Grasshoppers
Grasshoppers have been an economic concern in the western United States since settlers established farming
and ranching operations there in the 1800s. Settlers suffered a severe hardship in 1864 because grasshoppers
ruined crops. In 1873 many of its homesteaders left, discouraged by economic conditions and grasshopper
hordes.
The settlers of the frontier faced many challenges including the threat of horrendous weather,
starvation, plagues, and sickness. For example, in 1874 there was a giant Grasshopper Plague that swept in a Zshape across the lands of Oregon, Dakota Territory, Kansas, and Missouri. Lakes of grasshoppers three inches
deep were not uncommon. They devoured the crops, the vegetables, clothing, the wool on live sheep, and even
each other, causing many of the settlers to leave the lands. During the 1870s the Rocky Mountain locust,
Melanopus spretus (Walsh), destroyed crops throughout the West, and in 1877 the U.S. Entomological
Commission was created to investigate the problem.
Although Rocky Mountain locust problems subsided in the
1880s, interest and concern regarding grasshopper damage
have not subsided.
The expansion of urban areas into foothills, prairies, and
farmland
has
increased
concern
over
grasshoppers.
Grasshopper numbers build to high levels in weedy areas and
migrate to yards where they destroy vegetable and flower
gardens and ornamental shrubs. While extreme economic loss
may not be associated with this situation, the aesthetic value
of homes and the happiness of homeowners are threatened.
http://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/i
nsects/forecast/grasshopper interp.html
Current emphasis of large-scale grasshopper management efforts has shifted from crop protection to rangeland
protection. This shift has occurred because farmers can use numerous insecticides to effectively suppress
grasshoppers, and, perhaps more important, they have the economic incentive to affect control. Other factors
also work to reduce impact of grasshoppers on cropland. Insecticide applications directed toward the myriad of
other insect pests associated with crops help keep grasshopper numbers low. Such practices associated with
crop production as tillage, ditch burning and weed control also reduce grasshopper abundance. Ranchers, on the
© 2014 All Star Training, Inc.
1
other hand, also have effective insecticides at their disposal, but low productivity of rangeland relative to
cropland precludes their investment in expensive control procedures.
In addition to yield reduction in forage, the cost of grasshopper
control is an important direct cost ranchers must incur; indirect
costs include reduction in weight gain by cattle and relocation
costs. Grasshoppers consume from 6% to 12% of the available
forage in the western United States although in some localities they
consume essentially all available forage. Grasshoppers eat
approximately one-half of their body weight in green forage per
http://sflwww.er.usgs.gov/.../critters/grasshopp
er.html
day. With a grasshopper population of seven or eight per square
meter in a four hectare field, grasshoppers consume as much forage
as a cow. The U.S. Department of Agriculture suggests that
treatment is justified when grasshopper numbers (adults or late instar nymphs) reach approximately nine per
square meter.
Few grasshopper control recommendations consider forage condition, grasshopper species and other important
variables. When forage density or biomass is low, small numbers of grasshoppers per unit area can be
damaging. Thus, during dry periods, when grasshopper numbers often are highest, fewer grasshoppers can be
tolerated. When the price of cattle is high, ranchers can better afford grasshopper suppression costs, and control
operations are more likely instigated.
Grasshoppers differ significantly in their damage potential. Forage loss stems from both consumption and
clipping without consumption (wastage). Studies such as these suggest that over a season, mixed populations of
grasshoppers destroy approximately 44 mg (dry weight) of foliage per grasshopper per day. Wastage by
clipping may represent up to 50% of total forage reduction attributable to grasshoppers. Both consumption and
wastage rates are influenced by grasshopper preference for a plant species; favored plants are more heavily
damaged.
Biology and Life Cycle
Grasshoppers belong to the class of insects.
Their general anatomy consists of a head, thorax
(mid-section), and abdomen. They have 3 pairs
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of legs all attached to the thorax. They have a tracheal system for breathing and two pairs of wings. They are
further classified into the order of orthoptera. Grasshoppers may next be placed in the family Acrididae because
they possess short antennae and ovipositor (egg-layer), an auditory organ (tympanum visible externally) on each
side of the first abdominal segment, and three-segmented tarsi (feet). See Table 1 summarizing the affiliation of
the Carolina grasshopper, Dissosteira carolina (Linnaeus).
