CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Understanding words is the starting point of people studying English because
at first people will memorize some words applied in active or passive usage and
by knowing the meaning of the English words, people easily catch the idea of the
text read. This ability also trains people to create new words and find out the
different meanings of words if they are combined as what happens to
compounding which consists of more than one base and function both
grammatically and semantically.
Compounding in every language has its own regulated form as in English and
Indonesian, and it is characterized by the systems which can determine some
words combined called as compound words. English compound words cover parts
of speech such as noun, adjective, verb, and adverb combinations, for example,
the noun compound of flashlight (verb + subject) and the adjective compound of
breathtaking (object + -ing participle) (Quirk, 1985: 1571, 1577), while the
Indonesian compound words have their constructive rules which are different
from the Indonesian phrases, for example, in kamar tidur and meja tulis (Masnur,
2008: 59).
Reflected from the distinctive rules of compound words in the two
languages, translating English compound words into Indonesian may bear various
problems which are quite critical to be discussed as a rehearsal of the word
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2
development based on the usage and circumstances especially in literary works as
applied in the novel used as the data source in the present study.
The dictions of literature such as novel are imaginative, powerful, and
captivating manner. How do people gain the meaning of the novel words? Some
novel words consist of single units. The meaning of such novel words must be
derived of the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic context of their use, or by direct
instruction (e.g., reading or being told as a definition), or sometimes by analogy
with similar words. Some novel words can be understood through the known
word and the known derivational or inflectional addition, as well as all the
mechanisms available for single-unit words. Often, however, novel words are
composed of two or more morphemes which are themselves words. In English,
nominal compounding is extremely productive and is a common way of
introducing new words into the lexicon. This set of words, the compound, is the
focus of the present study.
Apart from the concept of compound words, investigating the meaning of
compound words’ translation from English to Indonesian in the novel is the
challenging topic since the compound words are the creative word product of
people and there is a process behind it. In addition, novels provide many
compound word forms and types which are very helpful to collect and classify. As
well, the procedure of translating compound words influences the accuracy and
the fidelity of meaning as the goal of an ideal translation. Thus, this study is
concerned with the process of translating compound words by applying the
translation procedures asserted by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008) who
3
divide translation process into two terms, direct translation and oblique
translation. These procedures determine whether the translation products are
faithful or there are some possibilities in translating the compound words through
the different perception as Quine (1969) stated on his theory that different
translators will produce different translations, all of which could be correct, and
none of the translators will agree with the others’ renditions. Thus, the closing of
this study will show the possible translation by the researcher taking position as
the translator in contributing some alternative opinion and translation reflected
from the Knowledge Based Theory to serve another translation point of view in
order to reach the goal of the English compound words’ translated into
Indonesian, that is fidelity meaning, moreover to strengthen the same perception
of understanding the compound words’ translation.
1.2 Problems of the Study
Based on what was described above, the researcher proposes three problems
in this study as follows:
1. How is the English compound word characterized into Indonesian in New
Moon novel?
2. How is the fidelity meaning of the compound words’ translation
investigated in New Moon novel?
3. What is the possible translation of the compound words in New Moon
novel?
4
1.3 Aims of the Study
As a scientific research, this study has two purposes in order to establish the
same perceptions as explaining below:
1.3.1 General aims
Since English compound words have interesting specific rules and so do
Indonesian compounds, this study is aimed at informing various formation and
types of English compound words.
1.3.2 Specific aims
In line with the statement of the problems, this research attempts to answer
the three questions as stated above, namely:
1. To characterize English compound words into Indonesian in New
Moon novel.
2. To investigate the fidelity meaning of the compound words’ translation
in New Moon novel.
3. To elaborate the possible translation of the compound words in New
Moon novel
1.4 Significance of the Study
It is expected that the result of this study may contribute more beneficial and
valuable information. By reading this study, the readers are expected to have a
5
good understanding of the topic discussed both theoretically and practically as
follows:
1.4.1 Theoretical Significance
This study provides some significant theoretical points to both the readers and
the future researchers as the readers will be able to implement the use of
compound words, even if it is possible, the new creations of compound words can
be developed as well as the rules involved in them. Moreover, this study forces to
improve the English learners’ knowledge of translation specifically in
understanding compound word categories and also the way to render them into
Indonesian using seven procedures, because compound words have restrictive
rules to be called as compounds. Hence, they may increase their competence in
creating and combining the available English words, moreover they may be able
to analyze whether the translation of English compound words into Indonesian is
faithful in meaning.
1.4.2 Practical Significance
Practically, the result of this research may encourage other researchers to
conduct further research on the topic seen from different points of views. It will
show the various results of the analysis due to the different analyses of context
using the same method, because the compound words used in fiction is different
from those used in the non-fiction text. In addition, at first the future researchers
can distinguish the characteristics of compounds words and the change when the
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words are rendered into Indonesian; furthermore, they are able to share their own
translation in case they have their own interpretations to translate such word in the
context of fiction based on their capability of comprehending the faithful meaning
of the compound words both in Source Language and Target Language.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study is focused in the compound words level and limited to three
essential discussions; first, the identification of the characteristics, forms and
types of compound words based on Quirk’s theory. Second, the procedures
applied in the translation process to show the fidelity meaning of the translation
equivalents of compound words and the third, the possible translation equivalents
of compound words due to the different perceptions of the Source Language and
Target Language by applying the Knowledge Based Theory.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT,
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
In this subchapter, some references related to compounds are elaborated and
commented. It starts from the study conducted by Fiorentino (2007) entitled
Compound Words and Structure in the Lexicon which investigated morphological
decomposition in compound words using visual lexical decision with
simultaneous magnetoencephalography (MEG), comparing compounds, single
words, and pseudomorphemic foils. The results support an account of lexical
processing which includes early decomposition of morphologically complex
words into constituents. The behavioural differences suggest internally structured
representations of compound words, and the early effects of constituents in the
electrophysiological signal support the hypothesis of early morphological parsing.
These findings add to a growing literature suggesting that the lexicon includes
structured representations, consistent with previous findings supporting early
morphological parsing using other tasks. The results do not favour two putative
constraints, word length and lexicalisation, on early morphological-structure
based computation.
The next study is the study conducted by Cheng (2011) entitled Acquisition
of Compound Words in Chinese–English Bilingual Children: Decomposition and
Cross-language Activation which investigated compound processing and crosslanguage activation in a group of Chinese–English bilingual children, and they
8
were divided into four groups based on the language proficiency levels in their
two languages. A lexical decision task was designed using compound words in
both languages. The compound words in one language contained two free
constituent morphemes that mapped onto the desired translations in the other
language, such as tooth and brush. Two types of compound words were included:
transparent (e.g., toothbrush) and opaque (e.g., deadline) words. The results
showed that children were more accurate in judging semantically transparent
compounds in English. The lexicality of translated compounds in Chinese affected
lexical judgment accuracy on English compounds, independent of semantic
transparency and language proficiency. Implications for compound processing and
bilingual lexicon models are discussed.
The third reference is the study conducted by In Yeong Ko (2010) entitled
Bilingual Reading of Compound Words which presented whether bilingual readers
activate constituents of compound words in one language while processing
compound words in the other language via decomposition. Two experiments
using a lexical decision task were conducted with adult Korean-English bilingual
readers. In experiment 1, the lexical decision of the real English compound words
was more accurate when the translated compounds (the combination of the
translation equivalents of the constituents) in Korean (the nontarget language)
were real words than when they were nonwords. In Experiment 2, when the
frequency of the second constituents of compound words in English (the target
language) was manipulated, the effect of lexical status of the translated
compounds was greater on the compounds with high-frequency second
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constituents than on those with low-frequency second constituents in the target
language. Together, these results provided evidence for morphological
decomposition and cross-language activation in bilingual reading of compound
words.
The last study which is reviewed is the one conducted by Berkowitz (2009)
entitled Recognizing English Compound Words: The Role of Morphological
Family Size which discussed about the use of lexical decision, naming, and eyetracking tasks to examine the role of morphological family size in compound
word recognition. The family size was manipulated using a factorial design. In the
naming and lexical decision tasks, participants responded faster to compounds
from large as opposed to small morphological families. In the eye-tracking task,
target words were embedded into sentences; family size effects were found in
gaze duration, number of fixations, and probability of refixation, but not in first
fixation durations. These results suggest that compounds from
large
morphological families are easier to recognize than compounds from small
morphological families, and that this is a semantic effect.
2.2 Concept
In conducting a research, concepts play important roles as the references and
as the scope or limitation of the study in order to be more focusing on the topic of
discussion. Moreover, concepts serve the idea and brainstorming of analyzing data
and finding the result of the study.
10
In connection with the topic of this study, three concepts are available as the
basic ideas of the study; they are fidelity of meaning, compound words, and
precisely translation as the main focus of this study.
2.2.1 Fidelity Meaning
Since fidelity, as a major translation criterion, has been understood or
misunderstood in many ways and a translation is said to be a good translation if
the meaning or message of the Source Language text is naturally represented in
the Target Language text, it is essential to assert fidelity of meaning as the central
concept of this study. In other words, the translation must conform to the fidelity
of concept. Guralnik (1979), in Webster's New World Dictionary of the American
Language affirms that faithfulness/fidelity means the quality of being accurate,
reliable, and exact. In that case, the meaning that best matches the source text
meaning is the one that best complies with the precision, accuracy, conformity to
the original (adhesion to a fact, or to an idea).
Fidelity as a key word in translation has been understood and interpreted in
many ways by different translators. To some translation critics of translation,
faithfulness in translation is just a word-for-word transmission of message from
the source text to the target text, while some believe that fidelity to the source text
is adopting the free, idiomatic method in passing on the message. On the other
hand, unduly free translations may not necessarily be considered a betrayal or
infidelity. This is because they are sometimes done for the purpose of humour to
bring about a special response from the receptor language speakers.
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Fidelity in translation is passing of the message from one language into
another by producing the same effect in the other language, (in sense and in form),
in a way that the reader of the translation would react exactly as the reader of the
original text. In addition, Beekman and Callow have their own concept of fidelity,
that is, a quality of being faithful that is attributed to a translation (1974: 33-34).
In relation to the two quotations above, it is essential that fidelity is the main
requirement in transferring the message from Source Language into Target
Language in order to have faithful translation. Moreover, faithful translation is a
translation which transfers the meaning to its reader and makes a natural use of
the linguistic structures of Target Language. In connection with the concept of
fidelity, Beekman and Callow divide the fidelity into two scopes ─ fidelity to the
meaning and fidelity to the dynamics (1974: 40). Fidelity to the meaning means
reproducing the original information in the receptor language, while fidelity to the
dynamics means reproducing in the receptor language ─ the natural form ─ and
the message of the original. Due to the scopes of fidelity as stated above, a
translator is required to produce translation as faithful as possible which is
accurate, natural, and communicative.
2.2.2 Compound Word
In English, words, particularly adjectives and nouns, are combined into
compound structures in a variety of ways. And once they are formed, they
sometimes metamorphose over time. A common pattern is that two words fire fly,
or will be joined by a hyphen for a time fire-fly, and then be joined into one word
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firefly. It is called a compound as a lexical unit consisting of more than one base
and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. English
compound words consist of three basic forms influenced by the way of separating
the words attached in http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/compounds.htm
as follows:
1. the closed form, in which the words are melded together, such as
firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard,
makeup, notebook;
2. the hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, overthe-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced;
3. and the open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full
moon, half sister, attorney general.
Further, English compound words have two structures as noun compounds
and adjective compounds which cover their own characteristics and rules.
2.2.3 Translation
Generally, translation is one way to build a good communication, because
translation has a procedure of transferring message from the Source Language
into the Target Language. According to Pinchuck in his Scientific and Technical
Translation, translation is the transfer of meanings (1997: 35). Moreover, he says
translation is a process of finding a Target Language equivalent for a Source
Language utterance (1997: 38). In connection with the quotation above,
translation is regarded one of human creations in transferring the same message
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from one language into another. Further, Nida and Taber state “translating
consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of
the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of
style” (1974: 12). The statement implies that firstly, the primary goal of
translation is to obtain the equivalent of the Source Language message. Secondly,
natural equivalent requires that the translation does not sound as a translation. So,
it should obey the grammatical and lexical forms of the Target Language. Thirdly,
the closest equivalent shows that equivalent is not absolute but of the highest
degree of accuracy. Fourth, meaning and style are important in order to produce a
faithful translation; however, meaning is over style if they are in conflict.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
Since this study is a scientific research which needs qualified hypothesis,
data, and analysis, it is essential to frame the study by the proper theories related
to the topic of discussion in order to support the validation of the study; therefore,
this study is completed with the theories of compound words’ classification by
Quirk (1985) as the way to characterize the compound words’ categories,
translation process as the way to gain the message of the translation stated by
Nida and Taber (1969), translation methods as the system how the English
compound words are rendered into Indonesian by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti
(2008), and the semantics theory which has the concept of finding the fidelity of
meaning in the translation by Palmer (1981) who asserts in his book
that
semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and, since
14
the meaning is part of language, semantics is part of linguistics, moreover
translation indeterminacy also supports this study to investigate the meaning of
the compound words as stated by Quine (1969), who claims that different
translators will produce different translations, all of which could be correct, and
none of the translators will agree with the others’ renditions. This theory is
suitable to check whether the translation equivalent of Indonesian compounds is
acceptable and accurate reflected from the Source Language compound words.
Further, it is also used to find the fidelity of meaning of the translations of
compound words. The Knowledge Based Theory is also applied in this study
because it is not sufficient to derive the surface meaning of the compound words
only, but the deep meanings have also to be investigated through the human
knowledge of the essential objects observed by using encyclopedia or other
references, and they are all explained below in details.
2.3.1 Compound Words’ Classification
According to Quirk’s theory in his book A Comprehensive Grammar of the
English Language, compounding can take place within any of the word classes,
but within the present framework, we shall in effect be dealing only with the
productivity of compounds resulting above all in new nouns and, to a lesser
extent, adjectives. These may involve the combination of the unchanged base; or
the first element may be in its special ‘combining form’; or the second element
may have a suffix required by the compound type; or both elements may have a
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form that is compound-specific (1985: 1567). Further, he characterizes the
English compound words as follows:
COMPOUND
WORDS
Noun Compounds
Adjective
Compounds
TYPE
1. Subject and Verb
a. subject + deverbal noun
b. verb + subject
c. verbal noun in - ing + subject
2. Verb and Object
a. object + deverbal noun
b. object + verbal noun in – ing
c. object + agential noun in –er
d. verb + object
e. verbal noun in -ing + object
3. Verb and Adverbial
a. verbal noun in -ing + adverbial
b. adverbial + verbal noun in –ing
c. adverbial + agential noun in –er
d. adverbial + deverbal noun
e. verb + adverbial
4. Verbless
5. Subject and Complement
6. Combining-form
7. Bahuvrihi
1. Verb and Object
a. object + -ing participle
2. Verb and adverbial
a. adverbial + -ing participle
b. adverbial + -ed participle
c. adjective + -ing participle
d. adjective + -ed participle
3. Verbless
a. noun-based adverbial of respect + adjective
b. noun (denoting basis of comparison)+
adjective
c. adjective + adjective
EXAMPLE
sunrise
rattlesnake
dancing girl
blood test
fault-finding
tax-payer
punchcard
chewing gum
swimming pool
day dreaming
baby sitter
homework
search light
motorcycle
blackboard
agriculture
birdbrain
man-eating
ocean-going
home-brewed
hard-working
dry-cleaned
footsore
green-grass
grey-green
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Those categories separate compound words based on the part of speech of the
words. They are also collocated to mean something different from each words
combined. For example, noun compound sunrise which consists of two words sun
as subject and rise as deverbal noun. In this category subject and verb, subject +
deverbal noun is a very productive way. Further, the compound words’ categories
attached on the table above is as the guidance to classify the compound words in
the analysis of this study.
2.3.2 Translation Process
Practically, a translator is obligated to produce an ideal translation. According
to Larson, the ideal translation will be accurate as to meaning and natural as to the
receptor language forms used (1998: 3). The quotation identifies that if the
translation is accurate in meaning and natural in form, an intended audience who
is unfamiliar with the source text will readily understand the translation. It can be
said that the translation is successful enough if the readers can understand the
entire message of the translation well. Moreover, he argues that it is possible to
abstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning with the
very different forms of a second language, thus the ideal translation should be
accurate, natural, and communicative. Accurate means reproducing as exactly as
possible the meaning of the source text; natural means using natural forms of the
receptor language in a way that it is appropriate to the kind of text being
translated, and communicative means expressing all aspects of the meaning in a
way that is readily understandable to the intended audience. In relation to the
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statement above, a translator is suggested to produce translations as well as
possible.
In producing a good translation, a translator should be concerned with the
steps, namely translation processes. According to Nida and Taber (1969: 33),
there are three main steps that must be done by a translator in the process of
translation ─ analyzing, transferring, and restructuring. The three main steps are
schemed as follows:
Source Language
Target Language
Analysis
Restructuring
Concept, Message of SL
Transferring
Concept, Message of TL
1. The first step is analyzing the Source Language text. This step is done by
reading the text, understanding the relation between sentence elements in
the Source Language text, and then understanding the meaning or message
intended by the writer of the text.
2. The second step is transferring. In this process, a translator transfers the
meaning or message from the Source Language into the Target Language.
The translator is required to avoid as much as possible the change of
meaning in order to keep the highest degree of fidelity. This process is
18
done to get the right equivalent of the Source Language message in the
Target Language.
3. The third step is restructuring. In this step, the message transferred is
rearranged in accordance with the rules of the Target Language including
lexical aspect, grammatical aspect, semantic aspect, social and cultural
context, idiom, collocation, figurative expression, and style. Thus, the
closest natural equivalent of the Source Language message can be
reproduced appropriately in the Target Language.
For example, the English sentence I broke my leg may be translated into
Indonesian as Saya mematahkan kaki saya or Kaki saya patah. The first
translation tends to preserve the form of the Source Language text and at the same
time destroys its meaning. The subject of the Source Language acts as the doer of
breaking, while the object my leg serves as the receiver of breaking. Here, the
word saya is also the subject and the doer of mematahkan, and kaki saya is the
object and the receiver of mematahkan. However, the meaning of the Source
Language text is different from that of the Target Language text. The Indonesian
Saya mematahkan kaki saya means to do something deliberately. On the contrary,
Kaki saya patah reduplicates the meaning of the Source Language text that is,
doing something not on purpose. At the same time, the translation seems to be
natural to the readers of the Target Language. In this case, kaki saya acts as
subject of patah, not as object. Even though the structural patterns of the Source
Language and Target Language texts are quite different, the messages contained
within the two texts are similar. Thus, the translating of I broke my leg into Kaki
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saya patah, not Saya mematahkan kaki saya, accommodates all the requirements
of translation as stated above.
In addition, linguistically, no two words are precisely the same in different
languages; hence, it is impossible to replace one textual material in one language
into another textual material in different languages in every context and the third
step, restructuring plays important role because the meaning transferred is
rearranged in accordance with the rules of the Target Language.
2.3.3 Translation Methods
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008: 84) divide translation process into two
terms. There are direct translation and oblique translation. It contains seven
procedures of translation which classify the new variety of language. These
procedures are applied in order to control the translator work, moreover to guide
the translator in rendering Source Language into Target Language. In the listing
which follows, the first three procedures are direct translation and the others are
oblique translation. All procedures are schemed and described as follows:
DIRECT TRANSLATION
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
(SOURCE LANGUAGE)
(TARGET LANGUAGE)s
Borrowing
Transposition
Calque
Modulation
Literal Translation
Equivalence
Adaptation
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a.
