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Marine Mammal Species of India
E. Vivekanandan
R. Jeyabaskaran
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Kochi 682 018
www. cmfri.org.in
2012
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Published by:
Dr. G. Syda Rao
Director
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
(Indian Council of Agricultural Research)
Ernakulam North P.O., P.B. No. 1603
Cochin-682018, Kerala, India
www.cmfri.org.in
Email: [email protected]
Tel. No.: +91-0484-2394867
Fax No.: +91-0484-2394909
Citation:
Vivekanandan, E. and R. Jeyabaskaran. 2012. Marine mammal species of India,
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 228p.
Publication Production & Co-ordination
V. Edwin Joseph
V. Mohan
ISBN 978-8-923271-5-0
© 2012 Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
All rights reserved. Material contained in this publication may not be
reproduced in any form without the permission of the publisher
Cover photograph:
A pod of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) sighted off Dwaraka,
Gujarat on 23.03.2009
Printed at St. Francis
Press,pages
Kochi-682
018
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Foreword
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute has collected and published
information on occasional stranding, sightings and gear entanglement
of marine mammals for more than 50 years from a vast network of trained
field staff located at its research and field centres along the entire Indian
coast. More than 85% of the publications on marine mammals in India is
by the CMFRI. The Institute has executed a research project on marine
mammals during 1981 – 1985 and a long term project funded by Ministry
of Earth Sciences, New Delhi during 2003 – 2012.
However, several enigmatic facts on marine mammals of India such as
species habitat ranges, migration pattern, socializing behaviour and
abundance remain to be investigated. Low encounterability at sea,
difficulties in handling the stranded / beach-cast animals due to their
large body mass and high cost of executing research programmes on
marine mammals are few constraints which prevent gaining an insight
into these megafauna. Availability of only a very few experts in the country
is another major concern in addressing several issues, and hence, it is
imperative that the country should produce a large pool of expertise to
investigate the marine mammals.
To create interest and awareness among students, researchers,
naturalists and conservationists on marine mammals occurring in the
Indian seas, the researchers of CMFRI have prepared a species profile,
which provides basic and interesting information on these charismatic
animals. They have compiled results of CMFRI research projects on marine
mammals and available information from a large body of literature so
that this publication serves as a source of ready reference to those
interested on marine mammals. I compliment the authors Dr. E.
Vivekanandan and Dr. R. Jeyabaskaran for this effort. I sincerely hope that
this publication will pave the way for producing a large number of marine
mammalogists in the country to undertake advanced research on marine
mammals in India and in the region as well.
Kochi – 18
August, 2012
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G. Syda Rao
Director
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Acknowledgements
W
e express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. G. Syda Rao, Director,
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi for providing
facilities and support for publishing this book.
We also express special thanks to Dr. M. Rajagopalan for initiating the
project on marine mammals and rendering guidance and support
throughout the project period. We are grateful to the Director, Centre for
Marine Living Resources and Ecology, Ministry of Earth Sciences for
providing funds for the project “Studies on marine mammals of Indian
EEZ and contiguous seas”, and to his staff for support.
Dr. K.S.S.M Yousuf, Dr B. Anoop, Mr. V.V. Afsal, Dr A. Anoop,
Dr. P. Kannan and Mr. K.S. Abhilash, Senior Research Fellows participated
in a number of oceanic cruises, each lasting for several weeks to observe
marine mammals. Their interest and untiring field work provided valuable
original information on marine mammals in India. The support rendered
by all these dedicated researchers is gratefully acknowledged. Special
thanks are due to Dr K.S.S.M. Yousuf, who gathered a large volume of
literature and also assisted preparation of this manuscript. We also thank
Dr. P.P. Manojkumar and Shri K.P. Said Koya, Senior Scientists and Dr. V.
Kripa, Head, FEMD, CMFRI, for their contribution and support. We are
thankful to Shri K. Sankaran, Artist (T-5), CMFRI for assistance in preparing
the manuscript.
Our special thanks to Shri V. Edwin Joseph, Officer-in-Charge, and Dr.
V. Mohan, Library & Documentation Centre, CMFRI for their excellent
support. The help rendered by navigational officers, crew and coparticipants of cruises of FORV Sagar Sampada is greatly appreciated.
