Q1.
Most power stations burn coal to generate electricity. Burning coal gives off sulfur dioxide
gas which can be removed from the waste gases by using limestone.
This prevents sulfur dioxide from entering the atmosphere and causing acid rain.
One disadvantage of using limestone in a power station is that it releases ‘locked up carbon
dioxide’ into the atmosphere.
(a)
How does the limestone used in a power station:
(i)
release carbon dioxide
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
remove sulfur dioxide?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The waste gases from the chimney are monitored. One toxic gas that should not be
released is carbon monoxide.
Explain how carbon monoxide would be formed.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 1 of 98
(c)
The use of limestone in a power station releases ‘locked up carbon dioxide’ into the
atmosphere.
(i)
Explain the meaning of ‘locked up carbon dioxide’.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Why does the release of this carbon dioxide cause an environmental problem?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2.
Iron is produced by reacting a mixture of haematite and coke in a blast furnace.
Haematite is an ore of iron containing iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Coke is made from coal and is almost pure carbon.
(a)
(i)
The coke burns in air. This reaction heats the furnace to above 1300 °C.
Complete the chemical equation for carbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon
dioxide.
........................
+
O2 → CO2
(1)
Page 2 of 98
(ii)
Carbon monoxide is also formed in the furnace. Carbon monoxide reacts with iron
oxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide.
iron oxide +
carbon monoxide →
iron +
carbon dioxide
Complete and balance the chemical equation for the production of iron.
Fe2O3 + 3CO → ............................ + ............................
(2)
(iii)
Iron from a blast furnace is called cast iron and contains about 4% carbon.
Why is pure iron softer than cast iron?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Steel is made by reducing the percentage of carbon in cast iron and then adding different
metals to form the type of steel required.
In the UK we use about 1.8 billion steel cans every year but only 30% of these are
recycled. Recycling reduces waste. Producing steel from recycled cans requires only 25%
of the energy needed to make steel from iron ore.
Give three environmental benefits of recycling a higher percentage of used steel cans.
1 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 3 of 98
Q3.
The bar chart shows the percentage of carbon in three types of steel.
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence.
alloys
Steel is the name used for
atoms
of iron.
ores
(1)
(b)
Cast iron contains 4% carbon.
Draw the bar for cast iron on the chart.
(1)
(c)
Cast iron is more brittle than these three types of steel.
Use the bar chart to suggest why.
.........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 4 of 98
(d)
One type of stainless steel contains iron with 0.2% carbon to which 8% nickel and 18%
chromium were added.
(i)
Tick (
) the percentage of iron in this type of stainless steel.
Percentage (%) of iron
Tick ( )
92.4
88.6
73.8
(1)
(ii)
Use the bar chart to name the type of steel that contains only 0.2% carbon.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
Draw a ring around the correct word in the box to complete the sentence.
corrosion.
Stainless steel is used for knives and forks because it is resistant to
decomposition.
distillation.
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 5 of 98
Q4.
This is the headline from a newspaper:
(a)
The bar chart shows the percentages of metals in UK coins in 1991.
Use the bar chart to answer these questions.
(i)
Which metal is in all of these coins?
......................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which coin does not contain zinc?
......................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the percentage of nickel in a 50p coin?
Percentage = .............................. %
(1)
Page 6 of 98
(iv)
Draw a ring around the correct metal to complete the sentence.
Pure copper is too soft to be used for 1p and 2p coins.
nickel
Copper is mixed with zinc and
tin
for 1p and 2p coins.
iron
(1)
(b)
The value of the metal in 2p coins which were made in 1991 is now 3.3p.
(i)
Suggest why a 2p coin made in 1991 is worth 3.3p.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why copper-plated steel is now used for 1p and 2p coins.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
An ore contains zinc carbonate (ZnCO3).
(a)
Complete the table to show the number of atoms of each element in the formula of zinc
carbonate.
Zinc has been done for you.
Element
Zinc, Zn
Number of atoms in the formula
ZnCO3
1
Carbon, C
Oxygen, O
(2)
Page 7 of 98
(b)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence and the word equation.
(i)
Zinc carbonate decomposes in a similar way to calcium carbonate
water is added.
when
cooled.
heated.
(1)
carbon dioxide
(ii)
zinc carbonate
zinc oxide
+
hydrogen
oxygen
(1)
Page 8 of 98
(c)
Another ore contains a mixture of zinc carbonate and lead carbonate.
