NCA List of Research Studies and Papers on File*
Afshari, A. and Gunnarsen, L.; Review of the Sources of Fine and Ultra Fine Particles
in Indoor Air. Environmental Engineering, Vol. 13, No. 3: 45-51 (2000)
Al-Ahmady, Kaiss; The Black Soot Deposition (BSD) Phenomenon: An
Introduction. Presentation before the 7th Annual Indoor Environment Conference, IAQ
Publications, Inc., Bethesda, MD. Indoor Environment: the State of the Industry pp.
159-164 (1999)
Allan, K.M.; Kaminski, J.R., Bertrande, J.C., Head J., Sunderland P.B., Laminar smoke
points of candle flames,5th US Combustion Meeting; Western States Section,
Combustion Institute, Paper # D 32, March 25-28, 2007
Association of German Candle Manufacturers; Research Report on Combustion of
Paraffin Candles., Dekra Umwelt GmbH, May 2003 (German and English translation)
Blake, C.L., Silver, D.J., Harbison, R.D.; Assessment of the Public Health Risks
Associates with Candle Emissions. Poster presentation: Society of Toxicology 2001
Annual Meeting: Reference 2067.
Blevins, L. G et al. (NIST), Carbon Monoxide and Soot Formation in Inverse
Diffusion Flames, Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland,
OH; May 1999
Bridges, Betty; Scented Products as Sources of VOCs: Implications for Susceptible
Populations, Paper #995, Presented at the 2005 AWMA Conference and Exhibition,
June, 2005.
Danish EPA (see specific authors for file papers)
Eggert, T., Bodker, J., Hanson, O.C.; Chemical Ingredients in Candles Sold in
Danish Retail. Danish Environmental Protection Agency: Survey No. 6 (2002).
Pors, J. and Fuhlendorff, R.; Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer
Products: Mapping of Chemical Substances in Air Fresheners and Other
Fragrance Liberating Products. Danish Environmental Protection Agency,
Survey no. 30, (2003).
Rastogi, S; Survey of Chemical Compounds in Consumer Products: Contents
of Selected Fragrance Materials in Cleaning Products and Other Consumer
Products. National Environment Research Institute; Survey no. 8 (2002).
* As of 4/1/09. Excludes BSD-related and warning label research and articles.
Davie, E. I.; Compostability of Petroleum Wax-Based Coatings. Tappi Journal, Vol.
76, No. 2: 167-170 (Feb 1993).
Davie, I. N, Winter, J. P., Varoney, R.P. Decomposition of Coated Papers From A
Quick-Service Restaurant. Tappi Journal, Vol. 78, No. 5: 127-130 (May 1995).
Dekra (See Association of German Candle Mfrs.)
Dillon, S.E., Hamins, A; Ignition Propensity and Heat Flux Profiles of Candle Flames
for Fire Inivestigation, Conference papers, Fire and Materials 2003, 8th International
Conference, Interscience Communications, Ltd., Jan 27-28, 2003.
EPA Literature Review (see Knight)
(For Additional EPA Articles see “U.S. Environmental Protection Agency”)
Eggert, T., Bodker, J., Hanson, O.C.; Chemical Ingredients in Candles Sold in Danish
Retail. Danish Environmental Protection Agency: Survey No. 6 (2002). (See Danish
EPA)
Eggert, T., Hansen, O.C.; Survey and Emission of Chemical Substances from
Incense. Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Survey no. 39 (2004). (See
Danish EPA).
European Commission; Opinion of the CSTEE on “Potential Health Risks
Associated With the Use of Lead Containing Candle-Wicks.” Opinion expressed at
the 36th CSTEE plenary meeting. (Feb 2003).
Faraday, Michael; The Chemical History of a Candle. 1861 (Lectures reprinted from
the Harvard Clawsics 1909-14 (www.bartleby.com).
Lecture 1 – A Candle: The flame, Its Sources Structure Mobility Brightness.
Lecture 2 – A Candle: Brightness of the Flames – Air Necessary for Combustion
–Production of Water.
Lecture 3 – Products: Water from the Combustion – Nature of Water – A
Compound – Hydrogen.
Lecture 4 – Hydrogen in the Candles – Burns into Water – The Other Part of
Water – Oxygen.