TABLE 1. Affiliation of the Carolina grasshopper, Dissosteira carolina (Linnaeus),
with the categories of taxonomic hierarchy and the associated characteristics.
CATEGORY TAXON
CHARACTERISTICS
Sensitivity, voluntary movement, require oxygen and
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Anthropoda Ringlike segments, jointed appendages, exoskeleton.
Class
Insecta
organic food, fixed organs.
Three body regions, three pairs legs, one pair antennae,
tracheal system, usually two pair wings.
Forewings leathery, hindwings membranous, chewing
Order
Orthoptera
mouthparts,
hindlegs
enlarged
for
jumping,
simple
metamorphosis.
Family
Acrididae
Genus
Dissosteira
Species
carolina
Short antennae, short ovipositor, tympanum on first
abdominal tergum, three segmented tarsi.
High median pronotal crest deeply cut by one sulcus,
body slender, medium to large size.
Hindwings black with yellow margin; tegmina unicolorous
or faintly spotted.
The Head
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The head of a grasshopper contains large, strong muscles which operate the chewing mouthparts.
Also
contained in the head is the brain and subesophageal ganglion. These two organs serve as the body’s main
centers of the nervous system. The prominent features on the outside
of the head are a pair of antennae, two compound eyes,
and the
mouthparts. The antennae will have one of three different shapes,
filiform or threadlike, ensiform or sword-shaped, and clavate or club
shaped.
Thorax
The thorax, locomotion center of the grasshopper, is a stout, boxlike structure consisting of three fused
segments: the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. Each segment bears a pair of legs. The second segment
bears a pair of forewings, the tegmina, and the third segment a pair of membranous hindwings. The wings of a
few species are reduced to small pads or are entirely lacking. The top of the thoracic segments is called the
notum, the bottom the sternum, and the sides the pleura.
Legs
Although the three pairs of legs have the
same component parts, the hind pair,
adapted for jumping, are much larger than
the first and second pair and bear more
distinctive
features.
The
color
and
markings of both the femur and tibia differ
among species. The robust femur has
several surfaces and ridges that have been
given names for easy reference.
The long and slender tibia bears along its posterior edges a double row of spines and distally two pairs of
articulated spurs or calcars. The number of spines and the length of calcars vary among species. The inner
medial area of the femur may have a longitudinal ridge bearing a series of stridulatory pegs. Up and down
movements of the hindlegs cause the pegs to scrape against a raised vein on each tegmen, which produces a
song or signal peculiar to that species of grasshopper.
Wings
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The two pairs of grasshopper wings differ in shape,
structure, and function. The front pair, or tegmina, are
leathery and narrow with the sides nearly parallel. The
hind wings are membranous and fan-shaped. Compared
with the tegmina, the hind pair contributes three times as
much to flight lift. Both pairs afford diagnostic characters
that aid in the identification of species. The wing veins,
sclerotized tubes providing strength to the wings, vary
greatly in thickness. The tegmina vary from immaculate
to distinctly spotted or marked. The hindwings of
grasshoppers are usually hyaline. Members of one
subfamily, the Oedipodinae or bandwinged grasshoppers,
have wings with a dark submarginal band and have the
disk colored.
Abdomen
The hind region of the grasshopper’s body, the abdomen,
consists of 11 segments. Segment I is firmly fused with the
metathorax and contains the auditory organ with its
eardrum cover, the tympanum.
Segments II to VIII are ringlike in appearance and are
separated from one another by pliable membranes. Each
segment has a sclerotized tergum that covers not only the
top but also the sides of the abdomen. A sclerotized
sternum covers the bottom. Pliable membranes separate the
terga from the sterna and with the intersegmental
membranes allow the abdomen much flexibility, a requirement for respiratory movements, copulation, and
oviposition.
Grasshopper Populations
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Grasshopper infestations or assemblages consist of the individuals of several species that live together in the
same habitat sharing or competing for available food and space. Members of the dominant species outnumber
members of other species and may make up more than 50 percent of the assemblage. Occasionally two or three
species may become codominants. No evidence has been found for any essential
relationship among species that brings them together. The habitat affords the
minimum requirements for all the permanent species and ample measure for the
abundant.