The metals zinc and lead are produced from this ore in two stages:
Stage 1 decomposing the carbonates to produce a mixture of zinc oxide and lead oxide.
Stage 2 mixing the oxides with carbon and heating in a furnace.
Some of the reactions in the furnace are:
zinc oxide
+
carbon
zinc
+
carbon dioxide
lead oxide
+
carbon
lead
+
carbon dioxide
carbon
+
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Use the information given to help you to answer these questions.
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
The reaction between carbon and oxygen that heats the
combustion.
furnace is called
decomposition.
evaporation.
(1)
Page 9 of 98
(ii)
Tick ( ) one reason why carbon reacts with zinc oxide to produce zinc.
Reason
Tick ( )
carbon is less reactive than zinc
carbon is more reactive than zinc
carbon is similar in reactivity to zinc
(1)
(iii)
In the furnace zinc is a gas but lead is a liquid.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6.
Titanium is used for replacement hip joints because it has a low density, is strong and does
not corrode.
Titanium is extracted from titanium dioxide (TiO2) in three stages.
(a)
Stage 1
Titanium dioxide is converted into titanium chloride (TiCl4) because the metal cannot be
extracted from its oxide by reduction with carbon.
(i)
What does reduction mean?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Balance the chemical equation for the conversion of titanium dioxide to titanium
chloride.
TiO2
+
Cl2
+
C
→
TiCl4
+
CO2
(1)
Page 10 of 98
(iii)
Chemical equations are always balanced. Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Stage 2
Titanium is extracted from the titanium chloride by reacting it with sodium at 1000 °C in a
reactor.
The only other substance in the reactor is argon gas.
TiCl4
(i)
+
4Na
→
Ti
+
4NaCl
What does this tell you about the reactivity of sodium compared with titanium?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why the reactor contains argon and not air.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Stage 3
After Stage 2 the titanium is separated from the products by washing out the sodium
chloride with water.
The diagrams show sections through the lattice of titanium metal and the lattice of sodium
chloride.
How do the diagrams show that:
(i)
titanium is an element
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 11 of 98
(ii)
sodium chloride is a compound?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q7.
The flow diagram shows the main stages used to extract a metal from its ore.
mining the ore
→
purifying the ore
→
extracting the metal
The table shows some information about three metals.
Metal
Metal ore
Purified ore
% of metal
in the ore
% of metal in the
Earth’s crust
aluminium
bauxite
aluminium oxide, Al2O3
28.0
8.0
copper
chalcocite
copper sulfide, Cu2S
0.5
0.001
iron
haematite
iron oxide, Fe2O3
29.0
5.0
(a)
Use the information in the table and your knowledge and understanding to help you to
answer the questions.
(i)
Suggest why purifying the copper ore produces large quantities of waste.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Suggest why the annual world production of iron is forty times greater than that of
aluminium.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 12 of 98
(b)
Aluminium is used for drinks cans.
Aluminium is extracted from its purified ore by electrolysis.
(i)
Suggest why the aluminium produced in the electrolysis cell is a liquid.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
In this electrolysis, aluminium and oxygen gas are produced from the aluminium
oxide.
Use the information in the diagram to suggest why most of the waste gas is carbon
dioxide and not oxygen.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earth’s crust.
Suggest two reasons why we should recycle aluminium drinks cans.
1 .............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Page 13 of 98
Q8.
Steels are used to make cars, bridges and knives.
The main element in steel is iron.
(a)
Iron is extracted from an ore that contains about 60% iron oxide, Fe2O3
(i)
What is the meaning of ore?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
In a blast furnace, iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron.
The word equation for this reaction is:
iron oxide
+
carbon monoxide
→
iron
+
carbon dioxide
Complete and balance the chemical equation for this reaction.
Fe2O3
+
........ CO
→
...............
+
...............
(2)
(iii)
Name the type of reaction that produces a metal from its metal oxide.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Steels are produced from molten iron in two stages:
Stage 1 blowing oxygen into molten iron from the blast furnace.
Stage 2 adding other metals to make different steels.
(i)
In Stage 1, suggest how the oxygen removes most of the carbon from the molten
iron.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 14 of 98
(ii)
Stage 2 produces different steels.
Suggest why different steels are needed.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Old 5p and 10p coins in the UK were made from cupro-nickel.
