f
descriptions of relevant plant communities
The term ‘community’ is used broadly in this Appendix, rather than in the specific sense described in
Appendix B. Where only one or two communities are assigned to an EVC (e.g. Sea-grass Meadow, Saline
Aquatic Meadow, and Estuarine Scrub), the communities as outlined below may, in fact, include a range of
floristic communities or potential structural dominants.
community 1 – sea-grass meadow
EVC: 845 Sea-grass Meadow.
Distinguishing Features: Sward-forming aquatic herbland of sheltered marine shallows, intertidal flats and
lower estuarine habitats. See Figures F.1–F.3.
Floristics: Dominated by Grass-wracks or Sea-grasses (Zostera muelleri ssp. muelleri and Z. muelleri ssp.
capricorni and/or Heterozostera nigricaulis and H. tasmanica s.l.), often monospecific and sometimes in close
proximity to Avicennia marina (White Mangrove) stands. Zostera muelleri s.l. extends into lower estuarine
habitats, with Heterozostera tasmanica s.l. conspicuous on intertidal mudflats. A localised variant of intertidal
mudflats of western Port Phillip Bay and Mud Islands includes Lepilaena marina (Sea Water-mat).
Structure: Herbland.
Habitat: Sheltered marine shallows, intertidal flats and lower estuarine habitats.
Distribution: Scattered along the Victorian coast, with most extensive development within Corner Inlet and
Western Port.
Figure F.1: Sea-grass Meadow dominated by Heterozostera nigricaulis, Mud Island, Port Phillip Bay.
appendix f: descriptions of relevant plant communities
453
Figure F.2: Sea-grass Meadow
dominated by Lepilaena marina
and Zostera muelleri ssp.
muelleri, Swan Bay.
Figure F.3: Sea-grass Meadow
dominated by Zostera muelleri ssp.
muelleri, Swan Bay.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 2 – mangrove shrubland
EVC: 140 Mangrove Shrubland.
Distinguishing Features: Extremely species-poor shrubland vegetation of intertidal zone, dominated by
mangroves. See Figures F.4–F.6.
Floristics: Characteristically occurs as monospecific stands of Avicennia marina (White Mangrove). In some
marginal stands, species from adjacent Coastal Saltmarsh or Sea-grass Meadow can also be present – e.g.
Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite), Tecticornia arbuscula
(Shrubby Glasswort), Zostera muelleri s.l. (Dwarf Grass-wrack).
Structure: Low shrubland, usually less than 2 m in height.
Habitat: Sheltered embayments and tidal creeks.
Distribution: East from Lake Connewarre to Corner Inlet, with most extensive development within Corner
Inlet and Western Port.
Figure F.4: Shrubland of Avicennia
marina showing pneumatophores,
near Cribb Point, Western Port.
Figure F.5: Shrubland of
Avicennia marina with veteran
plant, near Cribb Point,
Western Port.
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
455
Figure F.6: Low shrubland
of Avicennia marina, Toora,
Corner Inlet.
community 3 – spartina grassland
EVC: Modified Vegetation (generally assigned to EVC 999 ‘Unknown/Unclassified’).
Distinguishing Features: Sites dominated by species of the introduced Cord Grasses (*Spartina anglica and/or
*S. x townsendii). *Spartina spp. are serious environmental weeds which were initially introduced for purposes
of ‘reclamation’ or stabilisation. See Figure F.7.
Floristics: Dominated by *Spartina spp. (Cord Grass), with a minor component of Sarcocornia quinqueflora
(Beaded Glasswort) the main indigenous vascular species persisting in the sample quadrats.
Structure: Closed grassland in advanced invasions.
Habitat: Invasive in wet coastal situations (typically invading seawards from the wetter margins of saltmarshes.
Distribution: Scattered, mainly in eastern part of the state, becoming locally dominant in severe infestations
(e.g. Anderson Inlet).
Figure F.7: Spartina Grassland,
Anderson Inlet.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 4 – saline aquatic meadow
EVC: 842 Saline Aquatic Meadow.
Distinguishing Features: Submerged herbland of slender grass-like plants, occurring within brackish to saline
waterbodies (shallow lakes and swamps and intermittent wetland ponds). The vegetation is characteristically
extremely species-poor, comprising one or more species of Lepilaena or Ruppia. This EVC dies back during
unfavourably dry conditions; effectively forming a temporal mosaic with can alternate with EVC 990 ‘Non
Vegetation’ which is utilised as a map unit for sites lacking vascular vegetation. See Figures F.8–F.10.
Floristics: The most consistently present species within the quadrats from coastal sites is Lepilaena
cylindrocarpa (Long-fruit Water-mat). Lepilaena preissii (Slender Water-mat), Lepilaena bilocularis (Smallfruit Water-mat) and Ruppia polycarpa (Many-fruit Tassel) are also recorded as potential dominant to
co-dominant species in coastal sites. Stoneworts (Chara spp.) may also be conspicuous. Lepilaena marina
occurring with Zostera muelleri ssp. muelleri on intertidal mudflats of Swan Bay, Corio Bay and The Spit
State Nature Reserve in western Port Phillip Bay, in vegetation transitional between Sea-grass Meadow and
Saline Aquatic Meadow, is here treated as a variant of Sea-grass Meadow. Although recorded at low levels in
a few quadrats, Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) is present only in drier ecotonal sites, and is not
representative of this EVC.
Structure: Herbland.
Habitat: Brackish to saline water-bodies (shallow lakes and swamps and intermittent wetland ponds).
Distribution: Scattered distribution within restricted habitat in the lowlands, principally in the Wimmera,
western volcanic and coastal areas.
Figure F.8: Saline Aquatic Meadow, near Cribb Point, Western Port.
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457
Figure F.9: Saline Aquatic Meadow, near Cribb Point, Western Port.
Figure F.10: Saline Aquatic Meadow habitat during dry phase,
near Warrnambool.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 5.1 – seasonally inundated sub-saline herbland (Wilsonia humilis
herbland)
EVC: 196 Seasonally Inundated Sub-saline Herbland.
Distinguishing Features: Very species-poor low herbland of seasonal saline wetland within relicts of former
tidal lagoons, dominated by Wilsonia humilis. See Figure F.11.
Floristics: Dominated by Wilsonia humilis (Silky Wilsonia), sometimes in association with Wilsonia
rotundifolia (Round-leaf Wilsonia) or Wilsonia backhousei (Narrow-leaf Wilsonia). While not characteristic,
Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) can be present towards the outer edges of this vegetation type, or
invade during drier periods. No introduced plant species are recorded from this habitat.
Structure: Low herbland, less than 15 cm in height.
Habitat: Seasonal saline wetland within relicts of former tidal lagoons. The habitat is inundated by overland
flows of brackish water (seawater mixed with river water). The brackish water can stand for weeks or months,
killing off Sarcocornia quinqueflora. In summer the habitat can dry out, with cracks forming in the substratum.
Distribution: Extremely rare and localised (Bellarine Peninsula and very restricted occurrences in the vicinity
of the Gippsland Lakes), with the largest occurrences at Salt Swamp in the Barwon River estuary.
Figure F.11: Seasonally Inundated Sub-saline Herbland dominated by Wilsonia humilis, Salt Swamp, Barwon River estuary.
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
459
community 5.2 – seasonally inundated sub-saline herbland (Wilsonia backhousei
herbland)
EVC: 196 Seasonally Inundated Sub-saline Herbland.
Distinguishing Features: Patches within saltmarsh vegetation which are dominated by Wilsonia backhousei.
Floristics: Within the extremely limited data (two quadrats), Wilsonia backhousei (Narrow-leaf Wilsonia) is
dominant, with Angianthus preissianus (Salt Angianthus) also providing a high cover. Other species which
provide more than incidental cover in either one of these quadrats include Triglochin striata (Streaked
Arrowgrass), Schoenus nitens (Shiny Bog-sedge), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Isolepis cernua
var. cernua (Nodding Club-sedge) and Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass). A range of other
indigenous annuals are present at incidental levels in one of the quadrats.
