11/2010 • Human Rights and Crisis Management PUBLICATIONS OF THE MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS 11 / 2010 A handbook for members of CSDP missions Human Rights and Crisis Management A handbook for members of CSDP missions ISSN 0358-1489 ISBN: 978-951-724-886-0 PDF ISBN: 978-951-724-887-7 MINISTRY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF FINLAND Cover photograph © Rauli Virtanen Human Rights and Crisis Management A handbook for members of CSDP missions Nina Nordberg The Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights University of Helsinki Foreword ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȬȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱǯ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱȱ ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȬĚȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱ·ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȱȱǷ ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱě Table of Contents Key principles throughout the mission Introduction 8 10 PART I: A human rights toolbox for non-practitioners: key concepts and methods ......................................................... 13 Chapter 1: Human rights protection and promotion: a personal and professional responsibility 1.1 Why do I need to be concerned about human rights? 1.2 What does my mission s mandate say about human rights? 13 14 16 Chapter 2: Some key features of human rights law and practice 2.1 What is international human rights law? 2.2 What are the State s duties with regard to human rights? 2.3 Limitations and derogations of human rights 2.4 Gender aspects 2.5 Human rights in local contexts ‒ ensuring ownership and sustainability 17 17 Chapter 3: Groups needing special attention 3.1 Women and girls 3.2 Children 3.3 Refugees and internally displaced persons 22 23 25 28 Chapter 4: Basic methodology for monitoring and reporting on human rights in the CSDP operational context 4.1 What is human rights monitoring and why is it important? 4.2 Some key principles of monitoring 4.3 General considerations on information gathering 4.4 Some important points about interviewing 4.5 Analysing the information 4.6 Reporting 4.7 Identifying patterns and trends 4.8 Taking action 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 38 38 18 19 19 20 PART II: Integrating human rights into the operational activities of CSDP missions ....................................................... 41 Chapter 5: Police services and human rights 5.1 Use of force in the maintenance of public order during assemblies and demonstrations 5.2 Human rights violations in the context of an arrest: illegal and arbitrary arrest 5.3 Detention and ill-treatment 5.4 Violence against women and girls Chapter 6: The judicial system and other mechanisms for ensuring accountability for human rights violations 6.1 Work against corruption 6.2 Transitional justice mechanisms 6.3 The International Criminal Court and its practical relevance for CSDP operations 42 44 48 51 54 58 59 61 63 Chapter 7: CSDP military forces and human rights protection 7.1 Protection of civilians 7.2 Observing, reporting and sharing information on alleged violations of human rights and IHL 7.3 General recommendations to the level of operations command at the field level with respect to protection of civilians 7.4 CSDP military forces and the handling of apprehended criminal suspects 65 66 Chapter 8: Concluding remarks 73 Bibliography Abbreviations 74 77 67 68 70 Key principles throughout the mission ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱDZ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȡȱ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȡȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȡȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ ȱ ȡȱȱȱȱȱ ȡȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȡȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ Ȭǯ 8 ȡȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěǯȱ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ Gender-related questions: ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱěȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǵ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȡȱ ȡȱ ȡȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǵȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǵ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱěȱě¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǵȱ¢ǵ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱǵ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱǵ Local ownership and sustainability: ȡȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱǵ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǵ 9 Introduction ȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȃȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ Ȅǯŗȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱǰȱ ĚȱȱȱȬĚȱȱȱȱȁȱȂȱȱ ȱ ǯ ȱȱȱȁȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǻǼǰȱ ȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱȱȁȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȁȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱŘŖŖŜǯŘȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ 1 A Secure Europe in a Better World , European Security Strategy, EU doc. S0138/03, 12 December 2003. 2 Council of the European Union, Mainstreaming Human Rights Across CFSP and Other EU Policies , EU doc. 10076/06, 7 June 2006. 10 ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱęȱǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢£ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ 11 ȱȱ A human rights toolbox for non-practitioners: key concepts and methods Chapter 1: Human rights protection and promotion: a personal and professional responsibility ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ 13 1.1 Why do I need to be concerned about human rights? A core value and legal obligation ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȄȱǽȱǾȱ ★ Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union, Article 3(5) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǯŚȱę¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȄśȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȃȱȱȄŜȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ A regional security interest ȃȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȄ ★ European Security Strategy, 2003 ȱȱ£ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱĜȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ 3 Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union (henceforth referred to as TEU ), Official Journal of the European Union, C83, Volume 53, 30 March 2010, Articles 2 and 21. 4 TEU Article 6 (3). 5 TEU, Article 3 (5). 6 TEU, Article 21 (3). 14 ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ŘŖŖřȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǯ A critical success factor ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȄ ★ Council of the European Union, Mainstreaming human rights and gender into European Security and Defence Policy, A Compilation of Relevant Documents , 2008 ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱĚDZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDzȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȡȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ĚDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ¡ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱĚǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĚDZȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĚǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱĚȱȱȱǯ 15 1.2 What does my mission s mandate say about human rights? ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡Ȭęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢Ȭȱ ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱŝ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǯ 7 TEU, Article 21 paragraph 2 (b) reads: (to) consolidate and support democracy, the rule of law, human rights and the principles of international law . 16 Chapter 2: Some key features of human rights law and practice ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ǯ 2.1 What is international human rights law? ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ£Ǽȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱęǼǯȱ ǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻ Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŝȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ 17 ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗşŚşȱȱȱȱȱȱ ŗşŝŝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱěǯŞȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚǯȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ 2.2 What are the State s duties with regard to human rights? ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȃ¢ȬȄȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȬȱDZȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱęǯ ȡȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱěȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ǯş ȡȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱĴǰȱȱȱȱȱǯ 8 More information on IHL can be found at www.icrc.org. 9 The duty to protect relates to the due diligence standard under international law. It is reflected inter alia in the landmark case before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras, Judgement of July 29, 1988, Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Ser.C), No.4 (1988) § 172-175; and in the General Recommendation no. 19 on Violence against women of the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 11th session (1992), U.N. doc. A/47/38, 29 January 1992. 18 2.3 Limitations and derogations of human rights ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ¢ȱȱǯŗŖ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱǯŗŗ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȃȬȄǼȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱȱȱ¢ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Dzȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯŗŘ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 2.4 Gender aspects ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯŗřȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 10 Specific provisions on limitations differ slightly between the UN treaties and the regional instruments. For more information, consult for instance the Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U.N. Doc E/CN.4/1985/4, Annex (1984). 11 For instance, according to the ICCPR Article 4, para. 1, the measures taken must be only those strictly required by the situation (proportional to the threat), must be consistent with the State s other international law obligations and may not be discriminatory. 12 ICCPR Article 4.2. 13 Council of the European Union, Council Conclusions on Promoting Gender Equality and Gender Mainstreaming in Crisis Management , EU doc. 14884/1/06, 2006. 19 ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱ¢Ǽȱȱȱěȱě¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ǰȱ ĚȱǰȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗřŘśȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱǯȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȂȱȬȱěǯŗŚȱȱ ȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯ ȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 2.5 Human rights in local contexts ‒ ensuring ownership and sustainability ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĚǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱě¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱěǯ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃĴȬȱ Ȅȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱǻȱ¢ȱǼȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ 14 Council of the European Union, Implementation of UNSCR 1325 as reinforced by UNSCR 1820 in the context of ESDP , EU Doc. 15782/3/08, 2008. 20 ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȱDZȱȱ ȃȬ¢Ȅȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȬ¢Ȅȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ¢Ȅȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěǯȱȱȃȬ¢Ȅȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĜǯŗś 15 The rooms are not yet in use so time will tell whether or not the initiative has the intended impact. 21 Chapter 3: Groups needing special attention ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱDZȱȱȂȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǻȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǼDzȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱĚǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱȱȱǼȱ DzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŗŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȦȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȦȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ Dzȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ 16 ICRC, Enhancing Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence (Geneva: ICRC, 2008), p. 17-19. 22 What can you do? ȡȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯ ȡȱ¢¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ǻ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǼǯ 3.1 Women and girls ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȄȱǽȱǾ ★ EU guidelines on violence against women and girls and combating all forms of discrimination against them (2008) ȱ ȱěȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȬȱȱ ěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ Ĝȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǰȱŘǯŘȱǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ¢ȱ ¡ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ 23 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȬȱǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ ǯŗŝȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡¢ȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŞǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯŗşȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĚȱȱȬĚȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ Ȃȱ¢ǯ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗřŘśȱǻŘŖŖŖǼȱȱŗŞŘŖȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯŘŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯŘŗ 17 The CEDAW Committee has stated that gender-based violence is discrimination within the meaning of article 1 of CEDAW. (General Recommendation No. 19. (llth session, 1992), para. 7.) 18 UN SC Resolution 1820 (2008), 19 June 2008, UN Doc. S/RES/1820. 2008. 19 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.183/9 (1998), see definitions of Genocide, Crimes against humanity and War crimes. 20 Council of the European Union, Comprehensive Approach to the EU implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 on women, peace and security. , EU doc., 15671/1/08, 1 December 2008; Council of the European Union, Implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the context of ESDP , EU doc., 11932/2/05, 29 September 2005. 21 EU Guidelines on Violence against Women and Girls and Combating all Forms of Discrimination against them (2008), at 3.1.4. 24 3.2 Children ȃȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱęȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȄȱ ǽȱ Ǿ ★ Update on the EU Guidelines on Children and Armed Conflict, 2008 ȱǻęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗŞŘŘǼȱěȱ¢ȱȱ ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱĚǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚǼǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȬȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĚǯŘř ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ Ȧǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¡ȱǯŘŚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŝǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ĚȱǻŘŖŖřǰȱȱȱŘŖŖŞǼŘśȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŜǰȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯŘŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 22 Article 1, Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). 23 The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the primary legal instrument protecting children s fundamental human rights. It is applicable both in times of peace and of armed conflict. It has been supplemented by an Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, (U.N. Doc. A/RES/54/263, 25 May 2000, entry into force 12 February 2002) and an Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (U.N. Doc. A/RES/54/263, 25 May 2000, entry into force 18 January 2002). Other instruments, primarily the Geneva Conventions and their two Additional Protocols, contain special provisions relating to the protection of children in international and non-international armed conflict. For more information relating to the legal protection of children in armed conflict consult: http://www. icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57JQUS/$File/ANG03_03_juridique_NEWlogo.pdf. 24 TEU Article 3 para. 5 25 Council of the European Union, EU Guidelines on Children in Armed Conflict , EU Doc. 10019/08 , 6 June 2008. 