24
Multiple Discrimination:
How Law can Reect Reality
Paola Uccellari1
1.
Introduction
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
25
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2.
Practicalities: Multiple discrimination and Claims under Single-Ground
Legislation
Types of Multiple Discrimination
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
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Claims under Single-Ground Legislation
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.#$%O#6*$%,;<,7,<()*%.6%$MP*(<$%c064%Q06.$Pb *6/,;-%60%c),*,;-%.6%S0,;-%P)/$/%,;%0$*).,6;%.6%
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#)/%0$P$,7$<D5%%
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
27
)<$4,P% P644$;.).60/p% )0$% P6;P$0;$<% .#).% S$;$_,.% 6c% .#6/$% Q6*,P,$/D% Vc% <,/P0,4,;).,6;%
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3.
Conceptual Problems: Multiple #(4);% $MQ$0,$;P$D% &'()*,.R% *$-)*% 0$-,4$/%
O#,P#%P).$-60,/$%,<$;.,.R%);<%0$'(,0$%$)P#%
Discrimination and Human Dignity
Q06.$P.$<%P#)0)P.$0,/.,P%.6%S$%<$)*.%O,.#%,;%
"#$% Z6,;.% &'()*,.R% );<% 3(4);% +,-#./% 96b ,/6*).,6;%O,**2%.#6(-#2%;$P$//)0,*R%c),*%.6%0$b
0(42% );% 60-);,/).,6;% O#,P#% 0$Q0$/$;./% .#$% _*$P.% Q$6Q*$/^% /$;/$% 6c% /$*cD% "#,/% ,/% S$P)(/$%
#(4);% 0,-#./% );<% $'()*,.R% S6<,$/% 6c% A0,.b .#$R%)0$%S)/$<%6;%);%)//(4Q.,6;%.#).%Q06b
),;2%V0$*);<%);<%@60.#$0;%V0$*);<2%P644,/b .$P.$<% -06(Q/% )0$% 6Sj$P.,7$*R% ,<$;.,_,)S*$2%
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,<$;.,.R% ,/% ,4Q60.);.% .6% oQ$6Q*$^/% Q6/,.,7$% 6c% .#,/% _*)O$<% )QQ06)P#D% V.% ,/% 7)*()S*$% .6%
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
28
%
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4.
The Speciicity of the Multiple
Discrimination Experience and Policy Responses
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
29
)%*,;d%,/%,<$;.,_,$<%S$.O$$;%<,/)<7);.)-$%,;%
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
30
5.
Development of Civil Society
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
31
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
32
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P0,4,;).,6;% *)O% 6;*R% /$$d/% .6% S$% ,**(/.0)b
.,7$% 6c% ,;P0$)/,;-% 0$P6-;,.,6;% 6c% 4(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;% ).% .#$% ,;.$0;).,6;)*% *$7$*D% V.%
P$0.),;*R%<6$/%;6.%Q6,;.%.6%)%P*$)0%6S*,-).,6;%
(Q6;% /.).$/% .6% ,4Q*$4$;.% <64$/.,P% *$-,/*)b
.,6;% ,;% .#,/% 0$/Q$P.D% V.% ,/2% #6O$7$02% )0-()S*$%
.#).%/.).$/%O,/#,;-%.6%P64Q*R%O,.#%.#$%/Q,0,.%
6c% .#$% *)O% /#6(*<% <6% /6D% X06.$P.,6;% )-),;/.%
4(*.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% O)/% ;6.2% Q$0#)Q/2%
O,.#,;% .#$% P6;P$Q.% 6c% .#$% 0,-#.% .6% $'()*,.R%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
)/% 60,-,;)**R% P6;P$,7$<D% V.% ,/2% #6O$7$02% O$**%
0$P6-;,/$<% ,;% ,;.$0;).,6;)*% #(4);% 0,-#./%
j(0,/Q0(<$;P$%.#).%.#$%(;,'($%;).(0$%6c%#(b
4);% 0,-#./% ,;/.0(4$;./% j(/.,_,$/% )% <R;)4,P%
)QQ06)P#%.6%.#$,0%,;.$0Q0$.).,6;2%/6%.#).%.#$%
P6;.$;.%6c%#(4);%0,-#./%*)O%P);%<$7$*6Q%.6%
0$_*$P.%P#);-$/%,;%)..,.(<$/D47%%];%.#,/%S)/,/2%
0$P$;.*R% -),;$<% )O)0$;$//% 6c% <,[%$0$;.% );<%
)--0)7).$<% c604/% 6c% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2% /#6O;%
.6%S$%$'()**R2%,c%;6.%460$2%O60.#R%6c%Q06.$Pb
.,6;%)/%.0)<,.,6;)*%;6.,6;/%6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;2%
4$);%.#).%.#$/$%;6.,6;/%/#6(*<%c604%Q)0.%6c%
6(0%(;<$0/.);<,;-%6c%O#).%.#$%0,-#.%.6%$'()*b
,.R%$;.),*/D48%%
3)7,;-% 6(.*,;$<% .#$% P6;P$Q.()*2% Q0)P.,P)*%
);<% *$-)*% 0$)/6;/% .#).% <64$/.,P% *$-,/*).,6;%
/#6(*<%)<<0$//%4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;2%,.%,/%
)QQ06Q0,).$%;6O%.6%P6;/,<$0%.#$%c$).(0$/%6c%
A0,.,/#%*$-,/*).,6;%O#,P#%0$;<$0%,.%(;)S*$%.6%
<6%/6D
7.