The only introduced species recorded, also at incidental levels, are the annuals *Parapholis incurva (Coast
Barb-grass) and *Cuscuta epithymum (Common Dodder).
Structure: Low herbland, less than 15 cm in height.
Habitat: Minor depressions in swales, within infrequently inundated, upper saltmarsh.
Distribution: Very restricted and localised, western Port Phillip Bay and Gippsland Lakes. Sometimes
occurring in fine-scale mosaic or as a complex with Wet Saltmarsh Herbland.
community 5.3 – seasonally inundated sub-saline herbland (Wilsonia
rotundifolia herbland)
EVC: 196 Seasonally Inundated Sub-saline Herbland.
Distinguishing Features: Patches dominated by Wilsonia rotundifolia, occupying seasonally waterlogged sites,
within more elevated saltmarsh beyond the reach of normal tides.
Floristics: Within the extremely limited data (three quadrats), Wilsonia rotundifolia (Round-leaf Wilsonia)
is dominant, with Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) and Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed)
present at two sites. Other species occurring at more than incidental levels at one site are Selliera radicans
(Shiny Swamp-mat), Cuscuta tasmanica (Golden Dodder), Apium annuum (Annual Celery), Puccinellia
perlaxa (Plains Saltmarsh-grass), Lobelia irrigua (Salt Pratia) and Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Saltgrass). The introduced species recorded at the highest frequencies and cover are *Hordeum marinum (Sea
Barley-grass), *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass) and
*Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle). Other species present at more than incidental levels in one quadrat
included *Parapholis strigosa (Slender Barb-grass), *Stellaria media (Chickweed), *Scorzonera laciniata
(Scorzonera), *Polypogon monspeliensis (Annual Beard-grass), *Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort), *Melilotus
indicus (Sweet Melilot) and *Bromus hordeaceus (Soft Brome).
Structure: Low herbland, less than 15 cm in height.
Habitat: Seasonally waterlogged sites on heavy saline soils, within more elevated saltmarsh beyond the reach
of normal tides. Sometimes occurs in complex/ecotone with Sarcocornia dominated Wet Saltmarsh Herbland
(Community 15.4).
Distribution: Very restricted and localised, western Port Phillip Bay. Extremely rare, endangered.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 6 – brackish wetland (Bolboschoenus caldwellii and/or Schoenoplectus
pungens sedgeland)
EVC: 656 Brackish Wetland.
Distinguishing Features: Sedgy to herbaceous vegetation of shallow brackish wetlands, including a mixture of
halophytic species and species which extend into less saline habitats. The sedges are warm season renascent
perennials that provide high cover when actively growing, with a peak in summer and negligible cover when
dormant in winter (at which time the associated species may become visually dominant). See Figure F.12.
Floristics: The estuarine sites are dominated by Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-sedge) and/or
Schoenoplectus pungens (Sharp Club-sedge), with the most frequent associated species being Sarcocornia
quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite)
and Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed). Other associated species which may be locally conspicuous
variously include Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Mimulus repens (Creeping Monkey-flower), Distichlis
distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Leptinella reptans s.l. (Creeping Cotula) and Lilaeopsis polyantha
(Australian Lilaeopsis). The most frequent introduced species recorded from this vegetation type are *Atriplex
prostrata (Hastate Orache), *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons) and *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed).
Structure: Sedgeland, rarely much taller than 1 m, variously with components of low herbland or grassland.
Habitat: Brackish upper reaches of estuaries and other shallow sub-saline wetlands.
Distribution: Scattered in very restricted areas of suitable habitat on inland and coastal plains.
Figure F.12: Brackish Wetland dominated by Schoenoplectus pungens, Forthrop Lagoon, near Portland.
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community 7 – estuarine reedbed
EVC: 952 Estuarine Reedbed.
Distinguishing Features: Vegetation dominated by tall reeds, in association with a sparse ground-layer of
salt-tolerant herbs. Distinguished from Estuarine Wetland by the vigour and total dominance of the reeds.
Common Reed is a warm season renascent perennial that provides high cover when actively growing in
summer, but much lower cover when dormant in winter. See Figures F.13 and F.14.
Floristics: Dominated by Phragmites australis (Common Reed) and often species-poor. The most frequent
associated species variously include Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush),
Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite), Triglochin striata (Streaked
Arrowgrass), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-sedge)
and Mimulus repens (Creeping Monkey-flower). The most frequent introduced species recorded from this
vegetation type are *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache), *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons) and *Aster
subulatus (Aster-weed).
Structure: Reedbed, usually ~2–3 m or more in height.
Habitat: Sub-saline situations of estuaries (sometimes periodically blocked by sand bars), and around
freshwater discharge sites within otherwise saline coastal vegetation.
Distribution: Restricted occurrences in at least most estuaries along the Victorian coast.
Figure F.13: Estuarine Reedbed
dominated by Phragmites
australis, Surrey River,
Narrawong.
Figure F.14: Estuarine Reedbed,
Reedy Lake, Bellarine Peninsula.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 8 – estuarine wetland
EVC: 10 Estuarine Wetland.
Distinguishing Features: Vegetation dominated by Sea Rush, variously with a component of small halophytic
herbs, occurring in regularly inundated wetlands of estuarine flats or other intertidal areas subject to
freshwater inputs associated with seepage or local runoff. Distinguished from Estuarine Reedbed by the
smaller stature and reduced dominance of Phragmites australis (and greater diversity), from Coastal Saltmarsh
by the dominance of Juncus kraussii, and from Estuarine Scrub by the general absence of woody species. See
Figures F.15–F.17.
Floristics: Dominated by Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), often with stunted and sub-dominant Phragmites australis
(Common Reed) and, infrequently in marginal sites, Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-sedge). The most
frequent associated species include Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Selliera radicans (Shiny Swampmat), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Triglochin
striata (Streaked Arrowgrass) and Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite). While poorly represented in the quadrat
data, Disphyma crassifolium ssp. clavellatum (Rounded Noon-flower) is also a common associated species,
and appears to have increased under prolonged drought conditions. The most frequent introduced species
recorded from this vegetation type are *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache), *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed) and
*Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain). *Juncus acutus (Spiny Rush) can also be a serious environmental
weed in this habitat.
Structure: Rushland, generally less than about 1 m in height.
Habitat: Estuarine wetlands of estuarine flats and portions of saltmarshes subject to freshwater inputs
associated with seepage or local runoff.
Distribution: Scattered within restricted habitat along the coast, most extensive in association with larger
estuarine floodplains.
Figure F.15: Ecological context of Estuarine Wetland during dry phase (Estuarine Wetland is the
light shade of vegetation in the central part of photograph), Quail Island, Western Port.
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
463
Figure F.16: Estuarine Wetland dominated by Juncus kraussii, Quail Island, Western Port.
Figure F.17: Estuarine Wetland, Barwon River estuary.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 9 – brackish herbland
EVC: 538 Brackish Herbland.
Distinguishing Features: Low herbland dominated by species tolerant of mildly saline conditions and periodic
inundation. See Figure F.18.
Floristics: Co-dominated by a mixture of small to medium herbs, with the most frequent species including
Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Samolus repens (Creeping
Brookweed), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Mimulus repens (Creeping Monkey-flower),
Leptinella reptans s.l. (Creeping Cotula), Lilaeopsis polyantha (Australian Lilaeopsis), Lobelia irrigua (Salt
Pratia), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite), Ranunculus amphitrichus (Small River Buttercup) and sometimes
Crassula helmsii (Swamp Crassula). Isolepis cernua var. cernua (Nodding Club-sedge) is also consistently
present, variously with Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass). When in its best development larger
sedges, rushes and reeds are absent from Brackish Herbland, the estuarine quadrats are mainly from sites
ecotonal to Estuarine Wetland, and typically include a sparse component of Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush),
variously with Phragmites australis (Common Reed) and/or Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-sedge). The
most frequent introduced species recorded from this vegetation type are *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons)
and *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed).
Structure: Low herbland, mostly less than about 20 cm in height.
