America Claims an Empire
Chapter 10
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Overview
To compete with other powers, America gains colonies overseas, although some Americans object.
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Imperialism and America
Economic and cultural factors convince U.S. policymakers to join the competition for new markets in territories
___________________, including Hawaii.
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_________________ 10.1
Policy where stronger nations extend _________________, _________________ or _________________ control over
_________________ territories
American Imperialism – Americans no longer had “Manifest Destiny”, still wanted the idea, so had to
__________________________________of U.S.
Causes
_________________ competition
__________________________________competition
Belief in __________________________________of Anglo-Saxon people, spread Christianity & civilization
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New Markets needed
Americans produce _________________ than can be _________________
Look to _________________ solution to _________________ = _________________: exporting _________________ than
imported
U.S. becomes _________________ economic power
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Military Strength
Alfred T. _________________
Four Points
Develop a modern _________________
Establish _________________in Caribbean
Construct _________________
Acquire _________________ & other Pacific Islands
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Hawaii
Plantation owners_________________laborers into Hawaii from Japan, Portugal & China
Foreigners & immigrant labor outnumber natives 3/1
_________________ (1890) – eliminated duty-free status of _________________= competition in American market
Queen Liliuokalani overthrown – _________________ _________________ (1893)
Sanford B. _________________, American _________________ establishes provisional _________________as president
Congress votes = Hawaii, American territory (1898)
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America as a World Power – Section 1
Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson continue to use American military power in territories around the world,
including _________________ and ______________
Key ideas:
European nations, Japan, and America join in imperialist competition
American imperialists seek _________________for U.S. goods
The U.S. develops a modern fleet & plans to acquire naval bases abroad
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Some Americans argue that their culture is superior and should be spread to other nations
American _________________gain control of Hawaii’s _________________ and ________________
White business groups depose Queen _________________
The U.S. _________________ Hawaii
The U.S. joined European and Asian countries in political and economic competition for colonies. A belief in Anglo-Saxon superiority
provided additional incentive for imperialism. These factors led to annexation of Hawaii
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10. The __________________________________10.2
• The United States goes to war with Spain over Cuban _________________ and emerges with colonies in Guam,
_________________, and _________________ Islands.
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Spanish – American – Cuban War 10.2
Cuba
American capitalists invest _________________ in _________________
U.S. = Cuba’s main market
Tariff a_________________ 1884 = sugar production _________________
Cuban economic crisis – 1894
U.S. _________________– ruins Cuban economy – sugar
History of rebellion v. Spanish rule
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Cuba
Cuban economic crisis – 1894
History of rebellion v. Spanish rule
U.S. tariff 1894 – ruins Cuban economy – sugar
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War with Spain
_________________– starts _________________ (1895)
Leads _________________ movement
Guerrilla warfare
Attacks ________________________and deliberately destroys American-owned sugar mills & plantations
Poet and _________________
American public opinion split
__________________________________– sent to Cuba to establish order
Forced Cubans to relocate to co_________________ camps – Used by __________________________________, thousands died
Rural population moved into – thousands die in 2 years
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_________________
H_________________& P_________________
Compete for _________________ in sales of newspapers
_________________ in articles to lure readers
Focus on sympathy & sensationalism
Intensifies U.S. interest
Gain vast _________________
De_________________
Spanish minister to U.S.
_________________ McKinley
Letter criticizes as _________________ and seeking public admiration
A_________________American public
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U. ________________
260/350 die
Causes unknown
Americans outraged
Yellow Journalism blames Spain – “__________________________________!”