Lecture 5 – Oxygen Present in the Air – Nature of the Atmosphere – Its
Properties – Other Products from the Candle – Carbonic Acid – Its Properties.
Lecture 6 – Carbon or Charcoal- Coal-Gas – Respiration and its Analogy to the
Burning of a Candle – Conclusion.
2
Fine, Philip M; Cass, Glen R; Simoneit, Bernd R.T.; Characterization of Fine Particle
Emissions from Burning Church Candles. Environmental Science & Technology Vol.
33, No. 14: 2352-2362 (1999)
Gelosa, S, Derudi, M, Sliepcevich A., Gelosa D., Nano, G, Rota, R; Characterization
of Pollutant Emissions from Burning Candles, 30th Meeting on Combustion,
Combustion Institute, Italy 2007.
Guo Zhishi; Mosley, Ronald; McBrian, Jenia; Fortmann, Roy; Fine Particulate Matter
Emissions from Candles.. Proceedings of the Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air
Quality Problems Symposium, VIP-98. Air & Waste Management Association, pp. 211225, 2000.
Guo, Z.; Review of Indoor Emission Source Models. Part 1. Overview. Environmental
Pollution, Vol. 120: 533-549 (2002).
Guo, Z.; Review of Indoor Emission Source Models. Part 2. Parameter Estimation.
Environmental Pollution, Vol. 120: 551-564. (2002).
Hamins, A., Bundy M, Dillon, S; Characterization of Candle Flames, Journal of Fire
Protection Engineering, Vol. 15, November 2005
Hanstveit, A. O.; Biodegradability of Petroleum Waxes and Beeswax in an Adapted
CO2 Evolution Test. Chemosphere, Vol. 25, No. 4: 605-620. (1992).
Huynh, C.K.; Savolainen, H.; Vu-Duc, T.; Guillemin, M.; Iselin, F.; Impact of Thermal
Proofing of a Church on its Indoor Air Quality: The Combustion of Candles and
Incense as a Source of Pollution. The Science of the Total Environment, 102: 241-251
(1991).
IGI Candle Team.; New Waxes- New Looks via Candle System Variations: A
Presentation by the IGI Candle Team. (2004).
Knight, Lynn; Levin, Arlene; Mendenhall, Catherine; Candles and Incense as Potential
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution: Market Analysis and Literature Review. EPA
Office of Research and Development, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division
[EPA-600/R-01-001] (January 2001)
3
Krause, J.D.; Poor N.D.; Harbison R.D.; Characterization of Aromatic Candle
Emissions and Its Similarity to Diesel Engine Exhaust. Poster presentation #1863
Society of Toxicology 1999.
Krause, D. J. and R. J. Bailey. Determination of Soot Emission Rates from Candles.
Indoor Air Solutions, Inc; Bailey Engineering Corporation (August 1998).
Krause, David; Black Soot and Candles: New Research & Case Studies. Presentation
from the 7th Annual Indoor Environment Conference, IAQ Publications Inc. Bethesda,
Md. pp. 157-159 (1999).
Krause, J. David; Al-Ahmady, Kaiss K; Streit, Lori A; Investigations of A Black Soot
Phenomenon in Florida Residential Structures Associated with New Installation of
Central Heating and Air Conditioning Systems. Proceedings of the Engineering
Conference on Air and Waste Management, North Carolina, July 1997.
Krause, J. David, Characterization of Scented Candle Emissions and Associated
Public Health Risks (master’s thesis) submitted Master of Science in Public Health,
University of South Florida. August, 1999
Lau, C.; Fiedler, H.; Hutzinger O.; Schwind, K-H.; Hosseinpour, J.; Levels of Selected
Organic Compounds in Materials for Candle Production and Human Exposure to
Candle Emission. Chemosphere, Vol. 34, Nos 5-7; 1623-1630 (1997).
Lee, S.C and Wang, B.; Characteristics of Emissions of Air Pollutants from Burning
of Incense in a Large Environmental Chamber. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38:
941-951 (2004).