Habitat: Including wetlands in estuarine sites.
Distribution: Scattered within very restricted habitat on inland plains and in coastal areas.
Figure F.18: Brackish Herbland, Long Swamp, near Nelson.
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465
community 10.1 – estuarine scrub (eastern victoria)
EVC: 953 Estuarine Scrub.
Distinguishing Features: Shrubland to scrub of sub-saline habitat, dominated by Melaleuca ericifolia (or rarely
Myoporum insulare) occurring in association with a ground-layer dominated by halophytic herbs, notably on
the verges of Estuarine Wetland (peripheral or further upstream). See Figures F.19–F.21.
Floristics: Generally dominated by Melaleuca ericifolia (Swamp Paperbark), variously with Myoporum
insulare (Common Boobialla). The ground-layer varies in composition and structure. While the vegetation
is frequently relatively species-poor, some sites can be rich in small herbs. Halophytic herbs are typically
conspicuous, notably Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat) and Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed),
in association with a range of species variously including Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower),
Apium prostratum (Sea Celery), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Leptinella reptans s.l. (Creeping
Cotula), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Schoenus nitens
(Shiny Bog-sedge), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass) and Lobelia anceps (Angled Lobelia). Salt
tolerant sedges, rushes, tussock grasses and/or reeds are also sometimes conspicuous – e.g. variously with
Ficinia nodosa (Knobby Club-sedge), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Phragmites australis (Common Reed),
Poa poiformis var. poiformis (Coast Tussock-grass), Baumea juncea (Bare Twig-sedge), Gahnia filum (Chaffy
Saw-sedge), Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass) and/or Gahnia trifida (Coast Saw-sedge). Rhagodia
candolleana (Seaberry Saltbush) or Tetragonia implexicoma (Bower Spinach) can also be present in drier sites,
but are not generally characteristic. The most frequent introduced species recorded from this vegetation type
include *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache), *Sonchus oleraceus
(Common Sow-thistle), *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons), *Ehrharta erecta (Panic Veldt-grass), *Holcus
lanatus (Yorkshire Fog), *Coprosma repens (Mirror Bush) and *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed).
Structure: Shrubland to scrub, generally less than 4 m in height.
Habitat: Prevalent within but not confined to estuaries. Occurs on the extreme upper extent of the area prone
to inundation, where flooded either by estuarine water (freshwater mixed with seawater) or very intermittently
by seawater within inlets but away from estuaries (e.g. Western Port).
Distribution: Scattered along the coast of eastern Victoria, but restricted and reduced in total extent through
clearing.
Figure F.19: Estuarine Scrub
dominated by Melaleuca ericifolia
with halophytic ground-layer,
Hastings, Western Port.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
Figure F.20: Estuarine Scrub dominated by Melaleuca ericifolia with salt-tolerant graminoids in
association with halophytic herbs, Hastings, Western Port.
Figure F.21: Swamp Scrub in context at rear of saltmarsh vegetation, Hastings, Western Port.
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467
community 10.2 – estuarine scrub (western victoria)
EVC: 953 Estuarine Scrub.
Distinguishing Features: Group comprising western Victorian variants of Estuarine Scrub, dominated by
Myrtaceous species other than Melaleuca ericifolia. See Figure F.22.
Floristics: Data were available for sites dominated by Melaleuca lanceolata (Moonah) and Melaleuca gibbosa
(Slender Honey-myrtle), but not for the very restricted coastal variants dominated by Leptospermum
lanigerum (Woolly Tea-tree) or Melaleuca halmaturorum (Salt Paperbark).
The major species associated with M. lanceolata in this habitat include Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed),
Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat) and Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge). Other less frequent but
potentially conspicuous associate species variously include Poa poiformis (Coast Tussock-grass), Ficinia nodosa
(Knobby Club-sedge), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Austrostipa
stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass), Rhagodia candolleana (Seaberry Saltbush) and Tetragonia implexicoma (Bower
Spinach). Although data are very limited, species associated with M. gibbosa in this habitat variously include
Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Gahnia trifida (Coast Saw-sedge), Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge),
Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush) and Baumea juncea (Bare Twig-sedge). The
most frequent weeds recorded from the M. lanceolata sites are *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain) and
*Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), but a wide range of (mostly annual) introduced herbs and grasses,
can be present at low levels. The few available M. gibbosa sites lacked consistent weed species.
Structure: Shrubland, usually less than 5 m in height.
Habitat: In western Victoria, the EVC Estuarine Scrub appears to be confined to estuarine habitats or very
nearly so. Occurs on the extreme upper extent of the area prone to inundation by estuarine water (freshwater
mixed with seawater).
Distribution: Scattered sites within estuaries from the eastern Otways to near the South Australian Border.
Figure F.22: Melaleuca lanceolata
occurring in association with
saltmarsh species, Phillip Island.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 11 – brackish lignum swamp
EVC: 947 Brackish Lignum Swamp.
Distinguishing Features: Wetland dominated by Muehlenbeckia florulenta, with a component or patches of salttolerant herbs. See Figure F.23.
Floristics: Dominated by Muehlenbeckia florulenta (Tangled Lignum). The ground-layer can be relatively
sparse, and species-poor apart from introduced annuals. The most frequent associated indigenous species in
the coastal quadrats are Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass) and Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge),
variously with Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed),
Tecticornia pergranulata (Blackseed Glasswort) and Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite). Other associated
species at some sites included Bolboschoenus caldwellii (Salt Club-sedge), Wilsonia rotundifolia (Roundleaf Wilsonia), Spergularia media s.l. (Coast Sand-spurrey), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort)
and Puccinellia stricta (Australian Saltmarsh-grass). The most frequent introduced species are *Rumex
crispus (Curled Dock), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache),
*Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley-grass), *Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort), *Bromus hordeaceus (Soft Brome),
*Helminthotheca echioides (Ox-tongue) and *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed). Other introduced species which
could be locally conspicuous in this habitat included *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass), *Lycium
ferocissimum (African Box-thorn), *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Medicago polymorpha (Burr
Medic), *Galenia pubescens (Galenia), *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons), *Polypogon monspeliensis (Annual
Beard-grass), *Nassella neesiana (Chilean Needle-grass), *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass), *Melilotus
siculus (Mediterranean Melilot) and *Callitriche hamulata (Thread Water-starwort).
Structure: Shrubland to 3 m in height.
Habitat: Brackish sites on heavy soils in low rainfall areas, subject to intermittent shallow inundation.
Distribution: Rare, lower rainfall plains in north and west of the state, extending to near the coast around
the western part of Port Phillip Bay. The southern geographic limit of Muehlenbeckia florulenta is within the
Barwon River estuary, where this vegetation type is particularly well developed within very restricted habitat.
Figure F.23: Brackish Lignum
Swamp dominated by
Muehlenbeckia florulenta, Barwon
River estuary.
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469
community 12.1 – brackish sedgeland (Baumea juncea sedgeland)
EVC: 13 Brackish Sedgeland.
Distinguishing Features: Relatively diverse sedgeland of seasonally waterlogged, brackish peaty soils, with a
range of co-dominant species including Baumea juncea. See Figure F.24.
Floristics: Co-dominated by mixtures of Baumea juncea (Bare Twig-sedge), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Gahnia
filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge), Ficinia nodosa (Knobby Club-sedge) and Distichlis distichophylla (Australian
Salt-grass). A wide range of associated species may be variously present, the most frequent being Selliera
radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Apium prostratum (Sea Celery),
Senecio glomeratus ssp. glomeratus (Annual Fireweed), Lobelia anceps (Angled Lobelia), Poa poiformis var.
poiformis(Coast Tussock-grass), Epilobium billardierianum (Variable Willow-herb) and Centella cordifolia
(Centella). The most frequently recorded introduced species are *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle),
*Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed) and *Cirsium vulgare (Spear
Thistle).
Structure: Grassy sedgeland, potentially herb-rich.
Habitat: Seasonally waterlogged, brackish swales associated with less calcareous sand sheets.