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U.S. declares _________________ on Spain – April 20, 1898
Congress votes to declare war
_________________ that Spain ________________to all concessions
16. The War with Spain
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_________________ – 1 battleground
– Spanish _________________
– People wanted _________________
– Filipinos had history of rebellion against Spain
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T Roosevelt ordered _________________to Manila Bay
_________________and Pacific Fleet _________________ Spanish fleet
Steamed into Manila Bay & destroyed the Spanish Fleet
U.S. troops land & assist Filipino rebels led by _________________, revolutionary _________________
Spanish surrender
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Cuba
U.S. naval _________________ – Spanish fleet stuck in port at Santiago de Cuba
Small U.S. professional army & larger # of volunteers
Inadequate training, leaders, & gear
Not enough guns
Woolen uniforms
Civil War vets sat around & recalled C W tales
U.S. military captures Santiago
_________________, volunteers  charge _________________
Roosevelt declared _________________. Played minor role in the capture
Many regiments who contributed as much or more to the United States victory
Fought on foot because horses didn’t reach Cuba in time
Spanish navy tries to escape & is destroyed
“_________________”  T. R. = “Hero”
18. Rough Riders
• Diverse group that included western cowboys, clerks, NY policemen, musicians, polo players, college men, blacks and Native
Americans of the war to form the regiment and take part in the fighting.
• T.R. “charge itself was great fun” and “we had a bully fight.”
• Nominated for a Medal of Honor
• Helped his political career
– Won the governorship of New York
– Elected vice president in 1900
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_________________ (1898)
Cuban granted _________________ after Spanish-American-Cuban War
Puerto Rico & Guam given to U.S.
U.S. purchases the __________________________________& annexes the Philippines
20. Acquiring New Lands
• The United States encounters continuing conflict in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Philippines, as well as in its attempt to expand trade with
China.
21. America’s New Empire
• After Treaty of Paris, U.S. had to decide status of newly-acquired lands?
22.
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Section 2
Involvement in Spanish-American-Cuban War marked the beginning of America’s role as a _________________.
Investments in _________________give Americans an _________________ interest in _________________
Some Americans support Spanish control of Cuba, while others sympathize with Cuban rebels.
Spanish leaders employ harsh tactics in an attempt to crush the Cuban revolt
Yellow journalism arouses American sympathy for Cuban rebels
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The U.S. defeats Spanish forces in Philippines and in Cuba
As a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, Cuba becomes independent and the U.S. annexes the Philippines
Alfred T. Mahan argued for a strong navy = important to victory in Caribbean
The Spanish American Cuban War demonstrated the superiority of U.S. naval forces and added Puerto Rico, Guam, and the
Philippines to America’s empire
24. Puerto Rico 10.3
– Americans invade after Spanish surrender in Cuba
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U.S. first welcome
Continue occupation
Afraid of “_________________”
Disillusioned with military gov & attitude of superiority
Important to U.S
U.S. presence in Caribbean
Protect future canal
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_________________
_________________for U.S
Caribbean
Near location of future Panama Canal
_________________ (1900)
Citizenship _________________
President _________________Governor & Upper House
People _________________ lower house
_________________ (1901)
_________________– Constitution _________________automatically apply to __________________________________
1917 – Citizenship granted & Constitutional protection
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Cuba – U.S. _________________ ( country whose affairs are partially controlled by _________________power)
_________________
Independence granted
Reality – American occupation with Spanish officials
Protests not permitted
American military:
Provided _________________ & c_________________
Helped _________________
Organized elementary schools
Eliminated yellow fever (disease that killed hundreds each year)
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U.S. Protectorate (1903 – 31)
U.S. requires new __________________________________to include the _________________
No treaties affecting foreign influence/control
No Cuban debt
U.S. _________________ intervene in affairs – to maintain independence
U.S. can _________________for navy & coal
_________________ ( Guantanamo Bay)
Cubans reluctantly ratify
WHY?
_________________ American _________________ interests
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The Philippines
Annexation brings _________________
Emilio _________________
Declares _________________ & drafts _________________
Guerilla tactics
American military response
“_________________” required to live in
Poor sanitation, starvation & disease = killed thousands
Like in Cuba with Spanish concentration camps
3 year war  Aguinaldo captured
Costly – lives & $$$
Government Structure = _________________
_________________ – _________________ Governor
Built schools, hospitals & improved sanitation
_________________ – American college graduates to teach & train
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July 4, _________________  Philippine I_________________
Naval bases
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China
Potential for American p_________________
Invest in railroad construction
John _________________ author of __________________________________– in effect until after WW II
U.S. leaders fear loss of access to _________________
Policy statements
_________________to China’s coastal ports
_________________ of special privileges for any trading nation
Maintenance of China’s _________________
Further U.S. _________________
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_________________
_________________ Chinese Society = Boxers
Kick out “foreign devils”
Missionaries & foreigners killed
Settlement:
U.S. paid $24.5 million
Paid $4 to citizens suffering losses
Gave back $20 million for education
WHY?