26 Council of the European Union, Checklist for the Integration of the Protection of Children affected by Armed Conflict into ESDP Operations , EU doc. 9767/06, 23 May 2006; Council of the European Union; Draft General Review 25 ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱDZȱ ȡȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dz ȡȱȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȡȱĴȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȡȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȡȱ¡ȱȱȬȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱǯ Řŝ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯŘŞ of the Implementation of the Checklist for the Integration of the Protection of Children affected by Armed Conflict into ESDP Operations , EU doc. 9822/08, 23 May 2008. 27 Council of the European Union, EU Guidelines on Children and Armed Conflict , supra note 26, at 11. These six grave violations against children during times of armed conflict are considered as war crimes. For more information consult: The Six Grave Violations Against Children During Armed Conflict: The Legal Foundation , Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General For Children and Armed Conflict, Working Paper No. 1. Available at: http:// www.un.org/children/conflict/_documents/SixGraveViolationspaper.pdf. 28 Council of the European Union, Draft General Review of the Implementation of the Checklist for the Integration of the Protection of Children affected by Armed Conflict into ESDP Operations , Annex 1: Checklist for the Integration of the Protection of Children affected by Armed Conflict into ESDP Operations, III, Key child protection concerns for consideration of ESDP operations , supra note 26. 26 Fundamentals of child protection ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯ řǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ Śǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱǯ śǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ Ŝǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ŝǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ Şǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ şǯȱ ȱȱȱ£ȱȂȱǯ ŗŖǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱǰȱȱęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ ŗŗǯȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ŗŘǯȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ ŗřǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ★ Source: World Vision and UNHCR, Summary of UNHCR s Executive Committee Conclusion on Children At Risk No. 107 (LVIII) ‒ 2007 Children associated with armed forces and groups: ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ěǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¡ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱǯŘşȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǯřŖ 29 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, doc. supra note 19, Article 8 (2) (b)(xxvi), (e)(vii). 30 Council of the European Union, EU Guidelines on Children in Armed Conflict, 2008, at 7. 27 ȱ ǰȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ řŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯřŘ Key principles concerning child soldiers: 33 ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŞȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŞȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŗśǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǽȱ ŗŞǾ ǻȱřǯŗǼDz ȡȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 3.3 Refugees and internally displaced persons ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȄȱǻȱǼ ★ Council of the European Union, Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU-led Crisis Management Operations (2003) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 31 Council of the European Union, Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU-led Crisis Management Operations , EU Doc. 14805/03, 14 November 2003, para. 4, (a), (ii). [These guidelines are currently under revision] 32 Council of the European Union, Draft General Review of the Implementation of the Checklist for the Integration of the Protection of Children Affected by Armed Conflict into ESDP operations , supra note 26. Also see the Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated With Armed Forces or Armed Groups (The Paris Principles), February 2007, 7. Release and Reintegration, p. 24-40. 33 These key principles are based on inter alia: the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict; the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions; the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court; the Paris Principles; the Paris Commitments to protect children from unlawful recruitment or use by armed forces or armed groups (2007). 28 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȃȬȄǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯřŚȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĚȬȱ ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱĴǰȱǰȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯřś ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯřŜȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱDZȱǰȱ¢ȱȱDzȱ ǰȱ¢ȱ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱDzȱȱ¢ȱǯřŝȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱǻǼǰȱȱ¢ȱěȱǰȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱǼȱȱǯȱȬȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱĴȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ęǰȱ ȱǰȱę ǰȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬĚȱǯřŞȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ 34 Article 33(1) of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. 35 See IDP vulnerability factors in ICRC, Enhancing Protections for Civilians in Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence, supra note 16, p. 20. 36 Council of the European Union, Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU-led Crisis Management Operations , supra note 31, para. 3. 37 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, OCHA/IDP/2004/01, Principle 4.1. 38 See the United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution for Refugees and Displaced Persons ( Pinheiro Principles ), U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/17, 28 June 2005. 29 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱȱ ǯřş ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ Summary of some key Guiding Principles: ȡȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱǻȱȱǼȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dz ȡȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĚǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ 39 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Principle 18.3 and Principle 23. 30 Chapter 4: Basic methodology for monitoring and reporting on human rights in the CSDP operational context ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱǯ 4.1 What is human rights monitoring and why is it important? ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǯŚŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱŚŗ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȬȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ 40 Council of the European Union, Mainstreaming of Human Rights into ESDP , doc 11936/4/06, point 30. 41 This description of monitoring builds upon the definition contained in the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Training Manual on Human Rights Monitoring, Chapter I, D. 2 (2001). 31 ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ 4.2 Some key principles of monitoring ȡȱȱȱDZȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǻǼǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȡȱ¢DZȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ěȬ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱ¢DZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ 32 ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ ¡DZȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¡DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱ¢DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱDZȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱȱ ǯ 4.3 General considerations on information gathering ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴǯȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǻǼȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱǯǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱǯ 33 ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȃ ȱȄȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱǰȱȱȱǯ 4.4 Some important points about interviewing ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȂȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȬǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱȱ Ȃȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱǯŚŘȱ ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ Ǽȱȱę¢ȱǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǼǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭęȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ěȱ ¢ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȡȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ 42 Detailed guidance is available in, amongst others: WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting and Monitoring Sexual Violence in Emergencies (WHO, 2007) and in United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Training Manual on Human Rights Monitoring, Professional Training Series No. 7 (New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2001) Chapter VIII: Interviewing. 