Distribution: Recorded from the eastern Otways and in the vicinity of the Gippsland Lakes (including Lake
Tyers, Lake Wellington and Lake Reeve).
Figure F.24: Brackish Sedgeland dominated by Baumea juncea, Lake Tyers.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 12.2 – brackish sedgeland (Gahnia trifida sedgeland)
EVC: 13 Brackish Sedgeland.
Distinguishing Features: Medium to tall sedgeland, dominated by salt-tolerant sedges in association with low
grassy / herbaceous ground-layer with a halophytic component. See Figure F.25.
Floristics: Dominated by Gahnia trifida (Coast Saw-sedge), with the most frequent associated species variously
including Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Lobelia
anceps (Angled Lobelia) and Poa poiformis var. poiformis(Coast Tussock-grass) or sometimes Poa labillardierei
var. labillardierei (Common Tussock-grass). Other species which may be conspicuous where present include
Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), Schoenus nitens (Shiny
Bog-sedge), Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Juncus planifolius (Broad-leaf Rush) and Acaena novaezelandiae (Bidgee-widgee). The most frequent weeds recorded from this habitat are *Holcus lanatus (Yorkshire
Fog), *Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle) and *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain).
Structure: Sedgeland, generally to around 1.5 m in height.
Habitat: Coastal swales and flats to rear of saltmarshes, on brackish heavy soils which are subject to seasonal
waterlogging.
Distribution: Scattered, with widespread but very restricted distribution in coastal sites between Portland and
Gippsland Lakes, rarely extending to inland plains. Greatly reduced by clearing.
Figure F.25: Brackish Sedgeland dominated by Gahnia trifida, Toora, Corner Inlet.
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471
community 13 – brackish grassland
EVC: 934 Brackish Grassland.
Distinguishing Features: Grassland on sub-saline heavy soils, including tussock grasses (and in relatively intact
examples, a portion of herbaceous species associated with Plains Grassland), in association with herbaceous
species indicative of saline soils. See Figure F.26.
Floristics: Dominated by tussock grasses, in near-coastal sites variously including Poa poiformis var. poiformis
(Coast Tussock-grass), Poa labillardierei var. labillardierei (Common Tussock-grass) and/or Austrodanthonia
spp., notably A. caespitosa (Common Wallaby-grass). While not recorded in the quadrat data, Themeda
triandra (Kangaroo Grass) also occurs in some variants of Brackish Grassland. Other large graminoids which
may be present in sites peripheral to coastal saltmarsh include Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge), Ficinia
nodosa (Knobby Club-sedge) and Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush). Common inter-tussock species include Distichlis
distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat) and Samolus repens (Creeping
Brookweed). Other ground-layer species recorded from the few available quadrats from coastal sites include
Calocephalus lacteus (Milky Beauty-heads), Veronica gracilis (Slender Speedwell), Leptinella reptans s.l.
(Creeping Cotula), Dichondra repens (Kidney-weed), Atriplex semibaccata (Berry Saltbush), Lachnagrostis
filiformis (Common Blown-grass), Wilsonia rotundifolia (Round-leaf Wilsonia) and Hemarthria uncinata
(Mat Grass). While not recorded in the quadrat data, Brachyscome parvula (Coast Daisy) can also be locally
conspicuous. A wide range of introduced grasses and forbs can invade Brackish Grassland. The species most
frequently recorded from coastal sites include *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Bromus hordeaceus
(Soft Brome), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Rumex crispus (Curled Dock), *Lolium rigidum
(Wimmera Rye-grass), *Bromus diandrus (Great Brome) and *Bromus catharticus (Prairie Grass).
Structure: Tussock grassland, mostly less than 1 m in height.
Habitat: Sub-saline clay soils beyond normal tidal influences but potentially subject to rare flooding events by
shallow brackish water.
Distribution: Scattered in southern lowland and plains areas, including coastal sites. Most communities
critically endangered.
Figure F.26: Brackish Grassland,
Painkalac Creek.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 14.1 – estuarine flats grassland (Poa poiformis – Ficinia nodosa
grassland)
EVC: 914 Estuarine Flats Grassland.
Distinguishing Features: Closed tussock grassland/sedgeland of low-lying coastal sites, beyond zone of general
tidal inundation but sometimes subject to brief intermittent inundation (e.g. at the rear of saltmarshes and
around drainage-line swamps behind barrier dunes), dominated by Poa poiformis and/or Ficinia nodosa.
Floristics: Dominated by various mixtures of Ficinia nodosa (Knobby Club-sedge) and Poa poiformis var.
poiformis (Coast Tussock-grass), or rarely Poa labillardierei var. labillardierei (Common Tussock-grass), and
often species-poor. The most consistent associated species is Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass).
Other species recorded at lower frequencies variously include Acaena novae-zelandiae (Bidgee-widgee),
Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower) and Clematis microphylla (Small-leaved Clematis). While
not represented in the quadrat data, Veronica gracilis (Slender Speedwell) has also been noted as a locally
conspicuous herb with Estuarine Flats Grassland (e.g. in the Barwon River estuary). A portion of quadrats
include a component of other halophytic species shared with saltmarshes (e.g. Sarcocornia quinqueflora –
Beaded Glasswort), or sometimes species from adjacent dune vegetation – the presence of these species is
considered to reflect sampling near ecological boundaries more than being representative of Estuarine Flats
Grassland. The introduced species which are most frequently recorded in the quadrats are *Sonchus oleraceus
(Common Sow-thistle), *Hypochoeris radicata (Flatweed) and *Melilotus indicus (Sweet Melilot).
Structure: Closed tussock grassland/sedgeland to about 1.5 m in height.
Habitat: Estuarine flats, often in habitat derived from beach berms or sand sheets, potentially subject to
occasional inundation by highest tides but on marginally higher ground than Coastal Saltmarsh or Estuarine
Wetland.
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473
community 14.2 – estuarine flats grassland (Austrostipa stipoides – Poa poiformis –
Ficinia nodosa grassland)
EVC: 914 Estuarine Flats Grassland.
Distinguishing Features: Closed tussock grassland/sedgeland of low-lying coastal sites, beyond zone of general
tidal inundation but sometimes subject to brief intermittent inundation (e.g. at the rear of saltmarshes),
dominated by Austrostipa stipoides in mixture with Ficinia nodosa and/or Poa poiformis. Community 14.2 is
ecotonal in character between Estuarine Flats Grassland and Coastal Tussock Saltmarsh. See Figure F.27.
Floristics: Dominated by Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass), in association with Ficinia nodosa
(Knobby Club-sedge) and less consistently Poa poiformis var. poiformis (Coast Tussock-grass). The most
frequently associated indigenous species include Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Sarcocornia
quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded
Noon-flower) and Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush). Less frequent associated species include Selliera radicans (Shiny
Swamp-mat), Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge), Sporobolus virginicus (Salt Couch) and Senecio pinnatifolius
(Variable Groundsel). The most frequently recorded introduced species include *Plantago coronopus (Buck’shorn Plantain), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Lotus corniculatus (Bird’s-foot Trefoil) and
*Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache). Unlike the unit above, the vegetation consistently includes a halophytic
component intermixed with the structural dominants.
Structure: Tussock grassland to about 1.5 m in height.
Habitat: Coastal terraces, variously sandy to peaty-sandy, potentially subject to occasional inundation by
highest tides but on marginally higher ground than Coastal Saltmarsh or Estuarine Wetland.
Distribution: Restricted distribution in South Gippsland (e.g. around Corner Inlet).
Figure F.27: Estuarine Flats Grassland dominated by mixtures of Austrostipa stipoides,
Poa poiformis and Ficinia nodosa, recovering after fire at Toora, Western Port.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 15.1 – wet saltmarsh herbland (Selliera radicans herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Herbland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Herbland dominated by Selliera radicans, occupying low-lying areas of upper zone of
coastal saltmarsh. See Figure F.28.
