 49 CHAPTER 5
5.0
5.1
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The necessary data for this study was obtained from the
1973 census of industries by the Central Bureau of Statistics
of the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, which gave
a first approximation of employment size of all firms in the
metropolitan area and their activities.
The stree addresses of
all firms were obtained from the 1973 census of the Nairobi Industrial
. Area by the Nairobi Group of the Royal Danish Academy, School of
Architecture, the activities of various industries was classified on
the 3-digit International Standard Industrial Classification.
5.20 For the entire metropolitan area 570 manufacturing firms
were registered and the breakdown of their activities is as
follows:
60
5.21 200 - 209 Food processing
5
5.22 211 - 214 Beverages
5.23 220
1
Tobacco
9
5.24 231 - 239 Textiles5.25 241 - 244 Clothing, footwear and
made up textiles.
75
5.26 251 - 259 Wood and cork
19
69
5.27 260
Furniture and Fixture
5.28 270
Paper and paper products )
5.29 280
Printing and publishing
)
5.30 291 - 299 Leather and fur products
5.31 300
Rubber manufacture
75
6
11
5.32 311 - 319 Chemicals
45
5.33 331 - 339 Non-setallic mineral
products
23
5.34
Metal products
66
5.35 360
Machinery non-electrical
18
5.36 370
Electrical machinery and
appliances
9
5.37 381 - 389 Transport Equipment
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries
5.38 390
%
21
58
5.40 The to ta l number of firm s located in the Nairobi
Industrial Area is 365.
Of these firms 196 are manufacturing
industries and the remainder are warehouses and service industries.
The manufacturing industries are located in 12 traffic zones as
follows:Traffic
zone
No. of firms
Manufacturing
industries
Service
Industries
151
5
3
2
152
57
40
17
153
25
12
13
154
11
8
3
155
27
10
17
156
41
16
25
157
51
30
21
158
39
28
11
159
39
21
18
160
58
30
28
161
26
14
12
162
0
0
365
196
Total
5.50
169
The sample selected from the 196 manufacturing firms
comprises 69 individual firms located in different traffic
zones.
These traffic zones lie within the larger land use zones
demarcated by the Town Planning Department of the Nairobi City
Council as follows:
Traffic zone
Land Use
Activity
zone
151
12
Railway marshalling yards
152, 153, 154
13
Light manufacturing.
159, 160
11
Heavy industries.
161, 162
14
Hoxious industries.
155, 156, 157, 158,
Thus the zones roughly demarcate the type of activities carried out
*-
on the site.
The firms selected for interview were those with an employment size
of over 20 people.
The selection was done so that large and small
firms in each activity group were to be interviewed, with samples in
each group made at random.
The questionnaire comprised 42 variables that were to be obtained by
direct interview on the site.
These 42 variable were to give
pertinent information on location, site, value, raw material sources,
transportation, production, employment, markets and services available.
The information was coded for analysis using a computer programme
designed by the Institute of Computer Sciences of the University of
Nairobi.
5.60 The XDS 3 computer programme was used to give the correlation
between various variables, and to determine those variables that bear
a significant correlation between them.
5.62 The means, minimum values, maximum values
and standard deviations
of important variables are an indicator of the overall performance of
the industrial area.
- 52
5.63 Regression value between given independent variables and chosen
dependent variables can be used to give significant correllation
between such variables.
5.64 Residual errors in the cross tabulation matrix indicate what
differences exist between assumed values of independent variables and
the calculated ones.
5^65 The results of the analysis of questionnaire data, for selected
industries, that are pertinent
to planners can be summarised as follows
.for significant correlation, obtained.
5.66 Site area and
5.662 Area of building on site
5.662 Site value
5.663 Sizes of employment.
5.67 Activity of firm according to ISIC and
5.671 Sources of raw material, whether local or imported.
5.672 Mode of haul of raw materials, whether road or rail,
5.673 Type of market whether local, regional or national.
5.674 Amount of water used per day.
5.675 Power used for production.
5.68 The print out of the results can be seen in pages following, with
the conclusions reached from their interpretation, used for recomendations.