Grass-feeding species of grasshoppers are the most numerous in grasslands. In a
northern mixedgrass prairie site 18 miles northwest of Fort Collins, Colorado, a
total of 24 species were recorded during an outbreak in 1981. Of the total, 14 were
grass feeders, six were mixed feeders, and four were forb feeders. The number of
www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/.../Hand
book/IV/iv_4.htm
individuals of grass-feeding species made up 85% of the total population. The
dominant grasshopper, Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder), contributed 52% of the
population. A second example of an outbreak population in northern mixedgrass prairie was the assemblage
inhabiting a site 15 miles north of Hartville, Wyoming, where 16 species were recorded. Nine species were
grass feeders, one a mixed feeder, and six were forb feeders. The number of individuals of grass feeding species
made up 89% of the population. The dominant grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomas), contributed 74% of the
population.
The composition of grasshopper assemblages is characteristic of various grassland types. A scout working in a
western state expects particular species to compose economic infestations in certain areas. Because the species
composition of grasshopper assemblages infesting particular habitats remains almost the same year after year, a
scout is aided in identifying nymphs by knowing the species that were present as adults during past years.
Widespread species with high biotic potential, such as Aulocara elliotti and Ageneotettix deorum, inhabit many
grassland types and become abundant members in various assemblages of grasshoppers. In outbreaks on desert
grasslands of Arizona and New Mexico, for example, A. elliotti is often the dominant species, as in many
infestations of the northern mixedgrass prairie.
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Grasshoppers defoliate grasses by direct feeding
on leaf and stem tissue and by cutting off leaves
or stems and heads while feeding. High
populations of grasshoppers on rangeland can
damage plant crowns so severely that many grass
plants will not recover. With the exception of the
migratory grasshopper, rangeland grasshopper
species rarely feed on crops, except during years
of very high populations. Understanding how
grasses respond to defoliation is critical for
grasshopper management on rangelands. Each
http://www.ars.usda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=53-41-00-00
year, rangeland vegetation is defoliated by
livestock, wildlife, insects, hail and/or fire. Grasshoppers can rapidly remove a large percentage of the foliage.
Root growth stops and nutrient uptake is reduced for several days when more than half of the green herbage is
removed from grasses. Lengths of "shut-down" and "slow-down" periods in roots increase as severity and
frequency of defoliation increase. Removing more than 65 percent of the green herbage one time during the
growing season can reduce total root length by 30 percent or more. When grasses are severely defoliated over
several years by any combination of processes, plants become weak and die. Grasses in excessively defoliated
pastures are drought stressed even when precipitation is near average because reduced root length limits access
to available soil moisture. Plants on shortgrass prairie are least likely to experience defoliation-induced drought
because low infiltration rates limit the depth of soil moisture on these sites.
Biological Control
Rangeland, pasture, and forage insect pests consume 10 to 25% of forage production and cause substantial
economic losses. The rangeland livestock industry is beset by problems associated with natural variation in
annual forage production, which is exacerbated by extreme variations in grasshopper infestations. Rangeland
and pasture managers must choose among several unattractive management alternatives, including forced sale
of livestock; reducing the stocking rate; buying hay; renting
more pasture; spraying; or no action, which can lead to
serious overgrazing.
In order to effectively control
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grasshopper populations biologically it is important to understand two things:
1. Make the environment as unfavorable as possible for grasshopper growth and survival of pest species of
grasshoppers.
2. Maintain high levels of plant vigor and range conditions to minimize the effects and occurrence of
outbreaks.