Borrowing
Borrowing is one of seven procedures described by Vinay and Darbelnet.
Borrowing is defined as a type of direct translation in that elements of ST are
replaced by “parallel” RL elements. They describe such a procedure as the
simplest type of translation, since it merely involves the transfer of an SL words
into TT without being modified in any way, wishes to create a particular stylistic
effect, or to introduce some local colour into TT. Vinay and Darbelnet cite
Russian verst or pood and Spanish tequila or tortillas as words which might give a
translation a Russian or Mexican flavour when introduced as borrowings (Vinay
and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008: 85)). Further, Thomason and Kaufman (1988: 37)
define borrowing as follows:
Borrowing is the incorporation of foreign features into a group's native
language by speakers of that language: the native language is maintained but
is changed by the addition of the incorporated features.
In most cases, in a situation of language contact between bilinguals, words
are the first elements to enter a borrowing language. According to Thomason and
Kaufman, if bilingualism is wide-spread and if there is strong long-term cultural
pressure from source-language speakers on borrowing language speakers,
“structural features may be borrowed as well - phonological, phonetic and
syntactic elements and even (though more rarely) features of the inflectional
morphology.” (Thomason and Kaufman, 1988: 37)
In addition, this procedure aims to help the translator to figure out such words
of Source Language which may be inferred to Target Language in the same
linguistic characteristics.
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b.
Calque
Calque, refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the
structure or manner of expression of the ST. It is a special kind of borrowing
whereby a language borrows an expression form of another and then the form is
translated literally each of its elements, for example black list into daftar hitam,
money laundry into pencucian uang, and honeymoon into bulan madu.
c.
Literal Translation
Literal translation is a direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and
idiomatically appropriate to TL text. Principally, literal translation is a unique
solution which is reversible and complete in itself, for example, time is money
into waktu adalah uang, this translation is easily conducted because it is purely
applied towards Source Language literally and both meaning are in line.
d.
Transposition
Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without
changing the meaning of the message. It has two types, obligatory transposition
which happens when the target language has no other choices because of language
system and optional transposition which is for the sake of the style, the translator
can choose to carry out of if it fits better into the utterance, for example, no
littering into dilarang membuang sampah sembarangan, the Source Language is
in the form of compounding word into phrase, while the Target Language is in the
22
prohibition sentence form. There is a changing in the word class which causes the
shift in the translation, because the phrase no littering is rendered into its meaning
in Indonesian that is dilarang membuang sampah sembarangan.
e.
Modulation
Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same
phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs
when there is a change of perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the
TL. These changes can be justified when the close translation results in
grammatically correct
utterance, however,
it
is considered unsuitable,
unidiomatic, or awkward in the Target Language, for example, virgin beach into
pantai yang masih alami, and nobody doesn’t like it into semua orang
menyukainya.
There are two types of modulation, free or optional modulation which can
happen because of non-linguistic reasons and fixed or obligatory modulation
which occurs when a word, phrase or structure cannot be found in the Target
Language.
f.
Equivalence
This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same
situation by different stylistic or structural means. It happens in proverbs, saying
or idioms. It is often desirable for the translator uses an entirely different structure
with different meaning from the Source Language into Target Language as long
23
as it is considered appropriate but in the communicative situation, for example
like father like son into air cucuran atap jatuhnya ke pelimbahan juga, it is
raining cats and dogs into hujan lebat, feeling blue into bersedih. All the
examples show the similar situation; however, the way to express is different. The
main focus of this procedure is the proper communicative situation, because the
Source Language tends to the form of figurative meaning and so does Target
Language.
g.
Adaptation
Adaptation is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to
by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such a case, the translators
have to create a new situation that can be considered being equivalent, for
example sincerely yours into hormat saya in writing letter or email.
2.3.4 Semantics
A word may have some quite different meanings. For example, the word to
may occur in several kinds of context which reveal quite various meanings as in
the sentences: He goes to school, He wants to eat his lunch, He prefers chicken
soup to spaghetti, and He usually gets up at a quarter to five. The word to in the
four sentences above has different things in different contexts. The first to means
towards, that is, a direction of movement. The second to is a part of full infinitive,
so it is purely functional in nature without lexical meaning. It merely functions to
connect the verbs eat and wants in order that the sentence is grammatical. The
24
third to has grammatical meaning as conjunction to tie chicken soup and spaghetti
grammatically and semantically. And, the last to means before coming to a certain
point, as the opposite of past. It is clear that a word is of various meanings as
shown in the examples above. This aspect of meaning is discussed in semantics.
Palmer (1981: 1) asserts that semantics is the technical term used to refer to the
study of meaning, and, since the meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part
of linguistics. Further, Widdowson asserts that the study of how meaning is
encoded in language is the central business of semantics, and it is generally
assumed that its main concern is with the meanings of words as lexical items
(1996: 53). In addition, Jackson states that semantics is the branch of linguistics
that deals with the study of meaning, changes in the meaning and the principles
that govern the relationship between sentences or words and their meanings
(1988: 491). Since semantics is the study of meanings and meanings are the
fundamental aspect in translation, translation cannot be separated from semantics,
or even semantics plays a crucial role in translation.
2.3.5 Translation Indeterminacy
In the late 1950s the American analytical philosopher Willard Van Orman
Quine set out to find to what extent indeterminacy could affect language and
meaning. To do this, he proposed a thought experiment involving translation.
Imagine a “jungle linguist” who arrives in a village where people speak a
completely unknown language. The linguist sets out to describe the language.
They witness an event: a rabbit runs past, a native points to the rabbit and
25
exclaims, “Gavagai!”. The linguist writes down “gavagai = rabbit”. An equivalent
translation is thus produced. How can it be sure that gavagai really means
“rabbit”? It could mean, “Look there, a rabbit!”, or perhaps, “A rabbit with long
legs”, or even, “There is a flea on the rabbit’s left ear”, and so on. Quine argues
that numerous interpretations are possible, and that no amount of questioning will
ever produce absolute certainty that gavagai means “rabbit”. Even if the linguist
spends years with the tribe learning their language, there will always remain the
possibility that each speaker’s use of the word carries unseen individual values.
Quine actually argues that there are degrees of certainty for different kinds of
propositions. As far as translation is concerned, however, the message seems that
indeterminacy will never completely go away. Quine (1960: 27) posits that the
one source (gavagai) can give rise to many different renditions (“rabbit”, “flea on
rabbit”, etc.), all of which may be legitimate and yet they “stand to each other in
no plausible sort of equivalence relation however loose”. Whatever relation there
may be between the translations, it is not certain, and that certainty was what
Quine associated with “equivalence”. But if not equivalence, what then is the
relation?
In a later formulation of this indeterminacy principle (1969), Quine claims
that different translators will produce different translations, all of which could be
correct, and none of the translators will agree with the others’ renditions. If the
example of the jungle linguist seemed abstract or far-fetched (after all, there are
no untouched villages left in the world, and linguists have far more subtle modes
of conducting fieldwork), the claim that different translators translate differently
26
sounds familiar enough. And the claim that translators disagree with each others’
translations seems uncomfortably close to home, especially when there is an
element of authority or prestige at stake. Indeterminacy accounts for those
differences and disagreements (albeit without naming them); the concept of
equivalence does not. That is one good reason for incorporating indeterminacy
into a theory of translation. Indeterminacy, however, is not a term used in many
translation theories, at least not beyond Quine and the tradition of analytical
philosophy.
2.3.5 Knowledge Based Theory
To be able to understand a word, there are four aspects which should be
concerned with; they are semantics, syntax, phonology, and the last is pragmatics.
To identify an object, it is necessary to use semantic features; however, it just has
a surface meaning characteristic. The other one theory explains about the
Knowledge Based Theory which is based on the psychological essentialism and
contextualism (Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, 2005: 182). Thus, this theory can be
applied by encyclopedia as the reference and also as the translator’s knowledge.
2.4 Research Model
This study applies descriptive qualitative method and the goals are to
investigate and describe the facts concerning the object of the study. In connection
with the statement, the objectives of this study are to identify the characteristics of
English compound words and their rendering into Indonesian in the New Moon
27
novel, how they are constructed, then to describe how the translation methods
occur in translating SL through the form in the TL by implementing the methods
and theoretical frameworks in this study. The theories include compound words,
translation methods, translation indeterminacy, knowledge based theory and
fidelity of meaning. Those theories are available to analyze the problems by
applying the descriptive and qualitative methods. Finally, the application of
methods and theories in analyzing the data are able to determine the result of this
study. The scheme below shows the illustration this study was conducted:
The Fidelity Meaning of Compound Words’
Translation in New Moon Novel
Descriptive Qualitative
Method
Collecting Data: Translation
of English Compound Words
into Indonesian
Analysing Data: describing the types,
analyzing the fidelity meaning,
elaborating the possible translation
Theoretical Frameworks
-
Meaning
Semantics (Palmer, 1981)
Fidelity Meaning (Beekman
and Callow, 1974)
Translation Indeterminacy
(Quine, 1960)
Knowledge Based Theory
(Dardjowidjojo, 2005)
Grammar
Compound
Words (Quirk,
Randolph dan
Sidney
Greenbaum,
1973)
Analysis
Result
Translation
- Translation
Process
(Nida and Taber,
1982)
- Translation Methods
(Vinay and Darbelnet
in Venuti, 2008)
28
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Design
In conducting a research, the application of certain methods is required.
According to Mohammad Nazir, the real meaning of research is to investigate
again or to search again. While, method is defined as the steps or ways how a
research is done to solve some problems (1988: 13). So, research method means
the way to search again in order to solve some problems.
Since this research proposes to describe the translating of English compound
words into Indonesian, the most suitable method of research applied here is
descriptive in nature. Sutrisno Hadi asserts “descriptive method is a kind of
method which is conducted by collecting and analyzing the data and drawing the
conclusion without making generalization” (1986: 8).
Further, Saiffudin Azwar states that descriptive analysis aims to give a
description about subject that is being researched based on the given variables
from the group of research subject and it is not intended to examine the hypothesis
(2001: 126). In short, descriptive method is aimed to obtain information
concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe "what exists" with
respect to variables or conditions in a situation. Hence, the main purpose of
descriptive research is to describe the data, and the result of the data analysis is
applicable only for the current study.
29
3.2 Research Location
In conducting this study, library was the best place to choose because library
serves the books needed to accomplish the study as well. Meanwhile, the house
was the second recommended place in doing qualitative research as this study.
3.3 Data Source
The data of this research were taken from the English novel entitled New
Moon written by Stephenie Meyer and its rendering into Indonesian entitled Dua
Cinta translated by Monica Dwi Chresnayani.
3.4 Research Instruments
Instrument means a tool used to collect and analyze the data. The main
instrument of this research is the data itself. Besides, some supporting
instruments, such as notebook, ballpoint, computer, and paper are also applied.
3.5 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
In collecting the data, some compatible method and techniques of data
collection were applied. The method of data collection used in this research was
library research, because the data were in the form of written texts, moreover the
techniques of collecting the data were as follows:
1. Reading the novel and its translation and marking the compound words
2. Classifying the data based on the types of the compound words
3. Making a list for the collected data
30
4. Rechecking the chosen data to find whether there are some mistakes
5. Some points that must be considered in this step are as follows:
a. The data must be complete and perfect.
b. The data must be clear and understandable.
c. The data must be consistent.
d. The data must be qualified.
6. Preparing the selected data to be analyzed
3.6 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
Data analysis was a crucial step in conducting a research. The way to analyze
the data determined the result of a research. For this reason, this study applied
descriptive qualitative method in which the analysis was presented in the form of
words and sentences rather than symbols (Sudaryanto, 1993). The analysis which
was based on the specified problems and the theoretical framework were
presented descriptively. In this phase, the data were interpreted in order to
elaborate the characteristics of the translations of compound words, the fidelity of
meaning using the translation methods, and the possible translation. The steps of
the data analysis were as follows:
1. First, describing the types of compound words by investigating why they
were called English compound words using the related theories of
compound words, then comparing the English compound words to
Indonesian with their specific characteristics to judge whether the
31
Indonesian compound words were still in the form of compound words or
they might change.
2. Secondly, analyzing the fidelity of meaning using the theory of translation
by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008). It aimed to determine the
fidelity meaning of the translation of compound words due to the fidelity
concept by Beekman and Callow (1974).
3. The last step was elaborating the possible translation of compound words
by combining the concept of Translation Indeterminacy and the
Knowledge Based Theory. In this section, the possible translations were
offered based on the concept of Translation Indeterminacy completed with
the Knowledge Based Theory.
3.7 Method and Technique of Presenting Data Analysis
In presenting the data analysis, the formal method was applied in this study
because it used the random sampling and the analysis was in the form of wording
and describing the data analysis. In this case, the presenting data analysis was
divided into two analyses:
1. Analysis of the characteristics of compound words of English and
Indonesian translation proposed by the theory of English and Indonesian
compound words.
2. Analysis of determining the fidelity meaning by applying translation
procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008) which was
divided into two emphases. There were direct translation and oblique
32
translation. It contained seven procedures of translation which classified
the new variety of language in order to control the translator work. In the
listing which follows, the first three procedures were direct translation and
the others are oblique translation. This analysis also was conducted by
applying the parameter of fidelity meaning by Beekman and Callow
(1974) which covered two scopes ─ fidelity to the meaning and fidelity to
the dynamics. These scopes would have led the translations of using those
procedures to reach the goal of the translations that was faithful in
meaning.
33
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF FIDELITY OF MEANING OF COMPOUND WORDS
In this chapter, the data are analyzed based on the three problems of statement
as in Chapter 1. First, the English compound words are characterized using the
compound words’ theory of Quirk (1985: 1567) and followed by the Indonesian
translation explanation to have comparison in form of compound words together
with the translation. The second analysis is investigating the translation
techniques applied by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008: 84) in order to have
the mostly used techniques in the translation which consist of seven techniques,
further to reach the fidelity of meaning of the translations. The last analysis is
elaborating the possible translation applying the concept of translation
indeterminacy by Quine and the knowledge-based theory. Each analysis supports
each other to conclude whether the translation of compound words is proper based
on the translation theory. They are all collaborated as follows:
4.1 Characteristics of English Compound Words
In this subchapter, the theory of compound words composed by Quirk is
described and supported by the available data. The analysis focuses on illustrating
the characteristics of English compound words and slightly Indonesian starting
from the forms and the types of compound words. In the base of form, compound
words have three forms, they are close form, hyphenated form, and open form;
while in the scope of types, compound words serve two main types, and they are
34
noun compounds and adjective compounds. Further, the complete illustrations of
two characteristics are described as follows:
4.1.1 The Form of English Compound Words
As compound word is such a grammatical word combination, it is essential to
describe the characteristics based on the compound word form, because
structurally, each compound word form has their own style and meaning. There
are three kind of basic compound word form, they are as described below:
4.1.1.1 Close form
Close form is the form in which the words are melded together, such as
hometown, rainbow, and grandmother; it reaches 110 data (52.63%) as described:
Datum 1
No.
SL
1.
my drizzly new hometown
Forks….. (Meyer, 2006: 9)
TL
in kampung halamanku yang selalu
berhujan (Chresnayani, 2009: 16)
Hometown is included in close form as it has no space and hyphen, both words
home and town are put together into one word and one meaning. The word
hometown is noun category both in Source and Target Languages, because it
contains both two nouns in the combination. In English home and town cover verb
less category since both are in noun word of part of speech, meanwhile in
Indonesian kampung and halaman are under Indonesian noun category and they
are verbless too. Thus, both English and Indonesian utterances refer to noun
35
compound. In reverse, Indonesian translation is not in close form because it is
separated by space. Kampung halaman is written separately by space, however
the word class is still noun compound as explained above. In conclusion, the
writing of English compound word hometown does not always interfere the
Indonesian translation because the concept is delivered in both and so is the
category.
Datum 2
No.
2.
SL
TL
…..
ribuan
keping
pelangi,
….. a thousand rainbow shards like
membuatnya terlihat seakan-akan
he was made of crystal or diamond?
terbuat dari Kristal atau berlian?
(Meyer, 2006: 9)
(Chresnayani, 2009: 16)
The English compound word rainbow is constructed by two words rain and bow,
they are combined together to mean a curve of many colors seen in the sky when
the sun shines through rain. Rainbow is included in the close form of compound
words, because there is no space between the two words. On the other hands, the
rainbow is not rendered as the same form in Indonesian, because it is translated
into a single word pelangi and has the same meaning and feature as rainbow.
Datum 3
No.
3.
SL
TL
………merangkul
bahuku
dan
………put his arm around my
membalikkan tubuhku sehingga aku
shoulder and turned to face my
berdiri berhadap-hadapan dengan
grandmother. (Meyer, 2006: 10)
nenekku. (Chresnayani, 2009: 17)
36
Grandmother is written by no space between grand and mother. Grand means
large and mother means female parent, thus grandmother is the mother of either
the female parent. This compound is not separated, they are melded together to
reach the meaning of the female parent. This is close form of the compound word,
while Indonesian nenek is not the compound word; it contains only a single word.
It can be said that the English compound words will not always be translated into
the same form of translation such compounding; it may be a single word, phrase,
clause, even sentence as in the example grandmother which has been convinced
as nenek in Indonesian because the meaning component represents both
utterances.
4.1.1.2 Hyphenated form
The hyphenated form using hyphen to separate the words is exemplified by
post-breakup, bad-tempered, and venom-coated. This compound words form has
69 data (33,01%) as described below:
Datum 4
No.
4.
SL
My other friends, Mike and Jessica
(who were in the awkward postbreakup
friendship
phase)……
(Meyer, 2006: 15)
TL
Teman-temanku yang lain, Mike
dan Jessica (yang sedang dalam fase
canggung
sehabis
putus)……
(Chresnayani, 2009: 27)
The characteristic of the hyphenated form of compound word is that it has hyphen
as the separation sign. Post-breakup is the example of the hyphen used to replace
space and to avoid the misunderstanding of the word meaning, it means ending,
37
especially for the relationship, as if it were post breakup, the meaning would be
non sense. The hyphenated form of compound word does not happen in
Indonesian translation, because the Indonesian translation for post-breakup is
putus; it is only one single word and is not included in compound word form
category because it has no space, even hyphenated form. Furthermore, the
meaning of both utterance is still equivalent because they have the same concept
that is ending of the relationship.
Datum 5
No.
5.
SL
TL
I was hardly ever bad-tempered Aku jarang marah kepada Edward,
with Edward, ….. (Meyer, 2006: 16) …… (Chresnayani, 2009: 28)
This compound word is the adjective compound with hyphenated form from the
word bad which means unpleasant and tempered which means having a certain
temper, in this case the certain temper is unpleasant situation because the word
tempered is modified by the adjective bad. In Indonesian, it is translated into one
single adjective word marah which means the same as unpleasant temper. Based
on this explanation, the result of translation is not always in the same form of
hyphenated or even the compound words, because every language has its own
specific constructions. In the case of bad-tempered, the use of hyphen is applied
to convince the utterance with the entire context, because the word tempered is
used to form compound adjectives as in bad-tempered and marah is supposed to
be a representative of the hyphenated form bad-tempered in Indonesian, because it
represents the feature of bad-tempered that is having unpleasant temper.
38
Datum 6
No.
6.
SL
Though I respected the need for
maintaining a safe distance between
my skin and his razor-sharp, venomcoated teeth… (Meyer, 2006: 16)
TL
Meski tahu aku harus memberi jarak
aman antara kulitku dengan gigi
Edward yang setajam silet dan
berlapis racun itu… (Chresnayani,
2009: 29)
The compound word venom-coated is composed by the venom and coated
separated by hyphen. Venom is the synonym of poison and coated means cover.