The British Experience
Division and Hierarchy
"#$% A0,.,/#% );.,b<,/P0,4,;).,6;% *$-,/*).,6;%
#)/%<$7$*6Q$<%,;%);%ad hoc%c)/#,6;2%)4$;<$<%
)/%/6P,$.)*%)..,.(<$/%$76*7$<2%,;%0$/Q6;/$%.6%
,44$<,).$% Q6*,.,P)*% <$4);</2% 602% 460$% 0$b
P$;.*R2%)/%0$'(,0$<%SR%&(06Q$);%*)OD%"#,/%#)/%
0$/(*.$<% ,;% )% c(;<)4$;.)*% /R4S6*,P% <,7,<$%
S$.O$$;% .#$% -06(;</2% )/% $)P#% ,/% <$)*.% O,.#%
SR%)%<,/P0$.$%/.).(.60R%0$-,4$D%9(0.#$02%Q0,60%
.6% .#$% &'()*,.R% YP.% I??>2% /$Q)0).$% $'()*,.R%
S6<,$/% O$0$% 0$/Q6;/,S*$% c60% 67$0/$$,;-% .#$%
O60d,;-% 6c% .#$% *$-,/*).,6;% )<<0$//,;-% 0)P$2%
-$;<$0% );<% <,/)S,*,.RD% "#(/% 7,P.,4/% 6c% 4(*b
.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% O$0$% ;6.% 6;*R% 0$'(,0$<%
.6%-0)QQ*$%O,.#%<,/.,;P.%/.).(.60R%0$-,4$/%.6%
<$.$04,;$%.#$,0%0,-#./2%S(.%O$0$%)*/6%(;)S*$%
.6%.(0;%.6%)%/,;-*$%S6<R%)/%)%/6(0P$%6c%,;c60b
4).,6;D% "#,/% /R4S6*,P% <,7,<$% S$.O$$;% .#$%
-06(;</%,/%P64Q6(;<$<%SR%.#$%c)P.%.#).%.#$0$%
,/%;6%(;,c604,.R%,;%.#$%Q06.$P.,6;%)[%60<$<%SR%
33
$)P#%0$-,4$D%V;%/64$%P)/$/%.#,/%,/%)/%.#$%0$b
/(*.%6c%)%Q6*,PR%<$P,/,6;%.#).%.#$%Q06.$P.,6;%,;%
0$/Q$P.%6c%6;$%-06(;<%/#6(*<%S$%460$%$M.$;b
/,7$%.#);%.#).%)[%60<$<%6.#$0%-06(;</D%V;%6.#b
$0%P)/$/2%P6;P$Q./%O#,P#%)0$%P6446;%.6%)**%
.#$%*$-,/*).,6;%#)7$%S$$;%<$_,;$<%<,[%$0$;.*R%
,;%0$/Q$P.%6c%<,[%$0$;.%-06(;</D%9(0.#$02%<,cb
c$0$;.%$MP$Q.,6;/%)QQ*R%,;%0$*).,6;%.6%<,[%$0b
$;.%-06(;</D%"#$/$%c)P.60/2%O#,P#%$[%$P.,7$*R%
Q06<(P$%)%#,$0)0P#R%6c%-06(;</2%O6(*<%4)d$%
,.%<,c_,P(*.%.6%S0,;-%)%P)/$%P*),4,;-%,;.$0/$Pb
.,6;)*%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%$7$;%,c%,.%O$0$%.$P#;,b
P)**R%Q6//,S*$%.6%<6%/6D%
Direct Discrimination
V;% 60<$0% .6% /#6O% <,0$P.% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% (;b
<$0% .#$% P(00$;.% *$-,/*).,7$% c0)4$O60d% ,;%
50$).% A0,.),;2% .#$% P*),4);.% 4(/.% /#6O% .#).%
#$0% .0$).4$;.% O)/% *$//% c)76(0)S*$% .#);% .#).%
O#,P#% O)/2% 60% O6(*<% #)7$% S$$;2% )[%60<$<% .6%
);6.#$0%Q$0/6;2%0$c$00$<%.6%)/%.#$%oP64Q)0)b
.60pD% V.% ,/% O$**% d;6O;% .#).% P)/$/% P);% S$% O6;%
60% *6/.% )PP60<,;-% .6% O#$.#$0% );% )QQ06Q0,).$%
P64Q)0).60%,/%P#6/$;%SR%.#$%P*),4);.D%"#$/$%
Q06S*$4/%6c%Q066c%)0$%$M)P$0S).$<%,;%P)/$/%6c%
,;.$0/$P.,6;)*% <,/P0,4,;).,6;D% "#$% P6(0./% ,;%