Cochin 682018
August 2012
E. Vivekanandan
R. Jeyabaskaran
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CONTENTS
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction ________________________________________________________________ 13
Distribution _________________________________________________________________ 15
SPECIES PROFILE
Order Cetacea
Suborder Mysticeti (Baleen whales)
Family Balaenopteridel
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) ____________________________________________ 25
Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) ______________________________________________ 33
Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) _____________________________________________ 39
Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) _______________________________________ 45
Humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) _____________________________________ 51
Suborder Odontoceti (Toothed whales)
Family Physeteridae
6.
Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) __________________________________________ 57
Family Kogiidae
8.
7. Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) ___________________________________________ 65
Dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) ____________________________________________________ 71
Family Delphinidae
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) _____________________________________________________ 77
False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) _________________________________________ 83
Pygmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata) ____________________________________________ 89
Melon headed whale (Peponocephala electra) ____________________________________ 93
Short finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) ____________________________ 97
Indo-Pacific beaked whale (Indopacetus pacificus) _______________________________ 103
Cuviers beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) _______________________________________ 107
Rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) ____________________________________ 111
Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus) _____________________________________________ 115
Pantropical spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) _______________________________ 121
Pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) _________________________________ 129
Striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) _________________________________________ 135
Long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis) _____________________________ 141
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) ______________________________ 149
Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin (Sousa chinensis) ______________________________ 157
Irrawady dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) _________________________________________ 165
Family Phocaenidae
25. Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) __________________________________ 171
Order Sirenia
Family Dugongidae
26. Sea cow Dugong dugon ______________________________________________________ 179
Future Directions ___________________________________________________________ 187
Glossary ___________________________________________________________________ 189
References _________________________________________________________________ 191
Index
___________________________________________________________________________ 221
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Fig. I. A male Orcinus orca with triangular dorsal fin sighted in
Southern Ocean (52°58'S; 45°04'E) on 21.02.2011
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Introduction
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arine mammals are important
components of marine ecosystems. Due
to wide distribution, large body size and predatory
nature, these charismatic animals exert major
influence on marine food webs and structure and
function of marine ecosystems. Marine mammals
are highly mobile with complex habitat
requirements and are distributed unevenly across
oceans ranging from tropical, subtropical,
temperate and polar regions. Estuaries, tributaries
and contiguous seas of the world’s largest rivers
are habitats for few cetaceans and sirenians
(dugong). Some regions, such as tropical,
subtropical and temperate maintain extremely
diverse cetacean species assemblages, whereas
polar regions support only a few species.
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Marine mammals are classified under three
major orders, namely, Cetacea (whales, dolphins
and porpoises), Sirenia (manatees and dugong)
and Carnivora (sea otters, polar bears and
pinnipeds). Totally 130 marine mammal species
have been recognised in the world oceans
(Jefferson et al., 2008). Among the three Orders,
Cetacea is the most diverse, having evolved from
land-dwelling ancestors around 55 to 60 million
years ago and are known to occur in all marine
habitats (Reeves et al., 2002). Order Cetacea
consists of two suborders namely, Mysticeti
(baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed
cetaceans). Mysticeti represents four families of
14 species, while Odontoceti represents ten
families of 73 species (Jefferson et al., 2008).
The Indian seas support a variety of marine
mammals, which include baleen whales, toothed
whales, dolphins, porpoise and dugong.
Stranding and sighting records show that the
Indian seas is a habitat for 25 species of cetaceans
and one species of sirenian. Of the 25 species of
cetaceans, five are Mysticeti (baleen whales) and
the rest are Odontoceti, which includes
Delphinidae, Physeteridae, Kogiidae, Ziphiidae,
Phocoenidae and Platanistidae (Kumaran, 2002).
The sei whale Balaenoptera borealis, which has
been recorded in stranding events by many
authors, has been confirmed as misidentification,
and hence, is not included in this book. Records
on global distribution of B. borealis do not include
Indian seas (Rice, 1998; Horwood, 2009).
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Marine Mammal Species of India
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Fig. II. A pod of Orcinus orca sighted in Southern Ocean (52°58'S; 45°04'E) on 21.02.2011
Profile, information are provided under the
following 10 subtitles: 1. Taxonomic status;
2. Common name; 3. Identification characters;
4. Distribution; 5. Abundance; 6. Habitat;
7. Behaviour; 8. Food; 9. Exploitation and threats;
and 10. Conservation status. Available records on
sightings, stranding, incidental catches and food
habits of marine mammals have been
consolidated and presented in this book.