The use of hyphen is to emphasize something that has poison covered in its
surface. Venom is noun and combined by coated as participle. If there is no
hyphen between two words, the readers will have different perception of what the
author means or even the reader will lack of understanding the word, because the
function of hyphen here is to convince the utterance with the entire context.
4.1.1.3 Open form
The open form is exemplified by glass plates, lunar eclipse, and new moon.
This open form influences 30 data (14,35%) of this compound as follows:
Datum 7
No.
7.
SL
TL
….. holding a pink birthday cake, …… dengan kue tart pink di
more roses, a stack of glass plates,…. atasnya,
bunga-bunga
mawar,
(Meyer, 2006: 23)
tumpukan
piring
kaca…..
(Chresnayani, 2009: 40)
The glass plates include the compound word in the form of open form, it is
because this word is separated by space as the characteristic of open form. The
39
glass plates is verbless because it consists of nouns compounding together to
create the other meaning, and it was translated into piring kaca that is also
separated by space, however this Indonesian does not include in Indonesian noun
compound, because it can be inserted into piring yang terbuat dari kaca, and the
meaning does not change.
Datum 8
No.
8.
SL
TL
Perhaps there was no moon tonight–a Mungkin tak ada bulan malam ini –
lunar eclipse, a new moon. (Meyer, mungkin ada gerhana bulan, bulan
2006: 54)
baru. (Chresnayani, 2009: 90)
This compound word is included in open form by space separation to distinguish
the meaning. It also happens in Indonesian translation gerhana bulan. Lunar
means moon, eclipse is blocking of the sun’s light by the earth. The two words
lunar and eclipse have different meanings but when they are put together and
separated by space, they cause the new meaning and perception as compounding
concept, that is the natural event which the earth blocks the sun’s light.
Datum 9
No.
9.
SL
"Harry says there's been some trouble
with the phone lines, and that's why
you haven't been able to get through.
(Meyer, 2006: 148)
TL
“Kata Harry, saluran teleponnya
bermasalah, jadi itulah sebabnya
teleponmu
tidak
nyambung.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 243)
This compound word is included in open form characteristic because it is
separated by space between phone and lines. The Source Language is translated
40
into saluran telepon which is also an Indonesian compound word because it
cannot be asserted by the conjunction yang, -nya and dan as the characteristics of
the Indonesian compound word. Thus, it can be said that both Source Language
and Target Language are in the concept of compound word. In addition, the
novelist intends to apply closed form of compound word by calculating the
percentage of compound word usage to have an attractive reading style and the
readers are able to feel the atmosphere of the story. The hyphenated form reaches
the second rank of the translator’s preference; it may be because this form is easy
to create; however, it must obey the mechanism of building such form. Last, open
form covers only 30 data of accomplishing the translator’s preference in arranging
compound words.
4.1.2 The Types of English Compound Words
Compound words are included in the characteristics of word formation, since
compound words combine the two words based on the system that the English
language has. Quirk divides these characteristics into two categories, noun
compound and adjective compound. Each category has its own type as schemed
below:
COMPOUND
WORDS
Noun Compounds
TYPE
1. Subject and Verb
a. subject + deverbal noun
b. verb + subject
c. verbal noun in - ing + subject
2. Verb and Object
41
a. object + deverbal noun
b. object + verbal noun in – ing
c. object + agential noun in –er
d. verb + object
e. verbal noun in -ing + object
3. Verb and Adverbial
a. verbal noun in -ing + adverbial
b. adverbial + verbal noun in –ing
c. adverbial + agential noun in –er
d. adverbial + deverbal noun
e. verb + adverbial
4. Verbless
5. Subject and Complement
6. Combining-form
7. Bahuvrihi
Adjective
Compounds
1. Verb and Object
a. object + -ing participle
2. Verb and adverbial
a. adverbial + -ing participle
b. adverbial + -ed participle
c. adjective + -ing participle
d. adjective + -ed participle
3. Verbless
a. noun-based adverbial of respect + adjective
b. noun (denoting basis of comparison)+ adjective
c. adjective + adjective
4.1.2.1 Noun Compounds
The noun compound words mostly consist of nouns as the combination
partner. It has 7 types based on its parts of speech and word class. It is also
combined by the verbs, objects, adverbials, agential nouns in –er, deverbal nouns,
complements, and even meant the different things as occurred in Bahuvrihi
category. It is clearer by checking the examples below:
42
4.1.2.1.1 Subject and Verb
a. Subject + Deverbal Noun
No.
1.
SL
TL
I could see his silhouette against Tampak olehku siluetnya membelakangi
the coming sunrise – it looked matahari terbit - kelihatannya besar
enormous. (Meyer, 2006: 197)
sekali. (Chresnayani, 2009: 324)
Sunrise is constructed by the words sun and rise. Sun here covers noun class,
while rise is a verb. After they both are combined together as in sunrise, sun is
still in noun and roles as subject of this compound word, while rise which
formerly as a verb, it becomes a deverbal noun that behaves grammatically purely
as a noun, not a verb. This is a very productive type. The way of writing is close
form of compound words, because no space even hyphen in the word. Meanwhile,
the Indonesian translation is matahari terbit is not included in the compound word
because it can be inserted by the conjunctions nya and yang into mataharinya
terbit, or matahari yang terbit.
b. Verb + Subject
No.
2.
SL
It grew brighter and brighter,
illuminating a large space unlike the
focused beam of a flashlight.
(Meyer, 2006: 54)
TL
Cahaya itu semakin lama semakin
terang, menyinari bidang besar, tidak
seperti lampu senter yang menyorot
lurus. (Chresnayani, 2009: 91)
The component of this compound word is verb and subject. The compound word
flashlight means the light which flashes and this type is the only weakly
productive. It is the reverse of the first type that is subject and verb. This type is
included in the noun compounds because it has noun as the main and dominated
43
focus. The word flash is categorized as the verb class, after it is combined together
by light, it becomes noun compound totally. While, in Indonesian it is translated
into lampu senter which cannot be added by the conjunction yang into lampu
yang senter (it is not accepted in Indonesian grammar), or lampunya senter (it also
has weird structure), even lampu dan senter (absolutely they are both different in
meaning because the function of the conjunction dan is for joining the two words
and they do not produce the new meaning, they have their own meaning). In this
case, the compound word flashlight is translated in the same concept of compound
word, although they are different in form.
c. Verbal noun –ing + Subject
No.
3.
SL
"But I don't understand. What's
happening in the woods? The
missing hikers, the blood?" (Meyer,
2006: 200)
TL
“Tapi aku tidak mengerti. Apa yang
terjadi di hutan? Para hiker yang
hilang, bercak darah?” (Chresnayani,
2009: 329)
This compound word missing hikers has the meaning the hikers miss or they are
lost in the hiking. It is a very productive type in this novel to mean the hikers get
lost. Missing as the verbal noun in –ing which basically it is categorized in the
verb class, then the word missing is added by –ing as the noun marker or called
gerund, and is completed with the subject hikers, thus it becomes verbal noun. It
is a compound word under the subject and verb category. It is rendered into para
hiker yang hilang into Indonesian, and the translation is not included in
Indonesian compound word because it is a noun phrase by showing the use of
yang as the Indonesian noun phrase characteristic. Yang hilang modifies para
44
hiker as the complement of the main noun that is para hiker. In this case, the noun
compound of missing hikers is not translated into the same concept of compound
word; it is rendered as a phrase in Indonesian, because its characteristics are the
same as Indonesian phrase that is it can be inserted by words.
4.1.2.1.2 Verb and Object
a. Object + Deverbal Noun
No.
4.
SL
TL
We were on a short stretch of unlit Kami berada di trotoar yang tidak
sidewalk. (Meyer, 2006: 71)
diterangi jalan. (Chresnayani, 2009:
121)
The word sidewalk consists of two words side and walk. This example is in a
moderately productive type of compound word. Side is a common first constituent
and the walk is the activity of denotation. Thus, the compound word sidewalk
denotes an activity. Walk is basically verb category, after it is combined together
into sidewalk, walk purely behaves as noun called deverbal noun. Meanwhile,
Indonesian trotoar as a translation of sidewalk is not in the Indonesian compound
word category because it consists of a single word and it is a traffic terminology
to approach the equivalent meaning of sidewalk.
b. Object + Verbal noun in –ing
No.
5.
SL
…….but gained one back for being in
charge of the bookkeeping at my
house–until we were in Checker, ……
(Meyer, 2006: 96)
TL
........tapi mendapat satu tahun lagi
karena
ditugaskan
mengurus
pembukuan di rumahku-sampai
kami
tiba
di
Checker.....
(Chresnayani, 2009: 162)
45
Bookkeeping is derived from book as the object and keeping as the verbal noun in
–ing. Book here is the object of the compound word and keeping is basically
derived from verb class, after it is added by the gerund marker –ing moreover
combined to modify book, the word keeping becomes a verbal noun in –ing form
as compound word’s rule, and it is a very productive type of compound word
based on its usage in the novel. In Indonesian, bookkeeping is translated into
pembukuan which has the same concept; however, pembukuan is not an
Indonesian compound word, because it is a word added by Indonesian konfiks
marker pe-an to form the word into a noun.
c. Object + Agential noun in –er
No.
6.
SL
TL
"Killing the bloodsucker who was “Membunuh si pengisap darah yang
going to kill you…… (Meyer, akan membunuhmu......(Chresnayani,
2006: 201)
2009: 330)
The compound word bloodsucker contains the concept of adverbial followed by
agential noun in –er which means the man likes sucking the blood (as a vampire’s
habit). The blood is the object and completed with the agent sucker to ensure that
the man eats blood. In Indonesian, bloodsucker is known as pengisap darah which
also has the characteristic of Indonesian compound word; it may not be pengisap
yang darah, pengisapnya darah, or even pengisap dan darah as the distinguished
concepts between noun phrase and compound words. In conclusion, both
46
bloodsucker and penghisap darah are in line with the compounding concept,
because after they are attached together, the new meaning is created.
d. Verb + Object
No.
7.
SL
I was standing in front of the
Cheneys' house–my truck was
blocking their driveway….(Meyer,
2006: 82)
TL
Aku berdiri di depan rumah keluarga
Cheney-trukku menghalangi jalan
masuk
ke
garasi
mereka.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 140)
The compound word driveway is included in the type of verb + object, because
here drive is a verb and way is an object. The Indonesian of driveway here is
garasi as the translator’s preferences and it is not included in compound word
classification, because it only has one single word to translate the driveway.
e. Verbal noun in –ing + Object
No.
8.
SL
It took me a minute, but then I could
see the dark, purple clouds, flinging
the freezing rain down at me.
"Jake?" I croaked. (Meyer, 2006:
237)
TL
Butuh waktu cukup lama, tapi
kemudian aku bisa melihat awanawan
ungu
gelap
yang
menghujaniku dengan hujan
yang dingin
membekukan.
“Jake?” panggilku dengan suara
serak. (Chresnayani, 2009: 387)
The freezing rain represents the pattern of verbal noun –ing combined with object
in the compound word rule. Freezing is derived from the basic verb freeze added
by gerund marker -ing then, it is combined with rain to form verbal noun modified
and object category of compound word. But in Indonesian, this compound word is
47
translated by explaining the meaning and in the form of phrase; it is because
Indonesian does not have the equivalent meaning freezing rain.
4.1.2.1.3 Verb and Adverbial
a. Verbal noun in –ing + Adverbial
No.
9.
SL
They were all waiting in the huge
white living room; when I walked
through the door,….…… (Meyer,
2006: 23)
TL
Mereka semua menunggu di ruang
duduk yang besar dan berwarna
putih. Begitu aku melangkah masuk
…..(Chresnayani, 2009: 39)
The compound word living room means a room for the guests staying in their
visiting time. It consists of table, chairs, maybe television and other interior
furniture. It is derived from the concept of live completed with –ing form and then
it is combined with room to mean the room to live. The concept of this compound
word is separated by space which consists of the word living as verbal noun in –
ing form and room as adverbial that means a room for living. The word living here
is modified the room, then it is rendered into ruang duduk in Indonesian which
means ruang untuk duduk. It is Indonesian compound word, because it cannot be
inserted by yang, -nya, and dan into ruang yang duduk, ruangnya duduk, and
ruang dan duduk. They are meaningless because they cannot reflect certain
meaning naturally in Indonesian.
b. Adverbial + Verbal noun in –ing
No.
10.
SL
TL
The messy handwriting was Tulisan cakar ayam di sana sangat
remarkably close to my own. mirip tulisanku sendiri. (Chresnayani,
48
(Meyer, 2006: 60)
2009: 99)
The concept of adverbial is as complement of the verbal noun in –ing as in
handwriting which means someone who writes using his/her hand. It is a
moderately productive type and is included in the instrumental aspect because the
manner of writing is using hand as the instrument. Hand here is the adverbial and
writing is the verbal noun in –ing; they are rendered as tulisan in Indonesian.
There is no compound aspect in Indonesian, because it is only translated into one
single word that is tulisan.
c. Adverbial + Agential noun in –er
No.
6.
SL
TL
"Oh, that's likely! I'm sure the leech- “Oh, mana mungkin! Aku yakin si
lover is just dying to help us out!" pecinta lintah itu setengah mati ingin
(Meyer, 2006: 210)
membantu kita!”(Chresnayani, 2009:
344)
Leech-lover is rendered into pecinta lintah which means someone loves leech.
Leech functions as the object of the agential noun in –er lover which designates
concrete (usually human) agents and this is a very productive type of English
compound word especially in this category. Indonesian pecinta lintah is also
compound word, because it cannot be inserted with yang into pecinta yang lintah,
or -nya into pecintanya lintah, or even dan as pecinta dan lintah. It is completely
Indonesian compound word in concept but is not the same form as the English
hyphenated form of compound word because the Indonesian does not apply the
hyphen as the example above.
49
d. Adverbial + Deverbal noun
No.
12.
SL
TL
There
was
never
enough Tak pernah ada cukup PR untuk
homework to keep me busy. menyibukkanku. (Chresnayani, 2009:
(Meyer, 2006: 91)
155)
The compound word homework is a moderately productive type which consists of
the word home as the adverbial and work as formerly verb, however after both
home and work are put together, the word work becomes deverbal noun which
behaves purely as a noun, and they both function as noun compound. The
Indonesian translation of homework according to the translator is PR or pekerjaan
rumah if it is extended. It is such a translator’s preference to determine the
meaning of homework, and here PR is also included in the Indonesian compound
word because it cannot be inserted by the conjunction yang and dan, and
possessive –nya into pekerjaan yang rumah, pekerjaan dan rumah, even
pekerjaannya rumah. They all sound incoherent as the words combined, because
they are not in Indonesian phrase. Thus, they cover the essential character as
compound word.
e. Verb + Adverbial
No.
13.
SL
Jacob's hand hovered over the
handlebars, ready to catch me
if I needed him. (Meyer, 2006:
121)
TL
Tangan Jacob menggelayut di atas setang,
siap
menangkapku
kalau
aku
membutuhkannya.(Chresnayani,
2009:
201)
The compound handlebar is included in verb + adverbial type because it has
instrumental characteristic which means handle with bars. Handle functions as
50
verb and is completed with bars as the adverbial. While, Indonesian translation of
handlebars is setang, it has only one single morpheme, and the translator did not
need to force the translation into the same compound form because of the
terminology and culture which are involved in the translation process.
4.1.2.1.4 Verbless Compound
No.
14.
SL
TL
He laughed. "Maybe you shouldn't Jacob terbahak.”Mungkin sebaiknya
touch the motorcycles too much." kau
nanti
jangan
sering-sering
(Meyer, 2006: 95)
menyentuh motor.” (Chresnayani,
2009: 160)
This verb less type of compound word means that no verb is involved in the two
words combining, it is full of noun category as shown in the example motorcycle
in which motor is the noun and so is cycle. While in Indonesian the word
motorcycle is only rendered into motor which represents the concept of
motorcycle; however, the word motor is not included in the Indonesian compound
word classification, because it is only characterized into a single word and it does
not create a new meaning.
4.1.2.1.5 Subject and Complement
No.
15.
SL
This made me brood over what
Jared had said, about Jacob
involving his "girlfriend." (Meyer,
2006: 223)
TL
Ini membuatku berpikir tentang
komnetar Jared tempo hari, tentang
Jacob yang melibatkan “ceweknya”.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 364)
51
It is called subject and complement type because noun 1 as in girl often refers to a
subset of the class denoted by noun2 as in friend which means the friend is a girl;
this is a special friend, that is why in Indonesian the translator renders cewek to
emphasize the very close relationship of the doer and the object, and because
cewek is only one single free morpheme, it is not included in the Indonesian
compound word category.
4.1.2.1.6 The Combining-Form Compounds
No.
16.
SL
The clouds pushed down with an
invisible weight that kept the
claustrophobia
from
easing.
(Meyer, 2006: 230)
TL
Awan-awan disorong ke bawah oleh
beban yang tak kasatmata hingga tidak
membuat perasaan terperangkapku
mereda. (Chresnayani, 2009: 376)
This type of concept is highly productive type and various relations can be
involved. The compound word claustrophobia means the phobia of claustro in
which an extreme fear of being is an enclosed space. Typically, the first
constituent is neo-classical and does not occur as a separate noun base in English,
however, the model has been widely imitated with common bases with the vowel
“o” as a link between two parts, thus it is included in the combining-form
compound. Meanwhile, Indonesian translation does not refer to the Source
Language; the translator applied the free translation method to have equivalent
meaning of claustrophobia that is perasaan terperangkap, because it has no
Indonesian equivalence for that word, and translating the definition is chosen to
render claustrophobia.
52
4.1.2.1.7 Bahuvrihi Compounds
No.
17.
SL
TL
The memory of Victoria, wild, Ingatan tentang Victoria yang liar,
catlike, lethal, was too strong in garang, dan mematikan, terlalu kuat
my head. (Meyer, 2006: 230)
bercokol
dalam
kepalaku.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 376)
Mostly the compound words are formed on one or even other patterns and
Bahuvrihi has different perception of it. Bauvrihi does not refer to the pattern of
formation but to the relation it has with the referents. Neither constituent of such a
compound refers to the entity named; however, with the semantic movement that
may be thought of as “lateral”, the whole refers to a separate entity (usually
person) that is claimed to be characterized by the compound, in its literal or
figurative meaning as in catlike which means cruel and in Indonesian means
garang. Catlike is in the form of compound word, then it is rendered into garang
in the form of Indonesian single word with a different perception; however, it still
keeps the essential meaning that is figurative meaning.
4.1.2.2 Adjective Compounds
The adjective compound words mostly consist of adjectives as the
combination partner. It is combined by verbs, objects, adverbials, or even purely
adjectives. It has 3 types based on its parts of speech and word class. It is called
adjective compound words because there is an adjective combined together
including the adjective marker as present and past participle. It is clearer by
checking the examples below:
53
4.1.2.2.1 Verb and Object
a. Object + -ing participle
No.
18.
SL
I tried to clear my throat–and then
winced; the throat-clearing felt
like stabbing a knife down there.
(Meyer, 2006: 238)
TL
Aku
berusaha
membersihkan
tenggorokan - kemudian meringis; saat
membersihkan tenggorokan, rasanya
seperti
ditusuk
pisau
di
sana.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 389)
This type of adjective compound is object + -ing participle. It is a very productive
type because it incorporates the object throat with the action –ing participle and
they form compound word, it is totally different from the Indonesian which
applies verbal phrase to translate the throat-clearing that is membersihkan
tenggorokan, which is not included in Indonesian compound word characteristic.