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/production/grasshopperff.asp
Unfavorable Environment
Grasshoppers are small, cold-blooded, and profoundly affected by
temperature and relative humidity in their microhabitat. All developmental
stages of grasshoppers can be advanced by high temperatures or retarded by
low temperatures. Increasing the time required for grasshoppers to mature
increases juvenile mortality, which reduces defoliation and the number of
eggs produced for next year’s grasshopper population.
http://www.agr.gov.sk.ca/docs/produ
ction/grasshopperff.asp
Temperatures and
relative humidity near the soil surface are directly related to the height and
distribution of herbage. Increases in herbage that delay grasshopper growth
also provide habitat for natural predators and pathogens, including birds, mammals, reptiles, predatory insect
species, fungi and other pathogens. Management practices that minimize favorable habitat for pest species of
grasshoppers also maintain high levels of plant vigor and range condition. The number of grasshopper species
and the total number of grasshoppers may be greater on properly managed prairie compared to overgrazed
prairie; however, reduced grasshopper growth rates, higher mortality of immature grasshoppers, and higher
productivity of plants minimize the effects of these populations.
How weather affects grasshoppers.
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Temperature Effects
•
•
Rainfall Effects
High temperatures in summer – fall
◊
Early maturity of grasshoppers
◊
Long egg laying period
◊
Cloudy, wet weather for 1+ weeks
◊
◊
Early hatch, followed by:
Promotes fungal pathogens of
grasshoppers
Warm spring
◊
•
Prolonged wet period important
Heavy rains during emergence
<70o -->No feeding, high
◊
Kills young grasshoppers
mortality
◊
embeds young hoppers in soil
Warm and dry --> Good start for
◊
physically wash them away
•
hoppers
•
•
Winter temperatures have little affect
Extreme drought
◊
Poor egg hatch
◊
Hoppers starve from lack of food
◊
Low egg production by adults
Weather effects and their impact on grasshopper populations.
Decrease when . . .
•
Increase when . . .
•
Warm early spring
◊
premature hatch
◊
prevents premature hatch
◊
IF get a cold snap --> poor
◊
insures adequate food supply
•
development
•
Warm and dry in late spring
Hot period in early spring...
◊
promotes uniform hatching time
◊
promotes hatching
◊
good weather conditions for
◊
hatching followed by cloudy, wet
weather favors the occurrence of
feeding
•
disease
•
Cool, wet weather in early spring
Cool summer and early fall
◊
delays the maturity of the
◊
provides good food supply
◊
low incidence of disease
Late fall
◊
grasshoppers
◊
•
Hot summer with adequate rainfall
long egg laying period
shortens the time for egg laying
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Herbage Allocation
Soil can be shaded or insulated from direct sunlight with standing herbage or litter. On healthy rangeland,
standing herbage consists of a mixture of residual herbage from preceding years and current-year herbage. A
minimum amount of standing herbage must be retained at all times for protection against erosion and to
enhance infiltration of precipitation. About half of the herbage produced each year is needed to maintain levels
of residual cover typical of healthy rangeland. Disappearance of the other half by the end of the summer grazing
season is the result of nearly equal defoliation by cattle and natural processes. On properly stocked rangeland,
cattle will use about 25 percent of the current-year herbage resource.
Published estimates of herbage reduction caused by grasshoppers are highly variable. While these insects are a
natural part of range ecosystems, herbage losses caused by above average populations must be offset by reduced
livestock use. Estimates of daily dry matter intake for grasshoppers range from 30 to 250 percent of body
weight compared to 1.5 to 2.5 percent for beef cattle. A 1250-pound cow would consume 19 to 31 pounds of
herbage each day. The same amount of herbage could be consumed by eight to 104 pounds of grasshoppers in a
single day. Many ranchers develop a mental picture of what pastures should look like when it is time to remove
livestock. Cattle should not be placed in grasshopper-infested pastures that appear to be near or below that
amount of cover envisioned as adequate by the rancher.
Plant Communities
Opportunities to shade the soil surface with standing herbage increase as composition of mid- and tallgrass
species increases. Full growing-season deferment from green-up to killing frost can dramatically increase midand tallgrass herbage production after one to five drought-free years of overgrazing. The probability of
increasing shade by improving range condition or plant vigor declines as the history of abuse increases.
Decades of overgrazing can reduce mid- and tallgrass prairies to shortgrass dominated pastures that do not
respond well to best management practices. Deterioration of rangeland is accelerated when drought and heavy
defoliation are combined.
Best Grazing Management Practices
Cattle should be excluded for one year from pastures that are severely
defoliated to replenish residual herbage and to provide uninterrupted
plant growth for maximum replenishment of roots and energy
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reserves. It may be necessary to rest a pasture for an additional year if precipitation is below average or if the
vegetation is heavily defoliated by other processes during deferment.