Lee, SC and Wang, B; Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from mosquito
coils and candles burning in a large environmental chamber, Atmospheric
Environment, Vol. 40 (2006) 2128-2138
Leonard, S., Mulholland, G. W., Puri, R., Santoro, R. J.; Generation of CO and Smoke
During Underventilated Combustion. Combustion and Flame 98: 20-34. 1994
Li, Wei and Hopke, P.; Initial Size Distributions and Hygroscopicity of Indoor
Combustion Aerosol Particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 19:305-316 (1993)
4
Lofroth, Goran; Stensman, Charlotta; Brandhorst-Satzkorn, Margareta; Indoor Sources
of Mutagenic Aerosol Particulate Matter: Smoking, Cooking and Incense Burning.
Mutation Research, 261 (1991) pp. 21-28.
Long, Christopher M.; Suh, Helen H.; Koutrakis, Petros; Characterization of Indoor
Particle Sources Using Continuous Mass and Size Monitor. Journal of Air and Waste
Management Association, Vol. 50: 1236-1250 (July 2000)
Mannix, Richard C.; Nguyen, Khanh P.; Tan, Eric W.; Ho, Esther E.; Phalen, Robert F.;
Physical Characterization of Incense Aerosols. The Science of the Total Environment
193: 149-158 (1996).
Marchand, C. et al, Concentrations and determinants of gaseous aldehydes in 162
homes in Strasbourg (France). Atmospheric Environment 42 p505-516. 2008.
Marino, F, Biodegradation of Paraffin Wax (Masters Thesis, Dept. of Chemical
engineering, McGill University), Dec. 1998
Matthai, M, and Petereit, N, The Quality Candle, SÖFW (Cosmetics, Detergents,
Specialities; englische Ausgabe) 130. Jg. - Nr. 10/2004, S. 69-82
Mikofski, Mark A, Flame Structure and Soot Formation in Inverse Diffusion Flames
(PhD Dissertation), University of California-Berkeley; Dec. 20, 2005.
Mitra, A. P. et al.; Chapter two: methodologies for characterisation of combustions
sources and for quantification of their emissions. Chemosphere 49 - 903-922 (2002).
Murray, F. Jay; Risk Assessment: Candles with Zinc Core Wicks Are Not a Health
Hazard. [from NCA files; publication venue, if any, unknown] December, 1999.
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
All abstracts and full text of Papers a & b on file at NCA. All available through.
http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?No=0&N=4294807161
a) Candle Flames in Microgravity, Dietrich, D.C.; Ross, H.D.; Tien, J.S.
Third International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, p. 31-36, August 1995
b) Candle Flames in Microgravity; USML-1 Results-1 Year Later, Dietrich,
D.C.; Ross, H.D.; Tien, J.S. Joint Launch One Year Science Review of USML-1
and USMP-1 with the Microgravity Measurement Group, Vol. 2, 541-568, May
1994
5
c) Candle Flames in Microgravity, Dietrich, D.C.; Ross, H.D.; Tien, J.S.,
Change, P; Shu, Y. Fifth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop,
p.81-84, May 1999.
d) Candle Flames in Microgravity, Dietrich, D.C.; Ross, H.D.; Chang, P; Tien,
J.S. Sixth International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, p.329-332, May
2001
e) Candle Flames in Non-Bouyant Atmospheres, Dietrich, D.C.; Ross, H.D.;
Chang, P; Shu, Y; Tien, J.S ;1999 Document ID 2000005087
f) Modeling Candle Flame Behavior in Variable Gravity, Alsairafi, A; Tien,
JS; Lee, S.T; Dietrich, D.L.; Ross, H.D. Seventh International Workshop on
Microgravity Combustion and Chemically Reacting Systems, 261-264; August
2003
Nazaroff, W. W. Indoor Particle Dynamics. Indoor Air, Vol. 14, Supplement 7: 175183 (2004).
Nazaroff, W. W., Weschler, C. J.; Cleaning Products and Air Fresheners: Exposure
to Primary and Secondary Air Pollutants. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, 28412865 (2004).
Nriagu, Jerome O. and Kim, Myoung-Jin; Emissions of Lead and Zinc from Candles
with Metal-Core Wicks. Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 250: 37-41 (April
2000).