34 ȡȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ£ȱ ȱǻȱǼȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǻȱǰȱȱ ȱ£ǰȱȱȱǯǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¡ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ 4.5 Analysing the information ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯ Some aspects that you may need to look into: ȡȱ ȱȱǻ ȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱ¢ǼDZȱ ȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱȱȱǵ ȡȱȱDZȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱěȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǵȱȱǰȱ ¢ǵ ȡȱȦȦȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱȱǰȱ ¢ǵ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǵ 35 ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱǵ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ǵ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǰȱ ȱȱȱǼǵ 4.6 Reporting ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ěȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁ ȱȂȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǻ¢ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱŜȬ¢ǰȱȱǯǼȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱDZ ȡȱDZȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ěȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱęǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱDz ȡȱDZȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȦȦȦ ȦȦǯǼȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴDzȱ ȡȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȬDZȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǵ Śř ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱǯ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ 43 These principles build upon the principles contained in the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, UN Training Manual on Human Rights Monitoring, Professional Training Series No. 7, supra note 42, Chapter XX, B. General principles on human rights reporting. 36 ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱę¢ǯȱǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱȱǼȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȄȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȃȱȱȄǼǯ Key components of a human rights report: ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȦȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ ǵ ȡȱȱȱȱDZȱ ǵ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǯǼǯ ȡȱȱȱȱDZȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱǵ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ǵ ȡȱ ȱȱȱǻǼȱȱȦȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǵ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱǻ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱǼȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱ¢Ǽǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ǻȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȦȦȱ ȱǯǼǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ŚǯŚȱ ǰȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȄǯ ȡȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱ¢ȱęȱĜȱȱ ȱĜȱǻȬȱȦȱȬǼǯ 37 4.7 Identifying patterns and trends ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȁȂȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱĚǼǯŚŚ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ěǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǯŚśȱȱęȱ ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȦȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ ǻǯǯȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ 4.8 Taking action ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ 44 ICRC, Enhancing Protection for Civilians in Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence, supra note 16, p. 16. 45 Amnesty International and CODESRIA, Ukweli: Monitoring and Documenting Human Rights Violations in Africa, a Handbook (Amsterdam and Dakar: Amnesty International and CODESRIA, 2000) p. 18. 38 Responsibilities of CSDP mission members deriving from the legal and operational framework of their mission 39 40 ȱDZ Integrating human rights into the operational activities of CSDP missions ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȬĚȱȱȬ ĚǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱǯ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱǻȱȱǰȱŚǯŘǯǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ 41 Chapter 5: Police services and human rights46 ȱȱȱȬȱȁȂȱȱȱȱȱȬĚȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǰȱŘǯŘǼǯ ȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ǽǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȮȱȱȱȱǰȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱȱřDZȱ ȱȱȱĴǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱȬĚȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȃȄȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ 46 This section is also of relevance for correctional services, particularly 5.1, 5.3 and 5.4. 42 ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĚǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŚŝȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱĜǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯŚŞȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȂȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȬ ȱǯ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĜǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȃȱȄȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȬȱȱǯ What can you do?49 ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ ȱ¡Ǽȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱěǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǻȱȱ¡Ǽǯ 47 See William O Neill, Police Reform and Human Rights , A Hurist Document, 2004, p. 7. 48 Ibid., This paper offers invaluable guidance based on lessons learnt from UN police reform efforts around the world. One of its key conclusions is that human-rights training is necessary but not sufficient to ensure sustainable police reform; it must be complemented by institutional reform efforts, including objective and transparent criteria for hiring and firing, systems of incentives and rewards based on merit and integrity, internal and external accountability mechanisms and complaints procedures, and sound administration, management and financial practices. 49 Recommendations build upon those made in Police Reform and Human Rights , supra note 47. 43 ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ£ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȬĚȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱǯ 5.1 Use of force in the maintenance of public order during assemblies and demonstrations ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ¢ȱĚȦȬĚȱ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱȁȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǼȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǼȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ¢Dzȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ In an ideal situation, the police should take a pro-active approach, including:50 ȡȱȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ 50 Sources: OSCE ODIHR, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, Chapter 5: Rights and Responsibilities of Law Enforcement Officials, 2007, p. 56-68; and International Committee of the Red Cross, To Serve and To Protect: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law for Police and Security Forces (Geneva: ICRC, 1998), Chapter 7: Maintenance of Public Order. 44 ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĜśŗȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰśŘȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱDzȱ ȡȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȁȬȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǼDz ȡȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱ ȱȱȱȱȁȱȂǯ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱ£ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ General principles relating to policing assemblies/demonstrations:53 ȡȱ ȱȱȬȱDZȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯśŚȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ Ȭ ȱȱȱęȱȱǯ 51 U.N. Doc. A/RES/34/169, (1979). 