It is concerned with the verbal phrase by adding the Indonesian konfiks me-kan as
the verbal marker. However, this translation is still accepted because the message
of throat-clearing is represented by membersihkan tenggorokan, as if the
researcher took the position as the reader; the phrase membersihkan tenggorokan
would be still readable and understandable because that activity could be done
without any medical tools. Membersihkan tenggorokan can be the swallowing
with a nervous expression grounded within, since the context is such a figurative
meaning, not the real activity as the words combined reflected, because it sounds
different if the context is not figuratively meant as the real throat-clearing by
using medical equipments, nevertheless, this context reflects the figurative
meaning stand by and it is translated literally into Indonesian.
54
4.1.2.2.2 Verb and Adverbial
a. Adverbial + -ing participle
No.
19.
SL
A pack of five mind-blowing
gigantic werewolves that had
stalked right past me in Edward's
meadow… (Meyer, 2006: 192)
TL
Kawanan yang terdiri atas lima
werewolf raksasa aneka warna yang
waktu itu berjalan melewatiku di
padang
rumput
Edward......
(Chresnayani, 2009: 315)
The concept of adverbial + -ing participle type is the adverbial mind as the
example completed with blowing in the –ing participle form. It is translated into
aneka warna which is included in Indonesian compound word category because it
cannot inserted by possessive –nya into anekanya warna, coordinating word dan
into aneka dan warna, or even aneka yang warna.
b. Adverbial + -ed participle
No.
20.
SL
"I certainly never thought to see
Carlisle bested for self-controlled
of all things, but you put him to
shame." (Meyer, 2006: 305)
TL
“Tak pernah terpikir olehku, aku akan
pernah melihat Carlisle kehilangan
kendali diri, tapi kau membuatnya
malu.” (Chresnayani, 2009: 500)
This type is particularly productive when the noun has agential meaning and
consists of self: self-styled, self-appointed, self-employed, self-taught and include
self-controlled as the example. Self-controlled has agential meaning which refers
to Carlisle as the subject of the sentence above which means the ability to remain
calm and not to show your emotions, then it is translated into kendali diri which is
included in the Indonesian compound word category because it cannot be inserted
with yang as kendali yang diri, dan as kendali dan diri, or –nya as kendalinya diri.
55
c. Adverb/adjective + -ing participle
No.
21.
SL
TL
………or Billy and Charlie aren't ........kalau tidak Billy dan Charlie tidak
going to be so easygoing about bakal semudah ini memberi izin.
this." (Meyer, 2006: 107)
(Chresnayani, 2009: 179)
This compound word, easygoing means X goes easy. It is translated into adjective
form in Indonesian semudah as single word only. There is no incorporation of
different meaning of words. While, easy is an adjective incorporated by going as
the –ing participle and it creates new meaning. The translator is not supposed to
force the Indonesian to be in compound word too, as long as the message is
represented, and to make the words sound interesting, the subordinate adjective
word se- is applied in Indonesian translation. It does not distract the meaning of
the Source Language utterance because both components are acceptable.
d. Adjective/adverb + -ed participle
No.
22.
SL
"I can see where you might confuse
me with a nightmare." His shortlived smile was grim. (Meyer,
2006: 325)
TL
“Aku bisa mengerti kau salah
mengartikan aku dengan mimpi
buruk.”
Senyum
Edward
yang
berumur singkat terlihat muram.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 533)
The short-lived compound word is the variety of verb and adverbial type in
adjective compound. The characteristic of this compound word is the use of past
participle to modify the adjective short. The definition of short-lived is X was
lived shortly. This completes the combination of verb and adverbial type of
adjective compound. Meanwhile, Indonesian tends to focus on the use of suffix
56
ber- to translate it, although Indonesian berumur singkat is not included in
compound word characteristic of the rule of the Indonesian compound word, it
still keeps the meaning of short-lived and both
match each other, because
berumur singkat is also adjective phrase.
4.1.2.2.3 Verbless
The concept of verbless compound word especially in adjective compound
word purely excludes the verbs as the modifier, and mostly uses rather nounbased, adjective and adverbial than verbs. The derivation is as follows:
a. Noun-based adverbial of respect + Adjective
No.
23.
SL
TL
He pulled me tight against his ice- Ia malah mendekapku erat-erat di
hard chest,…. (Meyer, 2006: 316) dadanya
yang
sekeras
es,.......
(Chresnayani, 2009: 517)
The compound word ice-hard as the hyphenated form is under the verbless
category seen from the word ice as noun-based and hard as adjective modifying
the noun-based. This is included in a very productive type, especially with certain
adjectives that have prepositional complementation such as free (from), proof
(against), weary (of). This compound word has the noun-based adverbial of
respect incorporated by adjective. Moreover, the translator prefers to translate it
by applying the suffix se- as the coordinate adjective level and the Indonesian
sekeras es is not compound word, even though it is an adjective, because it sounds
phrasal as sekerasnya es.
57
b. Noun (denoting basis of comparison) + Adjective
No.
24.
SL
A young woman with satiny copper
skin and long, straight, crow-black
hair was standing …… (Meyer,
2006: 215)
TL
Seorang wanita muda, berkulit sehalus
satin berwarna tembaga dan rambut
lurus panjang seperti bulu gagak,
berdiri.......(Chresnayani, 2009: 352)
This is a fairly productive type and the items formed can be usually used as nouns
which mean that stress is variable, but phrasal stress is usual. The example crowblack represents this concept. Crow is the noun (denoting basis of comparison)
and black as the adjective. The concept of crow-black is translated into bulu
gagak as crow has black fur. Bulu gagak is not included in Indonesian compound
word category because it can be inserted with the possessive pronoun –nya as
bulunya gagak, thus, it is included in the Indonesian noun phrase category.
c. Adjective + Adjective
No.
25.
SL
TL
The black-brown, familiar eyes of Mata hitam-cokelat yang familier,
Jacob Black. (Meyer, 2006: 190)
seperti
mata
Jacob
Black.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 312)
This type incorporates adjective and adjective in a coordinating relation but where
the phrasal stress pattern implies that the first is relatively thematic, the second
focal and hence semantically dominant. The color is basically brown but with a
blackish tint. Informally, this compound word can be reflected in the first
adjective having the suffix –y or –ish, as in blackish-brown, green-grey. It is
called coordinative compounds which are widely used with reference to
international relations where (despite the phrasal stress) parity is theoretically
58
fundamental, for example, Anglo-French and socio-economic; in many coordinate
compound words, the first element assumes a combining form, because it is
modified by the second element.
After classifying the data collection, from all categories either noun or
adjective compound words, it reaches 164 data of noun compounds and 45 data of
adjective compound words. By observing the result, it can be concluded that noun
compounds are higher than adjective compound in quantity, because the writer
often applies those compound words. In addition, the high quantity of noun
compounds reflects that they are easily created because they have many various
words in noun category.
4.2 The Fidelity Meaning of Compound Words’ Translation by Translation
Procedures
In this subchapter, the fidelity meaning of the translation of compound words
was elaborated based on the fidelity meaning concept argued by Beekman and
Callow (1974) and divided it into two scopes as the parameter of the analysis in
this subchapter namely fidelity to the meaning and fidelity to the dynamics. Both
concepts were completed as well by applying the translation procedures stated by
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008: 84) who divided translation process into
two terms, namely direct translation and oblique translation. It contained seven
procedures of translation which classified the new variety of language. These
procedures were applied in order to control the translator’s work. In the listing
59
which follows, the first three procedures were direct translation and the others
were oblique translation.
DIRECT TRANSLATION
OBLIQUE TRANSLATION
(SOURCE LANGUAGE)
(TARGET LANGUAGE)
Borrowing
Transposition
Calque
Modulation
Literal Translation
Equivalence
Adaptation
4.2.1 Borrowing
Borrowing is commonly the simplest of all translation methods because it just
borrows the Source Language utterance since there is no equivalent in the Target
Language. This method has two systems, first the translator defends the Source
Language utterance without any change (pure borrowing), and second the
translator borrows the Source Language utterance; however, the pronunciation has
been adjusted to the Target Language (naturalized borrowing). Further, to have
obvious understanding, the data analyses such as backpacker, antisocial, popcorn,
dashboard, and cockpit based on the borrowing methods are discussed below:
Datum 1
No.
SL
TL
1.
……dedicated backpackers from the …….backpacker
sejati
kalau
sound of their conversation. (Meyer, menilik
dari
obrolannya.
2006: 79)
(Chresnayani, 2009: 134)
60
Backpacker means a person who travels on holiday/vacation carrying equipment
and clothes in a backpack. This compound word is included in the adverbial back
incorporated with agential noun in –er packer which is moderately productive
type. It does not have any equivalent in Indonesian, thus the translator tends to
choose pure borrowing to obtain the same concept of the Source Language. It can
be assumed as fidelity to the dynamics because the natural form of backpacker is
represented in the Target Language and pure borrowing is the accurate way to
reach the fidelity of meaning.
Datum 2
No.
SL
TL
2.
I knew I had offended her with my Aku
tahu
aku
membuatnya
antisocial behavior,…(Meyer, 2006: tersinggung dengan sikapku yang
65)
antisosial,…(Chresnayani,
2009:
113)
The compound word antisocial is borrowed naturally into antisosial in
Indonesian. The pronunciation is changed to adjust the Indonesian accent; it
occurs because the concept of both antisocial and antisosial are the same, which
is not liking to meet other people; unfriendly; harmful to other people. If it were
translated into the truly Indonesian meaning, it would take a long sentence and
would not attract people as the novel is an amused literary work. Thus, the
naturalized borrowing is the simplest and accurate technique applied in this
translation of compound word; and it is acceptable, because the basic concept of
naturalized borrowing is adjusting both Source Language and Target Language in
61
pronouncing. This translation is included into fidelity to dynamic because it still
defends the naturalness from the Source Language to the Target Language.
Datum 3
No.
SL
TL
3.
"I'm getting popcorn. Do you want “Aku mau beli popcorn dulu. Kau
any?" (Meyer, 2006: 69)
mau juga?” (Chresnayani, 2009:
119)
Popcorn is the western snack which has no name in Indonesia. Because popcorn
is well-known to be called instead of jagung goreng, thus the translator applied
the same to mean the same object too, that is, popcorn. This word has been
acceptable as pure borrowing word and Indonesian can use this word to render the
similar perception of popcorn. The concept of pure borrowing defends the Source
Language utterance without any change because it adjusts the culture of Source
Language to Target Language to obtain the idea of popcorn itself, moreover to
maintain the naturalness of the Source Language utterance as fidelity to the
dynamic concept.
Datum 4
No.
SL
4.
I didn't think of the bloody mess my
nails had been when I'd finished
clawing it out of the dashboard.
(Meyer, 2006: 67)
TL
Aku juga tidak berpikir tentang jarijariku yang berdarah setelah aku
merenggutkan benda itu secara
paksa dari dasbor. (Chresnayani,
2009: 116)
62
The translation dashboard into dasbor in Indonesian has been produced naturally
which means the translator borrows the word dashboard and change the
pronunciation with the Indonesian style into dasbor without reducing the
dashboard concept. In translation theory, this technique can be applied because
first, there is no equivalent utterance of Source Language in the Target Language,
second the culture, dialect, and variety are different, and the last one is that the
translator’s preference. As long as the translation is understood by the reader, this
translation is called acceptable, because it is naturally adjusted into Indonesian
pronunciation, moreover it is said to be fidelity to dynamics.
Datum 5
No.
SL
TL
5.
The pilots leaned out of the cockpit, Pilot-pilot mencondongkan tubuh
chatting with them as they passed. dari kokpit, mengobrol dengan
(Meyer, 2006: 277)
pramugari-pramugari ketika mereka
lewat. (Chresnayani, 2009: 447)
The compound word cockpit is a space, usually enclosed, in the forward fuselage
of an airplane containing the flying controls, instrument panel, and seats for the
pilot and co-pilot or flight crew. The translator seems lack of adequate words in
Indonesian to render cockpit, thus she borrows the Source Language utterance into
Target Language by adjusting the pronunciation of cockpit to the Indonesian
dialect kokpit. Both have the same perception illustrated above, and this is also
included as one of the borrowing factors in translation. The translator chose this
technique to obtain the faithful meaning than translating the cockpit by using
Indonesian explanation. Reflecting the naturalized borrowing concept, this
63
translation refers to the fidelity to dynamics because the naturalness of the Source
Language into Target Language is strongly maintained in order to require the
readable translation.
4.2.2 Calque
The next procedure stated by Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2008: 84) is
Calque. It refers to the case where the translator imitates in his translation the
structure or manner of expression of the Source Language. It is almost the same as
borrowing, however borrowing tends to cover pronunciation and pure imitating of
the Source Language.
Datum 6
No.
SL
TL
6.
Emmett and Rosalie had gone to Emmet dan Rosalie sempat pergi
Europe for a few months on another berbulan madu lagi ke Eropa selama
honeymoon,…..(Meyer, 2006: 260) beberapa
bulan........(Chresnayani,
2009: 424)
The concept of Calque procedure is imitating the structure and manners of Source
Language utterance. This concept is applied in translating honeymoon compound
word. Honeymoon is a vacation or trip taken by newly married couple and this is a
western culture adopted by Indonesian too then to represent the concept of
honeymoon, the translator imitates the manner of honeymoon into berbulan madu.
In this case, the new expression is created syntactically from honeymoon into
berbulan madu, because the noun honeymoon is rendered into the Indonesian verb
berbulan madu, however the original message is still maintained which makes this
64
translation fidelity to the meaning, and this translation is required acceptable
because the compound word honeymoon translated into berbulan madu meets the
two words semantic feature that is a vacation or trip taken by newly married
couple.
Datum 7
No.
SL
7.
…… watching the clock and debating
what percentage of a ninety-minute
movie could be spent on romantic
exposition. (Meyer, 2006: 69)
TL
… memandangi jam sambil
berdebat dalam hati berapa persen
dari film berdurasi sembilan puluh
menit yang bisa dihabiskan untuk
adegan cinta. (Chresnayani, 2009:
119)
The compound word ninety-minute is rendered into sembilan puluh menit which is
included in Calque procedure because the translator imitates the structures
completely and also the manners. The translation is fidelity in meaning because it
represents all the package of Source Language utterance and also Indonesian does
not seem weird; in addition, it is acceptable and accurate in meaning. Here also
there is additional verb in Indonesian to have the translation naturally sounded
that is berdurasi which means lasting and the function of this verb is to support
the time sembilan puluh menit strongly in reflecting the Source Language
utterance because if it is only ”…. berapa persen dari film sembilan puluh
menit….”, this Indonesian is not completely natural, thus berdurasi is compatible
verb to strengthen the meaning of the context, because it has the time feature and
collocation.
65
Datum 8
No.
SL
8.
………the tendons and veins had
become prominent under the redbrown skin of his arms, his hands.
(Meyer, 2006: 85)
TL
.........otot-otot tendon dan urat
nadinya semakin jelas dibalik kuilt
lengan dan tangannya yang merah
cokelat. (Chresnayani, 2009: 145)
Red-brown is a type of adjective-adjective compound word. It is also rendered
into the same adjective concept as merah-cokelat in Indonesian. This translation
gets a Calque technique; as the matter of fact, merah-cokelat is the imitation of
red-brown either in structure or in manner. It is fidelity of meaning which tends to
have the Source Language the same equivalent utterance. Both Source Language
and Target Language are also in adjective word class; in addition, structurally
they are equivalent, because technically there is no changing position of the word
class.
Datum 9
No.
SL
TL
9.
Since you didn't get me a fifty-cent Berhubung kau tidak membelikan
box of candy, it's the least you can sekotak cokelat seharga lima puluh
do." (Meyer, 2006: 132)
sen, paling tidak itulah yang bisa
kaulakukan.” (Chresnayani, 2009: 219)
The compound word fifty-cent has the translation lima puluh sen in Indonesian. It
is such an adjustment from the Source Language to the Target Language. The
translator makes a structure and manner imitation to get the faithful meaning and
acceptable translation called calque or loan words. It can be a faithful translation
because if taking position as the reader, it definitely gets the meaning of the
66
Source Language, moreover, only simple change taking place in the translation,
that is, cent into sen because to adjust the Indonesian accent. In addition,
Indonesian context requires a supporting verb to mean a fifty cent box that is
seharga. This verb is used because it links the amount of money to have natural
translation and fidelity to meaning.
Datum 10
No.
SL
TL
10. Eric and Katie already had plans–it Eric dan Katie sudah punya rencana
was their three-week anniversary or sendiri-mau merayakan tiga minggu
something. (Meyer, 2006: 134)
mereka
pacaran
atau
apa.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 222)
Three-week is rendered into tiga minggu and both have the same perception, that
is, the week duration. It is included in the Calque technique because three is
replaced by tiga and week by minggu. Their structure is also the same as each
other, no change in structure and manner. It can be a faithful translation because
the Indonesian translation represents the meaning, style, and concept of ninetyminute, and it is included in fidelity to meaning concept.
4.2.3 Literal Translation
Literal translation is a direct transfer of a Source Language text into a
grammatically and idiomatically appropriate Target Language text. Principally,
literal translation is a unique solution in which it is reversible and complete in
itself; this technique wants to defend the structure and the meaning of the Source
Language in the Target Language. The data analysis such as half-hidden,
67
barefoot, floorboard, sundown, and half-blind based on the literal techniques of
translation as follows,
Datum 11
No.
SL
11. When they saw me there, half-hidden
beside Jacob, they all became furious
in the same second. (Meyer, 2006:
210)
TL
Tapi begitu melihatku di sana,
separo tersembunyi di samping
Jacob, amarah mereka langsung
meledak pada detik yang sama.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 343)
Literally, this hyphenated compound word half-hidden is rendered into separo
tersembunyi. Separo here represents half and tersembunyi replaces hidden.
Structurally, the translation does not change. Hidden is modified by half,
moreover, tersembunyi is also modified by separo. This translation applied literal
technique and this is included in the concept of fidelity, because there is no
change in meaning , further, this translation is accurate in meaning and even in
structure. Moreover, the word chosen also influences this compound word
translation as seen that separo tends to be an adjective as in half, and tersembunyi
is the participle as in hidden too. Thus, both are adjective compounds and
included into fidelity to meaning because the original message of Source
Language utterance is still maintained in the Target Language.
Datum 12
No.
SL
TL
12. ……. he could afford–guess .......... kurasa mulai sekarang Jacob harus
Jacob's going barefoot now." bertelanjang kaki.” (Chresnayani, 2009:
(Meyer, 2006: 212)
347)
68
Barefoot is rendered into bertelanjang kaki. Seen from the structure and meaning,
barefoot is with the feet bare and the same concept as bertelanjang kaki. This is
included in literal technique because barefoot is directly transferred into a
bertelanjang kaki which is grammatically and idiomatically approppriate.
Furthermore, both are adjective compounds in the context and there is no shift in
meaning grammatically, because it is included in fidelity to meaning which still
maintains the Source Language meaning transferred into the Target Language.
Datum 13
No.
SL
13. Emily's kitchen was a friendly place,
bright with white cupboards and pale
wooden floorboards. (Meyer, 2006:
216)
TL
Dapur
Emily
menyenangkan,
cemerlang dengan rak-rak dapur
berwarna putih dan lantai papan
dari
kayu
berwarna
pucat.
