Outline
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Computer Generations
Computer
Generations
Landmark developments
p
Picture Gallery
Looking into future
Introduction to MIPS Instruction Set
Introduction to MIPS Instruction Set
Five Generations of Computers
Five Generations of Computers
• History of computer development divided into 5 generations
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• Each generation characterized by a major technological development
technological development • Fundamental changes in terms of
– Size, Cost, Power, Efficiency, Reliability Si C
P
Effi i
R li bili
First Generation First
Generation – 1940
1940’ss and 50
and 50’s:
s: Vacuum Tubes
• Expensive, bulky, ,p
g
unreliable, power guzzlers
• Used punched cards/tapes magnetic
cards/tapes, magnetic drum memories, machine language
Second Generation Second
Generation – 1950
1950’ss and and
60’s: Transistors
• Smaller, faster, cheaper, gy
more energy‐efficient and more reliable as p
compared to vacuum tubes
• Assembly languages, Assembly languages
early versions of FORTRAN and COBOL
FORTRAN and COBOL
Third Generation Third
Generation – 1960
1960’ss and and
70’s: Integrated Circuits
• SSI, MSI, LSI
• Speed and efficiency Speed and efficiency
drastically increased
• Keyboards and monitors
• Operating systems
Operating systems
Fourth Generation Fourth
Generation – 1970
1970’ss to to
Present: Microprocessors
• LSI and VLSI
• Made home Made home
computing and embedded embedded
computing possible
• Graphics and mouse
Graphics and mouse
• Hand held devices
Fifth Generation ‐ Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
d
f l
ll
• Voice
Voice input/output
input/output
• Natural language i
input/output
t/ t t
• Parallel computing
• Dual Core/Quad Core
• Centrino, Atom, GPU
Relative performance per unit cost
Relative performance per unit cost
Year
Technology
Perf/cost
1951
1965
1975
1995
Vacuum tube
Transistor
Integrated circuit
VLSI
1
35
900
2,400,000
Growth in DRAM Capacity
Growth in DRAM Capacity
100,000
64M
16M
Kbitt capacity
y
10,000
4M
1M
1000
256K
100
64K
16K
10
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
Year of introduction
1990
1992
1994
1996
Increase in workstation performance
1200
DEC Alpha 21264/600
1100
1000
900
Perrformance
800
700
600
500
DEC Alpha 5/500
400
300
DEC Alpha 5/300
200
100
SUN-4/ MIPS
260
M/120
0
1987
1988
IBM
MIPS
M2000 RS6000
1989
1990
DEC Alpha 4/266
IBM POWER 100
DEC AXP/500
HP 9000/750
1991
1992
Year
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Computer History
Computer History
• http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline
http://www computerhistory org/timeline
• Next Few Slides on Computer History
Slid
C
i
11
Year Inventors/Inventions
Konrad Zuse - Z1
1936
Computer
H. Aiken & G. Hopper
1944 Harvard Mark I
Computer
J.P.Eckert,,
1946 J.W.Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer
J. Bardeen, W. Brattain
1947
& W. Shockley
/48
Th Transistor
The
T
i t
Description of Event
First programmable
computer
computer.
Harvard architecture.
18,000 vacuum tubes
This invention greatly
affected the history of
computers.
t
Year Inventors/Inventions
Konrad Zuse - Z1
1936
Computer
H. Aiken & G. Hopper
1944 Harvard Mark I
Computer
J.P.Eckert,,
1946 J.W.Mauchly
ENIAC 1 Computer
J. Bardeen, W. Brattain
1947
& W. Shockley
/48
Th Transistor
The
T
i t
Description of Event
First programmable
computer
computer.
Harvard architecture.
18,000 vacuum tubes
This invention greatly
affected the history of
computers.
t
Year Inventors/Inventions
J.P.Eckert, J.W.
1951 Mauchly
UNIVAC Computer
IBM 701 EDPM
1953
Computer
John Backus & IBM
1954
FORTRAN
Stanford Research
1955
Institute, Bank of
used
America, and GE
1959
ERMA and
d MICR
Description of Event
First commercial
computer.
t
IBM enters into 'The
History of Computers.
First successful HLL
HLL.
First bank industry
computer - also
MICR.
Y
Year
IInventors/Inventions
t
/I
ti
Jack Kilby & Robert
1958 Noyce
The Integrated Circuit
Steve Russell & MIT
1962 Spacewar Computer
Game
Douglas Engelbart
1964 Computer
p
Mouse &
Windows
1969 ARPAnet
D
Description
i ti off Event
E
t
Otherwise known as
'The Chip'
The first computer
game invented.