52 U.N. Doc. A/CONF.144/28/Rev. 1 (1990) 53 Source: UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, Principles 9-14. Note that the specific circumstances justifying the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials and the means that can be used in a particular situation are regulated by national law. 54 E.g. ICCPR Art. 21, ACHPR Art. 11, ACHR Art. 28, ECHR Art. 11 45 ȡȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯśś ¡DZȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȁȬȂȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ What could you do?56 ȡȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ£ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱǼǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱ¢ǯ 55 The precise circumstances allowing for the legal use of firearms are: in self-defence or defence of others against the imminent threat of death or serious injury, to prevent the perpetration of a particularly serious crime involving grave threat to life, to arrest a person presenting such a danger and resisting their authority, or to prevent his or her escape, and only when less extreme means are insufficient to achieve these objectives. In any event, intentional lethal use of firearms may only be made when strictly unavoidable in order to protect life. , source: UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, Principle 9. Clear procedures preceding the use of firearms apply. (Principle 10, UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials). 56 These recommendations are based on the UN Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and the OSCE ODIHR Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, supra notes 50 and 53. 46 After the demonstration: ŗǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ ȱȂȱȱȱǼǯ Řǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ řǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯ Śǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱǯǼǯśŝ Principles guiding the use of force P.L.A.N. principles:58 DZ Ȭȱȱȱȱ ȬȱDz ȬȱȱȱȱȱȱěDzȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱěǯ DZ Ȭȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Dzȱ ȬȱĚȱȱȱǰȱȱȱDzȱ Ȭȱȱ¡ȱȱ¡ȱĴǯ DZȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȺȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢Dzȱ ȬȱȱDzȱȱ ȬȱȱęȱȱDzȱ ȬȱȱǻȱȱǼȱ¢ȱDzȱȱ ȬȱȱȱȱDzȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ¢DZȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢Dz ȬȱȬȱȱȱȱĴȱęDzȱ ȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȂȱ¢ǯ 57 For more guidance, see Chapter 5 on Rights and Responsibilities of Law Enforcement Officials , in OSCE ODIHR Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, supra note 50. 58 The P.L.A.N. principles exist in different versions in various police training manuals. See for example the Commonwealth Manual on Human Rights Training for the Police, (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2006), p. 69, 105-107;. United Nations, Human Rights Standards in the Use of Force, UN Peacekeeping PDT Standards, Specialized Training Material for Police, 1st edition, 2009, p. 10-11. 47 5.2 Human rights violations in the context of an arrest: illegal and arbitrary arrest ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȃȄȱȱ ȃ¢Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ǯśşȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱǼȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ £ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱǰȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȦȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬǰȱ¢ȱȬȱȱ ȱȱȱǯŜŖ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱǻȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǼǯ 59 UN Human Rights Committee, Womah Mukong vs. Cameroon, Communication No. 458/1991, UN Doc. CCPR/ C/51/D/458/1991 (1994), 9.8: The drafting history of article 9, paragraph 1, confirms that arbitrariness is not to be equated with against the law , but must be interpreted more broadly to include elements of inappropriateness, injustice, lack of predictability and due process of law… [R]emand in custody pursuant to lawful arrest must not only be lawful but reasonable in all the circumstances. Remand in custody must further be necessary in all the circumstances, for example to prevent flight, interference with evidence or the recurrence of crime. 60 For more information, see Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances , Fact Sheet No. 6/Rev.3. 48 General principles regarding stop and arrest:61 ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱǯǼǰȱǰȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¢ŜŘȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ £ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱ ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ Ŝř ȡȱȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȦȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ǯ ¡DZȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȅǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ 61 These principles are derived from: the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ICCPR, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the African Charter on Human and People s Rights, Arab Charter on Human Rights, the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, U.N. Doc. A/RES/43/173 (1988); Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (1955). 62 Governed by national law. 63 The period should be determined by national law, but should not be longer than time it takes to process a suspect (European Court of Human Rights, (Brogan and Others vs. the UK, European Court of Human Rights, Ser. A, No. 145-B, 11 EHRR 117). 49 What could you do? ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDZ ȡȱęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ǽǯȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱDZ Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǯ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯŜŚȱ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱǻȱ¢ȱȱȱǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱDZ Ȯȱ ȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱ ȱȱȱȃȱȱȄȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱǰȱȱȱŚǰȱŚǯŘȱȱŚǯŚǼDz Ȯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ 64 E.g. ICCPR Article 9, ECHR Article 5, ACHPR Article 6, ACHR Article 5. 50 5.3 Detention and ill-treatment ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŗǰȱȱ ȱ ŘŖŖŞǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢Dzȱ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯŜś ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ Some important points to keep in mind when assessing detention conditions: ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱȱȱ¡ǰȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǼȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǯ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ 65 These fundamental safeguards are also found in the UN Body of Principles on the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment; the UN Human Rights Committee General Comment 20; and the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Punishment (CPT) Standards, CPT/Inf/E (2002) 1 Rev. 2009. Consult especially the latter Standards for guidance, particularly with regard to detention by police. 51 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȭǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯ Principles relating to detainees and torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment:66 ȡȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱěǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱȱȱ ¡ȱǻȱȱȱȂȱǼȱȱĴǯȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȡȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȬǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱĜǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱǰȱǰȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȂȱǯ ȡȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŜŝǼǰȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ 66 These principles derive from inter alia: the EU Policy Towards Third Countries on Torture and Other Forms of Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the UN Body of Principles on the Protection of All Persons Under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment; UN Human Rights Committee General Comment 20; CPT Standards; jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights. 