.......(Chresnayani, 2009: 354)
The compound word floorboard is included in he verbless noun compound and
has been rendered into lantai papan grammatically. The translator tends to apply
literal technique as the meaning and concept also the same as either floorboard or
lantai papan. The floor is represented by lantai and takes the position as head and
board is rendered into papan as the modifier. Literally, this translation is accurate
and this technique is also appropriate to be applied in translating floorboard,
because there is no changing of the meaning in both utterance and this translation
is said to be fidelity to meaning since the meaning is still defended.
69
Datum 14
No.
SL
TL
14. "I barely touched him. He'll be perfect “Aku nyaris tidak menyentuhnya
by sundown." (Meyer, 2006: 217)
kok. Saat matahari terbenam nanti
lukanya pasti sudah sembuh.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 355)
Matahari terbenam as the representative of sundown has the same structure and
grammar in terms of literal technique concept. Sundown is included in the noun
compound of subject and deverbal noun category, while matahari terbenam is a
phrase in Indonesian, however, grammatically sun is modified by down and also
matahari is modified by terbenam. Both Source Language and Target Language
meet each other in the grammar concept and literal technique concept, because the
changing cannot be found in this translation, the meaning is literally and purely
transferred to have fidelity to meaning.
Datum 15
No.
SL
15. Not sure if home was what I wanted at
this point, I stumbled, half-blind,
through the airport,…. (Meyer, 2006:
321)
TL
Tidak yakin apakah saat ini ingin
pulang, aku tersaruk-saruk, separo
buta,
melintasi
bandara,.....
(Chresnayani, 2009: 526)
Literally, this hyphenated compound word half-blind is rendered into separo buta.
Separo here represents half and buta replaces blind. Structurally, the translation is
not changed. Blind is modified by half, moreover, buta is also modiefied by
separo. This translation applied literal technique and this is included in the fidelity
70
concept, because there is no change in meaning, further, this translation is
accurate in meaning and even in structure, thus it is said to be fidelity to meaning.
4.2.4 Transposition
Transposition involves replacing one word class with another without
changing the meaning of the message.
Datum 16
No.
SL
16. ……. flying through the thick forest
without a road, piggyback while he
ran – I stopped thinking right
there……. (Meyer, 2006: 124)
TL
.......terbang menembus hutan lebat
tanpa
berjalan,
menaiki
punggungnya sementara ia berlaripikiranku berhenti sampai disitu.....
(Chresnayani, 2009: 206)
Piggyback is included in adverb word class which means on the back or
shoulders. This compound word is categorized as the type of verbless noun
compound. Piggyback is translated into menaiki punggung in Indonesian. It is
called transposition because, there is change in word class between piggyback as
an adverb into menaiki punggung as verb in Indonesian as it is added by the suffix
me- to show the action verb. In order to reach the naturalness form as in the
Target Language, this technique is applied to have fidelity to dynamic which the
essential concept comprehension is empowering the natural message of Source
Language into Target Language.
71
Datum 17
No.
SL
TL
17. That's going to mean a lot of Itu berarti akan banyak tembakfirepower out there in the forest, and menembak di hutan, dan itu
it worries me. (Meyer, 2006: 193)
membuatku khawatir. (Chresnayani,
2009: 316)
The compound word firepower is noun compound category in subject and
complement, fire as the subject and power as the complement and it is rendered
into tembak-menembak which is included in the repetition verb in the Indonesian
grammar. Firepower as noun translated into repetition verb gets transposition
technique because the translator changes the word class. Firepower is in the form
of noun compound word; meanwhile tembak-menembak is the verb. If it is seen
from all contexts, the translation is acceptable because it represents what the
Source Language concept is and only the word class changes.
Datum 18
No.
SL
18. …..that the dilapidated motorcycles
rusting in the Markses' front yard
beside the hand-printed FOR
SALE,….. (Meyer, 2006: 82)
TL
……bahwa
sepeda-sepeda
motor
rongsok karatan di halaman depan
rumah keluarga Marks, di sebelah
pengumuman
bertulis
tangan
DIJUAL…..(Chresnayani, 2009: 141)
Hand-printed is the compound word in adverbial and verb –ed category of
adjective compound. Meanwhile, it is rendered into bertulis tangan refers to
intransitive verb in Indonesian word grammar. The changing of word class here is
called transposition technique. The translator replaces one word class with another
without changing the meaning of the message. The meaning of hand-printed is an
72
impression or mark made with the palm and fingers on a surface, and this has the
same perception as bertulis tangan in Indonesian. Thus, it reflects the pattern of
transposition technique in translation, and the two meanings are in line, moreover,
the translation can be called the faith one, because the shift is only from the
structure and still maintains the meaning.
Datum 19
No.
SL
TL
19. If I were an oath-breaker, too. Seandainya
saja
aku
bisa
(Meyer, 2006: 81)
melanggar sumpahku sendiri.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 140)
This compound word oath-breaker translated into melanggar sumpah is included
in transposition technique because the oath-breaker consists of the word oath as
adverbial and breaker as the verbal agent with suffix –er and they are combined
into one noun compound classification; while, melanggar sumpah as Indonesian
translation is the active verb with sumpah as the object. Objected from the form of
both Source Language and Target Language, the English noun compound is
changed into Indonesian active verb although the meaning is still faithful. They
only transfer the word class form to vary the text for entertaining the reader and
avoid from being monotonous. This way is in balance with the fidelity to dynamic
concept because the focus of this translation is the naturalness maintenance to
have the natural translation and adjustment from the Source Language into the
Target Language.
73
Datum 20
No.
SL
TL
20. Alice grabbed his arm with a Alice
menyambar
lengannya,
restraining hand. (Meyer, 2006: 307) memeganginya.
(Chresnayani,
2009: 503)
The restraining hand is the verbal –ing and is the type of noun compound
category. This compound word gets the transposition technique because the result
of this technique is changing the word class as in Indonesian memegangi which is
included in verb classification. Another concept of transposition is although the
word class changes, the meaning transferred does not change. This concept affects
the translation; moreover, there is no meaning shift and this procedure also affects
the translation into fidelity to dynamic scope because only the naturalness is being
strengthened in this procedure and the result.
4.2.5 Modulation
Modulation is a change in point of view that allows us to express the same
phenomenon in a different way. Modulation as a procedure of translation occurs
when there is a change in perspective accompanied with a lexical change in the
Target Language. Unfortunately, the compound words taking modulation
technique is not found in the data source, because it is not common to find the
compound words rendered into the changing point of view except the function of
compound word contains subject of the context. In conclusion, the translator does
not apply this technique to render the compound words attached in the novel.
74
4.2.6 Equivalence
This term is used to refer to cases where languages describe the same
situation by different stylistic or structural means.
Datum 21
No.
SL
TL
21. I was hardly ever bad-tempered Aku jarang marah kepada Edward,
with Edward, ….. (Meyer, 2006: …… (Chresnayani, 2009: 28)
16)
This hyphenated compound word bad-tempered is rendered equivalently to
marah. It is included in equivalence technique because the bad-tempered
describes the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. In terms of
meaning, both Source Language and Target Language are in line and acceptable
each other as the equivalence translation. It is also included in fidelity to dynamic
because it maintains the natural and original message in the Target Language, thus
it can be readable and acceptable towards the readers.
Datum 22
No.
SL
TL
22. How could he be so calloused, so Apakah ia begitu tidak punya perasaan,
cold-blooded? (Meyer, 2006: 111) begitu tega? (Chresnayani, 2009: 186)
This hyphenated compound word cold-blooded is rendered equivalently to tega. It
is included in the equivalence technique because the cold-blooded describes the
same situation using different stylistic or structural meaning. In terms of meaning,
75
both Source Language and Target Language are in line and acceptable to each
other as the equivalence translation, because it sounds naturally in the Target
Language, thus it is required into fidelity to meaning which maintains the
naturalness of the Source Language into the Target Language.
Datum 23
No.
SL
28. This idea had a huge potential for
backfiring – it might be
dangerously painful. (Meyer,
2006: 127)
TL
Ide itu berpotensi besar menjadi senjata
makan tuan - bisa jadi tiu malah akan
sangat
menyakitkan.
(Chresnayani,
2009: 212)
This adjective compound word backfiring is rendered equivalently into senjata
makan tuan. This equivalence technique is often desirable for the translator who
uses an entirely different structure with different meaning from the Source
Language into Target Language as long as it is considered appropriate but in the
communicative situation. The idea of senjata makan tuan is acceptable and
accurate seems the Indonesian does not sound weird and also meet the Source
Language concept, because the naturalness is still maintained as fidelity to
dynamic required.
Datum 24
No.
SL
TL
24. I owed him a face-to-face Setidaknya aku harus bicara empat
conversation, at least. (Meyer, mata dengannya. (Chresnayani, 2009:
2006: 195)
320)
76
The hyphenated compound word face-to-face has the concept of discussing
personally. In Indonesian, empat mata is in line with that concept. Both have the
figurative meaning, thus in translating it needs the equivalence lexical and
structural type of translation. Equivalence technique is more appropriate to render
this compound word than to translate literally, because it sounds natural and
acceptable to the readers. Empat mata also has the personal talking and it contains
figurative idea because it is usually acted by only two persons and consists of four
eyes. Face-to-face also consists of two persons because it is done by two persons
and has two faces. Thus, both are equivalent by equivalence technique; because
they are in maintaining naturalness of the utterances.
Datum 25
No.
SL
TL
25. ……..placing a powder-light hand .......... meletakkan tangannya yang
on her shoulder. (Meyer, 2006: seringan bedak ke bahu Jane.
308)
(Chresnayani, 2009: 505)
The figurative meaning concept of powder-light is comprehensive with seringan
bedak. In this case, the translator applies equivalence technique to adjust the
closest natural meaning of the Source Language utterance to Target Language
both lexically and structurally. It is also required to be fidelity to dynamic because
the naturalness of the translation is maintained. In conclusion, mostly equivalence
techniques are used to be fidelity to dynamic because the natural meaning is the
focus of this scope.
77
4.2.7 Adaptation
Adaptation is used in the cases where the type of situation being referred to
by the Source Language message is unknown in the Target Language culture. It
occurs because both English and Indonesian differ in regard to habitual language
usage too. In such a case, the translators have to create a new situation that can be
considered being equivalent.
Datum 26
No.
SL
TL
26. Today was my birthday. I was Hari ini hari ulang tahunku. Aku
officially eighteen years old. genap berusia delapan belas tahun.
(Meyer, 2006: 10)
(Chresnayani, 2009: 18)
If the compound word birthday was translated literally, it would be hari lahir in
Indonesian. However, it is not acceptable to Indonesian because hari lahir tends
to the day where someone is born, maybe on Monday, Tuesday, etc. Here, the
translator adapts the birthday with the common terminology in Indonesian, which
is ulang tahun. This is fidelity of meaning; the translator reproduces the
equivalent utterance from Source Language to Target Language in order to engage
faithful translation. Further, both cultures influence the adaptation technique of
this translation. Fidelity to dynamic leads this translation into faithful, because the
naturalness of the Target Language is maintained by translating the birthday into
ulang tahun and it is totally sound unnatural in hari lahir.
78
Datum 27
No.
SL
TL
27. I skipped breakfast, in a hurry to Aku melewatkan sarapan, terburuget out of the house as quickly as buru ingin meninggalkan rumah
possible. (Meyer, 2006: 11)
secepat mungkin. (Chresnayani, 2009:
19)
This is one of acceptable translations using adaptation technique. Breakfast is the
noun compound type in verb and adverbial category. It is translated into sarapan
instead of makan pagi. Literally, makan pagi is not bad translation, however,
sarapan is adapted to get the accurate meaning and also acceptable in the case of
the fidelity to dynamic because the natural form of breakfast is adapted into
Indonesian naturally.
Datum 28
No.
SL
28. ………other than the screamingloud engine and the fifty-five-mileper-hour maximum speed limit.
(Meyer, 2006: 84)
TL
....kecuali suara mesinnya yang berisik
dan batas maksimal kecepatannya
hanya 88 kilometer per jam.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 143)
The hyphenated form fifty-five-mile-per-hour compound word is translated into 88
kilometer per jam. The translator adapts the measurement of the Target Language
to obtain the fidelity of meaning. This technique is proper to apply in this
translation because, Indonesian does not have mile as the distance measurement.
That is why the adaptation technique is valid to render fifty-five-mile-per-hour
into 88 kilometer per jam, since mile is not common in Indonesian distance
accuracy of measurement. This technique is required into fidelity to dynamic
79
because culturally the source utterance is translated natural into the Target
Language.
Datum 29
No.
SL
29. I'd bet that she was wishing we'd
taken her car instead of walking the
short distance from the theater, so
that she could use the drivethrough. (Meyer, 2006: 75)
TL
Aku berani bertaruh, Jessica pasti
menyesal karena tadi kami berjalan
kaki ke sini, bukannya naik mobil,
supaya bisa memesan lewat mobil
saja. (Chresnayani, 2009: 130)
The term drive-through is very common in the fast food restaurant; even
Indonesian also has the facility to attract people to come. This hyphenated
compound word is rendered into memesan lewat mobil which adapts the
Indonesian equivalence because; Indonesian does not have the concrete word to
render it. Thus, the adaptation technique is applied in this translation to adjust the
Target Language without reducing the essential meaning of the Source Language,
and it is involved in fidelity to dynamic as the naturalness is still maintained.
After conducting the analysis of the translation procedures applied in these
compound words’ translation, it is concluded that the fidelity to meaning covers
pure borrowing technique, calque, and literal translation procedures since these
procedures requires maintaining the meaning of the Source Language; meanwhile
the fidelity to dynamic reflects into naturalized borrowing, transposition,
equivalence, and adaptation as naturalness is the main focus of being faithful
requirement.
80
4.3 The Possible Translation of Compound Words
This subchapter serves the data that prove the Quine’s theory of translation
indeterminacy joining the Knowledge-Based Theory. Quine’s principal tends to
be different ways of translating a language which is equally correct but which is
not merely stylistic variant. The claim includes what one may think of as the
limiting case of translation in which a given language is ‘translated’ into itself.
This concept applied in this subchapter by attaching the researcher’s idea to
translate the compound word is strengthened by referring to encyclopaedia and
dictionary to fulfil the Knowledge-Based Theory concept in case every translator
has their capability to render such compound words using their knowledge
supported by the trusted references. They are all described as follows:
Datum 1
No.
SL
1.
……..just like they had their
legends of the great flood and
wolf-men ancestors. (Meyer, 2006:
59)
TL
…….sama halnya dengan legenda
mereka tentang air bah dan leluhur
berwujud werewolf. (Chresnayani,
2009: 98)
Etymologically, wolf-man means (in myth or fiction) a person who changes for
periods of time into a wolf, typically when there is a full moon. This hyphenated
compound word basically has its equivalent word in Indonesian as manusia
serigala which has the same meaning as it. This translation sounds more
Indonesian and comprehensive for the readers. If it is still kept as the borrowing
technique totally, some readers who are not familiar with English will not be sure
in understanding the context; werewolf can be supposed to be a monster, a giant,
81
or etc based on the reader’s interpretation. However, if it is rendered into manusia
serigala, Indonesian readers easily catch the idea of the wolf-man, because it
sounds natural and readable as the concept of fidelity to dynamic which maintains
the naturalness of the translation.
Datum 2
No.
SL
TL
2.
He laughed. "Maybe you shouldn't Jacob terbahak. ”Mungkin sebaiknya
touch the motorcycles too much." kau
nanti
jangan
sering-sering
(Meyer, 2006: 95)
menyentuh motor.” (Chresnayani,
2009: 160)
The compound word motorcycle is under verbless category of noun compound. It
means a two-wheeled vehicle that is powered by a motor and has no pedals. This
is such a land transportation which people commonly use to go to the destination
and sometimes it is rode to avoid the traffic especially in a big city. Motorcycle in
Source Language is translated into motor in Indonesian. The meaning of motor is
actually different from the essential meaning of motorcycle. It is a comparatively
small and powerful engine, especially an internal-combustion engine in an
automobile, motorboat, or the like. In Indonesian, motor means mesin yang
menjadi tenaga penggerak (KBBI, 1999: 666). Thus, both meanings are totally
different. Here, the researcher applies sepeda motor to replace motor in rendering
motorcycle. Sepeda motor is also a two-wheeled vehicle that is powered by a
motor and has no pedals. It is more acceptable and accurate than motor although
Indonesian people commonly assume motor as motorcycle because of the
generalization process of Indonesian language. However, to reach a faithful
82
translation, the component of each Source Language and Target Language must
match equivalently, and then the critical readers can be satisfied with the
translation, because the features of the Target Language represents the real thing
that is motorcycle.
Datum 3
No.
SL
TL
3.
And then Mike stumbled out of the Kemudian Mike tersaruk-saruk keluar
bathroom, his face ashen and dari toilet, wajahnya kelabu dan
covered in sweat. (Meyer, 2006: berkeringat. (Chresnayani, 2009: 232)
140)
Bathroom is a room containing a bath and usually also a washbasin and a toilet. It
is a verb and object category of noun compound. It is translated into toilet in
Indonesian. Actually, toilet is the part of bathroom which people can take a pee
and pup there. It is acceptable to render bathroom into kamar mandi. This phrase
represents the meaning of bathroom better than toilet because toilet comes from
the adaptation process of western. This is called adaptation because Indonesian
only has kamar mandi to mean bathroom.
Datum 4
No.
SL
TL
4.
"I'm fine," I snapped. I kicked the “Aku baik-baik saja,” bentakku.
gearshift down one notch. (Meyer, Kupelankan gas sedikit. (Chresnayani,
2006: 120)
2009: 200)
Gearshift is a gear level and it is rendered into gas in Indonesian. Based on
meaning, gas is not represented by the gearshift because it has different function
and feature. Gearshift is a gear level, while gas is a handlebar in motorcycle to
83
control the speed. It is totally different from the function of gearshift. Through the
Quine’s theory, each translator has his/her own perception to render such a word
even compound word. As the position as the translator as well, the researcher
proposes that the translation of gearshift is gigi in Indonesian. The function of gigi
has the same concept as gear level. Thus, in the researcher’s point of view, gigi is
nearly close to the gearshift, because it is naturally translated as fidelity to
dynamic concept and the feature supported this translation that is gear level.
Reflected from those possible translations, all (both the translator and the
researcher’s point of views) could be correct, and none of the translators will
agree with the others’ renditions, because both have the different knowledge
based on their experiences too. It is an essential concept of Quine’s theory.
Moreover, the Knowledge-Based Theory completes this theory and supports it to
render using different style and words.
84
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
This research discusses the fidelity of meaning of the translation of
compound words in New Moon novel. The analyses conducted in this research are
of three aspects: (1) the categories of compound words based on the form and the
types covered by Quirk’s compound word theory in his book A Comprehensive
Grammar of the English Language (1985), (2) the fidelity of meaning of the
compound words through translation procedures by Vinay and Darbelnet in
Venuti (2008), and (3) the possible translation
by the researcher as the
translator’s position by giving the opinion reflected from the Knowledge-Based
Theory to serve another point of view in order to reach the fidelity of meaning of
acceptable translation.
In this case, close form in which the words are melded together, such as
hometown, rainbow, and grandmother reach 110 data (52,63%), the hyphenated
form includes post-breakup, bad-tempered, and venom-coated. This compound
words form has 69 data (33,01%), and the open form includes glass plates, lunar
eclipse, and new moon. This open form influences 30 data (14,35%). In addition,
the novelist intends to apply close form of compound words by calculating the
percentage of compound word usage to have an attractive reading style and the
readers are able to feel the atmosphere of the story. The hyphenated form reaches
the second rank of the translator’s preference, it may be because this form is easy
85
to create, and however, it must obey the mechanism of building such forms. Last,
open form only covers 30 data of accomplishing the translator’s preference in
arranging compound words. Moreover, according to the analysis of all categories
of noun and adjective compound words, it reaches 164 data of noun compounds
and 45 data of adjective compound words. In conclusion, the novelist tends to
create noun compounds easily in her novel than adjective compounds based on the
fact that the amount of adjective compounds is less than noun compounds.