A0,.),;%#)7$%;6.%)**6O$<%0$c$0$;P$%.6%);%o6Qb
Q6/,.$p%P64Q)0).60D%Y%S*)Pd%O64);%/$$d,;-%.6%
Q067$% /$M% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% 4(/.% P64Q)0$% #$0%
.0$).4$;.%O,.#%)%o4);pD%3,/%0)P$2%S$%,.%S*)Pd2%
O#,.$%60%6.#$0O,/$2%,/%;6.%.)d$;%,;.6%)PP6(;.%
c60%.#$%Q(0Q6/$/%6c%)%/$M%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%P)/$D%
V;%)%P*),4%6c%0)P$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%)%S*)Pd%O64b
);% 4(/.% 0$c$0% .6% )% O#,.$% P64Q)0).602% O#6% ,/%
-$;<$0bc0$$%c60%.#$%Q(0Q6/$/%6c%.#$%P64Q)0,b
/6;D%a(P#%)%0(*$%.#O)0./%P*),4/%0$*).,;-%.6%/,.b
().,6;/%,;%O#,P#%,.%,/%6;*R%S*)Pd%O64$;%.#).%
)0$%<,/)<7);.)-$<D%"#$%)**$-$<%<,/P0,4,;).60%
O6(*<%S$%)S*$%.6%Q6,;.%.6%;6;b<,/)<7);.)-$<%
O#,.$% O64$;% .6% <,/Q067$% )% P*),4% 6c% /$M% <,/b
P0,4,;).,6;D%Vc%.#$%0$/Q6;<$;.%,/%)S*$%.6%,<$;b
.,cR%S*)Pd%4$;%O#6%#)7$%;6.%S$$;%/(Sj$P.$<%.6%
.#$%/)4$%.0$).4$;.%)/%.#$%P*),4);.2%.#,/%O,**%
O$)d$;%#$0%P)/$%6c%0)P$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;D%
Indirect Discrimination
V;%Q067,;-%,;<,0$P.%<,/P0,4,;).,6;2%,.%,/%;$Pb
$//)0R% .6% /#6O% .#).% );% )QQ)0$;.*R% ;$(.0)*%
Q067,/,6;2%P0,.$0,6;%60%Q0)P.,P$%GXTXH%Q*)P$/%
4$4S$0/% 6c% )% Q06.$P.$<% -06(Q% ).% )% Q)0.,P(b
*)0% <,/)<7);.)-$% O#$;% P64Q)0$<% O,.#% .#$%
P64Q)0).60% -06(QD% V;% 60<$0% .6% Q067$% .#,/2%
0$c$0$;P$% ,/% 6c.$;% 4)<$% .6% /.).,/.,P/D% Vc% .#$%
*)O% c),*/% .6% .)d$% ,;.6% )PP6(;.% ,;.$0/$P.,6;)*%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;2% P*),4);./% O,**% S$% 0$'(,0$<%
.6% P64Q)0$% /.).,/.,P/% 0$*).,;-% .6% .#$% S06)<%
-06(Q/% <$_,;$<% SR% .#$% *)OD% =#$0$% .#$% XTX%
<,/)<7);.)-$/%6;*R%)%/(Sb-06(Q%6c%.#$%O,<$0%
-06(Q2%)%P*),4);.^/%P)/$%O,**%S$%O$)d$;$<%SR%
.#$%,;P*(/,6;%6c%.#6/$%;6.%)<7$0/$*R%)[%$P.$<%
SR%.#$%XTX%O,.#,;%.#$%o<,/)<7);.)-$<p%Q66*D%
Y% P6446;*R% (/$<% $M)4Q*$% 6c% ,;<,0$P.% <,/b
P0,4,;).,6;%O,**%/$07$%.6%,**(/.0).$%.#,/%Q6,;.D%
Vc% );% $4Q*6R$0% 0$'(,0$/% .#).% )**% /.)[%% O60d%
c(**%.,4$2%O64$;2%O#6%/.).,/.,P)**R%)0$%460$%
*,d$*R%.6%#)7$%P#,*<P)0$%0$/Q6;/,S,*,.,$/2%O,**%
S$%*$//%*,d$*R%.#);%4$;%.6%S$%)S*$%.6%P64Q*R%
O,.#% .#,/% 0$'(,0$4$;.D% V.% ,/2% #6O$7$02% )*/6%
/.).,/.,P)**R%.0($%.#).%S*)Pd%O64$;%)0$%460$%
*,d$*R% .#);% O#,.$% O64$;% .6% O60d% c(**% .,4$D%