Recovery of plant vigor is maximized with full growing-season deferment and is not affected by dormantseason grazing at proper stocking rates. Grazing practices that alternate the season of grazing or shift summer
grazing dates by 30 days or more among pastures prevents repetitively favoring the same pest species of
grasshopper in consecutive years. Periodically changing grazing between growing and dormant seasons will
change grasshopper environments dramatically and maximize plant vigor. Pastures should be grazed once from
June to August to avoid severe defoliation of warm-season grasses. Grazing is generally distributed more
uniformly throughout pastures with rotation compared to continuous grazing. Consequently, rotation grazing at
proper stocking rates will minimize the development of large open areas near water that are common to
continuously grazed summer pastures.
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/lecu1.htm
Grasshopper disease and Predators
Disease-causing microorganisms have been investigated as potential biological control agents of grasshoppers
for many years. Probably the most well-know case has been the parasite Nosema locustae, a pathogen that was
selected in the early 1960’s for development as a microbial control agent for use in long-term suppression of
grasshoppers. Nosema locustae is the only registered microbial agent that is commercially available for control
of rangeland grasshoppers. Nosema has been studied more than any other microbial control agent for the
suppression of grasshopper populations. Application of Nosema formulated on a wheat bran bait have resulted
in numerous successful introductions of the pathogen into field populations.
Fungi
can
devastate
whole
populations
of
grasshoppers. Some these fungi cannot grow without
a grasshopper host; other fungi are easily cultured in
the laboratory and can infect a wide range of insects
including grasshoppers. There are two main groups
of
fungi
that
grasshoppers:
have
the
species
pathogenic
zygomycetes
and
to
the
deuteromycetes. The zygomycetes pathogen infects
three different types of grasshoppers.
Disease
symptoms in the advanced stage are characteristic
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and easy to recognize. Shortly before death, infected grasshoppers crawl to the tops of plants, fence posts, or
any other elevated position. There they die with their legs wrapped around the plant stalk and heads pointed
upward. Disease characteristics of deuteromcycetes infection include an external white or green mycelial
(filament like fungus) growth.
Insect Predators and Parasites of Grasshopper Eggs.
Grasshopper eggs are normally deposited in clusters, called
egg-pods; placed just below the surface of the soil. The eggpod is covered by a fairly durable coating of soil particles
mixed with a glutinous substance excreted by the female as
she lays her eggs in the soil. The female thrusts her abdomen
into the soil to a depth of an inch or two and starts laying her
eggs. When the cavity formed by her abdomen in filled with
eggs, she commonly blocks the hole above the eggs with a
glandular secretion forming a “froth plug.”
The egg-pod may contain from 2 to more than 100 eggs, depending on the species of grasshopper. The eggs
are quite tough and very resistant to cold. They are able to survive the most severe winters if the ground is not
disturbed. Also, there is usually enough moisture in the surrounding soil to keep the eggs from drying out even
in drought conditions. After the eggs have been deposited in a suitable spot, the female grasshopper provides
no maternal or defensive care and merely abandons them.
One form of biological control is to encourage grasshopper egg predators.
These predators attack the egg-pod as a whole and feed on the eggs,
thereby reducing grasshopper populations.
Some grasshopper egg-pod
predators include the larvae of blister beetles, the larvae of certain
bombyliid flies, larvae of carabid beetles.
There is also a group of egg parasites that feed internally within a single
egg.
http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopp
er/ID_Tools/F_Sheets/4spotted.htm
Chemical Control
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http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/agriculture/chemicals.html
If control is needed, these
practices
are most
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_duster
effective
when applied to grasshopper hatching areas
while hoppers are in early nymphal stages. If
populations are reduced to less than one
grasshopper
per
square
yard,
control
measures may not be needed for several
years unless the area is reinfested through
migration
from
other
infested
areas.
Grasshoppers may be controlled by directly applying insecticides. The insecticides currently registered for use
on rangeland are dimilin, malathion, and carbaryl (Sevin). Rates for these products are listed on the labels. If
larger grasshoppers are targeted, the higher labeled rates should be used. Other insecticides are labeled for
control of grasshoppers in forages, grasses, alfalfa, and other crops.