- 53
C H A PTER 6
C o n c lu s io n s and R e c o m m e n d a tio n s
6. I
E m p lo y m e n t d e n s it y i s 146 people p e r h e c ta re .
T h is
in d ic a t e s that the e n t i r e N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a can
accommodate 5 6 , 5 0 0 people i f f u l l y developed w it h
the p r e s e n t i n d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e being m a in ta in e d .
6. 2
T h e s i t e v a lu e i s K £ | 5 , 5 0 0 p e r h e c t a re on the a v e ra g e ,
but land v a lu e s a re s l i g h t l y h ig h e r in a r e a s adjacent
to the C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t .
6. 3
T h e vo lu m e o f t r a f f i c in c a r p a s s a n g e r u n i t s / h r on
the a c c e s s r o a d s i s 1200.
T h i s in d ic a t e s that the
re p o rt e d t r a n s p o r t a t io n p ro b le m e x i s t s a s the
D e s i g n H o u r l y V o lu m e o f th e se r o a d s r a n g e s f ro m
6 0 0 p p u 's to 1000 p c u 's .
6 .4
A t the p r e s e n t moment, the a n a l y s i s o f s a l e s s h o w s
the f o llo w in g m a rk e t p a t te rn f o r the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l
A r e a M a n u fa c tu rin g
N a iro b i
42%
Kenya
30%
E a s t A fric a
21%
A fric a
3%
R e s t o f the w o r ld
4%
M o st f i r m s do n o t , t h e r e f o r e , p ro d u c e f o r e x p o rt p u r p o s e s
but
a re im p o rt - s u b s t it u t io n f i r m s .
T h e s a l e s o u t s id e
N a i r o b i s h o w s the im p o rta nc e o f the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l
in I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , though u s in g h e r ca pita l to d evelop
R u s s i a n I n d u s t r y , m u st be avoided h e r e .
I n d u s t r i a l e m p lo y ­
ment w h e t h e r in the r u r a l a r e a s o r w i t h i n the m e tro p o l ita n t
a r e a s m u st be made a t t r a c t iv e to the e c o n o m ic a lly a c tiv e
p o p u la tio n .
T h i s can be achieved t h ro u g h l i a i s o n between
ap o lic y m a k e r s , p la n n e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s .
A s at p r e s e n t
the C e n t ra l G o ve rn m e n t h a s i t s ow n P h y s i c a l P la n n in g D e p a r t ­
ment and the N a i r o b i C i t y C o u n c il h a s i t s T o w n P la n n in g
D e p a rtm e n t.
T h e s e two d e p a rtm e n ts can be u s e f u l in an
a d v i s o r y c a p a c ity to the C e n t r a l G o c e rn m en t on I n d u s t r i a l
P o l ic y .
6. 12
T h e f o llo w in g ta b le based on the s t u d y can be u se d a s a g u id e ­
l in e f o r i n d u s t r i a l z o n in g f o r u rb a n a r e a s o f K e n y a , a s a
f i r s t a p p ro x im a tio n .
6.121
P lo t S i z e ha.
S m a ll
0 .1
Medium
0. 6
La rg e
6. 122
obove 1. 0
P o p u la t io n d e n s it y
150 ppha.
6. 123
W a t e r R e q u ire m e n t
70 gped
6.124
Power
100 K W H p e r I ton produced
6. 125
D e s ig n v o lu m e s on a c c e s s o f r o a d s
1500 p e u 's
- 55
A r e a in K e n y a a s w e ll a s the E a s t a f r ic a n E c o n o m ic l i f e .
It
e s t a b l i s h e s the a re a a s the le ading m a n u f a c tu re r o f E a s t
A fric a .
6 .5
On ra w m a t e r ia ls d e stin e d f o r the i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s , the
road h a n d le s 5 3 % o f the f r e i g h t and the r a i l w a y 4 7 % .
T h is
3•
in d ic a te s that ra w m a t e r i a l s that a re b u lk y a s w e ll as
p a r t i a l l y f in is h e d goods a re used in m a n u fa c tu re .