Vc%Q06.$P.$<%-06(Q/%)0$%6;*R%<$_,;$<%)PP60<b
,;-% .6% /,;-*$% P#)0)P.$0,/.,P/2% ,;% <$.$04,;,;-%
O#$.#$0%.#$%0$'(,0$4$;.%.6%O60d%c(**%.,4$%,/%
,;<,0$P.*R%<,/P0,4,;).60R%)-),;/.%O64$;%)/%)%
-06(Q2%,.%O,**%S$%;$P$//)0R%.6%)//$//%.#$%;(4b
S$0%6c%4$;%.#).%P);%P64Q*R%O,.#%.#$%0$'(,0$b
4$;.%.6%O60d%c(**%.,4$%);<%.6%P64Q)0$%.#,/%
O,.#%.#$%;(4S$0%6c%O64$;%.#).%)0$%)S*$%.6%
<6%/6D%"#$%,;P*(/,6;%6c%S*)Pd%O64$;%O,.#,;%
.#$%P*)//%6c%O64$;%O,**%/$07$%.6%O$)d$;%.#$%
/.).,/.,P)*%<).)%,;%/(QQ60.%6c%)%O#,.$%O64);^/%
P)/$D49%%
Equal Pay
V;% 0$*).,6;% .6% 46/.% -06(;</% (;$'()*% Q)R% ,/%
.0$).$<% )/% <,0$P.% 60% ,;<,0$P.% <,/P0,4,;).,6;D%
T*),4/% 0$*).,;-% .6% Q)R% )0$2% #6O$7$02% $MP*(<b
$<%c064%.#$%/P6Q$%6c%.#$%a$M%W,/P0,4,;).,6;%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
34
YP.%1UK8%GaWYHD50%V;/.$)<2%.#$%&'()*%X)R%YP.%
1UK?%G&XYH%,;/$0./%)%P*)(/$%,;.6%P6;.0)P./%6c%
$4Q*6R4$;.%.6%.#$%$[%$P.%.#).%);R%.$04%,;%)%
O64);^/%$4Q*6R4$;.%P6;.0)P.%O#,P#%,/%*$//%
c)76(0)S*$% .#);% .#).% P6;.),;$<% ,;% )% P64Q)b
0)S*$%4);^/%P6;.0)P.%,/%.0$).$<%)/%46<,_,$<%/6%
)/%;6.%.6%S$%*$//%c)76(0)S*$D51%9(0.#$02%O#,*$%
,;%P*),4/%6c%<,/P0,4,;).60R%Q)R%S)/$<%6;%6.#b
$0% -06(;</% ,.% ,/% Q6//,S*$% .6% 0$c$0% .6% )% #RQ6b
.#$.,P)*%P64Q)0).60%)/%$7,<$;P$%6c%<,/P0,4,b
;).,6;2%,;%$'()*%Q)R%P*),4/%0$*).,;-%.6%-$;<$02%
,.%,/%;$P$//)0R%.6%,<$;.,cR%);%)P.()*%P64Q)0)b
.60D52%%",4$%*,4,./%);<%P64Q$;/).60R%0$-,4$/%
)*/6% <,[%$0% S$.O$$;% $'()*% Q)R% );<% <,/P0,4,b
;).,6;%P)/$/D%"#$/$%<,/.,;P.%0$-,4$/%);<%<,cb
c$0,;-% $7,<$;.,)*% S(0<$;/% Q0$/$;.% 6S/.)P*$/%
.6% P*),4/% ,;% 0$*).,6;% .6% <,/P0,4,;).60R% Q)R%
O#,P#%)0$%S)/$<%6;%.#$%,;.$0/$P.,6;%6c%-$;b
<$0%O,.#%);6.#$0%-06(;<D%\60$67$02%.#$%Q)0b
.,P(*)0%<,c_,P(*.,$/%)//6P,).$<%O,.#%S0,;-,;-%)%
/(PP$//c(*% $'()*% Q)R% P*),42% O#,P#% )0$% O$**b
0$#$)0/$<2%)0$%*,d$*R%.6%#)7$%)%<,/Q06Q60.,6;b
).$*R%;$-).,7$%,4Q)P.%(Q6;%.#6/$%O#6%/([%$0%
,;.$0/$P.,6;)*% <,/P0,4,;).,6;D% "#$% ;$$<% .6%
0$c$0% .6% );% )P.()*% P64Q)0).60% ,;% $'()*% Q)R%
P*),4/%#)/%4$);.%.#).%$'()*%Q)R%*$-,/*).,6;%,/%
(;)S*$%.6%)<<0$//%,;/.);P$/%6c%6PP(Q).,6;)*%
);<%O60dQ*)P$%/$-0$-).,6;2%O#,P#%P6;.0,S(.$%
P6;/,<$0)S*R%.6%.#$%-$;<$0%Q)R%-)QD%V.%,/%Q6/b
/,S*$% .#).% .#,/% ,//($% O,**% ,4Q)P.% Q)0.,P(*)0*R%