Applying insecticides as sprays or baits may control grasshoppers. The insecticides registered for use on
rangeland are malathion, acephate (Orthene), methyl parathion (Penncap M) and carbaryl (Sevin). Rates for
these products are listed on the labels. If larger grasshoppers are targeted, the higher labeled rates should be
used. Other insecticides are labeled for control of grasshoppers in forages grasses, alfalfa, and other crops. Read
labels thoroughly before using any insecticide, and observe safety and grazing restrictions.
Recent research at the University of Wyoming has demonstrated the effectiveness of a new grasshopper control
strategy in rangeland. This strategy has been termed Reduced Agent/Area Treatment (RAATs). The insecticide
that shows the most effectiveness with this method is Sevin XLR (ultra-low volume, aerial applications) which
is used at half the recommended rate (eight ounces per acre) instead of the full rate (16 ounces per acre). Also,
with this method only 50 percent of the area is treated by leaving every other spray strip untreated. This method
cuts control costs by 60 percent, and will significantly lower the economic threshold for grasshoppers in
rangeland. Grasshopper control in the RAATs area lagged a little behind control in the full rate areas, but by six
days after treatment both treatments showed the same level of control. The reasons for this dramatic control are
thought to be due to grasshopper movement into the treated strips while the insecticide is still effective, and to
the preservation of natural enemies in the untreated strips.
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Ranchers may
also
need
to
consider
protectionspraying
"barriers"
around
valuable forage production areas, such as highly productive hay
meadows or seeded crops like alfalfa or annual forages. Protection
spraying may require continual surveys during the summer. As the
vegetation on upland range sites matures or dries, grasshoppers will
move into areas with succulent vegetation. Thus, it may be necessary to spray at two- or three-week intervals to
provide protection for these valuable forage resources.
Baits, once the most popular control method, have been replaced by sprays. However, baits are still used
occasionally in some circumstances on rangeland with short, dry vegetation. Carbaryl (Sevin) 5% bait is
available. Control of some grasshopper species will be severely limited because they will not feed on the bait.
For successful control, this method requires uniform distribution of bait and re-application if the bait no longer
is attractive to the grasshoppers. Attractiveness of the bait will be reduced substantially by rain or heavy dew.
Insecticides Labeled for Grasshopper Control in Pastures or Rangeland
•
Malathion 57 EC: Use 1 ½ to 2 pts per acre. There are no grazing or harvest restrictions.
•
Malathion ULV: Use 8-12 fluid ounces per acre. This product is specifically designed for aircraft and
ground equipment capable of applying ultra low volumes. There are no grazing or harvest restrictions.
•
Carbaryl: Sevin 4F and Sevin XLR. Use ½ to 1 qt per acre.
Restrictions:
Rangeland: May be harvested or grazed the same day as application. Do not make more than one application
per year.
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Pasture: Do not apply within 14 days of harvest or grazing. Do not
exceed 3 3/4 pounds per acre per year. Up to two applications per year
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper
may be made but not more often than once every 14 days.
•
Carbaryl: Sevin 4-Oil ULV. Use 3/8 to 1 qt per acre.
For use only on rangeland. This product is not labeled for pastures.
Restrictions: Do not make more than one application per year. May be harvested or grazed the same day as
treatment. Do not apply more than one quart per acre per year.
• Carbaryl: Sevin 80 WSP. Use 2/3 to 11/4 lb per acre.
Restrictions:
Rangeland: May be harvested or grazed the same day as application. Do not make more than one application
per year.
Pasture: Do not apply within 14 days of harvest or grazing. Do not exceed 3 3/4 pounds per acre per year. Up
to two applications per year may be made but not more often than once every 14 days.
• Methyl Parathion 4 lb/gal. Use 1½ pints per acre.
Restrictions: This is a restricted use product and is very toxic. Do not apply within 15 days of harvest or
grazing. Helena Chemical Co. formulates their product under the trade name of 4 lb. Methyl Parathion. Griffin
Chemical Co. formulates methyl parathion under the trade name of Declare.
• Diflubenzuron: Dimilin 25W. Use 0.5 to 1.0 oz per acre.