Further, this research is completed with the seven techniques of translating
the compound words which support the fidelity meaning. The techniques include
borrowing either pure or naturalized, calque, literal, transposition, modulation,
equivalence, and adaptation. Unfortunately, modulation technique is not applied
in the translations.
After analyzing the translation procedures applied in these compound words’
translation, it is concluded that the fidelity to meaning covers pure borrowing
technique, calque, and literal translation procedures; meanwhile the fidelity to
dynamic reflects into naturalized borrowing, transposition, equivalence, and
adaptation.
In addition, the last problem questions the Quine’s theory of translation
indeterminacy joining the Knowledge-Based Theory. All of which (both the
translator and the researcher’s point of views) could be correct, and none of the
translators will agree with the others’ perceptions, because both propose the
different knowledge based on their experiences.
86
5.2 Suggestion
Since this research is conducted as scientific research, it is essential for the
researcher to give suggestions to those who are especially interested in literary
works such as novel; this research can be a supporting reference to comprehend
the compound word and the esthetic form of those compounds. This research does
not only serve a structural point of compound word but also the meaning rendered
into Indonesian to explain the readers that English compound words are not
always followed by Indonesian compound words in form, they may change in
structure and transpositions; furthermore, the readers are suggested to enhance
their information of compound words.
This research also seems to be a reference to other researchers to conduct the
same topic in different point of view according to the purposes and the usage. It is
not perfect but at least can be a guidance to undergo the deeper analysis about
compounding words, investigating the methods of rendering into Indonesian,
elaborating the possible translations within.
87
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Meyer, Stephenie. 2006. New Moon. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
Newmark, P. (1988). Approaches to Translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall.
Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. 1974. Language Structure and
Translation. California: Stanford University Press.
88
Nida, Eugene A. and Charles R. Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of
Translation. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Palmer, F. R. 1981. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pinchuck, Isadore. 1977. Scientific and Technical Translation. London: Andre
Deutch Limited.
Quine, W.V. 1960. Words and Objects. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Quine, W.V. 1969. Ontological Relativity, in W.V. Quine: Ontological
Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia.
Quirk, Randolph dan Sidney Greenbaum. 1985. A University Grammar of
English. England: Longman House Burnt Mill, Harlow.
Saiffudin Azwar. 2001. Metode Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Soenjono Dardjowidjojo. 2005. Psikolinguistik: Pengantar Pemahaman Bahasa
Manusia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa: Pengantar
Penelitian Whana Kebudayaan secara Linguistis. Yogyakarta: Duta
Wacana University.
Sutrisno Hadi. 1986. Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Penerbitan
Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta.
Venuti, Lawrence (ed). 2000. The Translation Studies Reader. London:
Routledge.
Widdowson, H. G. 1996. Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
89
DATA APPENDIX
SOURCE LANGUAGE
1. my drizzly new hometown in
Forks….. (Meyer, 2006: 9)
2. I panicked as Edward walked
toward us through the glaring
sunlight. (Meyer, 2006: 9)
3. ….. a thousand rainbow shards
like he was made of crystal or
diamond? (Meyer, 2006: 9)
4. ………put his arm around my
shoulder and turned to face my
grandmother. (Meyer, 2006: 10)
5. With a dizzying jolt, my dream
abruptly became a nightmare.
(Meyer, 2006: 10)
6. I woke with a start–my eyelids
popping open wide–and gasped.
(Meyer, 2006: 10)
7. Today was my birthday. I was
officially eighteen years old.
(Meyer, 2006: 10)
8. The only creases were the ones
on my forehead, …… (Meyer,
2006: 11)
9. I skipped breakfast, in a hurry to
get out of the house as quickly as
possible. (Meyer, 2006: 11)
10. ….. a shower of rust specks
fluttered down to the wet
blacktop….(Meyer, 2006: 12)
11. Did you like the scrapbook your
mom sent you? And the camera
from Charlie? (Meyer, 2006: 12)
12. Hearing the stutter in my
heartbeats, he smiled again.
(Meyer, 2006: 12)
13. He lifted his free hand and traced
one cool fingertip around the
outside of my lips as he spoke.
(Meyer, 2006: 12)
14. No one wants a spotlight when
TARGET LANGUAGE
1. kampung halamanku yang selalu
berhujan (Chresnayani, 2009: 16)
2. Aku panik juga saat Edward berjalan
menghampiri kami di bawah terik
matahari
yang
menyengat.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 16)
3. …..
ribuan
keping
pelangi,
membuatnya
terlihat
seakan-akan
terbuat dari Kristal atau berlian?
(Chresnayani, 2009: 16)
4. ………merangkul
bahuku
dan
membalikkan tubuhku sehingga aku
berdiri
berhadap-hadapan
dengan
nenekku. (Chresnayani, 2009: 17)
5. Dengan keterkejutan memusingkan,
mimpiku sekonyong-konyong berubah
menjadi mimpi buruk. (Chresnayani,
2009: 18)
6. Aku terbangun kaget - kelopak mataku
terbuka
lebar-dan
terkesiap.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 18)
7. Hari ini hari ulang tahunku. Aku
genap berusia delapan belas tahun.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 18)
8. Tapi satu-satunya kerutan yang ada
hanya di dahi, ….. (Chresnayani, 2009:
19)
9. Aku melewatkan sarapan, terburu-buru
ingin meninggalkan rumah secepat
mungkin. (Chresnayani, 2009: 19)
10. …… kepingan kecil karat beterbangan
mengotori
baju
hitamku...(Chresnayani, 2009: 21)
11. Kau suka album kiriman ibumu? Dan
kamera dari Charlie? (Chresnayani,
2009: 21
12. Mendengar detak jantungku yang
kencang, Edward tersenyum lagi
(Chresnayani, 2009: 22)
13. Ia mengangkat tangannya yang bebas
dan menelusuri bagian luar bibirku
dengan ujung jarinya yang dingin
sambil bicara. (Chresnayani, 2009: 22)
14. Tak ada yang ingin menjadi sorotan
90
they're likely to fall on their face.
(Meyer, 2006: 14)
15. My only personal income came
from the three days a week….
(Meyer, 2006: 15)
16. My other friends, Mike and
Jessica (who were in the
awkward
post-breakup
friendship phase)…… (Meyer,
2006: 15)
17. I was hardly ever bad-tempered
with Edward, ….. (Meyer, 2006:
16)
18. He handled me very carefully,
pressing just the tips of his
fingers softly against my temples,
my cheekbones, my jawline.
(Meyer, 2006: 16)
19. He handled me very carefully,
pressing just the tips of his
fingers softly against my temples,
my cheekbones, my jawline.
(Meyer, 2006: 16)
20. Though I respected the need for
maintaining a safe distance
between my skin and his razorsharp, venom-coated teeth...
(Meyer, 2006: 16)
21. Though I respected the need for
maintaining a safe distance
between my skin and his razorsharp,
venom-coated
teeth..(Meyer, 2006: 16)
22. Edward sprawled across the
couch while I started the movie,
fast-forwarding through the
opening credits. (Meyer, 2006:
17)
23. They were all waiting in the huge
white living room; when I
walked through the door,….……
(Meyer, 2006: 23)
24. ….. holding a pink birthday cake,
more roses, a stack of glass
bila besar kemungkinan kau bakal jatuh
terjerembap. (Chresnayani, 2009: 25)
15. Satu-satunya pendapatan pribadiku
hanya didapat dari hasil bekerja tiga
kali seminggu…. (Chresnayani, 2009:
26)
16. Teman-temanku yang lain, Mike dan
Jessica (yang sedang dalam fase
canggung
sehabis
putus)……
(Chresnayani, 2009: 27)
17. Aku jarang marah kepada Edward,
…… (Chresnayani, 2009: 28)
18. Ia memegangku sangat hati-hati, hanya
ujung-ujung jarinya yang menempel
lembut di pelipis, tulang pipi, dan
daguku. (Chresnayani, 2009: 28)
19. Ia memegangku sangat hati-hati, hanya
ujung-ujung jarinya yang menempel
lembut di pelipis, tulang pipi, dan
daguku. (Chresnayani, 2009: 28)
20. Meski tahu aku harus memberi jarak
aman antara kulitku dengan gigi
Edward yang setajam silet dan berlapis
racun itu…. (Chresnayani, 2009: 29)
21. Meski tahu aku harus memberi jarak
aman antara kulitku dengan gigi
Edward yang setajam silet dan berlapis
racun itu….(Chresnayani, 2009: 29)
22. Edward duduk berselonjor di sofa
sementara
aku
menyetel
film,
mempercepat bagian pembukaan.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 30)
23. Mereka semua menunggu di ruang
duduk yang besar dan berwarna putih.
Begitu aku melangkah masuk ……..
(Chresnayani, 2009: 39)
24. …… dengan kue tart pink di atasnya,
bunga-bunga mawar, tumpukan piring
91
plates,…. (Meyer, 2006: 23)
25. He reached over and ripped a
long, thin scrap from the bottom
of the white tablecloth. (Meyer,
2006: 26)
kaca…..(Chresnayani, 2009: 40)
25. Ia mengulurkan tangan dan merobek
bagian bawah taplak meja putih
menjadi
kain
panjang
tipis.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 45)
26. With a tiny, apologetic smile on
her lips, she disappeared through
the kitchen doorway. (Meyer,
2006: 27)
27. I stole him out the back door, and
carried him across the rooftops
back to my home. (Meyer, 2006:
32)
26. Dengan senyum kecil meminta maaf, ia
lenyap di balik pintu dapur.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 47)
28. As I got to the bottom of the
staircase, he held it open without
a word. (Meyer, 2006: 34)
29. "Say something," I finally begged
as he turned onto the freeway.
(Meyer, 2006: 34)
30. I hung my raincoat on its peg
and hurried around the corner.
(Meyer, 2006: 44)
31. Edward was in the armchair, my
father on the sofa. (Meyer, 2006:
44)
32. "I was just going to drop a letter
for Renee in the mailbox on the
way….(Meyer, 2006: 49)
33. Carlisle can barely pass for thirty,
and he's claiming thirty-three
now. (Meyer, 2006: 50)
28. Begitu aku sampai di kaki tangga, ia
membukakan pintu tanpa sepatah kata
pun. (Chresnayani, 2009: 58)
29. “Katakan sesuatu,” pintaku akhirnya
saat Edward berbelok memasuki jalan
raya. (Chresnayani, 2009: 58)
30. Aku menggantungkan jas hujan dan
bergegas mengitari sudut ruangan.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 73)
31. Edward duduk di kursi, sementara
ayahku di sofa. (Chresnayani, 2009: 73)
34. There were no footprints, the
leaves were still again, but I
walked forward without thinking.
(Meyer, 2006: 54)
35. Time made no sense as I pushed
slowly
through
the
thick
undergrowth. (Meyer, 2006: 54)
36. I couldn't remember how long it
had been since nightfall. (Meyer,
2006: 54)
37. Surely, as a rule, some little bit of
27. Diam-diam kubawa Edward keluar dari
pintu belakang, kugendong melewati
atap-atap rumah, kembali ke rumahku.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 55)
32. “Aku hanya akan memasukan surat
untuk Renee ke bus surat dalam
perjalanan……(Chresnayani, 2009: 83)
33. Carlisle tidak tampak seperti sudah
berumur tiga puluh tahun, apalagi dia
mengaku
sekarang
usianya
33.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 84)
34. Tak ada jejak kaki, daun-daun diam
kembali, tapi aku terus berjalan tanpa
berpikir. (Chresnayani, 2009: 89)
35. Waktu tak ada artinya lagi bagiku
sementara
aku
berjalan
pelan
menembus
semak
belukar.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 90)
36. Aku tak ingat berapa lama waktu telah
berlalu semenjak malam turun.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 90)
37. Padahal seharusnya ada sedikit cahaya
92
moonlight would filter down
through the clouds, …… (Meyer,
2006: 54)
38. Perhaps there was no moon
tonight–a lunar eclipse, a new
moon. (Meyer, 2006: 54)
39. It grew brighter and brighter,
illuminating a large space unlike
the focused beam of a flashlight.
(Meyer, 2006: 54)
40. I just got a call from Mrs.
Stanley, and she says that from
her second-story window……
(Meyer, 2006: 59)
41. The
Quileutes
had
their
superstitions about the "cold
ones," the blood-drinkers that
were enemies to their tribe,
……(Meyer, 2006: 59)
42. ……..just like they had their
legends of the great flood and
wolf-men ancestors. (Meyer,
2006: 59)
bulan yang menerobos gumpalan awan,
……. (Chresnayani, 2009: 90)
38. Mungkin tak ada bulan malam ini –
mungkin ada gerhana bulan, bulan
baru. (Chresnayani, 2009: 90)
39. Cahaya itu semakin lama semakin
terang, menyinari bidang besar, tidak
seperti lampu senter yang menyorot
lurus. (Chresnayani, 2009: 91)
40. Aku baru saja ditelepon Mrs. Stanley,
dan katanya dari jendela tingkat dua
…… (Chresnayani, 2009: 97)
41. Suku Quileutes percaya takhayul
tentang “yang berdarah dingin”,
peminum darah yang merupakan
musuh suku mereka, ….. (Chresnayani,
2009: 98)
42. …….sama halnya dengan legenda
mereka tentang air bah dan leluhur
berwujud werewolf. (Chresnayani,
2009: 98)
43. The messy handwriting was
remarkably close to my own.
(Meyer, 2006: 60)
44. I knew I had offended her with
my
antisocial
behavior,…(Meyer, 2006: 65)
45. I weighed my options carefully as
I loitered outside the classroom,
procrastinating. (Meyer, 2006:
65)
43. Tulisan cakar ayam di sana sangat mirip
tulisanku sendiri. (Chresnayani, 2009:
99)
44. Aku tahu aku membuatnya tersinggung
dengan
sikapku
yang
antisosial,…(Chresnayani, 2009: 113)
45. Aku mempertimbangkan semuanya
masak-masak sementara berdiri di luar
kelas,
sengaja
berlama-lama.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 113)
46. I didn't think of the bloody mess
my nails had been when I'd
finished clawing it out of the
dashboard. (Meyer, 2006: 67)
46. Aku juga tidak berpikir tentang jarijariku yang berdarah setelah aku
merenggutkan benda itu secara paksa
dari dasbor. (Chresnayani, 2009: 116)
47. I swiftly traded my wallet from
my schoolbag into the purse.
(Meyer, 2006: 67)
48. It sounded like she changed her
question
halfway
through.
(Meyer, 2006: 68)
47. Cepat-cepat kukeluarkan dompetku dari
tas sekolah dan kumasukan ke tas.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 116)
48. Kedengarannya
ia
mengubah
pertanyaannya
di
tengah-tengah.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 117)
93
49. She stared out the windshield
with wide eyes. (Meyer, 2006:
68)
49. Jessica memandang ke luar kaca depan
dengan mata melotot. (Chresnayani,
2009: 117)
50. "I'm getting popcorn. Do you
want any?" (Meyer, 2006: 69)
50. “Aku mau beli popcorn dulu. Kau mau
juga?” (Chresnayani, 2009: 119)
51. …… watching the clock and
debating what percentage of a
ninety-minute movie could be
spent on romantic exposition.
(Meyer, 2006: 69)
52. We were on a short stretch of
unlit sidewalk. (Meyer, 2006: 71)
51. … memandangi jam sambil berdebat
dalam hati berapa persen dari film
berdurasi sembilan puluh menit yang
bisa dihabiskan untuk adegan cinta.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 119)
52. Kami berada di trotoar yang tidak
diterangi jalan. (Chresnayani, 2009:
121)
53. Setengah blok di depan, lampu-lampu
jalan
kembali
menyala,
...
(Chresnayani, 2009: 122)
54. Reklame terbesar berwarna hijau cerah,
bertuliskan nama barnya- One-Eyed
Pete’s. (Chresnayani, 2009: 122)
53. Half a block ahead, the
streetlights started up again, …...
(Meyer, 2006: 71)
54. The biggest sign, in brilliant
green, was the name of the bar–
One-Eyed Pete's. (Meyer, 2006:
71)
55. …….. the chills on the back of
my neck when the dark-haired
man called me "sugar."…
(Meyer, 2006: 71)
56. I'd bet that she was wishing we'd
taken her car instead of walking
the short distance from the
theater, so that she could use the
drive-through. (Meyer, 2006:
75)
57. At the moment there were only
two patrons in the store,
dedicated backpackers from the
sound of their conversation.
(Meyer, 2006: 79)
58. Mike had spent the last hour
going through the pros and cons
of two brands of lightweight
packs with them. (Meyer, 2006:
79)
59. The second man was tall and
lean, his face tanned and windwhipped into an impressive
55. ……bulu kudukku meremang saat si
cowok
berambut
gelap
itu
memanggilku
“Manis”…..
(Chresnayani, 2009: 123)
56. Aku berani bertaruh, Jessica pasti
menyesal karena tadi kami berjalan kaki
ke sini, bukannya naik mobil, supaya
bisa memesan lewat mobil saja.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 130)
57. Saat itu hanya ada dua pengunjung,
backpacker sejati kalau menilik dari
obrolannya. (Chresnayani, 2009: 134)
58. Mike menghabiskan satu jam terakhir
menjelaskan kelebihan dan kekurangan
dua merek ransel lightweight pada
mereka. (Chresnayani, 2009: 134)
59. Cowok kedua tinggi langsing, wajahnya
gosong
terbakar
matahari
dan
berkerut-kerut karena kelewat sering
94
leathery crust. (Meyer, 2006: 79)
64. I was standing in front of the
Cheneys' house–my truck was
blocking
their
driveway….(Meyer, 2006: 82)
65. …..that
the
dilapidated
motorcycles rusting in the
Markses' front yard beside the
hand-printed FOR SALE,…..
(Meyer, 2006: 82)
di udara terbuka, …. (Chresnayani,
2009: 135)
60. “Besar sekali dan hitam pekat.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 135)
61. Pernahkah ada peringatan di sini barubaru ini-tentang beruang hitam?
(Chresnayani, 2009: 136)
62. Hanya
pepohonan
berlumut
membentang sejauh mata memandang,
…. (Chresnayani, 2009: 136)
63. Seandainya saja aku bisa melanggar
sumpahku sendiri. (Chresnayani, 2009:
140)
64. Aku berdiri di depan rumah keluarga
Cheney-trukku
menghalangi
jalan
masuk ke garasi mereka. (Chresnayani,
2009: 140)
65. ……bahwa
sepeda-sepeda
motor
rongsok karatan di halaman depan
rumah keluarga Marks, di sebelah
pengumuman
bertulis
tangan
DIJUAL……(Chresnayani, 2009: 141)
66. ……..Charlie had seen one too
many victims, almost always
kids, smeared on the highway.