Floristics: Dominated by Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), with most frequent associated species being
Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass) and Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort). Less consistently
associated species include Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Lobelia irrigua (Salt Pratia), Lachnagrostis
filiformis (Common Blown-grass), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Juncus kraussii (Sea
Rush), Wilsonia rotundifolia (Round-leaf Wilsonia), Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa), Eragrostis
parviflora (Weeping Love-grass) and Cuscuta tasmanica (Golden Dodder). While less frequent, Disphyma
crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower) can be sub-dominant at some sites. Some sites include a range of salttolerant but not truly halophytic species, indicative of brackish conditions. Introduced species are typically
a relatively minor component of the vegetation – the most frequently recorded introduced species include
*Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Parapholis strigosa (Slender Barb-grass), *Hordeum marinum
(Sea Barley-grass), *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle) and *Atriplex
prostrata (Hastate Orache).
Structure: Herbland, mostly less than 15 cm in height.
Habitat: Low-lying parts of upper coastal saltmarsh, prone to dry periods, but apparently with some
freshwater inputs.
Distribution: Highly restricted extent, occurring in scattered sites (e.g. near Portland, Port Phillip Bay and
Western Port).
Figure F.28: Wet Saltmarsh Herbland dominated by Selliera radicans, Anderson Inlet.
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475
community 15.2 – wet saltmarsh herbland (Samolus repens herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Herbland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Herbland dominated by Samolus repens, occupying low-lying but free-draining areas
of coastal saltmarsh.
Floristics: Dominated by Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), with the most frequent associated species
being Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) and Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass). Other
species, recorded at lower frequencies and covers within the quadrat data, include Tecticornia arbuscula
(Shrubby Glasswort), Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Frankenia
pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath) and Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower). Some sites include
a component of native annuals – e.g. Sebaea albidiflora (White Sebaea), Centrolepis polygyna (Wiry
Centrolepis) and Angianthus preissianus (Salt Angianthus). Introduced species are typically a very minor
component of the vegetation – species recorded from more than one site are *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barbgrass) and *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain).
Structure: Herbland to about 30 cm in height.
Habitat: Low-lying, but at least superficially, relatively free-draining areas of coastal saltmarsh, especially in
association with peaty soils to the rear of marshes.
Distribution: Recorded from Bellarine Peninsula, western Port Phillip Bay and Western Port.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 15.3 – wet saltmarsh herbland (Hemichroa pentandra herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Herbland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Herbland dominated by Hemichroa pentandra, occupying low-lying areas of coastal
saltmarsh. See Figure F.29.
Floristics: Dominated by Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa). The main associated species are
Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Triglochin striata
(Streaked Arrowgrass) and Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite). Other less frequent associates include Selliera
radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), Puccinellia stricta (Australian Saltmarsh-grass), Frankenia pauciflora var. gunnii
(Southern Sea-heath), Apium annuum (Annual Celery) and Lobelia irrigua (Salt Pratia). Introduced species
are typically a relatively minor component of the vegetation – species recorded from more than one site
include *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass) and *Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley-grass).
Structure: Low herbland, less than 30 cm in height and mostly lower.
Habitat: Low-lying coastal sites, subject to inundation at least from higher tides but with shallower and less
sustained immersion than sites dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora.
Distribution: Recorded from Bellarine Peninsula and Western Port.
Figure F.29: Wet Saltmarsh Herbland dominated by Hemichroa pentandra,
Western Port.
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
477
community 15.4 – wet saltmarsh herbland (Sarcocornia quinqueflora herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Herbland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Saltmarsh dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora, occurring in low-lying sites prone
to inundation. See Figure F.30.
Floristics: Dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), and frequently monospecific or
nearly so. Where present, the main associated species include Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Suaeda
australis (Austral Seablite), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass) and Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing
Hemichroa). Less frequently associated species include Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower),
Puccinellia stricta (Australian Saltmarsh-grass), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Juncus kraussii
(Sea Rush) and Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat). While the majority of sites lack introduced species, some
introduced annual species can have a low cover on less frequently inundated sites – the most frequent include
*Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass), *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache) and *Polypogon monspeliensis
(Annual Beard-grass).
Structure: Herbland, to about 30 cm in height.
Habitat: Low-lying and poorly-drained areas within Coastal Saltmarsh, subject to regularly tidal inundation
or, where in more elevated sites, occupying slight depressions.
Distribution: Widespread along the Victorian coast.
Figure F.30: Wet Saltmarsh Herbland dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Toora, Corner Inlet.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 15.5 – wet saltmarsh herbland (Triglochin striata herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Herbland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Saltmarsh dominated by Triglochin striata, occurring in low-lying sites prone to
inundation.
Floristics: Dominated by Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), apparently monospecific or nearly so.
Structure: Open herbland, to about 10 cm in height.
Habitat: Low-lying and poorly-drained areas subject to sporadic inundation within modified saline coastal
lakes.
Distribution: More extensive areas recorded only as localised within Gippsland Lakes.
community 15.6 – wet saltmarsh herbland (Suaeda australis herbland/shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Herbland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Shrubland dominated by Suaeda australis, occupying lower-lying but relatively freedraining areas of coastal saltmarsh, or opportunistic in wetter sites. See Figures F.31 and F.32.
Floristics: Dominated by Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite). The only consistently associated species in the
available quadrats was Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort). Other species variously recorded at lower
frequencies include Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Puccinellia stricta (Australian Saltmarsh-grass),
Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Eragrostis
parviflora (Weeping Love-grass), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed) and Tecticornia pergranulata
(Blackseed Glasswort). Introduced species are mostly a relatively minor component of the vegetation – species
recorded at more than incidental levels include *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed), *Parapholis strigosa (Slender
Barb-grass), *Juncus acutus (Spiny Rush), *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass), *Hordeum marinum (Sea
Barley-grass), *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache) and *Berkheya rigida (African Thistle).
Structure: At maximum development, shrubland to around 1 m in height, but often lower with younger plants
less woody.
Habitat: Low-lying areas of saltmarsh, often wet, but superficially well-drained while retaining subsurface
moisture.
Distribution: Of restricted extent as an apparently relatively stable community, including Bellarine Peninsula,
Port Phillip Bay and Western Port. Suaeda australis is capable of rapid colonisation of disturbed areas within
other EVCs, and is potentially opportunistic as a transitory community.
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
479
Figure F.31: Wet Saltmarsh Herbland dominated by Suaeda australis, Swan Bay.
Figure F.32: Wet Saltmarsh Herbland dominated by Suaeda australis, Grantville, Western Port.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 16.1 – wet saltmarsh shrubland (Tecticornia arbuscula shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Shrubland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Low shrubby coastal saltmarsh zone dominated by Tecticornia arbuscula. See Figures
F.33 and F.34.
Floristics: Dominated by Tecticornia (Sclerostegia) arbuscula (Shrubby Glasswort), sometimes monospecific.
Where present, the main associated species include Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Suaeda
australis (Austral Seablite) and Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed). Less frequently associated species
include Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa), Atriplex paludosa (Marsh Saltbush) and Frankenia
pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath). This zone generally lacks introduced vascular plant species.
Structure: Low shrubland, usually less than 1.5 m in height.
Habitat: Sites of intermediate elevation, subject to regular tidal inundation but free draining (i.e. where
surface water does not pool after tidal recession).
Distribution: Component of better developed saltmarshes between Breamlea and Corner Inlet.
Figure F.33: Wet Saltmarsh
Shrubland dominated by Tecticornia
arbuscula, Hastings, Western Port.
Figure F.34: Wet Saltmarsh
Shrubland with old growth
Tecticornia arbuscula, Swan Bay.
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481
community 16.2 – wet saltmarsh shrubland (Atriplex paludosa shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Shrubland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Shrubland dominated by Atriplex paludosa. See Figure F.35.
Floristics: Dominated by Atriplex paludosa subsp. paludosa (Marsh Saltbush), with the most frequent
associated species being Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite). Other associated species which occurred at
lower frequencies in the relevant quadrats are Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Sarcocornia
quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Tecticornia arbuscula (Shrubby Glasswort), Atriplex cinerea (Coast
Saltbush) and Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass). Introduced species are generally absent, and if at
all present a very minor component of the vegetation – the only introduced species recorded in any of the
relevant quadrats at more than incidental levels are *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Lolium
rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass) and *Ehrharta longiflora (Annual Veldt-grass).