(Q6;% .#6/$% $MQ$0,$;P,;-% 4(*.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,b
;).,6;2%S$P)(/$%6PP(Q).,6;)*%);<%O60dQ*)P$%
/$-0$-).,6;%6PP(0/%)*6;-%,;.$0/$P.,6;)*%*,;$/D%
a.(<,$/%#)7$2%c60%,;/.);P$2%/#6O;%.#).%O64b
$;%O,.#%)%4,-0);.%S)Pd-06(;<%)0$%Q)0.,P(*)0b
*R%P6;P$;.0).$<%,;%*6O%Q)R,;-2%*6O%/.).(/%);<%
,;/$P(0$% /$P.60/% 6c% .#$% *)S6(0% 4)0d$.2% /(P#%
)/%P*$);,;-2%P).$0,;-2%Q$0/6;)*%);<%<64$/.,P%
/$07,P$/2%#$)*.#%);<%P)0$D53%%
$)P#% -06(;<% O#,P#% #)7$% *$<% .#$% j(<-$/% .6%
$MP*(<$%)%460$%_*$M,S*$%)QQ06)P#%.6%Q067,;-%
)% 4(*.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% P*),4D% \(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;%P);2%.#$0$c60$2%S$%)<<0$//$<%
.#06(-#%)%c$O%'(,.$%/,4Q*$%/.$Q/D%\60$%0)<,b
P)*%Q06Q6/)*/%#)7$2%#6O$7$02%S$$;%4)<$%)/%
.6% #6O% *$-,/*).,6;% 4,-#.% S$/.% )<<0$//% .#,/%
Q#$;64$;6;D
Structure
V.% ,/% P*$)0% c064% .#$% Q0$P$<,;-% <,/P(//,6;%
.#).% 4(*.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;% /#6(*<% S$% )<b
<0$//$<% SR% )% /,;-*$% $'()*,.R% *)O2% $;P64b
Q)//,;-% )**% -06(;</D% "6% 4)d$% 4(*.,Q*$% <,/b
P0,4,;).,6;% P*),4/% )% 0$)*,.R% ,;% Q0)P.,P$2%
.#$% )P.% /#6(*<% )76,<% P0$).,;-% )% #,$0)0P#R%
6c% -06(;</% );<% /#6(*<2% .#$0$c60$2% /6% c)0% )/%
Q6//,S*$2%Q067,<$%c60%.#$%/)4$%*$7$*%6c%Q06b
.$P.,6;% )P06//% -06(;</D% =#$0$% 0$*$7);.2%
$'()*,.R% *$-,/*).,6;% /#6(*<% )QQ*R% .#$% /)4$%
P6;P$Q./2% <$_,;,.,6;/% );<% Q06P$//$/% .6% )**%
-06(;</D% aQ$P,_,P)**R2% (;$'()*% Q)R% /#6(*<%
c)**% .6% S$% P6;/,<$0$<% (;<$0% .#$% Q067,/,6;/%
<$)*,;-%O,.#%<,0$P.%);<%,;<,0$P.%<,/P0,4,;)b
.,6;D
V;%<$/,-;,;-%$'()*,.R%*$-,/*).,6;%.6%)<<0$//%
4(*.,Q*$% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2% *$-,/*).60/% 4(/.%
<$P,<$% #6O% .#$% $MP$Q.,6;/% O#,P#% )QQ*R% .6%
$)P#% ,;<,7,<()*% -06(;<% /#6(*<% )QQ*R% .6% )%
P64S,;).,6;%6c%-06(;</D%"#$0$%)QQ$)0%.6%S$%
.O6%Q6//,S*$%)QQ06)P#$/D54%=#$;%);%$MP$Qb
.,6;%)QQ*,$/%.6%6;$%-06(;<2%.#,/%4,-#.%S*6Pd%
.#$% O#6*$% P*),4% c064% /(PP$$<,;-D% Y*.$0;)b
.,7$*R2%*$-,/*).60/%4)R2%)/%.#$R%#)7$%<6;$%,;%
5$04);R2% P6;/,<$0% ,.% )QQ06Q0,).$% .6% )**6O%
)%P*),4%.6%Q06P$$<2%(;*$//%);%$MP$Q.,6;%)Qb
Q*,$/% .6% $)P#% -06(;<D55% T*$)0*R2% .#$% /$P6;<%
)QQ06)P#%O,**%S$%.#).%O#,P#%,/%46/.%Q06.$Pb
8.