67 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Professional Training Series No. 8, Rev. 1, Istanbul Protocol - Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, (New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2004). 52 ȡȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱȱȱǰȱǯǼǯ ¡DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȄǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱǯ What can you do? ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱDZ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ¢Ȧ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȬǯ ȡȱȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯŜŞ ȡȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱȦǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯ ȡȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȬǰȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱDZ Ȯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěȱǰȱȱȱŚǰȱŚǯŘȱȱŚǯŚǼDzŜş Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Dz Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬȦȱ ȱ Dz Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĜDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 68 See Part I, Chapter 4 on Monitoring, particularly 4.6: Key Components of a human rights report on collecting the necessary information. 69 See 4.3 b) on maintaining security and confidentiality of information. 53 5.4 Violence against women and girls ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŝŖȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻǰȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȭȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȄȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱĜȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȄȱ ȱȃ¢ȄȱĴǯ ȱȱȱȦǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱě¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĜȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱĴȱȱDZȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱĜȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŝŗȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŝŘ ȱ¡ȱȱDZȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǻȱȱǼ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǼǯ 70 General Recommendation No. 19 of CEDAW Committee, supra note 17, para. 9. 71 Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing 4-15 September 1995, para. 99, United Nations, A/ CONF./177/20/Rev.1, 1 January 1996. 72 More information on policing implications is to be found in documents listed in Bibliography, for instance in Zimmerman C. and Watts, C. WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Interviewing Trafficked Women (Geneva: WHO, 2003) and OSCE ODIHR, National Referral Mechanisms: Joining Efforts to Protect the Rights of Trafficked Persons, A Practical Handbook (OSCE ODIHR, 2004). 54 ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȭ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǯ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱěDzȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȬ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ęǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱǯ Some key guiding principles on policing violence against women:73 ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱĴDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ŝŚ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱDzȱ ȡȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱDzŝś 73 These guiding principles are drawn from the recommendations made in Chapter V: Responding to violence against women: The Role of the Police, in the Handbook on effective police responses to violence against women (UNODC, 2010). Consult this document for detailed guidance. 74 Some States require mandatory charging where there is evidence to support a charge, regardless of the victim s cooperation. Source: Handbook on effective police responses to violence against women, Ibid., p. 47. 75 Consult for instance: Handbook on effective police responses to violence against women, Ibid., p. 55-58; and WHO Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Interviewing Trafficked Women, at supra note 72. 55 ȡȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǼȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ ȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŝŜȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱ ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱǰȱǯǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȮȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȃȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ 76 Handbook on effective police responses to violence against women, at supra note 73, Chapter V, E: Threat Assessment and Risk Management. 56 ¡DZȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯ What could you do? ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱDZ ȡȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ Ȅȱ Ǽǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱDZ Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǼDz Ȯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȦȱȱ ȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ 57 Chapter 6: The judicial system and other mechanisms for ensuring accountability for human rights violations ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱĚǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱĚǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȬĚȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱDZ ȡȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭȱȱǻȱ ǰȱȱȱĴǼDz ȡȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ 58 ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ £ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬĚȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĴȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ 6.1 Work against corruption ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯ ȱěȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ¡ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȃȄȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯŝŝȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ£ȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěǯ General recommendations include:78 ȡȱȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ £ȱȱȱěǰȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱȱȱȱȱěǼDz 77 For instance: Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct (2002), Commonwealth Judicial Colloquium on Combatting Corruption within the Judiciary, Limassol Conclusions (2002), Commonwealth (Latimer House) Principles on the Three Branches of Government (2009). 78 These recommendations are drawn from the documents in supra note 77 and from the report by Transparency International, Global Corruption Report 2007: Corruption in Judicial Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). 59 ȡȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěǼDz ȡȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱĜȱȱ¢Dzȱ ȡȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱDz ȡȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱDz ȡȱ ȬȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢Dz ȡȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȄǰȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ£ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯ 60 What can you do? ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 6.2 Transitional justice mechanisms ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱĚȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱĴȱȱĴȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĚȱȱǯŝşȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ĚǯŞŖȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȁȂȱǯ 79 For more information on transitional justice mechanisms, consult the resources available at the International Centre for Transitional Justice: http://www.ictj.org/en/tj/. 80 Council of the European Union, Transitional Justice and ESDP , EU Doc. 10674/06, 19 June 2006. 61 ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŞŗȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ěȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯŞŘȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴǯȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜǯȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȃ¢ȱȄȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǯŞřȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯŞŚȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯŞś ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȃȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȄǯŞŜ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ǻǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¡Ȭȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚǯŞŝ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱ Ȅȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 81 Ibid., point 5 82 Commission on Human Rights, Independent Study on Best Practices, Including Recommendations, to assist States in Strengthening their Domestic Capacity to Combat all Aspects of Impunity by Professor Diane Orentlicher, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2004/88, 27 February 2004. 