/
6. 6
F o r f in is h e d p ro d u c t s the f o llo w in g p a t te rn h a s been e s t a ­
b lis h e d between v a r i o u s modes o f t r a n s p o r t f o r the f in a l
d e s t in a t io n o f the p r o d u c t s .
Roads
71%
R a il
23%
Sea
4%
A ir
2%
T h i s a g a in s d e m o n s t ra t e s the im p o rta n c e o f t r u c k t r a n s p o r t ­
a tio n in the p r e s e n t s t r u c t u r e o f the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a , and
hence the im p o rta nc e to be attached to c o n s t r u c t io n and
im p ro ve m e n t o f r o a d s .
6 .7
On em p lo ym e n t, the N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a could em ploy
3 2 5 , 0 0 0 people in the m a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s a lone i f a
m inim um n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s w a s s e t at 2 0 people f o r each
m inim um p lo t a llo c a te d , w h e r e a s at p r e s e n t the jm a n u f a c t u rin g
and s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s combined em ploy the sam e f i g u r e .
T h is
i s a c le a r in d ic a t io n that f u l l employment I s not being o f f e re d
in the p r e s e n t I n d u s t r i a l A r e a ’
T h i s c o n c lu s io n in d ic a te s
that the i n d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e b e s id e s b eing c a p ita l i t e n s i v e
d e n ie s employment to la b o u r .
- 56
6 .8
A l a r g e n u m b e r o f m a n u fa c tu rin g i n d u s t r i e s (39^)
in
th e N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a depend on im p o rte d ra w m a t e r i a l s
f o r p r o d u c t io n s .
T h i s i s a h ig h f i g u r e and f u r t h e r attempt
to d e t e r m in e the n a t u re o f th e s e im p o r t s i s n e c e s s a r y , i f we
a r e to have i n d u s t r i e s based on local r e s o u r c e s .
6 .9
T h e p r e s e n t w a t e r u sa g e d e te rm in e d in 58 gpcd and can be
u s e d f o r an a p p ro x im a tio n o f the w a t e r r e q u ir e m e n t f o r any
o t h e r in d u s t r ia l a re a s of s im ila r in d u s t ria l s t ru c t u re .
6. 10
Re c c om m e nda t io n s
T h e N a i r o b i I n d u s t r i a l A r e a h a v in g been e s t a b lis h e d a s the
m o st im p o rt a n t a re a o f m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t y in E a s t A f r i c a
s h o u ld be use d a s the b a s i s f o r the f u t u r e p la n n in g o f i n t r a ­
m e t r o p o lit a n m a n u fa c tu rin g lo c a t io n , not o n ly in K e n y a but in
o t h e r E a s t A .f ric a n s t a t e s .
T h e c it y p la n n e r s s h o u ld base
-
i
t h e i r s t r a t e g y f o r p la n n in g f u t u r e m a n u fa c tu rin g a c t i v i t i e s
o n the g u id e lin e s o f the p r e s e n t s t u d y a s it h a s c o n s id e re d
a l l the m a jo r f a c t o r s that a r e r e q u ir e d in the lo c a tio n o f
i n t r a m e t r o p o lit a n i n d u s t r i e s .
T h e a n a l y s i s o f the q u e s t io n ­
n a i r e data m u st be c o n s id e re d a s g iv in g the m o st u p -t o -d a te
r e s u l t s o w in g to the fact that the v a r i a b l e s a n a ly s e d p r o v e ,
s t a t i s t i c a l l y , that the c o m p la in ts o f e n t r e p r e n e u r s a re g e n u in e
T h e p o lic y o f a t t r a c t in g i n v e s t o r s in to the c o u n t r y cannot s u c ­
ceed w it h o u t c o n s c io u s e f f o r t s to r e c t i f y w h a t e v e r s t a n d a r d s
fa ll
6. II
u n d e r f a r in any economic a c t iv it y .
T h e a r i s t o c r a t i c c on c e pts that caused F r a n c e , d u r in g the
I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n , to lag behind o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r ie s
^
a •*-
. .1...