Structure: Shrubland, less than 2 m in height.
Habitat: Low rises such as cheniers and levee banks within coastal saltmarsh which are still prone to
reasonably regular inundation, at least by higher tides.
Distribution: Highly restricted extent, including Bellarine Peninsula, Port Phillip Bay and Western Port.
Figure F.35: Wet Saltmarsh Shrubland dominated by Atriplex paludosa, French Island.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 16.3 – wet saltmarsh shrubland (Atriplex cinerea shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Wet Saltmarsh Shrubland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Shrubland dominated by Atriplex cinerea, occupying better-developed sandy berms
within or on the margins of coastal saltmarsh. Distinguished from EVC 311 Berm Grassy Shrubland by the
dominance of halophytic species in the ground layer. See Figures F.36 and F.37.
Floristics: Dominated by Atriplex cinerea (Coast Saltbush). The most frequent associated species in the
available quadrats are Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite)
and Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass). It is likely that at least some of the available quadrats
represent sampling of heterogeneous areas due to the small scale at which this habitat generally occurs. Other
species which are recorded at lower frequencies in the relevant quadrats included Tetragonia implexicoma
(Bower Spinach), Tecticornia arbuscula (Shrubby Glasswort), Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort),
Salsola tragus subsp. pontica (Coast Saltwort), Frankenia pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath), Austrostipa stipoides
(Prickly Spear-grass) and Rhagodia candolleana (Seaberry Saltbush). While some quadrats which include
Atriplex cinerea in association with halophytes lacked introduced species, others include a wide range of
introduced species. The most frequent of these are *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Galenia
pubescens (Galenia), *Thinopyrum junceiforme (Sea Wheat-grass), *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain),
*Lycium ferocissimum (African Box-thorn), *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass), *Cakile maritima (Sea
Rocket), *Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort), Helminthotheca echioides (Ox-tongue), *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate
Orache), *Berkheya rigida (African Thistle), *Sonchus asper (Rough Sow-thistle), *Melilotus indicus (Sweet
Melilot) and *Malva dendromorpha (Tree Mallow). These weedier sites appear to represent sites ecotonal
or transitional to Berm Grassy Shrubland, or heterogeneous sampling zones which included areas of both
Coastal Saltmarsh and Berm Grassy Shrubland.
Structure: Open shrubland, less than 2 m in height.
Habitat: Sandy berms subject to high levels of soil salinity, within or on the margins of coastal saltmarsh.
Distribution: Highly restricted extent, available quadrats from Bellarine Peninsula, Port Phillip Bay, Western
Port and Corner Inlet. Best developed at Mud Island, where A. cinerea clearly occurs as a local dominant
within saltmarsh vegetation on the low energy coastal fringe.
Figure F.36: Wet Saltmarsh
Shrubland dominated by Atriplex
cinerea, Barwon River estuary.
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483
Figure F.37: Wet Saltmarsh
Shrubland dominated by Atriplex
cinerea (foreground), Point Henry,
Port Phillip Bay.
community 17.1 – coastal saline grassland (Distichlis distichophylla grassland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Saline Grassland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Grassland sward dominated by Distichlis distichophylla, occurring on upper edges of
saltmarsh. See Figures F.38 and F.39.
Floristics: Dominated by Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass). The most frequent associated species
in the available quadrats are Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) and Triglochin striata (Streaked
Arrowgrass). Other associated species which occurred at lower frequencies in the relevant quadrats are
Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Juncus kraussii
(Sea Rush), Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa) and Apium prostratum (Sea Celery). A range of
introduced species are recorded from the relevant quadrats, but mostly at relatively low frequencies. Those
with the highest frequencies or cover included *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache), *Rumex crispus (Curled
Dock), *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons), *Aster subulatus
(Aster-weed), *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass) and *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass).
Structure: Grassland, usually less than 30 cm in height, but sometimes forming taller mounds when associated
with less saline seepage areas.
Habitat: Relatively elevated sites, on heavy soils towards the upper edges of saltmarsh, particularly where
surface salinity is slightly reduced by local runoff or seepage.
Distribution: Highly restricted extent, including Bellarine Peninsula, Port Phillip Bay and Western Port.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
Figure F.38: Coastal Saline Grassland dominated by Distichlis distichophylla, Barwon River estuary.
Figure F.39: Coastal Saline Grassland dominated by Distichlis distichophylla, Barwon River estuary.
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485
community 17.2 – coastal saline grassland (Sporobolus virginicus grassland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Saline Grassland; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Dense grassy to sedgy vegetation, occurring near the interface between Estuarine Flats
Grassland and Coastal Saltmarsh, dominated by Sporobolus virginicus, with or without Ficinia nodosa. See
Figure F.40.
Floristics: Dominated by dense Sporobolus virginicus (Salt Couch), with or without Ficinia nodosa (Knobby
Club-sedge). The most frequent associated species in the small number of available quadrats are Disphyma
crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass), Helichrysum luteoalbum
( Jersey Cudweed), Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat) and Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed). Occurs
around the ecotone between coastal saltmarsh and Estuarine Flats Grassland, indicated by the potential
presence of Ficinia nodosa, but in the available quadrat data, Poa poiformis var. poiformis is lacking. Very
few introduced species are recorded – the most frequent are *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle) and
*Lagurus ovatus (Hare’s-tail Grass) at incidental levels.
Structure: Closed sward grassland or grassy sedgeland, usually less than 50 cm in height.
Habitat: Upper verges to saltmarsh on sandy soils.
Distribution: Localised in Western Port and western Port Phillip Bay.
Figure F.40: Coastal Saline
Grassland dominated by Sporobolus
virginicus, Mallacouta Inlet.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 18.1 – coastal dry saltmarsh (Sarcocornia blackiana herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Dry Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Coastal Saltmarsh dominated by Sarcocornia blackiana, variously in association with
Sarcocornia quinqueflora. These upper saltmarsh sites are subject to relatively infrequent inundation and
include dry periods. See Figure F.41.
Floristics: In the best-fitting available data, Sarcocornia blackiana (Thick-head Glasswort) is recorded as
occurring as a co-dominant with Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort). This may be in part an
artefact of scale of sampling. The most frequent associated species variously include Samolus repens (Creeping
Brookweed), Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Suaeda
australis (Austral Seablite), Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa) and Frankenia pauciflora (Southern
Sea-heath). Less frequently associated species include Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Puccinellia stricta (Australian
Saltmarsh-grass) and Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass). An additional constraint on the available data
is the reliability of identification of S. blackiana. In parts of Gippsland, populations of robust plants occur
towards the rear of saltmarshes, in association with more typical S. quinqueflora. While these are probably best
referable to S. quinqueflora, they are difficult to identify without fertile material and could easily be mistaken
for S. blackiana. While within the available quadrat data S. quinqueflora and S. blackiana are recorded as
co-dominant, S. blackiana can occur as a local dominant, with S. quinqueflora a minor component. During
the field work, S. blackiana was found to occur as a local dominant at Lake Reeve, in very species-poor
vegetation and with associated species including Disphyma crassifolium, Frankenia pauciflora, Samolus repens,
Gahnia filum and Wilsonia backhousei. While introduced species are typically a relatively minor component
of the vegetation, the most frequently associated species include *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle),
*Polypogon monspeliensis (Annual Beard-grass), *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Parapholis
incurva (Coast Barb-grass), *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass), *Lolium perenne (Perennial Rye-grass)
and *Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley-grass).
Structure: Low herbland to 30 cm in height.
Habitat: Upper saltmarsh sites of relatively low rainfall areas which are subject to relatively infrequent
inundation and include dry periods. Also includes remnant near-coastal lacustrine sites which no longer have
direct access to tidal inundation events.
