Slide 1
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Utah’s Early People:
The American Indians
Chapter 3
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Slide 2
The Mood
• Many groups of prehistoric people with many different
lifestyles lived in North America & South America
• The Ice Age was over and prehistoric animals roamed
the land. For thousands of years different groups of
people moved in and out of the place we now call
Utah.
• They were Utah’s first explorers, hunters, farmers,
artists, teachers, students, and religious and
government leaders. When the Mormon pioneers
came to the Great Basin in 1847, there were five main
groups of native people living here.
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Slide 3
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Timeline
• 11,000 B.C. – Paleo-Indians live all over the American continents and in
Utah.
• 6,500 B.C. – Archaic people live in the Great Basin and Plateau Regions.
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300 B.C. – The Anasazi culture spreads into the canyons and mesas along
the San Juan River
• 400 A.D. – The Fremont culture develops throughout the Great Basin.
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1100 – The Numic peoples (including the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute)
move into Utah.
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1300 -- Fremont and Anasazi lifestyles are gone from Utah.
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1620 – The Navajo people move into the San Juan River area.
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1765 – Spanish explorers meet the American Indians of Utah.
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1949 – Danger Cave is first explored.
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1960’s – Hogup Cave is explored.
Slide 4
Historical Sources
• History is the story of what has happened in the past.
• They are written records of the past
• Prehistory is before written records were kept
• Primary sources
• First hand accounts
• Secondary sources
• Second hand accounts (after-the-fact accounts).
• Your Utah: A Journey of Discovery book has both primary and
secondary sources.
• Can you tell which are which?
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Slide 5
Learning Log! Work Alone!
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On your Learning Log assignment, number your next entry
from 1 to 8 and put a “P” for primary source, or an “S” for
secondary source for each item.
A film made today about the Civil War
Photos taken of a Civil War battle
A notebook full of rough drafts of Emily Dickinson poems
A letter written by George Washington
A rock painting made 6,000 years ago
A modern copy of an old rifle
An interview with a historian
The phone bill of a thief
Slide 6
Archaeologists
• Scientists who study early people and their artifacts are
archaeologists.
• Artifacts are objects that are man-made or produced by
humans. (has man’s influence)
• Examples: Tools, weapons, pottery, etc.
• There are still many things of which we have no evidence,
or we don’t know what the artifacts mean. We have to
make educated guesses in some cases.
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Slide 7
Prehistoric American Indians
• Research suggests that humans have lived in Utah for about
11,000 to 13,000 years.
• Much of what we know about some early people in Utah
comes from two caves in the west desert near Wendover.
• Danger Cave
• Hogup Cave
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Slide 8
Danger Cave
• Jesse Jennings from the University of Utah found a variety of fascinating
artifacts in this cave.
• Textiles
• Beetle wings
• Leather scraps
• Pieces of string
• Nets of twine
• Coarse fabric
• Basket fragments
• Bone tools
• Wood tools
• Weapons
• Millstones
• The oldest materials tested, were 11,000 years old.
• This is one of the oldest sites in all of North America.
• We believe that these people were small in numbers, and they were huntergatherers.
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Slide 9
Hogup Cave
• This limestone cave has two chambers: the outer one is about the size of
a large house; the second one is half that size.
• Three different cultures used this cave, the first dating back 8,000 years,
the second being the Fremont people, and finally the Shoshone.
• Artifacts were found from all three eras in time, in the 1960’s.
Unfortunately, the whole area was vandalized in 1970.
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• Vandalizing is still an issue with archeological sites today.
• Why would someone vandalize a site?
• Did you know that is illegal, and that it is illegal to take anything from an
archeological site?
Slide 10
The Paleo-Indian People
• These are the earliest people we know of that lived in Utah, though they
also lived outside of Utah.
• “Paleo” means “Ancient.”
• They were nomadic hunters, meaning they followed animals wherever they
went, for food.
• Some of the animals they hunted are now extinct.
• Saber-toothed tiger
• Giant camel
• Woolly mammoth
• They also would have eaten seeds, nuts, and
other wild plants to eat.
• Because they were always on the move, they
did not stay in one place for a long time.