- 57
A p p e n d ix I
N a iro b i In d u s t ria l A re a S u r v e y
Q u e s t io n n a i r e
i. 0
P a r t ic u la r s of F i r m
1.1
S t r e e t Name
0
1 .2
S e r ia l Num ber
3
1 .3
P lo t No.
4
1 .4
Zone
3
1 .5
I . S . I.C .
3
1 .6
A re a of p re se n t s it e ,
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5
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4
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1. 10
I s t h i s land a v a ila b le on the p r e s e n t s i t e ?
N o . o f c o lu m n s
coded
6
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Y e s 1,
No 2
1
1. II
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2. 0
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I s t h e r e a r a i l l in e in to the s i t e ? Y e s 1 , No 2
2. 2
5
’P e a k h o u r t r a f f i c on r o a d , p . c . u ' s
1
4
2. 3
T o t a l N o . o f c a r p a r k in g sp a c e s on s i t e
3. 0
P r o d u c t io n
3. 1
What I s the m o n th ly output o f p la n t?
3. 2
What % o f y o u r r a w m a t e r i a l s a r r i v e s by r a i l ?
3
3. 3
W hat % of y o u r r a w m a t e r i a l s a r r i v e s by ro a d ?
3
3. 4
W ha t % o f y o u r r a w m a t e r i a l s a r r i v e s by a i r ?
2
3. 5
What i s y o u r m a jo r s o u r c e o f ra w m a t e r i a l s ?
L o c a l I , im p o rt 2.
Tonnes
2
4
I s lo a d in g (u n lo a d in g ): mechanical I , manual 2 ,
I
both 3
M a r k e t and D i s t r i b u t i o n
W hat % o f y o u r p ro d u c t i s s o ld w i t h i n N a i r o b i ?
3
W ha t % o f y o u r p ro d u c t i s s o ld w i t h i n K e n y a ?
2
W hat % o f y o u r p ro d u c t i s s o ld w i t h i n E . A f r i c a
2
W hat
%
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y o u r p ro d u c t i s
s o ld w i t h i n A f r i c 2
a
W ha t
%
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y o u r p ro d u c t i s
s o ld w i t h i n the r e s t
o f the w o r l d ?
2
W hat
%
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y o u r p ro d u c t i s
hauled by ro a d ? 3
W ha t
%
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y o u r p ro d u c t i s
hauled by r a i l ?
3
W hat
%
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hauled by s e a ?
2
W ha t
%
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hauled by a i r ?
2
Labour
W ha t i s the tota l N o . o f e m p lo y e e s on the f i r m ?
3
W ha t i s the total N o . o f u n s k i l le d / s e m i s k i l l e d
e m p lo y e e s on the f i r m ?
3
W hat i s the total N o . o f s k i l le d / p r o f e s s io n a l
e m p lo y e e s on the f i r m ?
3
W ha t % i s p ro v id e d w it h h o u s in g ?
2
W hat % i s p ro v id e d w it h
2
tra n sp o rt?
H ow many s h i f t s do you have w o r k in g / d a y ?
I
S e rv ic e s
H ow much w a t e r do you u s e p e r d a y , G a l lo n s ?
5
I s it f r o m N . C . C . , I o r p r iv a t e , 2 ?
I
I s t h e r e a m ain N . C . C , S e w e r on s i t e , Y e s I ,
No. 2
H o w much e l e c t r i c i t y do you u s e p e r m o nth? K W H
I
6
- 59
6 .5
How long d o e s it take to d r i v e to the C i t y
C e n t r e ? M in u t e s .
6 .7
2
Do you have a p u b lic te lep h on e on s i t e ?
Y e s I , No. 2.
6. 8
D o you have a canteen f o r w o r k e r s ?
_|
Y e s I , No 2
I
7 .0
Sto ra g e
7. I
D o you s t o r e r a w m a t e r i a l s on s i t e ? Y e s I , N o 2
I
7 .2
D o you s t o r e f i n i s h e d p ro d u c t s on s i t e ?
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A p p e n d ix 3
B i b l io g ra p h y
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