Implications for Law Makers
.,7$2%S(.%O6(*<%0$'(,0$%)%P)0$c(*%);)*R/,/%6c%
.#$% /,-;,_,P);P$% 6c% $MP$Q.,6;/% ,;% 0$/Q$P.% 6c%
V.% ,/% 4),;*R% .#$% <,/j(;P.,7$% /.0(P.(0$% 6c% .#$% $)P#% -06(;<2% O#,P#% ,/% S$R6;<% .#$% /P6Q$% 6c%
$'()*,.R% 0$-,4$% ,;% 50$).% A0,.),;% );<% <,[%$0b .#,/%Q)Q$0D%
$;P$/%,;%.#$%Q06.$P.,7$%0$-,4$%,;%0$/Q$P.%6c%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
35
Redeining Discrimination
V.% #)/% S$$;% $MQ*),;$<% )S67$% .#).% .#$% c(;b
<)4$;.)*% ,//($% .#).% #)/% 0$;<$0$<% 4(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;%P*),4/%,;%50$).%A0,.),;%(;/(Pb
P$//c(*%,/%6;$%6c%Q066cD%"#$%j(<-$/%#)7$%c$*.%0$b
/.0),;$<%,;%0$c$00,;-%.6%o6QQ6/,.$p%P64Q)0)b
.60/%);<%)QQ06Q0,).$%/.).,/.,P/%S$P)(/$%6c%.#$%
<,7,<$%S$.O$$;%-06(;</%,;%.#$%*$-,/*).,6;D%];%
.#,/%S)/,/2%0$467)*%6c%.#$/$%6S/.)P*$/%/#6(*<2%
O,.#6(.% 460$2% 67$0P64$% .#$% S)00,$0/% .6%
S0,;-,;-%)%/(PP$//c(*%P*),4%6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
38
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
40
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
42
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
43
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O#$.#$0% $'()*,.R% *$-,/*).,6;% /#6(*<% Q067,<$%
c60%)%S06)<%<(.R%.6%4)d$%0$)/6;)S*$%)<j(/.b
4$;./%,;%0$/Q$P.%6c%)**%-06(;</2%60%)%P64S,;)b
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Positive Action
"#$% Q6.$;.,)*% 6c% 4),;/.0$)4,;-% <(.,$/% .6%
S0,;-%)S6(.%O,<$/Q0$)<%P#);-$%O,**%S$%-0$).*R%
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)S*$%,;<,P).$/%.#).%4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%,/%
*,;d$<%O,.#%<$$Q$0%<,/)<7);.)-$%,;%/6P,$.RD%
V.%,/%7,P.,4/%6c%4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%.#).%
;$$<2% .#$;2% .6% S$% .#$% .)0-$.% 6c% Q6/,.,7$% )Pb
.,6;2% );<% *$-,/*).,6;% /#6(*<% S$% <$/,-;$<% .6%
)**6O% .#,/D% ")d,;-% ,;.6% )PP6(;.% ,;.$0/$Pb
.,6;)*%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%,;%<$7$*6Q,;-%Q6/,.,7$%
)P.,6;%4$)/(0$/%O,**%)<<0$//%.#$%P6;P$0;%6c%
/64$96%.#).%Q6/,.,7$%)P.,6;%,/%6;*R%6c%S$;$_,.%
.6% .#$% 46/.% )<7);.)-$<% O,.#,;% )% <,/)<7);b
.)-$<%-06(Q2%O#,*$%.#6/$%O#6%)0$%*$//%<64,b
;);.%O,.#,;%.#$%-06(Q%S$P64$%,;P0$)/,;-*R%
4)0-,;)*,/$<D97%%
V.%,/%O$**%$/.)S*,/#$<%.#).%60-);,/).,6;/%)0$%
#$/,.);.% )S6(.% .)d,;-% Q6/,.,7$% )P.,6;% c60%
c$)0% 6c% (;O,..,;-*R% S$P64,;-% *,)S*$% c60% (;b
*)Oc(*%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%)-),;/.%.#6/$%.#).%<,<%
;6.% S$;$_,.% c064% Q6/,.,7$% 4$)/(0$/D% "#$/$%
P6;P$0;/% )0$% *,d$*R% .6% S$% #$,-#.$;$<% ,;% 0$b
/Q$P.%6c%4$)/(0$/%.)0-$.,;-%)%/(S/$.%O,.#,;%
)% -06(Q% O#,P#% ,/% (/()**R% P6;/,<$0$<% )/% )%
S$;$_,P,)0R%6c%Q6/,.,7$%)P.,6;%S$P)(/$%6c%,./%
#,/.60,P)**R%<,/)<7);.)-$<%/.).(/D%"#(/%,c%);%
60-);,/).,6;% .)d$/% Q6/,.,7$% )P.,6;% ,;% 0$*)b