(Meyer, 2006: 82)
66. ……Charlie sudah terlalu sering
melihat korban-korban berjatuhan,
hampir selalu anak-anak, tergeletak di
jalan raya. (Chresnayani, 2009: 141)
67. One of the Marks boys opened
the door, the younger one, the
freshman. (Meyer, 2006: 83)
68. He followed me out into the
downpour and helped me load
both of the heavy bikes into the
back of my truck. (Meyer, 2006:
83)
67. Salah seotang anak lelaki keluarga
Marks, yang lebih muda, yang baru
masuk SMA, membukakan pintu.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 142)
68. Cowok itu mengikutiku keluar ke
tengah
curahan
hujan
dan
membantuku menaikkan kedua motor
yang berat itu ke bak belakang trukku.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 143)
69. ………other than the screamingloud engine and the fifty-fivemile-per-hour maximum speed
limit. (Meyer, 2006: 84)
70. ………the tendons and veins had
become prominent under the redbrown skin of his arms, his
hands. (Meyer, 2006: 85)
69. ....kecuali suara mesinnya yang berisik
dan batas maksimal kecepatannya
hanya 88 kilometer per jam.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 143)
70. .........otot-otot tendon dan urat nadinya
semakin jelas dibalik kuilt lengan dan
tangannya yang merah cokelat.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 145)
60. "Big as a house and pitch-black.
(Meyer, 2006: 79)
61. Have you seen the new bear-safe
canisters? (Meyer, 2006: 79)
62. Just the endless maze of mosscovered trees, ….. (Meyer, 2006:
80)
63. If I were an oath-breaker, too.
(Meyer, 2006: 81)
95
71. Under this shelter, raised on
cinder blocks, was what looked to
me like a completed automobile.
(Meyer, 2006: 86)
72. His black hair was chin-length
and parted down the middle, ….
(Meyer, 2006: 90)
73. There
was
never
enough
homework to keep me busy.
(Meyer, 2006: 91)
74. I wondered at first if it was just
the aftershock of losing the
numbness,…… (Meyer, 2006:
94)
75. Like an earthbound sun,
whenever someone was within
his gravitational pull, Jacob
warmed them. (Meyer, 2006: 95)
76. He laughed. "Maybe you
shouldn't touch the motorcycles
too much." (Meyer, 2006: 95)
77. …….but gained one back for
being in charge
of the
bookkeeping at my house–until
we were in Checker,…… (Meyer,
2006: 96)
78. As soon as we had everything
laid out on the plastic floor next
to Jacob's toolbox,…. (Meyer,
2006: 96)
79. "Don't forget your schoolwork or
anything," I said, feeling a little
guilty. (Meyer, 2006: 96)
80. Sue, whom I knew vaguely from
my childhood summers in Forks,
and his two children. (Meyer,
2006: 97)
81. ………or Billy and Charlie aren't
going to be so easygoing about
this." (Meyer, 2006: 107)
82. How could he be so calloused, so
cold-blooded? (Meyer, 2006:
111)
83. Is he trying to say it's some stupid
71. Di dalamnya, di atas blok sinder,
bertengger
sesuatu
yang
dalam
pandanganku menyerupai mobil utuh.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 148)
72. Rambut hitamnya sedagu dan dibelah
tengah, .... (Chresnayani, 2009: 153)
73. Tak pernah ada cukup PR untuk
menyibukkanku. (Chresnayani, 2009:
155)
74. Awalnya aku penasaran apakah itu
hanya aftershock setelah kehilangan
perasaan kebas,........ (Chresnayani,
2009: 160)
75. Seperti bumi yang mengelilingi
matahari, setiap kali ada orang ada
orang dalam jangkauan gravitasinya,
Jacob membuat mereka merasa hangat.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 160)
76. Jacob terbahak. ”Mungkin sebaiknya
kau
nanti
jangan
sering-sering
menyentuh motor.” (Chresnayani,
2009: 160)
77. ........tapi mendapat satu tahun lagi
karena
ditugaskan
mengurus
pembukuan di rumahku-sampai kami
tiba di Checker..... (Chresnayani, 2009:
162)
78. Begitu semua sudah kami hampakan di
lantai plastik dekat kotak perkakas
Jacob,...... (Chresnayani, 2009: 163)
79. “Jangan lupakan tugas sekolahmu atau
tugas lainnya,” kataku merasa sedikit
bersalah. (Chresnayani, 2009: 163)
80. Sue yang samar-samar masih kuingat
dari liburan musim panas di Forks
waktu aku masih kecil dulu dan kedua
anaknya. (Chresnayani, 2009: 164)
81. ........kalau tidak Billy dan Charlie tidak
bakal semudah ini memeberi izin.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 179)
82. Apakah ia begitu tidak punya perasaan,
begitu tega? (Chresnayani, 2009: 186)
83. Apakah ayahku berusaha menjelaskan
96
puberty, coming-of-age thing?
(Meyer, 2006: 115)
84. "I'm fine," I snapped. I kicked the
gearshift down one notch.
(Meyer, 2006: 120)
85. More than fine. The voice in my
head was back. It still rang in my
ears–soft,
velvety
echoes.
(Meyer, 2006: 120)
86. This time I tried to get the kickstart myself. (Meyer, 2006: 121)
87. Jacob's hand hovered over the
handlebars, ready to catch me if
I needed him. (Meyer, 2006: 121)
88. My foot itched toward the
gearshift as I twisted for more
gas. (Meyer, 2006: 122)
89. "No, Bella!" the angry, honeysweet voice ordered in my ear.
"Watch what you're doing!"
(Meyer, 2006: 122)
90. I really didn't feel bad at all as he
coaxed my truck to a deafening
roar in his hurry to get back to
me. (Meyer, 2006: 123)
91. ……. flying through the thick
forest without a road, piggyback
while he ran–I stopped thinking
right there…….(Meyer, 2006:
124)
92. I managed to do this one-handed
and keep both garments bloodfree. (Meyer, 2006: 124)
93. I managed to do this one-handed
and keep both garments bloodfree. (Meyer, 2006: 124)
94. "Well, we've been getting a lot of
wildlife
complaints
lately.
(Meyer, 2006: 126)
bahwa ini disebabkan oleh pubertas
tolol, usia akil balig dan sebangsanya?
(Chresnayani, 2009: 194)
84. “Aku baik-baik saja,” bentakku.
Kupelankan gas sedikit. (Chresnayani,
2009: 200)
85. Lebih dari itu. Suara di kepalaku telah
kembali. Masih terngiang-ngiang di
telingaku – gaung yang lembut dan
sehalus beledu. (Chresnayani, 2009:
200)
86. Kali ini aku mencoba mengengkol
sendiri. (Chresnayani, 2009: 201)
87. Tangan Jacob menggelayut di atas
setang, siap menangkapku kalau aku
membutuhkannya.(Chresnayani, 2009:
201)
88. Kakiku
beringsut-ingsut
maju
mendekati gigi sementara tanganku
memutar setang untuk menambah gas.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 203)
89. “Tidak, Bella!” suara semanis madu itu
memerintahkan dengan nada marah,
tepat
di
telingaku.
“Hati-hati!”
(Chresnayani, 2009: 203)
90. Aku benar-benar tidak keberatan waktu
Jacob memacu trukku hingga suara
mesinnya
meraung
memekakkan
telinga. (Chresnayani, 2009: 205)
91. .......terbang menembus hutan lebat
tanpa berjalan, menaiki punggungnya
sementara ia berlari-pikiranku berhenti
sampai disitu.....(Chresnayani, 2009:
206)
92. Aku berhasil melakukannya dengan
satu tangan dan menjaga pakaianku
tidak terkena noda darah. (Chresnayani,
2009: 207)
93. Aku berhasil melakukannya dengan
satu tangan dan menjaga pakaianku
tidak
terkena
noda
darah.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 207)
94. “Well, belakangan ini aku sering
mendapat laporan tentang kemunculan
hewan-hewan liar. (Chresnayani,
2009: 210)
97
95. He saw my objecting expression
and added, "At least for a week or
so…… (Meyer, 2006: 127)
96. There had to be a place where he
seemed more real than among all
the familiar landmarks that were
crowded with other human
memories. (Meyer, 2006: 127)
97. This idea had a huge potential for
backfiring–it
might
be
dangerously painful. (Meyer,
2006: 127)
98. "Yes, just below the trailhead
where the one-ten ends. I was
going mostly south, I think."
(Meyer, 2006: 127)
99. …….. for the first time–grabbed
my new topographical map of
the Olympic Peninsula, and drove
to La Push. (Meyer, 2006: 128)
100.
Since you didn't get me a
fifty-cent box of candy, it's the
least you can do." (Meyer, 2006:
132)
101.
Eric and Katie already had
plans–it was their three-week
anniversary
or
something.
(Meyer, 2006: 134)
102.
He beamed. "Just last
night. This is the maiden
voyage." (Meyer, 2006: 134)
103.
…….. I measured next to
him–and then his face was olderlooking than it used to be, even a
month ago. (Meyer, 2006: 135)
104.
In just the opening
credits, four people got blown up
and one got beheaded. (Meyer,
2006: 137)
105.
He chuckled again, as a
flagpole speared another man
into a concrete wall. (Meyer,
2006: 137)
95. Jacob melihat ekspresi penolakan di
wajahku
dan
menambahkan,
“Setidaknya untuk satu-dua minggu
ini..... (Chresnayani, 2009: 211)
96. Pasti ada tempat dimana kehadirannya
terasa lebih nyata di antara lokasilokasi penting yang sarat kenangan
manusia-manusia lain. (Chresnayani,
2009: 212)
97. Ide itu berpotensi besar menjadi senjata
makan tuan-bisa jadi tiu malah akan
sangat menyakitkan. (Chresnayani,
2009: 212)
98. “Ya, tepat dari ujung jalan setapak di
ujung jalan satu sepuluh berakhir. Arah
selatan,
kalau
tidak
salah”.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 212)
99. ........untuk pertama kali-menyambar
peta topografi Semenanjung Olympic,
lalu melaju ke La Push. (Chresnayani,
2009: 213)
100.
Berhubung
kau
tidak
membelikan sekotak cokelat seharga
lima puluh sen, paling tidak itulah
yang bisa kaulakukan.” (Chresnayani,
2009: 219)
101.
Eric dan Katie sudah punya
rencana sendiri-mau merayakan tiga
minggu mereka pacaran atau apa.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 222)
102.
Jacob
berseri-seri.
“Baru
semalam. Ini perjalanan pertamanya.”
(Chresnayani, 2009: 223)
103.
....... kalau aku berdiri di
sebelahnya-dan wajahnya juga tampak
lebih tua daripada biasa, bahkan
sebulan
yang
lalu
sekalipun.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 224)
104.
Di bagian awalnya saja sudah
empat orang yang ditembak dan satu
dipenggal kepalanya. (Chresnayani,
2009: 226)
105.
Lagi-lagi ia tertawa, saat tiang
bendera menombak seorang pria ke
tembok beton. (Chresnayani, 2009: 227)
98
106.
And then Mike stumbled
out of the bathroom, his face
ashen and covered in sweat.
(Meyer, 2006: 140)
107.
Charlie found me there a
half hour later, lying on the floor,
my cheek pressed against the cold
edge of the bathtub. (Meyer,
2006: 145)
108.
"Harry says there's been
some trouble with the phone
lines, and that's why you haven't
been able to get through. (Meyer,
2006: 148)
109.
The call of a jaybird
made me leap back and fall into a
thick stand of young spruce.
(Meyer, 2006: 160)
110. I remembered that I had spent
some time on the forest floor
today….(Meyer, 2006: 161)
111. Now, more than ever, I yearned
for his carefree laugh and his
infectious grin. (Meyer, 2006:
165)
112. He took my face in his
enormous, too-warm hands and
held it just a few inches from his.
(Meyer, 2006: 185)
113.
His
face
was
the
frightened face of a boy, and his
hair was beautiful again, swept
back into a ponytail on the nape
of his neck. (Meyer, 2006: 189)
114.
The
black-brown,
familiar eyes of Jacob Black.
(Meyer, 2006: 190)
115.
You see, the cold ones are
the natural enemies of the wolf–
well, not the wolf really, but the
wolves that turn into men, like
our ancestors. You would call
them werewolves." (Meyer,
2006: 191)
116.
Did this mean every
106.
Kemudian Mike tersaruk-saruk
keluar dari toilet, wajahnya kelabu dan
berkeringat. (Chresnayani, 2009: 232)
107.
Charlie menemukanku di sana
setengah jam kemudian, terbaring di
lantai, pipiku menempel di pinggir bak
mandi yang dingin. (Chresnayani,
2009: 238)
108.
“Kata
Harry,
saluran
teleponnya bermasalah, jadi itulah
sebabnya teleponmu tidak nyambung.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 243)
109.
Pekikan
burung
jaybird
membuatku terlompat ke belakang dan
jatuh menimpa pohon cemara muda
berdaun lebat. (Chresnayani, 2009: 264)
110.
Aku ingat tadi aku sempat
meringkuk
di
tanah
hutan.....
(Chresnayani, 2009: 265)
111.
Sekarang, lebih dari sebelumnya
aku rindu tawa lepasnya yang riang dan
cengirannya
yang
menular
itu.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 271)
112.
Jacob
merengkuh
wajahku
dengan tangannya yang besar dan
kelewat panas, memegangnya hanya
beberapa sentimeter dari wajahnya.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 304)
113.
Wajahnya ketakutan sepeti anak
kecil, dan eambutnya kembali indah,
diikat ke belakang bentuk ekor kuda
yang tergerai di pangkal leher.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 311)
114.
Mata
hitam-cokelat
yang
familier, seperti mata Jacob Black.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 312)
115.
Begini, yang berdarah dingin itu
musuh alami serigala-well, bukan
serigala sungguhan, tapi yang menjelma
menjadi manusia, seperti leluhur kami.
Kau bisa menyebutnya werewolf.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 313)
116.
Apakah itu berarti setiap kisah
99
impossible fairy tale was
grounded somewhere in absolute
truth? (Meyer, 2006: 191)
117.
A pack of five mindblowing gigantic, multihued
werewolves that had stalked right
past me in Edward's meadow…
(Meyer, 2006: 192)
118.
My stomach dropped like
I'd hit a corkscrew on a roller
coaster. (Meyer, 2006: 192)
119.
That's going to mean a lot
of firepower out there in the
forest, and it worries me. (Meyer,
2006: 193)
120.
"You aren't turning into a
tree-hugger on me, are you?"
(Meyer, 2006: 193)
121.
I would have expected
something closer to the movies–
big hairy half-men creatures
…… (Meyer, 2006: 194)
122.
I owed him a face-to-face
conversation, at least. (Meyer,
2006: 195)
123.
Billy was leaning around
an open doorway just off the little
kitchen, a bathrobe around his
shoulders, not in his chair yet.
(Meyer, 2006: 195)
124.
"Um… I don't really
know," he lied, straight-faced.
(Meyer, 2006: 195)
125.
It was still dark–the
gloomy predawn of a cloudy
day–and when I cut the
headlights it was hard to see.
(Meyer, 2006: 196)
126.
I picked my way carefully
across the rocks, watching out for
driftwood that might trip me.
(Meyer, 2006: 196)
127.
When I pictured him
sleeping so peacefully, I felt an
dongeng didasarkan pada suatu yang
benar-benar nyata? (Chresnayani, 2009:
314)
117.
Kawanan yang terdiri atas lima
werewolf raksasa aneka warna yang
waktu itu berjalan melewatiku di
padang
rumput
Edward......
(Chresnayani, 2009: 315)
118.
Perutku
langsung
mulas
mendengarnya. (Chresnayani, 2009:
316)
119.
Itu berarti akan banyak tembakmenembak di hutan, dan itu
membuatku khawatir. (Chresnayani,
2009: 316)
120.
”Kau
toh
bukan
aktivis
lingkungan
hidup,
kan?”
(Chresnayani, 2009: 316)
121.
Paling-paling
aku
membayangkan mereka mendekati
sosok sepeti yang sering digambarkan
di
film-film—makhluk
setengah
manusia...... (Chresnayani, 2009: 318)
122.
Setidaknya aku harus bicara
empat mata dengannya. (Chresnayani,
2009: 320)
123.
Billy bersandar di pintu dekat
dapur ysng kecil, di bahunya tersampir
mantel mandi, ia belum duduk di kursi
rodanya. (Chresnayani, 2009: 321)
124.
“Ehm...kurang tahu ya,” dusta
Billy,
wajahnya
tetap
datar.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 321)
125.
Hari masih gelap-subuh muram
menjelang pagi yang berawan-dan
waktu mematikan lampu truk aku
nyaris tak bisa melihat apa-apa.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 323)
126.
Aku berjalan hati-hati meniti
karang, mewaspadai driftwood yang
mungkin bisa membuatku tersandung.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 323)
127.
Saat membayangkan Jacob tidur
begitu damai, aku merasakan dorongan
100
overpowering urge to protect
him. (Meyer, 2006: 197)
yang sangat kuat untuk melindunginya.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 324)
128.
It was soft, almost shy,
but I'd been expecting some
forewarning from the noisy
rocks, and so it still startled me.
(Meyer, 2006: 197)
128.
Suaranya lirih, nyaris malumalu, tapi karena aku mengira bakal
mendengar kedatangannya dari suara
batu-batu yang terinjak, tetap saja suara
itu membuatku kaget. (Chresnayani,
2009: 324)
129.
Tampak
olehku
siluetnya
membelakangi
matahari
terbitkelihatannya besar sekali. (Chresnayani,
2009: 324)
130.
Kini ia menatapku dengan sikap
tak percaya bercampur harap-harap
cemas. (Chresnayani, 2009: 327)
131.
Ia melangkah lebar-lebar dan
meraup tubuhku, memelukku erat-erat.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 328)
129.
I could see his silhouette
against the coming sunrise–it
looked enormous. (Meyer, 2006:
197)
130.
He looked at me with
half-hopeful disbelief. (Meyer,
2006: 199)
131.
He took one long stride
and caught me in another vicetight bear hug. (Meyer, 2006:
200)
132.
"But I don't understand.
What's happening in the woods?
The missing hikers, the blood?"
(Meyer, 2006: 200)
133.
"Killing the bloodsucker
who was going to kill you……
(Meyer, 2006: 201)
134.
He looked at me with
guilt-ridden eyes. (Meyer, 2006:
202)
135.
"Victoria is the redhaired female?" I trembled again,
and whimpered, "Yes." (Meyer,
2006: 204)
136.
When they saw me there,
half-hidden beside Jacob, they
all became furious in the same
second. (Meyer, 2006: 210)
137.
"Oh, that's likely! I'm sure
the leech-lover is just dying to
help us out!" (Meyer, 2006: 210)
138.
Mid-stride, a long tremor
132.
“Tapi aku tidak mengerti. Apa
yang terjadi di hutan? Para hiker yang
hilang, bercak darah?” (Chresnayani,
2009: 329)
133.
“Membunuh si pengisap darah
yang
akan
membunuhmu......(Chresnayani, 2009:
330)
134.
Jacob menatapku dengan mata
penuh penyesalan. (Chresnayani,
2009: 331)
135.
“Victoria itu vampire wanita
berambut merah?” Aku gemetar lagi,
dan merintih, “Ya”. (Chresnayani,
2009: 334)
136.
Tapi begitu melihatku di sana,
separo tersembunyi di samping Jacob,
amarah mereka langsung meledak pada
detik yang sama. (Chresnayani, 2009:
343)
137.
“Oh, mana mungkin! Aku yakin
si pecinta lintah itu setengah mati ingin
membantu kita!”(Chresnayani, 2009:
344)
138.
Setengah jalan, sekujur tubuh
101
shivered down Jacob's spine. He
leaped forward, diving headfirst
into the empty air. (Meyer, 2006:
210)
139.
Dark silver fur blew out
from the boy, coalescing into a
shape more than five-times his
size–a massive……. (Meyer,
2006: 211)
140.
"Billy said this was the
last pair he could afford–guess
Jacob's going barefoot now."
(Meyer, 2006: 212)
141.