Cupro-nickel is 75% copper and 25% nickel.
New 5p and 10p coins in the UK are now made from nickel-plated steel and not from
cupro-nickel.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 15 of 98
Q9.
Iron is extracted from its ore.
(a)
Iron ore is quarried.
Photograph supplied by Stockbyte/Thinkstock
Quarrying iron ore has impacts that cause environmental problems.
Tick ( ) two impacts of quarrying that cause environmental problems.
Impact of quarrying
Tick ( )
puts off tourists
causes dust pollution
increases jobs
increases traffic
(2)
Page 16 of 98
(b)
The diagrams represent the atoms in iron and the atoms in two alloys of iron.
Use the diagrams to help you to answer these questions.
(i)
Complete the sentence.
Pure iron does not have many uses because ....................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Stainless steel is more expensive than pure iron.
Suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
a compound.
(i) Pure iron is
an element.
a mixture.
(1)
brittle.
(ii) High carbon steel is used for a drill bit because it is
easily bent.
hard.
(1)
Page 17 of 98
contains three different atoms.
(iii) Stainless steel is used to make cutlery because it
melts at a very high temperature.
is resistant to corrosion.
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q10.
Rutile is an ore of titanium. Rutile contains titanium dioxide.
The flow chart shows how titanium metal is extracted from titanium dioxide.
(a)
Titanium is much more expensive than iron.
Give one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
Name the only waste product shown on the flow chart.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
Page 18 of 98
(c)
Describe the example of recycling shown on the flow chart.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
The air is removed from Reactor 2. An atmosphere of argon is used for the reaction
between titanium chloride and magnesium metal.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(e)
Titanium metal is produced by reacting titanium chloride with magnesium.
950 kg of titanium chloride was mixed with 240 kg of magnesium metal. The mixture was
heated and produced 950 kg of magnesium chloride.
Calculate the mass of titanium metal produced.
........................................................................................................................
Mass = ....................................................... kg
(1)
Page 19 of 98
(f)
The graph shows the mass of titanium metal produced from a pure rutile ore and from an
impure rutile ore.
The difference between the two lines represents the amount of waste rock in the impure
ore.
300 kg of titanium metal was produced from the impure ore.
Calculate the mass of waste rock in the impure ore.
........................................................................................................................
Mass = ....................................................... kg
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 20 of 98
Q11.
The picture shows two different cars.
(a)
Some properties of aluminium are given below.
Tick ( ) two reasons why aluminium is better than steel for car bodies.
Reason
Tick ( )
Aluminium is not a transition metal.
Aluminium has a low density.
Aluminium is expensive to extract.
aluminium is resistant to corrosion.
(2)
(b)
Each car body is made from an alloy.
(i)
What is an alloy?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
An alloy is used to make a car body. A pure metal is not used to make a car body.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
The car with a steel body uses petrol for fuel.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
air.
(i) Petrol is made from
crude oil.
metal ores.
(1)
Page 21 of 98
carbonates
(ii) Petrol is a mixture of
hydrocarbons
including C8H18
polymers
(1)
argon
(iii) In the car engine petrol reacts with
nitrogen
to produce carbon dioxide and water.
oxygen
(1)
(d)
Look at the substances coming out of each car’s exhaust.
(i)
Suggest the name of the fuel used in the car with the aluminium alloy body.
Name of fuel ......................................................................................................... .
(1)
(ii)
Why is the fuel burned in the car with the aluminium alloy body better for the
environment than petrol?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 22 of 98
Q12.
Metals are used in the manufacture of pylons and overhead power cables.
(a)
Suggest one reason why iron (steel) is used to make pylons.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
The table shows some of the properties of two metals.
Metal
Density
in g per
Melting point
in °C
Percentage(%)
relative electrical
conductivity
Percentage(%)
abundance in
Earth’s crust
cm3
copper
8.92
1083
100
0.007
aluminium
2.70
660
60
8.1
Use the information in the table to suggest why aluminium and not copper is used to
conduct electricity in overhead power cables.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 23 of 98
(c)
A polymer can be used to cover and insulate power cables.
The polymer is made from the alkene:
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each of the sentences.
CH
(i) The chemical formula of this alkene is
CH4
C2H4
(1)
double bond.
(ii) The two lines between the carbon atoms are called a
nucleus.
single bond.