Foster _________________
Introduce students to Western culture
Exercise control over use of money
31.
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Open Door notes #2
Purpose
_________________ foreign markets
Establish _________________in each market
American _________________ policy:
Growth of U.S. e_________________  _________________
U.S. right to _________________ to keep markets _________________
Closing of an area to Am products, citizens & ideas threatened U.S. _________________
32. Section 3
• Puerto Ricans resent U.S. control of their government
• Congress passes the _________________, which _________________ U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and gives the president
_________________ over Puerto Rico’s government
• The _________________ensures Cuban i_________________, but the U.S. Army steps in.
• Result of _________________, U.S. maintains _________________ over Cuba
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The Filipinos _________________ against U.S. rule, attempting war, and U.S. forces brutally _________________ the rebellion
Under U.S. rule, the Philippines gradually achieve independence
_________________ powers and J_________________ establish spheres of Influence in _________________
John _________________ proposes that European nations _________________ their _________________ rights in China with the
U.S.
The U.S. and other imperialist powers put down a r_________________ against foreign influences in China
34. Imperialism forces Americans to _________________ their knowledge of the world
– "a policy of extending a _________________and influence through _________________, use of _________________, or other
means".
• Some Americans continue to oppose imperialism for economic and moral reasons
• U.S. involvement in Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippines, and China spread __________________________________ around the
world. Many in U.S. endorsed American imperialism, many didn’t‘.
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35. America As a World Power 10.4
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Roosevelt Negotiates Peace in _________________War
War between Japan and Russia over _________________
Japanese destroy Russian fleet
_________________ mediates the _________________/Nobel Peace Prize (1906)
Significance? = High Profile for U.S. on World Stage
American “_________________” tours the world = Japanese so impressed build bigger navy of their _________________
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II. Roosevelt & the Panama Canal
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Admiral _________________ 4 goal: build _________________ thru Central America
Short cut between __________________________________
_________________ _________________ (1901)
_________________of U.S. to build & control canal
Engineer & investor Bunau-Varilla, New __________________________Company
He incites/_________________against _________________ 
U.S. negotiates _________________ guaranteeing Panama’s _________________
U.S. perpetual control of _________________ “Canal Zone”
Impact on U.S. – Latin American Relations
38. III. “_________________”
“Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”..” Big Stick” Diplomacy
• TR’s compared his policy to _________________
– Argument: Europe _________________intervene in West Hemisphere
–  U.S. will _________________ Latin America to protect U.S. ____________ interests
– Nicaragua = bankers loan money to pay its debts
– Right to recover money collecting customs duties
• Taft Policy  “__________________________________” by critics
– U.S. gov _________________for loans made to _________________ countries by American b_________________ people
• Justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean
– Goal – _________________of Latin America
39. Wilson’s “_________________”
– Defined: U.S. has moral duty/responsibility to _________________ recognition to any Latin American government the U.S. views
as _________________, _________________, or h_________________ to U.S. interests
– Effect: Pressure on __________________________________to establish democratic governments
– Examples: 1. Mexican Revolution
2. Pershing Pursues Villa
– Mexican Reaction:  Constitutional Amendments put strict controls on foreign investment
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I. Roosevelt Negotiates peace in Russo-Japanese War
Russia & Japan fight over control of Korea
Japan (_________________ power) destroys European fleet of Russia (_________________ power)
T.R. negotiates _________________
Wins _________________Peace Prize (1906)
Importance: T.R. becomes __________________________________figure. America is “_________________” in world affairs.
Japan so impressed with Great White Fleet  begins to build its own……..