Embry
opened
the
passenger-side door. "In you
go," he said cheerfully, hauling
me up from…….… (Meyer,
2006: 213)
142.
We didn't know if the
black-haired one was a relative
of theirs or something. (Meyer,
2006: 215)
143.
A young woman with
satiny copper skin and long,
straight, crow-black hair was
standing …… (Meyer, 2006:
215)
144.
One line pulled down the
corner of her dark, almondshaped right eye…….. (Meyer,
2006: 215)
145.
They smelled wonderful–
like fresh blueberries. (Meyer,
2006: 215)
146.
Emily's kitchen was a
friendly place, bright with white
cupboards and pale wooden
floorboards. (Meyer, 2006: 216)
147.
Emily's kitchen was a
friendly place, bright with white
cupboards and pale wooden
floorboards. (Meyer, 2006: 216)
Jacob bergetar hebat. Ia melompat
maju, menerjang dalam posisi kepala
lebih dulu ke udara yang kosong.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 345)
139.
Bulu-bulu
perak
gelap
menyembur keluar dari tubuhnya,
mengubahnya menjadi makhluk yang
lima kali lebih besar daripada ukuran
sebenarnya-makhluk itu sangat besar ...
(Chresnayani, 2009: 345)
140.
“Padahal kata Billy, ini sepatu
terakhir yang bisa dibelinya-kurasa
mulai
sekarang
Jacob
harus
bertelanjang kaki.” (Chresnayani,
2009: 347)
141.
Embry
membuka
pintu
penumpang.
“Naiklah,”
katanya
dengan nada riang, mengangkatku
dengan
sebelah
tangan...........(Chresnayani, 2009: 349)
142.
Kami tidak tahu si pengisap
daah berambut hitam itu kerabat
mereka atau bukan. (Chresnayani, 2009:
351)
143.
Seorang wanita muda, berkulit
sehalus satin berwarna tembaga dan
rambut lurus panjang seperti bulu
gagak, berdiri.......(Chresnayani, 2009:
352)
144.
Satu garis menarik sisi bawah
sudut matanya yang hitam dan
berbentuk
kenari.......(Chresnayani,
2009: 352)
145.
Baunya sangat lezat-seperti
blueberry segar. .......(Chresnayani,
2009: 352)
146.
Dapur Emily menyenangkan,
cemerlang dengan rak-rak dapur
berwarna putih dan lantai papan dari
kayu berwarna pucat. .......(Chresnayani,
2009: 354)
147.
Dapur Emily menyenangkan,
cemerlang dengan rak-rak dapur
berwarna putih dan lantai papan dari
kayu berwarna pucat. .......(Chresnayani,
2009: 354)
102
148.
I looked up, and he and
Embry were examining a fading
pink line on Paul's forearm.
(Meyer, 2006: 217)
149.
"I barely touched him.
He'll be perfect by sundown."
(Meyer, 2006: 217)
150.
Jared, Embry, and Emily
stared at me with open-mouthed
surprise. (Meyer, 2006: 218)
151.
He left a message on
Charlie's phone and at the station,
and Charlie showed up around
dinnertime with two pizzas.
(Meyer, 2006: 220)
152.
This made me brood over
what Jared had said, about Jacob
involving
his
"girlfriend."
(Meyer, 2006: 223)
153.
I was honestly and
desperately worried about Jacob
and
his
wolf-brothers……
(Meyer, 2006: 228)
154.
He let go of my hand and
pointed toward the southern edge
of the beach, where the flat, rocky
half-moon dead-ended against
the sheer sea cliffs. (Meyer, 2006:
229)
155.
He let go of my hand and
pointed toward the southern edge
of the beach, where the flat, rocky
half-moon dead-ended against
the sheer sea cliffs. (Meyer, 2006:
229)
156.
The memory of Victoria,
wild, catlike, lethal, was too
strong in my head. (Meyer, 2006:
230)
157.
The clouds pushed down
with an invisible weight that kept
the claustrophobia from easing.
(Meyer, 2006: 230)
148.
Aku menengadah, dan melihat
Jaret serta Embry mengamati garis
merah muda samar di lengan atas Paul.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 355)
149.
“Aku
nyaris
tidak
menyentuhnya kok. Saat matahari
terbenam nanti lukanya pasti sudah
sembuh. (Chresnayani, 2009: 355)
150.
Jared, Embry, dan Emily
menatapku dengan mulut ternganga
kaget. (Chresnayani, 2009: 356)
151.
Ia meninggalkan pesan di
telepon Charlie dan di kantor polisi, dan
saat makan malam, Charlie datang
membawa dua pizza. (Chresnayani,
2009: 360)
152.
Ini membuatku berpikir tentang
komnetar Jared tempo hari, tentang
Jacob yang melibatkan “ceweknya”.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 364)
153.
Aku
benar-benar
sangat
khawatir memikirkan Jacob dan
saudara-saudara
serigalanya.....(Chresnayani,
2009:
372)
154.
Jacob melepaskan tanganku dan
menuding ke arah selatan pantai, tempat
pantai yang berbentuk bulan sabit itu
berakhir di tebing-tebing laut yang
tinggi menjulang. (Chresnayani, 2009:
373)
155.
Jacob melepaskan tanganku dan
menuding ke arah selatan pantai, tempat
pantai yang berbentuk bulan sabit itu
berakhir di tebing-tebing laut yang
tinggi menjulang. (Chresnayani, 2009:
373)
156.
Ingatan tentang Victoria yang
liar, garang, dan mematikan, terlalu
kuat
bercokol
dalam
kepalaku.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 376)
157.
Awan-awan disorong ke bawah
oleh beban yang tak kasatmata hingga
tidak
membuat
perasaan
terperangkapku mereda. (Chresnayani,
2009: 376)
103
158.
The closest clouds were a
smoky gray, but between the
cracks I could see another layer
that was a gruesome purple
color. (Meyer, 2006: 231)
159.
Maybe it was wrong to be
so involved with myths and
legends, to turn my back on the
human world. (Meyer, 2006:
231)
160.
It was just a whisper in
the blowing rain that tossed my
hair
and
drenched
my
clothes…... (Meyer, 2006: 233)
161.
I knew the right way to
avoid a riptide ……. (Meyer,
2006: 233)
162.
The iron bar seemed to be
dragging me, pulling me away
from Edward, deeper into the
dark, to the ocean floor. (Meyer,
2006: 235)
163.
The waterfall pouring
from my mouth didn't stop long
enough for me to catch a breath.
(Meyer, 2006: 236)
164.
The rock smacked into my
back again, right between my
shoulder blades, and another
volley of water choked its way
out of my lungs. (Meyer, 2006:
236)
165.
It took me a minute, but
then I could see the dark, purple
clouds, flinging the freezing rain
down at me. "Jake?" I croaked.
(Meyer, 2006: 237)
166.
I tried to clear my throat–
and then winced; the throatclearing felt like stabbing a knife
down there. (Meyer, 2006: 238)
158.
Awan-awan terdekat berwana
abu-abu gelap, tapi di sela-selanya aku
bisa melihat lapisan awan lain yang
berwarna ungu gelap. (Chresnayani,
2009: 377)
159.
Mungkin salah melibatkan diri
dengan
mitos
dan
legenda,
memunggungi
dunia
manusia.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 377)
160.
Itu hanya bisikan di tengah
hujan yang tersapu angin, yang
menerbangkan
rambutku
dan
membasahi
bajuku.....(Chresnayani,
2009: 380)
161.
Aku tahu cara menghindari air
pasang-surut
yang
saling
bertabrakan.... (Chresnayani, 2009: 382)
162.
Batang besi itu menyeretku,
menarikku menjauhi Edward, semakin
dalam ke dasar samudera yang gelap.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 384)
163.
Air terjun yang menggerojok
deras dari mulutku tidak memberiku
kesempatan untuk menarik napas.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 386)
164.
Batu itu kembali menghantam
punggungku, tepat di antara tulang
bahu, dan air kembali terdorong keluar
dari paru-paruku. (Chresnayani, 2009:
386)
165.
Butuh waktu cukup lama, tapi
kemudian aku bisa melihat awan-awan
ungu gelap yang menghujaniku dengan
hujan yang dingin membekukan.
“Jake?” panggilku dengan suara serak.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 387)
166.
Aku berusaha membersihkan
tenggorokan-kemudian meringis; saat
membersihkan tenggorokan, rasanya
seperti ditusuk pisau di sana.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 389)
104
167.
He was half-jogging
through the rain, up the beach
toward the road. (Meyer, 2006:
237)
168.
I tried to read his
expression, squinting into the
hammering rain. (Meyer, 2006:
238)
169.
I watched the girl in her
nightdress lean on the railing and
talk to herself. (Meyer, 2006:
240)
170.
Images from my illconsidered afternoon stunt rolled
through my head….. (Meyer,
2006: 241)
171.
I knew the horsepower
and the color of the interior.
(Meyer, 2006: 245)
172.
When I grabbed the
doorknob to unlock it, it twisted
easily under my hand. (Meyer,
2006: 246)
173.
Alice was already there,
sitting on her improvised bed.
Her eyes were a liquid
butterscotch. (Meyer, 2006: 254)
174.
Emmett and Rosalie had
gone to Europe for a few months
on another honeymoon, …..
(Meyer, 2006: 260)
175.
My
family
wasn't
mentioned often; they weren't
part of the social circle that made
the papers. (Meyer, 2006: 260)
176.
The date on the admission
and the date on my tombstone
are the same." (Meyer, 2006:
260)
177.
The doorbell rang again–
buzzing twice quickly and
impatiently. (Meyer, 2006: 261)
167.
Ia masih terus berlari-lari kecil
menyusuri jalan menuju ke rumahnya.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 389)
168.
Aku
mencoba
membaca
ekspresinya,
menyipitkan
mata
melawan hujan yang menderas.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 389)
169.
Kulihat seorang gadis bergaun
tidur mencondongkan tubuh di birai
balkon
dan
berbicara
sendiri.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 391)
170.
Bayangan-bayangan dari ulah
cerobohku sore tadi berkecamuk dalam
pikiranku..... (Chresnayani, 2009: 394)
171.
Aku tahu berapa tenaga kuda
daya mesinnya serta warna interiornya.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 400)
172.
Saat memegang kenop pintu
untuk membuka kuncinya, kenop
terputar
dengan
mudah
dalam
genggamanku. (Chresnayani, 2009:
403)
173.
Ternyata Alice sudah di sana,
duduk di tempat tidurnya yang telah
kusiapkan.
Matanya
bagaikan
butterscotch cair. (Chresnayani, 2009:
415)
174.
Emmet dan Rosalie sempat
pergi berbulan madu lagi ke Eropa
selama
beberapa
bulan........
(Chresnayani, 2009: 424)
175.
Keluargaku tidak disebut-sebut;
mereka bukan bagian dari lingkaran
sosial yang diberitakan di koran-koran.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 425)
176.
Tanggal aku masuk ke sana dan
tanggal di nisanku sama.”(Chresnayani,
2009: 425)
177.
Bel pintu berdering lagiberbunyi untuk kedua kalinya, cepat
dan tidak sabar. (Chresnayani, 2009:
425)
105
178.
I tore through my room. I
stuffed my old wallet, a clean Tshirt, and sweatpants into my
backpack, and then threw my
toothbrush on top. (Meyer, 2006:
274)
179.
I tore through my room. I
stuffed my old wallet, a clean Tshirt, and sweatpants into my
backpack, and then threw my
toothbrush on top. (Meyer,
2006: 274)
180.
The pilots leaned out of
the cockpit, chatting with them as
they passed. (Meyer, 2006: 277)
181.
They showed a movie,
and
my
neighbor
got
headphones. (Meyer, 2006: 282)
182.
This happened a dozen
times before the plane touched
town with a jarring impact.
(Meyer, 2006: 282)
183.
"Bella," she hissed, her
voice a little too loud in the
darkened cabin full of sleeping
humans.(Meyer, 2006: 282)
178.
Aku menghambur memasuki
kamar. Kujejalkan dompet tuaku, Tshirt bersih, dan celana panjang ke
dalam ransel, dan tak ketinggalan sikat
gigi. (Chresnayani, 2009: 447)
179.
Aku menghambur memasuki
kamar. Kujejalkan dompet tuaku, Tshirt bersih, dan celana panjang ke
dalam ransel, dan tak ketinggalan sikat
gigi. (Chresnayani, 2009: 447)
180.
Pilot-pilot
mencondongkan
tubuh dari kokpit, mengobrol dengan
pramugari-pramugari ketika mereka
lewat. (Chresnayani, 2009: 447)
181.
Film diputar, dan penumpang di
sebelahku memasang
headphone.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 459)
182.
Ini terjadi belasan kali sebelum
pesawat
terguncang
menyentuh
landasan. (Chresnayani, 2009: 459)
183.
“Bella,” desisnya, suaranya agak
terlalu keras di kabin gelap yang
dipenuhi orang-orang yang sedang
tidur. (Chresnayani, 2009: 460)
184.
Alice's eyes gleamed in
the dim light of a reading lamp
in the row behind us. (Meyer,
2006: 283)
184.
Mata Alice berkilat di bawah
lampu baca remang-remang dari
barisan di belakang kami. (Chresnayani,
2009: 460)
185.
"Trust me, Bella. If
anyone sets up a roadblock, it
will be behind us." (Meyer, 2006:
286)
186.
"It's a private tour," Alice
said, flashing an alluring smile.
(Meyer, 2006: 290)
187.
I froze, until I realized she
was wearing an elbow-length,
tan glove. (Meyer, 2006: 290)
185.
“Percayalah padaku, Bella.
Kalaupun ada pemblokiran jalan, itu
terjadi di belakang kita.” (Chresnayani,
2009: 466)
186.
“Ini tur pribadi,” sahut Alice,
menyunggingkan senyum memikat.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 473)
187.
Aku
menegang,
sebelum
kemudian sadar bahwa ia mengenakan
sarung tangan warna kulit sebatas siku.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 473)
106
188.
I was nearly crying with
relief as I flung my leg over the
edge and ran through the kneedeep water. (Meyer, 2006: 292)
189.
On the other side of the
men in blazers, there was a break
in the throng, space between the
sightseers who milled aimlessly
around me. (Meyer, 2006: 292)
190.
I hurtled toward them,
trying to see past the stinging
tears. (Meyer, 2006: 293)
191.
…..spinning
me
effortlessly so that my back was
tight
against
the
brick
wall,….(Meyer, 2006: 294)
192.
She flashed a dazzling
smile. (Meyer, 2006: 303)
193.
Two of the attending
vampires followed silently behind
him–bodyguards,
like
I'd
thought before. (Meyer, 2006:
303)
194.
"I certainly never thought
to see Carlisle bested for selfcontrolled of all things, but you
put him to shame." (Meyer, 2006:
305)
195.
Alice grabbed his arm
with a restraining hand. (Meyer,
2006: 307)
196.
His eyes met mine, and
they
were
horror-struck.
(Meyer, 2006: 308)
197.
"Don't be put out, dear
one," Aro said in a comforting
tone,…..(Meyer, 2006: 308)
198.
……..placing a powderlight hand on her shoulder.
(Meyer, 2006: 308)
199.
Imagine the joy young
Alice alone would bring to our
little household…(Meyer, 2006:
311)
188.
Aku nyaris menangis lega saat
mengayunkan kakiku ke pinggir kolam
dan berlari mengarungi air selutut.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 476)
189.
Di balik para lelaki berblazer
itu, tampak celah di tengah kerumunan,
ruang
kosong
di
antara
para
pengunjung yang berdesak-desakan di
sekelilingku. (Chresnayani, 2009: 477)
190.
Aku
menghambu
kearah
mereka, berusaha melihat dari balik air
mataku yang pedih. (Chresnayani,
2009: 477)
191.
...........membalikkan
badanku
dengan mudah hingga punggungku
menempel
di
dinding
bata,......(Chresnayani, 2009: 480)
192.
Alice menyunggingkan senyum
memesona. (Chresnayani, 2009: 497)
193.
Dua
vampire
yang
mendampinginya mengikuti tanpa suara
di belakangnya-pengawal, seperti yang
sudah
kuduga
sebelumnya.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 499)
194.
“Tak pernah terpikir olehku, aku
akan pernah melihat Carlisle kehilangan
kendali diri, tapi kau membuatnya
malu.” (Chresnayani, 2009: 500)
195.
Alice menyambar lengannya,
memeganginya. (Chresnayani, 2009:
503)
196.
Matanya menatap mataku, sorot
matanya
tampak
ketakutan.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 504)
197.
“Jangan kecewa, Sayang,” kata
Aro dengan nada menenangkan.....
(Chresnayani, 2009: 505)
198.
.......... meletakkan tangannya
yang seringan bedak ke bahu Jane.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 505)
199.
Coba bayangkan kegembiraan
yang akan dibawa hanya oleh Alice saja
ke keluarga kecil kita .... (Chresnayani,
2009: 509)
107
200.
…his eyes suddenly halfclosed like the heavy-lidded gaze
of a lizard. (Meyer, 2006: 311)
201.
…his eyes suddenly halfclosed like the heavy-lidded gaze
of a lizard. (Meyer, 2006: 311)
202.
Her top was long-sleeved
and high-necked, but extremely
close-fitting, and constructed of
red vinyl. (Meyer, 2006: 313)
203.
Her top was long-sleeved
and high-necked, but extremely
close-fitting, and constructed of
red vinyl. (Meyer, 2006: 313)
204.
He pulled me tight against
his ice-hard chest,…. (Meyer,
2006: 316)
205.
To my surprise, he slid
into the backseat with me, ….
(Meyer, 2006: 319)
206.
….. so I asked the flight
attendant if she could bring me a
Coke. (Meyer, 2006: 319)
207.
Not sure if home was
what I wanted at this point, I
stumbled, half-blind, through the
airport,…. (Meyer, 2006: 321)
208.
"I can see where you
might confuse me with a
nightmare." His short-lived smile
was grim. (Meyer, 2006: 325)
209.
…… it would be a good
time to remind him that I was
over the legal age of adulthood.
(Meyer, 2006: 326)
200.
....matanya tiba-tiba separuh
terpejam, seperti tatapan kadal yang
kelopak matanya tebal. (Chresnayani,
2009: 510)
201.
....matanya tiba-tiba separuh
terpejam, seperti tatapan kadal yang
kelopak matanya tebal. (Chresnayani,
2009: 510)
202.
Blusnya berlengan panjang
dan berleher tinggi namun sangat ketat,
dan terbuat dari vinyl merah.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 513)
203.
Blusnya berlengan panjang dan
berleher tinggi namun sangat ketat, dan
terbuat dari vinyl merah. (Chresnayani,
2009: 513)
204.
Ia malah mendekapku erat-erat
di dadanya yang sekeras es,.......
(Chresnayani, 2009: 517)
205.
Aku terkejut waktu Edward
menyusup masuk ke jok belakang
bersamaku, ..... (Chresnayani, 2009:
522)
206.
..... jadi kuminta pramugari
membawakan
segelas
Coca-cola.
(Chresnayani, 2009: 523)
207.
Tidak yakin apakah saat ini
ingin pulang, aku tersaruk-saruk,
separo buta, melintasi bandara,.....
(Chresnayani, 2009: 526)
208.
“Aku bisa mengerti kau salah
mengartikan aku dengan mimpi buruk.”
Senyum Edward yang berumur
singkat terlihat muram. (Chresnayani,
2009: 533)
209.
.......... mungkin sekarang saat
yang tepat untuk mengingatkan ayahku
bahwa secara hukum aku sudah
dianggap dewasa. (Chresnayani, 2009:
534)