83 Commission on Human Rights, Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Impunity, Report of the independent expert to update the Set of Principles to combat impunity, Diane Orentlicher, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102, para. 68. 84 Ibid., para. 68 85 These include in particular genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, torture and similar cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, enforced disappearance, extrajudicial execution and slavery. Source: Commission on Human Rights, Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Impunity, Report of the independent expert to update the Set of Principles to combat impunity, Diane Orentlicher, Addendum. U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1, p.6 , B. 86 Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Impunity, Report of the independent expert to update the Set of Principles to combat impunity, Diane Orentlicher, E/CN.4/2005/102, point 69. 87 For more information on DDR and transitional justice, consult: Council of the European Union, EU Concept for Support to Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) , December 2006, EU Doc 16387/06. 62 ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯŞŞ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱęȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǯŞş What can you do? ȡȱ£ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ¡ȱȱȱ ǯ ȡȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȬ ȱǼȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯ 6.3 The International Criminal Court and its practical relevance for CSDP operations ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǼǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗşşŞȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ŘŖŖřǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 88 Council conclusions on Gender Mainstreaming (doc. 14884/1/06), point 10; Comprehensive approach to the EU implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 on women, peace and security , supra note 20, point 36; Davis, Laura The European Union and Transitional Justice (IFP Democratisation and Transitional Justice Centre, 2010), p. 9. 89 Checklist for the Integration of the Protection of Children affected by Armed Conflict into ESDP Operations, at supra note 26, p. 10: Accountability Mechanisms and Children . Also see Annex in Children and Transitional Justice: Truth-telling, accountability and reconciliation (UNICEF, 2010), p. 403-417; The Paris Principles , p. 41-43; and; Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict , UN Doc. A/65/219, 4 August 2010. 63 ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱşŖȱȱȱŘŖŖŜȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯşŗȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱǼǰȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱǰȱęȬȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖśǰȱȱȱŘŖŖşǼȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯşŘ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¡ȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯşř ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ 90 Council Common Position 2003/44/CFSP, 16 June 2003, on the International Criminal Court. Official Journal L 150 of 18.06.2003; Council of the European Union - Action Plan to follow-up on the Common Position on the International Criminal Court, EU Doc. 5742/04, 28 January 2004. 91 Council of the European Union, Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the European Union on Cooperation and Assistance , EU Doc. 14298/05, 6 December 2005. 92 Council of the European Union, EU Guidelines on Promoting Compliance with IHL - Technical Update , E.U. Doc. 16841/09, 1 December 2009, at III, B16 (f). 93 Council Conclusions on Promoting Gender Equality and Gender Mainstreaming in Crisis Management, 2760th General Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels 13 November 2006, at 10. 64 Chapter 7: CSDP military forces and human rights protection ȃȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚǯȄȱǻȱǼȱ ★ Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU-led Crisis Management Operations (2003) ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱȬĚȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȬȬ¢ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱĜǰȱȱǰȱ¡ȱ¡ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱěǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯşŚȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȁȱȂǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ¢ȱǯ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ě¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱȱřȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴǯ 94 See Council of the European Union, Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU crisis management operations, supra note 31, point 1. 65 7.1 Protection of civilians ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱǻȱǼȱ ★ Council of the European Union, Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU-led Crisis Management Operations, (2003). ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȁȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȂǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDZ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȮ ȱȱȱȱȬȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱęȱ Ĵȱȱǰȱȱǰȱǯ ȡȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱě¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ě¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯşśȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯşŜȱ 95 IASC, Civil-Military Relationship in Complex Emergencies - an IASC Reference Paper , 28 June 2004. 96 Council of the European Union, The European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid , Official Journal of the European 66 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚǯȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȁȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱǰȱȬȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱȂȱȱǻȱȱǰȱŚǯŘǼȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ęǯ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȂȱşŝȱśǯȱȱȱȱȦ ȱȼȱȱ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ę¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǯ řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯ Śǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ śǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǯǯȱ ǰȱǼǯ Ŝǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ 7.2 Observing, reporting and sharing information on alleged violations of human rights and IHL ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚǯȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱĴǯȄȱşŞȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱǯşş ȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Union, EU Doc. 2008/C25/01, 30.01.2008. Also consult the IASC Civil-Military Relationship in Complex Emergencies ‒ an IASC Reference Paper , supra note 95.. 97 EU Operation Headquarters Potsdam, Final Report on Gender Work inside EUFOR RD Congo , Potsdam 15 December 2006. 98 Council of the European Union, EU Guidelines on Promoting Compliance with IHL , EU Doc. 2005/C/327/04, at III, A. (b). 99 Draft Guidelines on Protection of Civilians in EU-led Crisis Management Operations , supra note 31. Para. 7. 67 ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǼȱ¢ȱĴȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ ȱǼǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȦǰȱȱȱȬȱǰȱ¡ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȦǰȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢Ȭ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ 7.3 General recommendations to the level of operations command at the field level with respect to protection of civilians100 ȡȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȬȬ¢ȱ ǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȬȬ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱǼǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȦȱ¢ǯ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȡȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱǯ 100 These build upon recommendations contained in the publication by Refugees International, The Last Line of Defence: How Peacekeepers can Better Protect Civilians (2010) and in Holt, V. and Taylor G Protecting Civilians in the Context of UN Peacekeeping Operations (New York: United Nations, 2009), Chapter 5: Findings and Recommendations. 