Okometric GmbH, Bayreuth Institute for Environmental Investigations; Investigation of
Oxidation Gasses from Paraffin Aromatic Candles in Toxicological Relevance to
Classes of Damaging Material. The Union of German Candle Manufacturers (1997)
(German and English translation)
Okometric -Bayreuth Institute for Environmental Research; Second Evaluation of
Combustion Gases in Paraffin Scented Candles for Toxicologically Relevant
Hazardous Substance Classes: Report of Results. (Mar 1999).
(German and English translation)
Ott, W. R, Siegmann, H. C.; Using Multiple Continuous Fine Particle Monitors to
Characterize Tobacco, Incense, Candle, Cooking, Wood Burning, and Vehicular
Sources in Indoor, Outdoor, and In-Transit Settings. Atmospheric Environment, Vol.
40: 821-843. (2006).
6
Payne-Sturges, D.C., Burke, T. A., Breysse, P., Diener-West, M., Buckley, T. J.;
Personal Exposure Meets Risk Assessment: A Comparison of Measured and
Modeled Exposures and Risks in an Urban Community. Environmental Health
Perspectives, Vol. 112, No. 5: 589-598 (Apr 2004).
Pors, J. and Fuhlendorff, R.; Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products:
Mapping of Chemical Substances in Air Fresheners and Other Fragrance
Liberating Products. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Survey no. 30, (2003).
(see Danish EPA)
Puri, R., Santoro, R.J. and Smyth, K. C (NIST). The Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide
and Soot in Hydrocarbon Diffusion Flames. Combustion and Flame 97: 125-144. `994
Rastogi, Suresh; Survey of Chemical Compounds in Consumer Products: Contents
of Selected Fragrance Materials in Cleaning Products and Other Consumer
Products. National Environment Research Institute; Survey no. 8 (2002). (See Danish
EPA)
Rezei, K., Wang, T., Johnson, L.A.; Combustion Characteristics of Candles Made
from Hydrogenated Soybean Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s Society, Vol.
79, No. 8: 803-808 (2002).
Rezei, K, Wang T, Johnson, L.A.; Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils as Candle Wax.
Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s Society, Vol. 79, No. 12: 1241-1251 (2002)
Santoro, R. J.; Fundamental Mechanisms for CO and Soot Formation in Diffusion
Flames. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Building and Fire Research
Laboratory. (1993).
Schwind, K-H.; Hosseinpour, J.; Fiedler, H.; Lau, C.; Hutzinger O.; Analysis and Risk
Assessment of Exhaust Fumes of PCDD/PCDF, PAH, and Short-chain Aldehydes
from Candles. Okometric GmbH. The Beyreuth Institute of Environmental Research,
Bayreuth, Germany (1994). (various translations & German original)
Shaddix, Christopher R et al. (NIST- Building and Fire Research Lab), Enhanced Soot
Formation in Flickering Ch4/Air Diffusion Flames, Proceedings from American
Chemical Society, Reprinted from Fuel Chemistry Division 108, 1994.
Stephen, F.D.; Stineman, C.D.; Jonmaire, P.W.; Risk Analysis of Candle Emissions: 1
Soot and Benzene. Research Communications in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Vol. 6:
3-18 (2001). See also Stephen, et al.; Risk Analysis of Candle Emissions. Ecology and
Environment Inc. at http://www.litigation.support.ene.com/candle_emissions.htm (2000)
7
Sun Zai, Huang Zhen, Wang Jia-song, Studies on the size distribution, number and
mass emissions factors of candle particles characterized by modes of burning,
Journal of Aerosol Science, Vol 37 (2006) 1484-1496.
Ungers, L.J.; Kreeger, D.R.; Lands, R.F; Determination of Lead Releases from
Candles with Tin-Core Wicks; Ungers & Associates, Inc. (1999) under contract to
Atkins & Pearce.
Ungers, L.J.; Kreeger, D.R.; Lands, R.F; Determination of Lead Releases from
Candles with Zinc-Core Wicks; Ungers & Associates, Inc. (1999) under contract to
Atkins & Pearce.
University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center, Fine
Particulate (PM 2.5) Characterization and Source Apportionment Project – U.S.