Note: this is a restricted use pesticide and is labeled for rangeland only. Do not exceed a total of 1.0 oz per
acre per year. There are no harvest or grazing
restrictions.
• Diflubenzuron: Dimilin 2L. Use 0.5 to 1.0 fl
oz per acre.
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Note, this is a restricted use pesticide and is labeled for rangeland only. Do not exceed a total of 1.0 fl oz per
acre per year. There are no harvest or grazing restrictions.
Non-Crop Areas
(field borders, fencerows, roadsides, ditch banks borrow pits)
The products listed for pasture and rangeland in addition to
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TDATA/gis/sr_sam.shtml
acephate can be used for grasshopper control in these noncrop areas.
• Acephate: Orthene 75SP and Orthene 97
Note: These products are labeled for Non-Crop areas (field borders, fencerows, roadsides, ditch banks
borrow pits). They are not labeled for pasture or rangeland grasses.
•
Acephate: Orthene 75 SP use 1/3 lb per acre. Do not graze or feed vegetation cut from treated areas.
•
Orthene 97 use 1/4 lb per acre. Do not graze or feed vegetation cut from treated areas.
• Grasshopper baits
Cereal grain baits formulated with carbaryl, Sevin XLR,
can be used for grasshopper control.
• SEVIN XLR
DIRECTIONS FOR USE AS A CEREAL GRAIN
BAIT:
FOR
END
USE
ONLY.
NOT
FOR
REPACKAGING. FOR USE ONLY BY GOVERNMENT
PERSONNEL OR PERSONS UNDER THEIR DIRECT
SUPERVISION (e.g., USDA, STATE AND LOCAL
EXTENSION PERSONNEL, ETC.)
http://www.usda.gov/oc/photo/01di1349.htm
Mixing InstructionsMix the appropriate amount of SEVIN® brand XLR Plus Carbaryl Insecticide with a cereal
grain substitute (cereal grains or their by-products, such as flaky wheat bran, rolled wheat, rolled oats and/or
barley or oat millings) to make a carbaryl bait containing 2% to 10% active carbaryl. For example, for a bait
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containing 5% carbaryl, mix 1 quart SEVIN® brand XLR Plus Carbaryl Insecticide (contains 1 lb. active
carbaryl) with each 19 pounds of cereal grain substrate. Mix only the amount of bait necessary for each insect
control program.
Storage Instructions
Store carbaryl bait in a cool, dry area out of reach of children and animals. Do not contaminate water, food, or
feed by storage or disposal. NOTE: Carbaryl bait should only be stored temporarily while awaiting application.
Application Instructions
Applications may be made with ground equipment (hand cyclone spreader) or with aerial application equipment
with a metered bait spreader attachment.
PASTURES, RANGELAND, WASTELAND, ROADSIDES
Use 0.50 lbs. active ingredient/acre for the control of grasshoppers and Mormon crickets. Use of oil bait assay is
suggested for control of high grasshopper populations. Do not make more than 1 application per acre per year.
May be harvested or grazed the same day as treatment.
SITE
Non-cropland
areas,
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
range 8 or more nymphs present per square yard in grass pastures or 15 or more nymphs
or grass pastures
present per square yard in non-cropland areas
Grasshopper control in pastures
Grasshopper control in non-cropland areas
Insecticide
Rate of formulated
material/Acre
Insecticide
Rate
formulated
material/Acre
Malathion 57%
1.5-2 pt.
*Asana XL
2.9-5.8 oz.
*Penncap M
2-3 pt.
Imidan 70-W
2 1/8 to 2 3/4 lb.
Sevin XLR Plus
1-4 pt.
*Penncap-M
2-3 pt.
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Sevin 80S
2/3-1 7/8 lbs.
Sevin 4-Oil ULV 3/4-2 pt.
Sevin XLR Plus
1-3 pt.
Sevin 80S
2/3-1 7/8 lbs.
Sevin 4-Oil ULV
3/4-2 pt.
*Designates a restricted use pesticide. Be sure to follow all label directions, restrictions and precautions. Control of
grasshoppers is most easily achieved in non-cropland or grass pastures. If control is needed in crop fields, then use the
following table of thresholds, insecticides and rates as your guide in treating grasshopper problems.