Information on species occurring in the Indian
seas, but published from other habitat ranges in
world oceans have also been included to enhance
comprehensiveness of this book. The book is
intended to create awareness and interest among
students and researchers who want to learn about
marine mammal species occurring in the Indian
seas. Images captured during sighting cruises are
given for a few species. Maps given in this book
will be useful to infer the occurrence and
distribution of species.
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All marine mammal species are protected
under Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. However,
until the year 2003, knowledge on marine
mammals of India was restricted to incidental
catches of various species in fishing gear. Few
authors have recorded morphological characters,
osteology, biology and stomach contents of
stranded or beach-cast cetaceans. Between 2003
and 2011, the Central Marine Fisheries Research
Institute undertook research work on marine
mammals with financial support from Ministry of
Earth Sciences, Government of India. The results
of the project substantially increased the
knowledge on marine mammal distribution in the
Indian seas. However, an understanding on species
distribution range and abundance in Indian seas
remains vague. Absence of trained marine
mammalogists, dedicated ship surveys and
allocation of substantial financial support for
marine mammal research has handicapped the
progress in research to gain an insight into species
level distribution, abundance, biology and
ecological characteristics of these diverse animals.
Marine mammal Surveys were also conducted in
Southern Ocean to Study the distribution of
cetaceans in Antarctic waters (Fig. I & II).
This book is a collective source of information
on marine mammal species in the Indian seas.
The book has the following four chapters:
Introduction, Distribution, Species Profile and
Future Directions. Under the Chapter Species
To get more information on species described
in this book and on other species not occurring in
the Indian seas, the readers are encouraged to
refer the following fact sheets:
1. Encyclopedia of marine mammals;
2. Marine mammals of the world;
3. Marine mammals of the world FAO species
identification guide;
4. The society for marine mammalogy;
5. http://www.marinemammalscience.org.
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Fig. IV. A pod of leaping Stenella longirostris sighted off Dwaraka, Gujarat on 23.03.2009
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The observers participated in 55 cruises. The
number of observation days was 1068 and
cetaceans were sighted on 430 days. The duration
of observation was 7058 hours. A total of 976.7
hours were spent for observation in the
Northeastern Arabian Sea, 2525.8 hours in the
Southeastern Arabian Sea, 908.0 hours in the
Northern Bay of Bengal, 1320.0 hours in the
Southern Bay of Bengal, 930.5 hours in the
Andaman Sea and 397.0 hours in the Southern Sri
Lanka Sea (Indian Ocean). The total number of
sightings in all the regions was 626, which
comprised of 8674 individuals (Table I). On an
average there was one sighting every 11 hours.
The cetaceans were sighted at a distance ranging
from 0.05km to 964km from the shore, near water
surface where the maximum depth ranged from
15m to 4515m, at sea surface temperature (SST)
range from 24.2°C to 32.0°C, salinity from 27.5ppt
to 37.6ppt, and sea condition ranging in Beaufort
scale from 0 to 7. From the sighting surveys, it was
found that the cetaceans are widely distributed in
the Indian EEZ and the contiguous seas (Fig. III-VI).
A total of 219 sightings (35%) were within the
continental shelf (<200m depth) and the
remaining (65%) were in oceanic waters (>200m
depth). Maximum number of sightings was during
1500-1800 hrs, in which 31% of the total sightings
were recorded. Only 5% of the sightings were after
1800 hrs, as observation could not be carried
beyond 1900 hrs on most of the days due to poor
visibility.
In sightings surveys,18 species were recorded
(Table1). But species could not be identified on
all occasions. In 361 instances i.e. 57.7% of the
sightings, identification was made up to generic
or species level, either as confirmed or as ‘possible’.
The remaining 265 sightings (42.3%) were
recorded as unidentified dolphins (UID)/
unidentified whales (UIW). Of the 18 species
identified, 6 were whales and 12 were dolphins.
The six whales include 5 species of baleen whales
and one species of toothed whale. Stenella
longirostris was the most abundant (1945
individuals) followed by Tursiops aduncus (887).
However, Sousa chinensis was encountered in
mazimum number of sightings (57).