Distribution: Scattered distribution and extremely rare, with localised occurrences on the Bellarine Peninsula,
at the head of Western Port and in lower rainfall parts of the Gippsland coast.
Figure F.41: Robust plants, probably best
referable to S. quinqueflora, which could easily
be mistaken for S. blackiana, Toora, Corner Inlet.
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
487
community 18.2 – coastal dry saltmarsh (Annual herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Dry Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Low herbland dominated by Angianthus preissianus or other halophytic annuals such
as Sebaea albidiflora, occupying sites within the upper zones of saltmarsh which are subject to intermittently
shallow inundation, but dry out in warmer months. See Figure F.42.
Floristics: Usually dominated by Angianthus preissianus (Salt Angianthus). The most frequent associated
species recorded in the available quadrats included Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Samolus
repens (Creeping Brookweed), Sebaea albidiflora (White Sebaea), Schoenus nitens (Shiny Bog-sedge),
Frankenia pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath) and Lachnagrostis billardierei s.l. (Coast Blown-grass). Other
species which are recorded at lower frequencies in the relevant quadrats included Sporobolus virginicus (Salt
Couch), Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Hemichroa
pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Apium prostratum (Sea
Celery), Triglochin mucronata (Prickly Arrowgrass), Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), Cotula vulgaris
var. australasica (Slender Cotula), Isolepis marginata (Little Club-sedge), Wilsonia backhousei (Narrowleaf Wilsonia) and Apium annuum (Annual Celery). *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass) and *Cotula
coronopifolia (Water Buttons) are by far the most frequently associated introduced species, but typically at
only incidental levels. Other introduced species recorded at lower frequencies but potentially higher covers
included *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache) and *Lagurus
ovatus (Hare’s-tail Grass).
Structure: Annual herbland, mostly less than about 10 cm in height.
Habitat: Sites within the upper zones of saltmarsh which are intermittently wet but dry out in warmer
months, best developed in lower rainfall areas.
Distribution: Recorded from Bellarine Peninsula, Western Port and Lake Reeve. Extremely restricted in
extent, and endangered by weed invasion and hydrological modifications.
Figure F.42: Angianthus
preissianus in Coastal Dry
Saltmarsh, Phillip Island.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 18.3 – coastal dry saltmarsh (Frankenia pauciflora shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Dry Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Low shrubland dominated by Frankenia pauciflora, occupying mainly drier sites on
heavy soils within coastal saltmarsh. See Figure F.43.
Floristics: Dominated by Frankenia pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath), in association with Sarcocornia
quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), and less consistently Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite) and Hemichroa
pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa). Associated species recorded at lower frequencies in the relevant quadrats
include Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Tecticornia arbuscula (Shrubby Glasswort), Samolus
repens (Creeping Brookweed) and Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass). Introduced species are
typically a very minor component of the vegetation – the only introduced species recorded from more than
one quadrat and at more than incidental levels was *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass).
Structure: Low shrubland, usually less than 30 cm in height.
Habitat: Drier sites on a range of soils including heavy soils and shell banks (berms) within coastal saltmarsh.
Distribution: Highly restricted extent, including Bellarine Peninsula, western shores of Port Phillip Bay, and
Western Port.
Figure F.43: Coastal Dry Saltmarsh dominated by Frankenia pauciflora (foreground of picture),
The Spit Nature Conservation Reserve.
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489
community 18.4 – coastal dry saltmarsh (Disphyma crassifolium herbland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Dry Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Low herbland dominated by Disphyma crassifolium, occupying sites within saltmarsh
which may be intermittently wet but are somewhat prone to seasonal desiccation. See Figures F.44 and F.45.
Floristics: Dominated by Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), with the most frequent associated
species being Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Triglochin striata (Streaked Arrowgrass) and
Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite). Associated species which occurred at lower frequencies in the relevant
quadrats are Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Sporobolus virginicus (Salt Couch), Spergularia
marina s.l. (Salt Sand-spurrey), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Puccinellia stricta (Australian
Saltmarsh-grass) and Frankenia pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath). A wide range of introduced annual grasses
and forbs can be present, even if mostly at lower frequencies and covers. Introduced species recorded from
more than one quadrat include *Atriplex prostrata (Hastate Orache), *Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley-grass),
*Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons), *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass), *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed),
*Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Melilotus siculus
(Mediterranean Melilot) and *Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (Wild Beet).
Structure: Herbland, mostly less than 15 cm in height.
Habitat: Sites within saltmarsh which may be intermittently wet but prone to seasonal desiccation. These
could be areas of low relief within the upper saltmarsh or lake margins, including on silty soils or thin overlays
of sand and potentially in habitats which can experience occasional (but not sustained) inputs of less saline
water – e.g. from runoff or overland flow.
Distribution: Highly restricted extent, including northern Port Phillip Bay and Western Port.
Figure F.44: Coastal Dry Saltmarsh
dominated by Disphyma crassifolium,
Altona.
Figure F.45: Coastal Dry Saltmarsh
dominated by Disphyma crassifolium,
Western Port.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 19.1 – coastal hypersaline saltmarsh (Tecticornia pergranulata
shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh
Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Low shrubland dominated by Tecticornia pergranulata, occurring in saltmarsh above
the zone of regular tides. See Figures F.46 and F.47.
Floristics: Dominated by Tecticornia (Halosarcia) pergranulata (Blackseed Glasswort). Sarcocornia
quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) is consistently an associated species, with less consistent associates
including Frankenia pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite) and Disphyma
crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower). Other less frequent species variously include Triglochin striata (Streaked
Arrowgrass), Samolus repens (Creeping Brookweed), Puccinellia stricta s.l. (Australian Saltmarsh-grass) and
Isolepis marginata (Little Club-sedge). A range of introduced species can be present, in particular annual
grasses and forbs, but mostly are recorded at relatively covers and frequencies. The most frequent introduced
species recorded in the relevant quadrats included *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons), *Polypogon
monspeliensis (Annual Beard-grass), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Parapholis incurva (Coast
Barb-grass) and *Lolium rigidum (Wimmera Rye-grass).
Structure: Low shrubland, less than 1 m in height.
Habitat: More elevated saltmarsh in lower rainfall coastal areas, in sites where soils can become hypersaline.
Distribution: Western shores of Port Phillip Bay, and Lake Reeve in Gippsland.
Figure F.46: Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh dominated by Tecticornia pergranulata
(darker coloured shrub), Barwon River estuary.
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491
Figure F.47: Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh dominated by Tecticornia pergranulata (darker coloured shrub), Altona.
community 19.2 – coastal hypersaline saltmarsh (Tecticornia halocnemoides
shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh
Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Very low, open shrubland dominated by Tecticornia halocnemoides, occurring within
saltmarsh above the zone of regular tides. See Figures F.48 and F.49.
Floristics: Dominated by Tecticornia (Halosarcia) halocnemoides (Grey Glasswort), either locally virtually
monospecific or in association with Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort) and Frankenia pauciflora
(Southern Sea-heath). Tecticornia halocnemoides occurs on low mounds, which can support a range of native
annual species – e.g. Angianthus preissianus (Salt Angianthus), Triglochin minutissima (Tiny Arrowgrass)
and Triglochin mucronata (Prickly Arrowgrass). Tecticornia arbuscula (Shrubby Glasswort) and Tecticornia
pergranulata (Blackseed Glasswort) are recorded as associated species in some quadrats, but this is considered
to be reflection of sampling across vegetation boundaries rather than genuine field associations. Other species
recorded as associated in some quadrats include Spergularia media s.l. (Coast Sand-spurrey), Samolus repens
(Creeping Brookweed), Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite),
Wilsonia humilis (Silky Wilsonia) and Puccinellia spp. (Saltmarsh Grass). Introduced species are mostly
at relatively low covers and frequencies. The only introduced species recorded in the available quadrats
are *Parapholis incurva (Coast Barb-grass), *Cotula coronopifolia (Water Buttons), *Sagina maritima (Sea
Pearlwort; perhaps a native species) and *Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley-grass).
Structure: Very low, open shrubland, less than 30 cm in height.