68 ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȡȱ¢¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱ£ǯŗŖŗ ȡȱȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱDz ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěǰȱ ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȄŗŖŘ ȡȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ǰȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯ ȡȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ 101 Council of the European Union, Implementation of UNSCR 1325 as reinforced by UNSCR 1820 in the context of ESDP , supra note 20, 5, Conduct of operations, Measures to protect women and girls affected by conflict. 102 Council of the European Union, the EU Guidelines on Children and Armed Conflict, supra note 25, at point 17. 69 7.4 CSDP military forces and the handling of apprehended criminal suspects ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭ ȱȂȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȬęȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǼǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȦ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȄŗŖřȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĚǯŗŖŚ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱŗŖśȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ ȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ Śȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 103 Joint Pledge at the 30th International Conferences of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (Pledge P091) available at: http://www.icrc.org/APPLIC/P130e.nsf/pbk/PCOE-79CKFC?openDocument§ion. 104 Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions, relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts, 1977, Articles 4-6. 105 Derived from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. 70 ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱěȱǰȱȬȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯŗŖŜȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯ 106 The principle of non-refoulement in Article 3 of the UN Convention Against Torture prohibits under any circumstances the transfer of detainees into the hands of an authority where there is a real risk of torture or ill-treatment. The principle is also implied in Article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as settled in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights (e.g. Soering v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 7 July 1989, Series A no. 161, §§ 90-91 and Saadi vs. Italy Application no. 37201/06, Judgement 28 February 2008). 71 72 Chapter 8: Concluding remarks ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ěȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ £ȱȱȂȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ 73 Bibliography ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯǯę ŗǯȱǰȱǰȱ DZȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǻȱȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱ ǻDZȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ řǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱǻ ȱȱȱDZȱȱǰȱŗşşŚǼǯ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ǻDZȱ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ ěǰȱǯǰȱȱȱȱ DZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǻDZȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡DZȱŘŖŖŖǼǯ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯ èǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĜȱǻDZȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĴDZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻDZȱǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ DZȱ ěȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱǻDZȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱǰȱǻDZȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŘǼǯ ȱĴȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻDZȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻDZȱǰȱŗşşŞǼǯ ǰȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ ĚȱǻDZȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ ¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ěǰȱ ǯȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱǻȱȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱśȦǯřȱǻȱ DZȱ ȱȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ Ĝȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱĴDZȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȬĚȱ ǰȱ ǻ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ 74 ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱǻ DZȱȦ ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ DZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ DZȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯ ȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱDZȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ DZȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ DZȱ ȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱŘřȦŘŖŖŞǰȱ ȱŘŖŖŞǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱǰȱŗşşşǼǯ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱŘŖŖŝDZȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǻDZȱȱ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱȬȱȱȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŗşşśǼǯ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ Ȭǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱĴȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȬĚȱĴDZȱȱȱǻ ȱDZȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱŝȱǻ ȱȱȱDZȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱDZȱ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ ȱDZȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ ȱ ȱȱȱǯȱśȱ ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ȱȱȱDZȱǰȱŗşşŝǼǯ ȱȱȱǰȱ£ȱȱȱȱǰȱŗȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱŝȱǻ ȱȱȱDZȱȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ ȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ǯȱŞǰȱǯȱŗǰȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱǻ ȱȱȱ DZȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ ȱDZȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ǰȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ǰȱĴȱ ȱDZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻDZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ 75 ȱ ȱ£ǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ĜȱȱǻDZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ŘǯȱȱȱDZȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǰȄȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȄǰȱǻDZȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǼǰȱȃȱȱǰȱȃȄȱȱȱȱȂȱȱǰȱȦȦȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼȱŗȱȬȱǯȱŘŖŖşȄȱǻȱȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ ǰȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱȃȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱDZȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱěȄȱǻ ȱDZȱȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ Ȭ¢ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ŗǰȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱDZȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȄȱǻ ǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȃȱȱȱȱȄǰȱśȱȱ ŘŖŖŝǰȱǯȱŗŖŝȱǻǼȱȮȱŘŖŖŝǯȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ Ȅǰȱ ȱǯǯDZȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǯȱ řǯȱȱȱDZȱ Ȭ¢ȱȱĴǰȱȃȬ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȄȱǻǰȱŘŞȱȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ Ȃǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ȅȱ ǻȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ Ȃǰȱǯȱȃȱȱȱ ȱȄǰȱȱ ȱȱǻ ȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯ 76 Abbreviations ȱȱȱ ȳȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȳȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ ȱȱ ȳǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȳȱȱ ȱȱ ȳȱ¢ȱ¢ ȱ ȱȱȹȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȬȱĜȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȳȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȬȱ£ ȱ ȱ ȳȱ ȱȱ ȳȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȳ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȳȱȱ 77
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