.,6;%.6%\(/*,4%O64$;2%,.%O,**%S$%P6;P$0;$<%
.#).%,.%O,**%#)7$%<,/P0,4,;).$<%)-),;/.%\(/b
*,4% 4$;D% "#,/% Q06S*$4% P);% S$% )<<0$//$<%
#6O$7$02% SR% *$-,/*).,6;% 60% )//6P,).$<% -(,<b
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SR% 06S(/.% $7,<$;P$% O,**% ;6.% S$% P6;/,<$0$<%
(;*)Oc(*D%
Remedies
Y/%#)/%S$$;%<,/P(//$<%)S67$2%$MQ$0,$;P$/%6c%
4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%P);%0$/(*.%,;%#$,-#.b
$;$<%<,/)<7);.)-$D%];%.#,/%S)/,/2%/64$
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
44
/(--$/.% .#).% $'()*,.R% *$-,/*).,6;% /#6(*<% )*b
*6O%)PP6(;.%.6%S$%.)d$;%6c%.#$%4(*.,b-06(;<%
<,4$;/,6;%6c%4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%,;%.#$%
<$.$04,;).,6;% 6c% /);P.,6;/2% 4)d,;-% ,.% Q6/b
/,S*$% .6% )O)0<% )--0)7).$<% <)4)-$/D% "#$%
0$)/6;,;-%6c%:^3$(0$(MbW(S{%ZD%,;%0$*).,6;%.6%
<,/P0,4,;).60R%*$-,/*).,6;%4,-#.%S$%)QQ*,$<%
.6%,;<,7,<()*%)P./%6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;N
%
o@6% 6;$% O6(*<% <,/Q(.$% .#).% .O6%
,<$;.,P)*% Q06j$P.,*$/2% .#06O;% ).% .#$% /)4$%
/Q$$<2%4)R%;6;$.#$*$//%*$)7$%)%<,[%$0$;.%/P)0%
6;%.O6%<,[%$0$;.%.RQ$/%6c%/(0c)P$/D%a,4,*)0*R2%
-06(Q/%.#).%)0$%460$%/6P,)**R%7(*;$0)S*$%O,**%
$MQ$0,$;P$% .#$% )<7$0/$% $[%$P./% 6c% )% *$-,/*)b
.,7$%<,/.,;P.,6;%460$%7,7,<*R%.#);%,c%.#$%/)4$%
<,/.,;P.,6;%O$0$%<,0$P.$<%).%)%-06(Q%O#,P#%,/%
;6.%/,4,*)0*R%/6P,)**R%7(*;$0)S*$Dp98%
"#(/% S$P)(/$% 6c% .#$% Q)0.,P(*)0% 7(*;$0)S,*b
,.R% 6c% );% ,;<,7,<()*% /(Sj$P.$<% .6% 4(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;2% .#$% <)4)-$% .6% .#).% Q$0/6;%
4)R% S$% 460$% Q06c6(;<% );<% .#,/% /#6(*<% S$%
)Pd;6O*$<-$<%,;%)O)0</%6c%<)4)-$/%c60%,;b
j(0R% .6% c$$*,;-/D% "#,/% )QQ06)P#% ,/% $;<60/$<%
SR%.#$%];.)0,6%3(4);%+,-#./%T644,//,6;D99%
9(0.#$02%.#$%Y(/.0,);%W,/)S,*,.R%&'()*,.R%YP.%
P6;.),;/% )% Q067,/,6;% /.).,;-% .#).% 4(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;% 4)R% S$% .)d$;% )PP6(;.% 6c% ,;%
.#$%)O)0<%6c%<)4)-$/D%"#$%+64);,);%&'()*%
"0$).4$;.%YP.%GI??>H%)*/6%Q067,<$/%.#).%<,/b
P0,4,;).,6;%6;%.O6%60%460$%-06(;</%P6;/.,b
.(.$/%);%o)--0)7).,;-%P,0P(4/.);P$pD
Equality Bodies
Y%/,;-*$%$'()*,.R%S6<R2%0$/Q6;/,S*$%c60%$'()*b
,.R%O60d%,;%0$/Q$P.%6c%)**%-06(;</2%O,**%S$/.%S$%
)S*$% .6% Q0646.$% O60d% .6% $*,4,;).$% 4(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;D% Y% /,;-*$% ,;/.,.(.,6;% 0$<(P$/%
P6;P$Q.()*% S)00,$0/% .6% )<<0$//,;-% 4(*.,Q*$%
<,/P0,4,;).,6;% );<% ,/% 6c% Q0)P.,P)*% ,4Q60b
.);P$2%S$P)(/$%,.%4)d$/%,.%Q6//,S*$%c60%P6#$0b
$;.2% 67$0)0P#,;-% );<% P660<,;).$<% /.0).$-,$/%
.6% S$% <$7$*6Q$<% )<<0$//,;-% .#$/$% ,//($/D100%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
V;%0$/$)0P#%P6;<(P.$<%<,0$P.*R%O,.#%;).,6;)*%
$'()*,.R% S6<,$/2% .#$R% #)7$% 0$c$00$<% .6% .#$%
P#)**$;-$/% 6c% <$)*,;-% O,.#% ,;.$0/$P.,6;)*%