Habitat: More elevated and infrequently inundated saltmarsh in lowest rainfall coastal areas, on heavy,
hypersaline soils.
Distribution: Confined to western Port Phillip Bay and the Bellarine Peninsula to Breamlea.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
Figure F.48: Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh dominated by Tecticornia halocnemoides,
The Spit Nature Conservation Reserve.
Figure F.49: Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh dominated by Tecticornia halocnemoides, with Wet Saltmarsh Shrubland
dominated by Tecticornia arbuscula to rear of photo, The Spit Nature Conservation Reserve.
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493
community 19.3 – coastal hypersaline saltmarsh (Lawrencia squamata shrubland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh
Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Low shrubland dominated by Salt Lawrencia, occurring within saltmarsh above the
zone of regular tides. See Figure F.50.
Floristics: Dominated by Lawrencia squamata (Salt Lawrencia), with associated species including Tecticornia
(Halosarcia) pergranulata (Blackseed Glasswort), Wilsonia backhousei (Narrow-leaf Wilsonia), Austrostipa
stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass) and Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort).
Structure: Low open shrubland to 50 cm in height.
Habitat: More elevated saltmarsh in lowest rainfall coastal areas, on rarely inundated heavy, hypersaline soils.
Distribution: Extremely localised at Lake Connewarre and Lake Victoria.
Figure F.50: Coastal Hypersaline Saltmarsh dominated
by Lawrencia spicata, Lonsdale Lakes.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
community 20.1 – coastal tussock saltmarsh (Gahnia filum sedgeland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Tussock Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Sedgeland dominated by Gahnia filum, occurring in upper saltmarsh above the zone
of regular tidal inundation.
Floristics: Dominated by Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge), with the most frequent associated species
recorded in the available data including Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass), Suaeda australis
(Austral Seablite) and Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), and to a lesser extent Samolus repens
(Creeping Brookweed), Hemichroa pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa) and Selliera radicans (Shiny Swampmat). Less frequently associated species recorded at lower covers variously included Juncus kraussii (Sea
Rush), Frankenia pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath), Poa poiformis var. poiformis (Coast Tussock-grass),
Lobelia irrigua (Salt Pratia), Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded Noon-flower), Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly
Spear-grass), Apium prostratum (Sea Celery), Wilsonia rotundifolia (Round-leaf Wilsonia), Triglochin
striata (Streaked Arrowgrass), Isolepis cernua var. cernua (Nodding Club-sedge), Tecticornia pergranulata
(Blackseed Glasswort), Senecio glomeratus ssp. glomeratus (Annual Fireweed) and Sebaea albidiflora (White
Sebaea). Some of these (e.g. T. pergranulata) reflect genuine local associations, whereas others appear to
reflect sampling across vegetation boundaries. A range of introduced species can be present, in particular
annual grasses and forbs, but mostly are recorded at relatively low covers and frequencies. The most frequent
introduced species recorded in the relevant quadrats included *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle),
*Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn Plantain), *Hordeum marinum (Sea Barley-grass), *Sonchus asper (Rough
Sow-thistle), *Cirsium vulgare (Spear Thistle), *Aster subulatus (Aster-weed) and *Melilotus indicus (Sweet
Melilot).
Structure: Sedgeland to about 2 m in height.
Habitat: Drier sites approaching the upper margins of saltmarshes, mostly on heavy soils in areas of lower
rainfall or on soils with underlying saline groundwater.
Distribution: Scattered distribution along Victorian coast, with quadrats available from near Portland,
Bellarine Peninsula, western Port Phillip Bay and Western Port.
community 20.2 – coastal tussock saltmarsh (Austrostipa stipoides grassland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Coastal Tussock Saltmarsh; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Tussock grassland dominated by Austrostipa stipoides, occurring in upper saltmarsh
above the zone of regular tidal inundation. See Figures F.51–F.53.
Floristics: Dominated by Austrostipa stipoides (Prickly Spear-grass), with the most frequent associated species
recorded in the available data including Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Samolus repens
(Creeping Brookweed), Distichlis distichophylla (Australian Salt-grass) and Disphyma crassifolium (Rounded
Noon-flower). Other less frequent associated species variously included low covers of Gahnia filum (Chaffy
Saw-sedge), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite), Tecticornia arbuscula (Shrubby Glasswort), Frankenia
pauciflora (Southern Sea-heath), Selliera radicans (Shiny Swamp-mat), Juncus kraussii (Sea Rush), Hemichroa
pentandra (Trailing Hemichroa), Spergularia media s.l. (Coast Sand-spurrey) and Atriplex paludosa (Marsh
Saltbush). Some of these associations (e.g. with T. arbuscula) appear to reflect sampling across vegetation
zones or very fine-scale local topographic variation rather than genuine ecological associations. A range of
introduced species are recorded in the available data, but only at lower covers and frequencies. The most
appendix f: description of relevant plant communities
495
frequent introduced species recorded in the relevant quadrats included *Plantago coronopus (Buck’s-horn
Plantain), *Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow-thistle), *Parapholis strigosa (Slender Barb-grass) and *Parapholis
incurva (Coast Barb-grass).
Structure: Grassland to about 1.5 m in height.
Habitat: Moister sites approaching the upper margins of saltmarsh, sometimes on peaty soils. In areas of
higher rainfall or otherwise where salt is more readily leached from the surface layers of the soil.
Distribution: Scattered distribution along the Victorian coast, mainly in the east, with quadrats available from
the Bellarine Peninsula and northern Port Phillip Bay, but mostly from Western Port and Corner Inlet.
Figure F.51: Coastal Tussock
Saltmarsh dominated by
Austrostipa stipoides, Salt Swamp,
Barwon River estuary.
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mangroves and coastal saltmarsh of victoria: distribution, condition, threats and management
Figure F.52: Coastal Tussock Saltmarsh dominated by Austrostipa stipoides, Quail Island, Western Port.
Figure F.53: Ecological context of
Austrostipa stipoides Coastal Tussock
Saltmarsh, Lonsdale Lakes.
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497
community 21 – saltmarsh-grass swamp (Puccinellia stricta grassland)
EVC: Proposed new EVC, Saltmarsh-grass Swamp; as component of EVC 9 Coastal Saltmarsh Aggregate
and separated out from EVC 888 Plains Saltmarsh (characteristically dominated by Sarcocornia quinqueflora,
Suaeda aff. australis and Samolus repens), as an additional component of EVC 717 Saline Lake Aggregate.
Distinguishing Features: Inundation-prone saltmarsh vegetation dominated by Australian Saltmarsh-grass. See
Figure F.54.
Floristics: Dominated by Puccinellia stricta (Australian Saltmarsh-grass). Associated species, mostly at lower
covers, include Sarcocornia quinqueflora (Beaded Glasswort), Suaeda australis (Austral Seablite), Tecticornia
(Halosarcia) pergranulata (Blackseed Glasswort), Wilsonia rotundifolia (Round-leaf Wilsonia), Senecio
halophilus (Salt Groundsel), Gahnia filum (Chaffy Saw-sedge) and Wilsonia humilis (Silky Wilsonia).
The only introduced species reported from this vegetation are incidental specimens of *Sonchus oleraceus
(Common Sow-thistle).
Structure: Tussock grassland to ~40 cm in height.
Habitat: Very heavy saline soils subject to intermittent inundation from freshwater inputs and prolonged dry
periods with hypersaline conditions.
Distribution: The coastal variant of this proposed EVC is extremely localised, being recorded only from Salt
Swamp in the Barwon River estuary. While it is possible that the occurrence at Salt Swamp may have at least in
part developed as a response to sustained drought conditions, small areas of grassland dominated by P. stricta
also occur on seasonally wet saline flats in the Kerang area. Analogous vegetation dominated by Puccinellia
perlaxa is an identifiable component of shallow intermittent saline lakes in parts of inland western Victoria
(e.g. near Skipton), to which this proposed EVC is also applied.
Figure F.54: Saltmarsh-grass
Swamp dominated by Puccinellia
stricta, Barwon River estuary.
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