Department of Energy (DE-F C26-98FT40320-02.02) -- Activity 3.2 – Source of Indoor
Air Pollution—Burning Candles 2004
http://fossil.energy.gov/fred/factsheet.jsp?doc=1325&projtitle=Fine%20Particulate%20(P
M-2.5)%20Characterization%20and%20Source%20Apportionment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Characterization of Indoor Fine Particulate
Matter Sources. (Early Guo report on lead wick testing)
Van Alphen, M.; Emission Testing and Inhalation Exposure-Based Risk Assessment
for Candles having Pb Metal Wick Cores. Science of the Total Environment 243/244:
53-65 (1999).
Walker, Jearl; The Physics and Chemistry Underlying the Infinite Charm of a
Candle Flame. Scientific American, 1978. pp. 154 -161
Wallace, Lance; Real-Time Monitoring of Particles, PAH, and CO in an Occupied
Townhouse. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol. 15 (1): 39-47 (2000)
Wasson, S. J., Guo, Z., McBrian, J.A., Beach, L.O.; Lead in Candle Emissions. The
Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 296: 159-174 (2002).
Wigg, E. E.; Volatile Organic Compounds. Exxon Research and Engineering
Company. (1994). (NCA Presentation)
Zai (Sun) et al., Studies on the size distribution, number and mass emissions factors
of candle particles characterized by modes of burning. See “Sun Zai”
8
Other Public Studies of Potential Interest
(Citations Only)
CARB (California Air Resources Board )
Research Reports/Studies – Indoor Air
http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/apr/past/indoor.htm
All abstracts and full reports available at above URL
Exposure Assessment
SURVEY OF THE USE OF OZONE GENERATING AIR CLEANERS BY THE
CALIFORNIA PUBLIC. Principal Investigator: Thomas Piazza. University of
California, Berkeley. 2007. 05-301
STUDY OF VENTILATION PRACTICES AND HOUSEHOLD
CHARACTERISTICS IN NEW CALIFORNIA HOMES. Principal Investigator:
Thomas Piazza and Robert Lee. University of California, Berkeley. 2007. 03-326
INDOOR AIR CHEMISTRY: CLEANING AGENTS, OZONE AND TOXIC AIR
CONTAMINANTS. Principal Investigator: William W. Nazaroff. University of
California, Berkeley. 2006. 01-336
Four journal papers from this study have been published.
DETAILED CHARACTERIZATION OF INDOOR AND PERSONAL
PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATIONS. Principal Investigator: Helen Suh.
Harvard School of Public Health. 2004. 00-302
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE COMPOSITION OF PERSONAL, INDOOR,
AND OUTDOOR PARTICULATE EXPOSURES. Principal Investigator: Helen Suh.
Harvard School of Public Health. 2003. 98-330.
UPDATE AND REFINEMENT OF AN INDOOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
METHODOLOGY. Principal Investigator: Arlene S. Rosenbaum. ICF Kaiser
Consulting Group – System Applications International, Incorporated.2002. 98-327.
INDOOR AIR QUALITY: RESIDENTIAL COOKING EXPOSURES. Principal
Investigator: Roy Fortmann. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc. 2001. 97-330.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR ASSESSING INDOOR EXPOSURE TO
AIR POLLUTANTS. Principal Investigator: Michael D. Koontz. Geomet Technologies,
Incorporated. 1998. A933-157.
RESIDENTIAL MICROENVIRONMENTAL AND PERSONAL SAMPLING FOR
EXPOSURE CLASSIFICATION. Principal Investigator: Edward Avol. University of
Southern California.1996 92-317.
9
Toxic Air Contaminants
COMMON INDOOR SOURCES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
EMISSION RATES AND TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING CONSUMER
EXPOSURES. Principal Investigator: Alfred T Hodgson. University of California,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 1999. 95-302.
ASSESSING EXPOSURE TO AIR TOXICANTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL
TOBACCO SMOKE. Principal Investigator: William W. Nazaroff. University of
Colorado, Boulder.1998. 94-344.
.
DETERMINATION OF FORMALDEHYDE AND TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE
EMISSIONS FROM INDOOR RESIDENTIAL SOURCES. Principal Investigator:
Thomas J. Kelly. Battelle. 1996. 93-315.
TOXIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
TOBACCO SMOKE: EMISSION FACTORS FOR MODELING EXPOSURE OF
CALIFORNIA POPULATIONS. Principal Investigator: J. M. Daisey. Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory. 1994. A133-186.
INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS IN CALIFORNIA RESIDENCES. Principal Investigator: L
Sheldon. Research Triangle Institute. 1993. A033-132.
ASSESSMENT OF INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS, INDOOR SOURCES, AND
EMISSIONS OF SELECTED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Principal Investigator:
Joan M Daisey. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 1991. A933-063.Objectives: To survey
and summarize available information on indoor concentrations and sources of 47)
INDOOR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS AND EXPOSURES. Principal
Investigator: L. Sheldon. A. Research Triangle Institute. 1991. A833-156.
SAMPLING, ANALYSIS, AND DATA VALIDATION OF INDOOR
CONCENTRATIONS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
(PAH). Principal Investigator: F.J. Offermann. Indoor Environmental Engineering;
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 1990. A732-106.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
PROCEDURES FOR TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS IN SEVERAL LOS ANGELES
COUNTY (CALIFORNIA) COMMUNITIES (also called the 1987 TEAM study).
Principal Investigator: E. D. Pellizari. Research Triangle Institute. 1989. A5-174-33.
10
EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Indoor Air
http://www.epa.gov/appcdwww/iemb/publications.htm
Papers available only through cited publication
Sparks, L.E. An indoor air quality model for particulate matter. Proceedings
of the Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air Quality Problems Symposium, VIP-98.
Air & Waste Management Association, pp. 76-91, 2000.
Sparks, L.E., B.A. Tichenor, J. Chang, and Z. Guo. Gas-phase mass transfer
model for predicting volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rates from
indoor pollutant sources. Indoor Air '96, 6, 31-40, 1996.
Sparks, L.E. Modeling indoor concentrations and exposures. Sources of
Indoor Air Contaminants Characterizing Emissions and Health Impacts;
Tucker, W. G., B. P. Leaderer, L. Mølhave, and W.S. Cain, Editors, Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, 641, 102, 1992.
Sparks, L.E., B.A. Tichenor, J.B. White, and M.D. Jackson. Comparison of data
from an IAQ test house with predictions of an IAQ computer model. Indoor
Air, 1, 577-592, 1991.
Ensor, D.S., J.W. Thornburg, C.E. Rhodes, P.A. Lawless, M.K. Owen, T.J.
Hanley, L.E. Sparks, and R.B. Mosley. Modeling the impact of air cleaning on
indoor PM2.5 exposure. Proceedings of PM-2000, Charleston, SC, January 2528, 2000.
Guo, Z., R. Mosley, S. Wasson, R. Fortmann, and J. McBrian. Interference of
SF6 tracer gas with characterization of emissions from indoor combustion
sources. Proceedings of PM-2000, Charleston, SC, January 25-28, 2000.
McBrian, J., R. Fortmann, Z. Guo, and R.B. Mosley. Test methods to
characterize particulate matter emissions and deposition rates in a research
house. Proceedings of the Engineering Solutions to Indoor Air Quality Problems
Symposium, VIP-98. Air & Waste Management Association, pp. 319-331, 2000.
Sparks, L.E., R.B. Mosley, Z. Guo, and D.J. Greenwell. Deposition rates of
particles indoors as a function of particle diameter. Proceedings of PM-2000,
Charleston, SC, January 25-28, 2000
.
.
11
Additional incense studies of potential interest
J.J. Jetter., Z. Guo, J.A. McBrian, and M.R. Flynn. Characterization of emissions
from burning incense. The Science of the Total Environment, 2002.
TT Yang, CC Chen, JM Lin - Effect of air flow on emission of smoldering incense.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 74, No. 3, March 2005
TT Yang, CC Chen, JM Lin – Characterization of Gas and Particle Emission from
Smoldering Incenses with Various Diameters. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 2006
CR Yang, TC Lin, FH Chang - Particle size distribution and PAH concentrations of
incense smoke in a combustion chamber Environmental Pollution, Volume 145,
Issue 2, Pages 606-615, Jan. 2007
TT Yang, TS Lin, M Chang - Characteristics of emissions of volatile organic
compounds from smoldering incense. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, Vol. 78, No. 5, May 2007
SW Liou, CY Chen, TT Yang, JM Lin -- Determination of Particulate-Bound
Formaldehyde from Burning Incense by Solid Phase Microextraction. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Volume 80, Number 4 / April 2008
12