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II. Roosevelt & Panama Canal
Panama Canal = 4th Goal of Admiral Mahan
_________________ between Pacific & Atlantic Oceans
_________________Treaty (1901)
U.S. has _________________to build & control canal
Location – Nicaragua v. Panama
Panamanian Revolution v Columbia - W U.S. military ships
Panama – independent
U.S. – 10 Mile wide “canal zone”
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_________________ U.S.- Latin American relations
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The Panama Canal
$380 million
Disease
Soft volcanic soil – avalanches/danger
Mountains & swamps
5,600 workers died!
Finished 8/15/14
Impact on U.S., - Latin American Relations
U.S. pays __________________________________
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III. Roosevelt Corollary
Addition to the _________________
Caused by fear of Latin American debt to European nations
“_________________” Diplomacy
U.S. = “police of Latin America’ to protect U.S. economic interests
Taft Policy  “Dollar Diplomacy” by critics
U.S. gov guarantees loans made to foreign countries by American business people
Goals of both “Big Stick” and “Dollar” diplomacy
Ensure U.S. _________________ in Latin America
44. IV. Wilson’s “_________________”
– Gives the Monroe Doctrine a “moral tone”
– “Missionary Diplomacy” – the U.S. has a moral responsibility to _________________ to any Latin American gov if viewed as
oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests
• Pressure on Latin American countries to establish Democratic Governments
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Examples of U.S. Imperialism in Mexico
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Wilson does not recognize _________________ as leader – “butchers”
Came _________________ to war with Mexico
U.S. _________________ invade Mexico to _________________ arrested sailors
Wilson recognizes Carranza gov
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Examples of U.S. Imperialism in Mexico
__________________________________pursues _________________
Villa led revolts against Carranza
Villa attacks _________________ in Mexico & New Mexico
Pershing & 15k troops sent to Mexico to catch Villa
Clash with Mexican Army
Wilson withdraws troops due to needs of _________________
Mexican Constitution – strict controls on foreign investment
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Pursuit & Achievement of Foreign Policy goals
Expanded access to _________________= continued growth of American economy
Built _________________
Exercised _________________ police power  American _________________ in Latin America
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Section 4
_________________was one of the most colorful figures in U.S. history
Helped negotiate an _________________to the Russo-Japanese War
During his administration, the U.S. begins constructing the _________________
The __________________________________strengthens __________________________________in Latin America
49. Think Abouts
• Although isolationism is a recurrent theme in U.S. history, so too is intervention into the affairs of other nations
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The overriding reasons for U.S. intervention abroad are to protect its economic interests, oppose aggression, and provide
humanitarian relief.
The U.S. intervened in Cuba to halt Spain’s aggression and expand its empire, while its main interest in sending troops to Nicaragua
was economic
America acted in the Persian Gulf to protect its economic interests and stop aggression, while U.S. troops entered Somalia to provide
humanitarian relief
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In 1909 progressives in Congress attached a provision for an _________________to a tariff bill.
Conservatives, proposed a constitutional amendment enacting such a tax
Believed an amendment would never receive ratification by three-fourths of the states
Amendment ratified by one state legislature after another
1913, due to generous exemptions and deductions, _________________ of the population paid income taxes at the rate of only
_________________ of net income.
51. _________________t
• _________________of senators
52. _________________t
• Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment __________________________________.
The 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote.
• Woodrow Wilson President
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I_________________ – bill originated by people, not lawmakers
_________________ – vote on the bill
_________________ – remove public, elected officials thru another election before end of term
_________________– voters chose candidates for public office thru popular election
54. The _________________
• Upton Sinclair
• Exposed u_________________ conditions in the _________________industry
55. _________________Party
• The _________________ Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt,
after a split in the _________________ Party between him and President William Howard Taft.
• The party also became known as the Bull Moose Party after journalists quoted Roosevelt saying "I feel like a bull moose" shortly
after the new party was formed.
56. __________________________________t
• _________________introduced into factories
• Workers could perform tasks q_________________
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Journalists wrote about _________________of business, government, and public life in magazines
Ida M. Tarbell - Muckraker
Wrote about Standard Oil – Rockefeller
58. _________________Laws
• S_________________ races in public & private facilities
59. National Reclamation Act = N_________________Act (1902)
– Federal law that funded __________________________________for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West
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