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Suborder Mysticeti
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Baleen whales
Fig. 1a. A spouting Balaenoptera musculus sighted off Mangalore, Karnataka on 16.10.2010
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Balaenoptera musculus
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Blue whale
Fig. 1b. Balaenoptera musculus stranded at Kundugal, Mandapam, Tamilnadu on
17.07.2006, showing a clearly visible single prominent median ridge
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Stenella attenuata
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Pantropical spotted dolphin
Fig. 19a. A Stenella attenuata sighted off Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh on 31.08.2009,
showing the presence of white beak tip and white dorsal spotting in the body
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19
Pantropical spotted dolphin
Stenella attenuata (Gray, 1846)
19.1 Taxonomic status
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Phylum: Chordata; Class: Mammalia; Order: Cetacea; Suborder: Odontoceti; Family:
Delphinidae; Genus: Stenella; Species: attenuata
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19.2 Common names
Pantropical spotted dolphin; Bridled dolphin; Narrow-snouted dolphin; spotters
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Taxonomy of the spotted dolphins was long confused, with specimens of this species classified
under various species such as S. attenuata, S. frontalis, S. plagiodon, S. froenatus, S. pernettyi and S.
dubia (Her-shkovitz, 1966). Finally one pantropical species (S. attenuata) was recognized in revision
and a second species (S. frontalis) is highly variable geographically in size, tooth size, and colour
pattern and endemic to the tropical Atlantic Ocean (Perrin et al., 1987). Both species have similarity in
skull, but did not appear as sister taxa in phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome b mtDNA sequences
(LeDuc et al., 1999).
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Fig. 19b. Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata
19 3. Identification characters
The pantropical spotted dolphins (Fig. 19a&b) like other species of the genus Stenella, are relatively
small dolphins growing to a maximum length of 2m and weighing approximately 114kg at adulthood.
Body is generally slender, streamlined and have a long thin beak that is separated from the melon by
a distinct crease. The dorsal fin is narrow, falcate, and usually pointed at the tip. Flippers are slender and
strongly curved. Colouration of lower sides of adults is grey with dark cape on dorsal side. The lower
belly, lips and tip beak tend to be brilliant white. Although unspotted at birth, by adulthood the
dolphins have varying degrees of white mottling on the dark dorsal cape. The spotting ranges from
very slight in offshore animals to heavy in coastal dolphins. A dark grey band encircles the eye, and
continues forward to the apex of the melon. A dark stripe runs from eye to flipper. In each row 34 to 48
slender, sharply pointed teeth are present.
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Marine Mammal Species of India
these species and sea birds in the eastern tropical Pacific (Peddemors, 1999). Females and males attain
sexual maturity at the age of 10 years and 12 years, respectively. Lifespan is approximately 40 years.
Gestation lasts approximately 11.5 months (Perrin, 2009).
19.8
Food
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They feed mainly on small epipelagic and mesopelagic fishes and squids. Some other foods are
taken, such as nemertean worms and crab larvae (Sekiguchi et al., 1992). Significant differences in prey
composition by season and geographic region indicate that they are flexible in their diet. Female diet
preference varies with reproductive state in particular, lactating female feed on a greater proportion of
fish than squid, because of higher calorific value (Ross, 2006). The pantropical spotted dolphins feed
at night when many mesopelagic species migrate toward the surface. In eastern tropical Pacific, stomach
content showed fishes like lanternfish (family Myctophidae) and the most commonly found cephalopods
(family Ommastrephidae) (Roberston and Chivers, 1997). The dominance of mesopelagic prey and
higher stomach fullness were observed during the morning hours.
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19.9 Exploitation and threats
19.10 Conservation status
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By-catch in fisheries around the world is a major threat. They are often taken in gillnet fisheries in
Australia, central North Pacific, coastal Peru and Ecuador, Japan, northern Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka,
Solomon Island, Philippines, Taiwan, western North Pacific, and other areas. Association of these
dolphins with yellowfin tuna has made them more vulnerable to tuna fishery. In the eastern tropical
Pacific, takes of hundreds of thousands has reduced the northern offshore stock to an unknown
degree (Wade, 1995). They are subjected to high mortality in other fisheries, including drive fisheries
in Japan and harpoon fisheries for human consumption. Incidental catch of these dolphins has been
reported in Indian gillnet fisheries (Yousuf et al., 2008). However, this species is taken less often and
thus, unlike the spinner dolphins, they are less vulnerable to gillnet fisheries in India.
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES. Protected under Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act,
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1971.