(1)
(iii)
The name of the polymer formed when many of these alkene molecules join together
poly(ethene).
is
poly(ethenol).
poly(propene).
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 24 of 98
Q13.
Cans for food and drinks are made from steel or aluminium.
The main metal in steel is iron.
By Sun Ladder (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL],
via Wikimedia Commons
(a)
Iron is extracted by heating a mixture of iron oxide and carbon in a blast furnace.
(i)
Name this type of reaction.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Balance the symbol equation for this reaction.
2Fe2O3 + ........... C → ........... Fe + ........... CO2
(1)
Page 25 of 98
(b)
Aluminium ore, bauxite, contains aluminium oxide, iron oxide and silicon dioxide.
Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis of aluminium oxide.
The ‘red mud’ which is dumped in very large ponds contains:
Name of solid
(i)
Percentage (%)
Aluminium oxide
10
Iron oxide
65
Silicon dioxide
25
100 tonnes of bauxite produced 50 tonnes of pure aluminium oxide and 50 tonnes of
‘red mud’.
What percentage of aluminium oxide did the bauxite contain?
...............................................................................................................
Answer = .......................................... %
(1)
(ii)
Apart from the solids shown in the table, name one other substance that would be in
the ‘red mud’.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 26 of 98
(iii)
The purification of the aluminium oxide is usually done near to the bauxite quarries.
Suggest one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Aluminium is used to make many things including cans.
During one year in the USA:
• 100 billion aluminium cans were sold
• 55 billion aluminium cans were recycled.
Give one environmental impact of recycling aluminium cans and one ethical or social
impact of recycling aluminium cans.
Environmental ...............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Ethical or social .............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q14.
The picture shows a diamond ring.
Photograph supplied by Comstock/Thinkstock
(a)
Diamond is a form of carbon. A carbon atom has six electrons.
Draw the electronic structure of a carbon atom.
(1)
Page 27 of 98
(b)
A gold atom has an atomic number of 79 and a mass number of 197.
Complete the table to show the name and number of each sub-atomic particle in this gold
atom.
Name
Number
Proton
79
Electron
....................
..............................................................
....................
(3)
(c)
The bar chart shows the composition of this gold ring.
(i)
Give the percentage of the other two metals in this gold ring.
Silver is ...................... % and copper is ...................... %
(1)
Page 28 of 98
(ii)
This gold ring is not made from 100% gold.
Give two reasons why.
1 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q15.
Cans for food and drinks are made from steel or aluminium.
The main metal in steel is iron.
(a)
Reacting iron oxide with carbon produces iron.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
decomposition.
The reaction to produce iron from iron
oxide is
oxidation.
reduction.
(1)
(b)
Aluminium cannot be produced by reacting aluminium oxide with carbon.
Why does aluminium oxide not react with carbon?
Tick (
) the correct answer.
Answer
Tick ( )
aluminium is less reactive than
carbon
carbon is less reactive than
aluminium
oxygen is more reactive than carbon
(1)
Page 29 of 98
(c)
Aluminium can be produced by electrolysis.
Why do the aluminium ions collect at the negative electrode?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d)
Some statements about aluminium are given below.
Tick ( ) two statements that are correct reasons why aluminium is used to make cans.
Statement
Tick ( )
aluminium conducts electricity
aluminium is not a transition metal
aluminium has a low density
aluminium is resistant to corrosion
(2)
Page 30 of 98
(e)
Recycling aluminium cans uses less fossil fuels than producing aluminium from its ore.
Tick ( ) one advantage and tick ( ) one disadvantage of recycling aluminium to make
aluminium cans.
Statement
Advantage Tick ( )
Disadvantage Tick ( )
aluminium is the most common
metal in the Earth’s crust
less carbon dioxide is
produced
more aluminium ore needs to be
mined
used aluminium cans have to be
collected and transported
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 31 of 98
Q16.
The picture shows a diamond ring.
Photograph supplied by Comstock/Thinkstock
(a)
Diamond is a form of carbon. The diagram represents a carbon atom.
Complete the table to show the name and charge of each type of particle in the carbon
atom.
Name of particle
Charge
proton
neutron
0
-1
(2)
(b)
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer these questions.
(i)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
compounds.
Gold and carbon are
elements.
mixtures.
(1)
(ii)
Complete the sentence.
Gold and carbon have different properties because gold is a metal
and carbon is a ...................