Nicknamed the mouse
because the tail came
out of the end.
The original
g
Internet.
Year
1970
1971
1971
1973
Inventors/Inventions
Intel 1103 Computer
Memory
Faggin, Hoff & Mazor
Intel 4004
Alan Shugart &IBM
Flexible Disk
R. Metcalfe & Xerox
Ethernet Computer
p
Networking
Description of Event
The world's first
available DRAM chip
chip.
The first
microprocessor.
Nicknamed "Floppy"
for its flexibility.
y
Networking.
g
Year
1974/
75
1976/
77
Inventors/Inventions
Scelbi, Mark-8 Altair,
IBM 5100
Apple I, II & TRS-80
& Commodore Pet
D.Bricklin, B.
Frankston
1978
VisiCalc
Spreadsheet
Seymour Rubenstein
1979 & Rob Barnaby
WordStar Software
Description of Event
The first consumer
computers
computers.
More first consumer
computers.
Paid for itself in two
weeks.
Word Processors.
Year
1981
1981
1983
1984
Inventors/Inventions
IBM The IBM PC Home Computer
Microsoft
MS-DOS
MS
DOS Computer
Operating System
Apple
pp Lisa
Computer
Apple
pp Macintosh
Computer
1985 Microsoft Windows
Description of Event
Personal computer
revolution
Operating system of
th century.
the
t
The first home
computer with a GUI.
More affordable home
computer with a GUI.
MS begins
g
the friendly
y
war with Apple.
IBM´s SSEC : Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator:(ElecMechCal
(
)
Produced moon‐position tables P
d d
iti t bl
used for the course of
1969 Apollo flight to the moon. Speed:
50 mults per second
Input/
output:
cards punched tape
cards, punched tape
Techno‐
ec o
logy:
20,000 relays, 12,500 ,
y, ,
vacuum tubes
Floor space:
25 feet by 40 feet
UNIVAC I : (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) )
Speed:
d
1,905 ops / second
/
d
Input/
output:
t t
Memory size:
Techno‐
logy:
Floor
space:
Cost:
mag tape, printer
1,000 12‐digit words in delay lines
y
vacuum tubes, delay lines, magnetic tape
943 cubic feet
$750K + $185K for a high $750K
+ $185K for a high
speed printer
IBM 360
CDC6600
(
(Control Data Corporation)
l
)
ILLIAC IV (Illinois Automatic Computer)
ILLIAC IV (Illinois Automatic Computer)
PDP 8
HP 2115
(
(Programmed Data Processor)
d
)
Xerox Alto
CRAY‐1 Saymour Cray Founder
d
Looking into Future
Looking into Future
•
•
•
•
Grid computing
Grid
computing
Nano technology
gy
Quantum computing
DNA computing
Instructions
• Language of the Machine
g g
• Primitive compared to HLLs
• Easily interpreted by hardware
l
db h d
Instruction set design goals
Instruction set design goals
• Maximize performance
• Minimize cost, • Reduce design time
Red e desi n time
Type of Instructions
Type of Instructions
• Instructions for arithmetic
Instructions for arithmetic
• Instructions to move data
Instructions to move data
• Instructions for decision making
• Handling constant operands
Example: Instruction Set Architecture
Example: Instruction Set Architecture
MIPS
• Representative of architectures developed since the 1980's
• Used by NEC, Nintendo, Silicon Graphics, Sony
• Real architecture but easy to understand
Real architecture but easy to understand
MIPS: Microprocessor without Interlocked p
Pipeline Stages : ISA
MIPS: Millions Instructions Per Sec: Measure
MIPS Arithmetic
MIPS Arithmetic
• All instructions have 3 operands
All instructions have 3 operands
• Operand order is fixed (destination first)
Example:
C code:
C code: MIPS code:
A = B + C
A
=B+C
add $s0, $s1, $s2 (associated with variables by compiler)
MIPS Arithmetic
MIPS Arithmetic
• Simplicity
Simplicity favors regularity
favors regularity
• Operands must be registers, only 32 registers provided (smaller is faster)
provided (smaller is faster)
• Expressions need to be broken
C code
MIPS code
A = B + C + D;
add $t0, $s1, $s2
E = F ‐ A; add $s0, $t0, $s3 sub $s4, $s5, $s0
$ ,$ ,$