IUCN status: Least Concern
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Indian status: Date Deficient
Fig. 19e. A Stenella attenuata sighted off Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh on 31.08.2009, showing
the slender strongly recurved flipper and pointed falcate dorsal fin
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Marine Mammal Species of India
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Fig. 20e. Stenella coeruleoalba stranded at Vizhinjam, Kerala on 18.09.2007, clearly showing
the white belly and dark grey dorsal cape which is separated by a light grey thorax.
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20.9 Exploitation and threats
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Heteroteuthis dispar). Northeastern Atlantic striped dolphin often feed on fish (lanternfish) but mainly
on cephalopods (Teuthowenia megalops and Histioteuthis spp) and crustaceans (Sergestes arcticus
and Pasiphaea multidentata). Myctophids fish predominated the prey in the specimen collected from
Japan and South Africa. They feed between the water columns from 200m to 700m depth.
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Historically, this species has been targeted in direct and indirect fisheries in Japan, France and
Spain. Drive and hand-harpoon fisheries in Japanese waters killed around 3825 striped dolphins
during 1981-1993. Striped dolphins are still caught in Japan with allowed quota of 700 animals.
Striped dolphins are also taken in the drive fishery at Malaita in the Solomon Islands and in the
harpoon fishery for small cetaceans at St Vincent. Small numbers were taken by French and Spanish
fishermen for human consumption in the Mediterranean (Jefferson et al., 1993; Perrin et al., 1994).
Incidental catches are known to occur in gillnets in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, in tuna purse
seines in the eastern tropical Pacific, in fisheries in the northeastern Atlantic, in drift nets, purse seines
and other gear in the Mediterranean. Between 1990 and 2003 the driftnet fleet targeting swordfish
caused estimated bycatch mortality of over 5000 striped dolphins every year in the Alboran Sea and
Irish coast (Rogan and Mackey, 2007). Incidental catch of this species in gillnet is occasionally reported
in Indian waters. However, compared to spinner dolphin, entanglement of these dolphins is less in
Indian seas. Overfishing of potential prey of striped dolphin has eventually become a potential threat
to this species (Reyes, 1991). Organochlorine accumulation and noise pollution are also potential
threats to this species.
20.10 Conservation status
The species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
IUCN status: Least concern
Indian status: Data Deficient
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Delphinus capensis
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Long-beaked common dolphin
Fig. 21b. A pod of breaching Delphinus capensis sighted off Kochi, Kerala on 8.09.2009
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Tursiops aduncus
Photo: V. Ravi
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Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
Fig. 22a. Tursiops aduncus stranded at Vellar Estuary, Parangipettai, Tamilnadu on 26.05.2010
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Sousa chinensis
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Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin
Fig. 23a. Sousa chinensis sighted off Karwar, Karnataka on 9.03.2010, showing the large
dorsal hump, suggesting that it may be an adult male
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Order Sirenia
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Family Dugongidae
Fig. 26a. Dugong dugon
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Photo: DoEn&F, Andaman
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Fig. 26b. Dugong dugon stranded at Neil Island, Andaman on 25.12.2008 and
the skin is sprinkled with short hairs
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Dugong dugon
Photo: Siva
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Sea cow
Fig. 26c. A female Dugong dugon stranded at the seagrass bed of
Athirampattinam (feeding ground), Tamilnadu on 5.06.2011
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Photo: Siva
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Marine Mammal Species of India
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Fig. 26e. Villagers lifting the cetacean-like bilobed tail fluke of Dugong dugon
stranded at Athirampattinam, Tamilnadu on 5.06.2011
Photo: Siva
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(Prater, 1928; Das and Dey, 1999). Many hundreds of dugong herds were reported to have once
occurred in Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka (Annandale, 1905; Deraniyagala, 1965). However,
occurrence of dugongs has become very sparse in all its distribution range in Indian coastal waters.
Dugongs are believed to be completely extinct in the Lakshadweep Islands (Husar, 1975).
Fig. 26f. A female Dugong dugon stranded at Athirampattinam, Tamilnadu on 5.06.2011
showing the paddle shaped flipper and mammary gland in the flipper pit
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Sivaprakasam, T.E. 1980. On the unusual
occurrence of the common dolphin Delphinus
delphis Linnaeus in longline catches at Port
Blair, Andaman. Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society, 77: 320-321.
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Stamper, M.A., B.R., Whitaker and T.D., Schofield.