The following tables list the economic threshold for grasshopper infestations in a variety of crop and noncropland areas. Also included is a listing of recommended insecticides and a range of use rates for formulated
material per acre. At this time in the season, use of rates in the upper end of the range are recommended when
attempting to control large nymphs and adult grasshoppers. If ground application equipment is used, apply a
minimum of 15 gallons of water/insecticide spray per acre for optimal coverage in thick crop canopies. Be sure
to read and follow all pesticide label directions and precautions.
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SITE
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
30% or more defoliation prebloom or 20% or more defoliation bloom to pod or 5-10% of
Soybeans
pods damaged
Grasshopper control in soybeans
Rate
Insecticide
of
material/Acre
*Asana XL
5.8-9.6 fl. oz.
*Baythroid
2 2.1-2.8 fl. oz.
Dimethoate
see product label
*Furadan
4F 1/4 -1/2 pt.
*Lorsban
4E 1/2-1 pt.
*Mustang Max
3.2-4 fl. oz.
*Penncap-M
2-3 pt.
*Warrior
formulated
with
Technology
Zenon
3.20 to 3.84 fl. oz.
*Designates a restricted use pesticide. Be sure to follow all label directions, restrictions and precautions.
SITE
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
Grain sorghum (milo)
7 or more nymphs or adults present per square yard
Grasshopper control in grain sorghum (milo)
Insecticide
*Baythroid
Rate
of
formulated
material/Acre
2 2.0-2.8 fl. oz.
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Dimethoate
see product label
*Furadan
4F 1/4-1/2 pt.
*Lorsban
4E 1/2-1 pt.
*Mustang Max
3.2-4 fl. oz.
*Warrior with Zenon Technology
2.56 to 3.84 oz.
*Designates a restricted use pesticide. Be sure to follow all label directions, restrictions and precautions.
SITE
Corn
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
7
present
or
per
more
square
nymphs
yard
or
and
adults
foliage
or grain is being severely damaged
Grasshopper control in corn
Insecticide
Rate of formulated material/Acre
*Asana XL
5.8-9.6 fl. oz.
*Capture
2.1-3 fl. oz.
Dimethoate
see product label
*Furadan
4F 1/4-1/2 pt.
*Lorsban
4E 1/2-1 pt.
*Mustang Max
2.72-4 fl. oz.
*Penncap-M
2-3 pt.
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Sevin
4F 1-3 pt.
Sevin XLR Plus
1-3 pt.
*Warrior with Zenon Technology
2.56 to 3.84 fl. oz.
*Designates a restricted use pesticide. Be sure to follow all label directions, restrictions and precautions.
SITE
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
Alfalfa and clovers
3-7 or more nymphs or adults present per square yard
Grasshopper control in alfalfa and clovers
Insecticide
Rate of formulated material/Acre
*Baythroid
2 2-2.8 oz.
Dimethoate
see specific label
*Furadan
4F 1/4-1/2 pt.
Imidan
70-W 1-1 1/3 lb.
*Lorsban
4E 1/2-1 pt.
*Mustang Max
2.8-4 fl. oz.
*Penncap-M
2-3 pt.
Sevin XLR Plus
2-3 pt.
Sevin
80S 2/3-1 7/8 lbs.
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*Warrior with Zenon Technology
2.56-3.84 fl. oz.
*Designates a restricted use pesticide. Be sure to follow all label directions, restrictions and precautions.
SITE
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD
Wheat and small grains (in fall)
8 or more nymphs or adults present per square yard
Grasshopper control in wheat and small grains
Insecticide
Rate of formulated material/Acre
Dimethoate
see product label
*Furadan
1/4-1/2 pt.
*Lorsban
4F 1/2-1 pt.
*Mustang Max
3.2-4 fl. oz.
Sevin
4F 1-3 pts.
Sevin XLR Plus
2-3 pt.
*Warrior with Zenon Technology
2.56 to 3.84 oz.
*Designates a restricted use pesticide. Be sure to follow all label directions, restrictions and precautions.
Note: see specific insecticide labels for control of grasshopper infestations in wheat, oats, barley and rye crops.
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