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Slide 11
The Archaic People
• The Archaic people came after the Paleo-Indian People.
• These people were also hunter-gatherers or nomadic hunters.
• These people lived inside Utah and in other areas as well, just like the
Paleo-Indian People.
• They lived for around 6,400 years.
• We also call them the Desert Gatherers, because they lived in very dry
places.
• They were more advanced than Paleo-Indian
People, and lived long after prehistoric
animals went extinct.
• They moved more methodically, going to the
same places, the same times each year to
benefit from the abundance in different
areas at different times.
Slide 12
Archaic Peoples Foods & Houses
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Gathered duck eggs
Fished for trout
Gathered tender cattail plants
Gathered berries
Gathered nuts
• Acorns, pinion nuts
• Gathered seeds
• Grass seeds, sunflower seeds
• Ate bulrush, sego lily bulbs, and other roots and bulbs.
• Hunted deer, antelope, and mountain sheep.
• Ate lizards, insects, mice, gophers, rabbits, and birds of all kinds.
• They lived in wicki-ups most of the time, and in caves in the winter.
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Slide 13
Archaic Peoples Baskets, Tools & Weapons
• They made all kinds of baskets from plant fibers.
• Flat baskets were used to dry foods
• Deep, cone-shaped baskets were used to carry and gather things.
• Tightly woven jug-like baskets were lined with pinion gum in order
to carry water.
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• With plant fibers (like yucca), they also made shoes, ropes, string,
and thread.
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• They wove rabbit and mouse skins, and sometimes bird feathers, into
robes and blankets.
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• Their main weapon was the atlatl and spear.
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Slide 14
Atlatl
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Slide 15
The Anasazi and Fremont
• Over time, the Archaic People left or mixed with two newer
cultures:
• Anasazi
• Fremont
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Slide 16
The Anasazi
• The Anasazi lived in what is now the Southwest U.S.
(Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona) from about
1AD until around 1275
• They irrigated the desert in order to farm
• They created a network of roads to link dozens of
towns. Traders traveled these roads, carrying cotton,
sandals, and blankets woven from turkey feathers
• It is somewhat of a mystery as to why their culture
disappeared
• Ancestors of modern Hopi and Navajo
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Slide 17
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Slide 18
Anasazi Houses
• The Anasazi built large houses with walls
of stone and adobe, or sundried brick.
• When the Spanish later saw these houses in the early
1500’s, they called them pueblos, the Spanish word for
“village.”
• About 1,000 years ago, some Anasazi villages faced
attacks from warlike neighbors. To escape the threat,
they built new homes along steep cliffs.
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Slide 19
The Anasazi left their artwork in many places.
This is “Newspaper Rock” in Utah
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Pictographs verses Petroglyphs
Slide 20
"Boulder House" is one of the ruins at
Hovenweep in southeastern Utah.
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Slide 21
The Fremont
• About the same time as the Anasazi people lived in the
plateau regions, the Fremont culture was spreading over
much of the dry valleys and mountains in the Great Basin.
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• A variety of cultures developed.
• Most Fremont people were
full-time farmers, growing
corn, beans and squash.
• Others were full-time
hunter-gatherers, and some
shifted between lifestyles.
Slide 22
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Slide 23
Fremont Houses
• Pit houses were the style of home built by the Fremont.
• Part of the pit house was underground, then wooden poles
would complete the walls and roof.
• Nearby, they would have granaries for storing food and gardens
that grew food.
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Slide 24
Fremont watch tower ruins at Nine
Mile Canyon, Utah
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Slide 25
Mouth of Cottonwood Creek in
Nine Mile Canyon
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Slide 26
End of the Anasazi and Fremont
• Both the Anasazi and Fremont cultures disappeared
sometime after 1000 A.D.
• After these two cultures ended, advanced forms of farming
and permanent cities also ended in Utah and people began
hunting and gathering once again.
• We are not sure why? Perhaps climate change? Perhaps soil
erosion? Were they invaded?
• This change happened slowly. It was very complex and did
not happen everywhere at once.
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Slide 27
Historic American Indians
• After the Fremont and Anasazi groups left Utah, other groups
lived here.