2006. Case study: morbidity in a pygmy sperm
whale Kogia breviceps due to ocean-borne
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Index
181
Aerial acrobatics
146
Air-breathing
110
Ambergris
63
Antarctic colossal squid
63
Antarctica
27, 35, 79, 81
Balaenoptera bonaerensis
46
Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda
27
Balaenoptera musculus indica
27
Balaenoptera musculus intermedia
27
Balaenoptera physalus quoyi
34, 35
Bait balls
114
Balaenoptera acutorostrata
17-20, 45-50, 82
av
ai
la
bl
e
Aavuli
Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni
46
Balaenoptera acutorostrata thalmaha
46
Balaenoptera blythi
ot
35
Balaenoptera brydei
40
Balaenoptera musculus
tn
Balaenoptera physalus
17,18,20, 23-32, 191
17, 18, 33-35, 191
34, 35
Balaenopteridae
26, 34, 40, 46, 52, 190
Baleen plate
Baleen whale
ex
Balaenoptera physalus quoyi
189
52
166
Beaked whale
103-110, 191
Beaufort scale
16
Black fish
78, 84
Black porpoise
172
Blow hole
40
Blubber
31, 32, 147, 189
Blue whale
25-28, 30-34, 37
Bluefin tuna
82
Bottlenose dolphin
100, 132, 149, 150-152, 156, 163
Breaching
48, 81, 88, 91, 121, 141, 146, 163, 175
Fu
llt
Baslnyya magar
Bridled dolphin
Bryde's whale
130
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Marine Mammal Species of India
54
Bulbous melon
104, 172
Bumps
52, 58, 59
Bycatch
69, 82, 87, 92, 105, 110-113, 117, 119, 127,
139, 147, 156, 164, 173-175, 187-189
Camouflage
68
Carangids
86, 127, 156
Carlsberg Ridge
105
Cavus
108
Chiroteuthis imperator
63
Circumglobal
73, 79, 123, 126
bl
e
Bubble feeding
32, 82, 87, 106, 110, 187
27
Continental shelf
15, 16, 42, 61, 63, 68, 74, 91, 100, 109, 114,
146, 155, 185, 189, 190
ai
la
Climate change
Cocconeis ceticola
Continental slope
68, 74, 86, 95, 100, 105, 109, 118, 126, 189
69
av
Cranchiidae
Cuvier's beaked whale
107-109
Cymodocea isoetifolia
186
Cymodocea serrulata
ot
186
Delphinus tropicalis
142, 143
82
tn
Dall's porpoise
Delphinapteridae
166
173
Delphinidae
122, 130, 136, 142, 150, 158, 166
ex
Delphinapterus molagen
95
Delphinus capensis
22, 23, 141-148
Delphinus delphis
143, 161
Delphinus delphis tropicalis
143
Delphinus godamu
152
Delphinus intermedius
90
Delphinus lentiginosus
160
Delphinus malayanus
131
Delphinus perniger
152
Diatom
26, 27
Dolphinfish
92
Dolphinarium
156
Driftnet
92, 114, 139, 147
Drive fisheries
114, 133, 156
Fu
llt
Delphinus (Lagenorhynchus) fusiformis
Dugong
222
13, 180-191
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Marine Mammal Species of India
177-182, 187
Dugongidae
177, 180
Dwarf minke whale
46
Dwarf sperm whale
66, 71, 72, 74
Dwarf spinner dolphin
123, 126, 127
Dynamite fishing
127, 164, 186
Echo-locating
58
Eden's whale
40
Elephant Seal
82
e
Dugong dugon
32, 64, 92, 101, 127, 139, 164, 176
48
Euphausia similis
48
Euphausia superba
36
la
bl
Entanglement
Euphausia pacifica
170
Falcate
90, 98, 103, 108, 116, 117, 122, 130, 133,
136, 142, 150, 189
av
ai
Eutrophication
False gill
66, 72
False killer whale
83-87, 96
Feeding ground
27, 31, 36, 179
Feresa attenuata
ot
89, 90, 91
Finless porpoise
tn
Fishing gear
163, 166, 169, 171-175
Flatheads
ex
Flipper
14, 32, 37, 43, 49, 63, 69, 92, 101, 125, 132,
161, 162, 164, 176, 188, 189
170
15, 46, 62, 72, 84, 118, 122, 127, 130, 133,
136, 142, 172, 180, 181, 189
118, 189
Fluke slapping
118, 189
llt
Flipper slapping