P)/$/%O#$;%/$Q)0).$%$'()*,.R%S6<,$/%$M,/.%,;%
0$/Q$P.%6c%$)P#%-06(;<%6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;D101%
Y%/,;-*$%$'()*,.R%S6<R%O,**%S$%)S*$%.6%6[%$0%*,.b
,-);./%P64Q0$#$;/,7$%)<7,P$%6;%)**%-06(;</2%
0).#$0%.#);%c60P,;-%.#$4%.6%P#66/$%S$.O$$;%
/,;-*$%-06(;<%,;/.,.(.,6;/%<$)*,;-%O,.#%6;*R%
6;$%6c%.#$%4(*.,Q*$%-06(;</%S$#,;<%.#$%<,/b
P0,4,;).,6;% $MQ$0,$;P$<D102% % "#$% 0$P$;.*R%
Q(S*,/#$<% 0$Q60.% 6c% .#$% &(06Q$);% T644,/b
/,6;%,/%$;.#(/,)/.,P%)S6(.%.#$%Q6.$;.,)*%6c%.#$%
&'()*%&4Q*6R4$;.%]QQ60.(;,.R%T644,//,6;%
,;%.#$%B;,.$<%a.).$/2%.#$%<6P(4$;./%6c%O#,P#%
o/$$4%.6%,;<,P).$%)%.$;<$;PR%.6O)0</%4),;b
/.0$)4,;-% .#$% ,;.$0/$P.,6;)*% )QQ06)P#p2% .6%
oQ)7$% .#$% O)R% c60% )% S06)<$0% (;<$0/.);<,;-%
);<%)PP$Q.);P$%6c%P)/$/%,;76*7,;-%460$%.#);%
6;$%-06(;<%6c%<,/P0,4,;).,6;pD103%
9.
Conclusion
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/,;-*$b-06(;<% <,/P0,4,;).,6;2% #)/% .)(-#.% (/%
.#).% 7)*($bj(<-$4$;./% /#6(*<% ;6.% S$% 4)<$%
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-06(Q% 4$4S$0/#,Q% P);% S$% ,4Q60.);.% .6% )%
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6c%.#$,0%4$4S$0/#,Q%6c%/$7$0)*%-06(Q/%,/%;6%
45
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.#$% P6;/$'($;P$/% 6c% 4(*.,Q*$% -06(Q% 4$4b
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/,S*$%/,4Q*R%.6%*,/.%.#$%Q06.$P.$<%-06(;</%);<%
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.#$%j(<,P,)0R%)/%.6%#6O%,.%,/%.6%,<$;.,cR%c(0.#$0%
Q06.$P.$<% -06(;</D% &MQ$0,$;P$% #)/% /#6O;%
.#).%)%c),*(0$%.6%<6%/6%,/%*,d$*R%.6%0$/(*.%,;%)%
P)(.,6(/%)QQ06)P#%c064%P6(0./%);<%.0,S(;)*/2%
P6;_,;$<%.6%.#$%0$P6-;,.,6;%6c%-06(;</%O#,P#%
)0$% );% $//$;.,)*% $*$4$;.% 6c% ,<$;.,.R% );<% $/b
P#$O,;-%.#6/$%-06(;</%O#,P#%P);%S$%/#6O;%
.6%S$%4)0d$0/%6c%<,/)<7);.)-$D%V.%,/%.0($%.#).%
)% <,/)<7);.)-$% );)*R/,/% 6c% Q6.$;.,)*% ;$O%
-06(;</% O6(*<% /$0,6(/*R% (;<$04,;$% *$-)*%
P$0.),;.R2% Q)0.,P(*)0*R% O#$;% P64S,;$<2% )/% ,.%
The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
46
;$P$//)0,*R%O6(*<%S$2%O,.#%_*$M,S*$%j(/.,_,P)b
.,6;%Q067,/,6;/D%e$.%/(P#%);%)QQ06)P#%O6(*<%
#)7$%.#$%Q6.$;.,)*%.6%0$*$)/$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;%
*)O% c064% .#$% /.0,P.(0$/% 6c% )% P).$-60,P)*% )Qb
Q06)P#% .6% ,<$;.,.R% );<% )% c604)*% ;6.,6;% 6c%
$'()*,.R2%.#$%P6;/$'($;P$/%6c%O#,P#%,;P*(<$%
)%c),*(0$%.6%)<<0$//%4(*.,Q*$%<,/P0,4,;).,6;D%
"#,/%Q6.$;.,)*%O6(*<2%.#6(-#2%*,$%,;%.#$%#);</%
6c%.#$%j(<,P,)0RD%"#$%P#6,P$%S$.O$$;%/(P#%);%
)QQ06)P#% );<% 6;$% O#,P#% *$)7$/% .#$% $M.$;b
/,6;% 6c% $'()*,.R% Q06.$P.,6;% .6% )% *$-,/*).(0$%
0$/.0,P.$<%SR%.#$%<$4);</%6c%);%$'()*,.Rb6Qb
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)
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The Equal Rights Review, Vol. One (2008)