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• We refer to the later groups as “historic” Indians because we
have a written history about them.
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• Explorers began coming to the lands where different groups
of Indians lived some 250 years ago.
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• First came the Spanish and Catholic priests. Then came fur
trappers, and then pioneers.
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Slide 28
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Historic Native Americans Essay
• Native Americans have lived in North America since the ice ages.
• Europeans brought horses, new diseases, religions and ideals
that were new to the Native Americans.
• Laws were passed to remove Native Americans from their land,
led to many bloody battles.
• Native American tribes have been broken up into nine different
regions based on language, culture, and geographic location.
Northeast (Eastern Woodland)
Southeast
Great Plains
Pacific Northwest
Plateau
California
Artic/Subarctic (not in the U.S.)
Great Basin
Southwest
• The regions are somewhat artificial because the Native
Americans never used them or created them.
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Slide 29
Francisco Coronado
• 1540-1542 explored the southwest United States
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• Looking for the 7 cities of gold
• During his expedition, some of his horses escaped and became
wild horses known as Mustangs
• The largest herd is in Oklahoma
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Slide 30
Historic American Indians in Utah
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Slide 31
The Utes
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Largest group in Utah.
Had horses.
Traveled with the seasons.
Lived in tepees.
Wore animals skins, and even wove different grasses and
barks for clothes and other items.
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Slide 32
The Shoshone
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Had horses
Hunted and gathered like the Utes
Lived in tepees
Wore animals skins, and even wove different grasses and
barks for clothes and other items
• Labeled as “pretty”
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Slide 33
The Navajo
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• Call themselves the Diné.
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• Lived in the dry regions of southern Utah.
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• Raised sheep and goats and farmed.
• Later, after the Utes, the Navajo were
able to get and use horses.
• Lived in hogans.
• Used sheep wool to make yarn, then wove
it into many items like rugs, blankets and
clothing.
Slide 34
The Navajo
• Indian Placement Program
• Kids used to live with Mormon
foster families to go to school
-1947 to 2000
• WWII –Code Talkers
• The Japanese could not
break their language
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Slide 35
The Paiute
• Also lived in a dry region.
• Irrigated and farmed corn, beans, and
squash (and even wheat).
• Hunted small animals and gathered other foods.
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• Lived in wicki-ups.
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• Wore few clothes. In the summer, children went nude. Men wore
breechcloths, women wore skirts.
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Slide 36
The Goshute
• Lived in a dry region.
• Others called them “Root Diggers,” because they used over 100
different kinds of desert plants, often digging for their roots.
• Ate insects like crickets.
• In this harsh environment, the Goshutes often went hungry.
• Lived in wicki-ups.
• Wore few clothes: men wore loin cloths, women wore grass
skirts. In the winter, they used rabbit-skin blankets.
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Slide 37
Traditions Change
• When the pioneers and settlers came, they opened trading posts
where they sold cotton shirts, pants and dresses to the American
Indians.
• In many photographs, the people are wearing a mixture of
traditional clothes and more modern western clothes, shoes, and
hats.
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Slide 38
Sharing Traditions
• Many American Indians, despite their many differences and
uniqueness, shared two things with other peoples.
• Respect for nature
• Spiritual beliefs (most of which were first past on through stories, orally,
before they could be written).
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Slide 39
End of an Era
• After pioneers and settlers continued to pour in to Utah, the
American Indians way of life would change forever.
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Slide 40
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Indian Sovereignty
 Since colonial times the Native Americans have
been treated as a Sovereign Nation also called Indian Sovereignty
 Sovereignty gives them the power to govern themselves
 Especially true on the Indian Reservations
 They are their own group within the nation
 A nation within a nation
 500 Nations within the United States
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Slide 41
Utah Native American Reservations
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Slide 42
Quiz
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8.
What do archaeologists study? (1 point)
What do they use for clues to the past? (1 point)
How do we know about Utah’s prehistoric people? (2 point)
How did the first people get food? (2 points)
How did the atlatl improve the Indians hunting skills? (1 point)
What happened to the Fremont and Anasazi peoples? (2 points)
What are Utah’s five main historic Indian groups. (5 points)
Why did the people tell stories and legends? (2 point)
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