13
FORV Sagar Sampada
15, 17, 27, 30, 42, 54, 59, 61, 86, 100, 105,
118, 126, 132, 138, 144, 145, 154, 162
Globicephala melas
98
Gelatinous squid
63
Gestation period
31, 43, 48, 54, 101, 127, 169, 175, 185, 189
Giant squid
63
Gillnet
69, 75, 85, 92, 99, 106, 114, 117, 124, 131,
139, 143, 144, 147, 152, 153, 156, 161, 174
Globicephala indica
98
Fu
Food web
Globicephala macrorhynchus
17, 18, 95-102
Goose-beaked whale
108
Grampus griseus
17, 18, 115-118
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Marine Mammal Species of India
Gregarious
36, 127, 132, 146, 155, 163, 189
Greyhound of the sea
36
Halfbeaks
170
Halodule uninervis
186
Halophila ovalis
186
Harbour porpoise
82
82
Harp seal
82
Harpooning
92, 127, 186
Herring
37, 43, 48, 55, 82, 86
Histioteuthididae
69
Humpback whale
53, 54, 55, 86, 127
Humpbacked dolphin
157-160, 169
Hyperoodon planifrons
105
ai
la
bl
e
Harbour seal
49, 91, 110, 119, 131-133, 137, 139, 143,
156, 164, 176, 189
av
Incidental catch
Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphin
150
Indopacetus pacificus
17, 18, 103-106
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
103, 104
ot
Indo-Pacific beaked whale
149, 150, 152
157, 158, 160
Irrawady dolphin
165-170, 187
J-stock
Killer whale
ex
Jumbo squid
tn
Indo-Pacific humpbacked dolphin
48
63
69, 77-82, 190
65-70, 72
Kogia sima
71-73
llt
Kogia breviceps
66, 72, 74
Kogiidae
13, 66, 72
Lactarius lactarius
164
Laligo duvaucelli
127
Leaping
16, 19, 118, 147, 190
Little piked whale
46
Lobtailing
81, 100
Long beaked spinner dolphin
122
Long-beaked common dolphin
141-143
Longline fishery
87
Longman's beaked whale
104-106
Lunge feeding
54
Fu
Kogia simus
224
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Marine Mammal Species of India
167, 169, 175, 185
Marine debris
75
Megalaspis cordyla
127
Megaptera novaeangliae
17-19, 51-54
Melon-headed whale
93-95
Mesopelagic fishes
96, 127, 133, 146
Mesoplodon pacificus
104
Migration pattern
3
Migratory species
37
Minke whale
45-48
Monodontidae
166
Morbidity 75,
190
Mysticeti
13, 24, 26, 34, 46, 52
Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis
173
Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides
173
Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri
173
bl
la
87, 101
133
Neomeris phocoenoides
173
Nyctiphanes australis
llt
ex
Orcaella heinsohni
17, 18, 171-176
tn
Neophocaena phocaenoides
Northern hemisphere
ot
Nemertean worm
Odontoceti
ai
130
Navy sonar
Octopus
av
Narrow-snouted dolphin
e
Mangrove
Fu
Offshore
12, 34, 35, 37, 46-48, 52, 67, 81, 137
55
166
43, 92, 101, 175
94, 98, 104, 108, 116, 122, 130, 142, 150,
158, 166, 172
42, 48, 82, 86, 100, 114, 126, 130-133, 138,
146, 163, 169, 174, 185
Oil yielding dolphin
170
Ommastrephidae
92, 119, 133
Onychoteuthidae
92, 119
Orcaella brevirostris
165-170, 187
Orcinus orca
12, 14, 17-20, 31, 36, 76-81
Organochlorine
139, 147, 164
Osteology
14, 150
O-stock
47, 48
Over-fishing
87
Ovulation
77
Physeter catodon
58
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225
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Marine Mammal Species of India
98
Pair trawls
119
Pantropical spinner dolphin
121, 122
Pantropical spotted dolphin
129-131
Pelagic
43, 55, 64, 81, 101, 109, 114, 119, 123, 138,
147, 170
Penaeus semisulcatus
186
Peponocephala electra
93-95
Phocaena brevirostris
168
Physeter breviceps
66
15-19, 56-64, 187
Physeteridae
13, 58, 66
Pigmentation
27, 79, 108
Pinnipeds
13
Platanista gangetica
161, 187
ai
la
bl
Physeter macrocephalus
14-18, 31, 47, 62, 76, 102, 117, 141, 148,
151, 162, 190
av
Pod
Pod size
15, 18, 31, 62
Polar bear
13
13, 81, 108, 189, 190
ot
Polar region
Pollution
32, 43, 75, 139, 156, 170, 176, 187
58
Purse seine
ex
Pygmy killer whale
tn
Pot whale
Pseudorca crassidens
83-88
69, 87, 96, 147, 156, 164, 174
69, 89, 90, 94
65-69, 72, 74
Razor-billed Auks
82
Remoras
127
llt
Pygmy sperm whale
Risso's dolphin
100, 115-117
82
Rorqual
26, 40, 41, 47, 48
Rough-toothed dolphin
111-113
Stenella longirostris centroamericana
123
Stenella longirostris roseiventris
123, 126
Sousa plumbea
158
Sousa teuszii
158
Saddle back dolphin
142
Saddle patch
78, 79, 98
Sailfish
86
Fu
River otter
Salinity
226
e
Pacific pilot Whale
15, 16, 23, 31, 62, 81, 100, 118, 126, 155,
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176
Sciaenids
86
Sea birds
48, 133
Sea cow
179-182
Sea lion
82
Sea otter
13
Sea surface temperature /SST
15, 16, 22, 31, 54, 62, 86, 100, 105, 114,
126, 146, 155
Seagrass
155, 179, 185-188
Seamount
62, 109, 118
Sei whale
13, 37, 40
Seismic exploration
87, 101, 106
Sergestid shrimp
127
Sexual maturity
31, 36, 43, 68, 74, 95, 100, 110, 114, 119,
127, 133, 138, 146, 150, 156, 164, 169, 175
Ship strike
32, 64
Shore seine
ai
la
bl
e
Sardinella longiceps
av
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Marine Mammal Species of India
119, 176
Short-finned pilot Whale
97-101
Shuttling
164
13, 177, 180, 187
ot
Sirenia
3, 163, 164, 189, 190
Solenocera crassicornis
Sotalia plumbea
Sousa chinensis
ex
Sousa lentiginosa
tn
Socializing
127
160
16-18, 21-23, 157-164
160
34-36, 42-48, 52-55, 67, 99
Spatulate flipper
62
llt
Southern hemisphere
96, 101
Sperm whale
57-67, 69-74, 96, 100, 187
Fu
Spear gun
Spermaceti oil
58
Spermaceti organ
58, 66, 72, 190
Spermaceti whale
58
Spotted dolphin
127, 129-131
Spout
3, 26, 29, 189
Spy hopping
48, 81, 91, 118, 169
Squid tactic
68, 74
Squilla
156
Steller sea lion
82
Stenella attenuata
17, 18, 129-134, 146, 161
Stenella coeruleoalba
17, 18, 135-139
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227
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Marine Mammal Species of India
95, 130
Stenella longirostris
16-23, 95, 106, 120-128, 146
Steno bredanensis
111-113
Steno frontatus
113
Striped dolphin
135-139
Submarine canyon
62, 190
Subtropical
13, 31, 48, 55, 68, 94, 112, 123, 131, 167,
180
169
Sulphur bottom whale
26, 27
Super-pods
118
Surfing
114
110, 139
Symbiosis
95
Tachysurus sp.
86
Taonius pavo
106, 110
ai
Threadfin bream
170
Trichechus dugon
av
180
Tropical bottlenose whale
104
Tubercles
172, 176
Tursiops abusalam
152
Tursiops aduncus
ot
16-21, 23, 149-156
Tursiops catalanta
Tursiops fergusoni
Tursiops gilli
ex
Tursiops truncatus
152
tn
Tursiops dawsoni
Upwelling
la
Swordfish
bl
Suction feeding
e
Stenella frontalis
Ventral pleat
152
160
152
150, 151
27, 36, 61, 95, 118, 138, 146
47, 53, 190
112
Vestigial
58, 72, 180
llt
Vertical ridge
169
Whaling
32, 37, 43, 48, 49, 55, 61, 63, 64, 69, 82, 87,
101, 190
Fu
Water spitting
Xenobiotic
82, 114
Yellowfin tuna
86, 96, 114, 127, 132, 133
Ziphiidae
13, 104, 108
Ziphius cavirostris
104, 107-110
Zooplankton
55, 68, 74, 118
228