(1)
Page 32 of 98
(c)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
hard.
Pure gold is not used to make the ring because pure gold is too
reactive.
soft.
a compound.
The gold ring is made by mixing pure gold with other metals to form
an atom.
an alloy.
(2)
(d)
The data in the table shows some information about the three metals in the gold ring.
Percentage (% ) of metal
Name of metal
Atomic number
gold
79
silver
47
16
copper
29
9
Draw one line from each question to its correct answer.
Question
Answer
29
What is the percentage
of gold in this ring?
61
How many electrons are
there in a copper atom?
75
How many neutrons are
in an atom of silver with
a mass number of 108?
79
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 33 of 98
Q17.
Metals are extracted from their ores.
Many copper ores contain only 2% of copper compounds.
(a)
Copper is now extracted from ores containing a low percentage of copper compounds.
Suggest two reasons why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Chalcocite, an ore of copper, contains copper sulfide.
The flow diagram shows how copper metal is extracted from chalcocite.
(i)
Suggest one reason why it is difficult to dispose of the waste rock.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
Page 34 of 98
(ii)
The reaction in the furnace could cause environmental pollution.
Explain how.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
The extraction of pure copper is expensive.
Give one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iv)
Pure copper is produced by electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
Which electrode do the copper ions move towards?
Give a reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(v)
Large areas of land are contaminated with copper compounds.
Phytomining can be used to remove these copper compounds from the land.
What is used in phytomining to remove copper compounds from the land?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q18.
(a) PEX is a material that is used as an alternative to copper for hot water pipes.
PEX is made from poly(ethene).
(i)
Describe how ethene forms poly(ethene).
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 35 of 98
(ii)
PEX is a shape memory polymer. What property does a shape memory polymer
have?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
The simplified structures of poly(ethene) and PEX are shown.
Poly(ethene) is a thermoplastic that softens easily when heated.
Suggest and explain how the structure of PEX changes this property.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(b)
Copper is a suitable material to use for hot water pipes.
PEX is now used as an alternative material for hot water pipes.
Copper is extracted from its ore by a series of processes.
1
The low-grade copper ore is powdered and concentrated.
2
The concentrated powdered copper ore is blown into a furnace with air to produce
impure, molten copper. (This furnace is heated to 1100 °C using a hydrocarbon fuel.)
3
Oxygen is blown into the impure, molten copper to remove any sulfur. The molten
copper is cast into rectangular slabs.
4
The final purification of copper is done by electrolysis.
Page 36 of 98
PEX is made from crude oil by a series of processes:
•
fractional distillation of crude oil
•
cracking of naphtha fraction
•
polymerisation of ethene
•
conversion of poly(ethene) into PEX.
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to suggest possible
environmental advantages of using PEX instead of copper for hot water pipes.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 37 of 98
Q19.
This is the headline from a newspaper:
(a)
The bar chart shows the percentage of metals in UK coins in 1991.
Use the bar chart to answer these questions.
(i)
Which metal is in all of these coins?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Which coin does not contain zinc?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
What is the percentage of nickel in a 50 p coin?
Percentage = .................................................. %
(1)
Page 38 of 98
(iv)
Draw a ring around the correct metal to complete the sentence.
Pure copper is too soft to be used for 1 p and 2 p coins.
iron
Copper is mixed with zinc and
nickel for 1 p and 2 p coins.
tin
(1)
(b)
The value of the metal in 2 p coins, made in 1991, is now 3.3 p.
Suggest why a 2 p coin made in 1991 is worth 3.3 p.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 39 of 98
Q20.
Iron is produced from the ore haematite (iron oxide).
Titanium is produced from the ore rutile (titanium oxide).
Iron
(a)
Titanium
The production of low-carbon steel uses oxygen but the production of titanium uses argon.
Explain why.
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........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 40 of 98
(b)
There is less titanium than iron in the Earth’s crust.
Apart from titanium’s scarcity, explain why titanium costs much more than iron.
Use the two flow diagrams above to help you to answer this question.
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(3)
(c)
Many chemical reactions take place in the production of both metals.
A chemical reaction in the production of iron is:
2 Fe2O3 +
3 C →
4 Fe +
3 CO2
A chemical reaction in the production of titanium is:
TiCl4 +
2 Mg →
Ti +
2 MgCl
2
Titanium can be used to produce iron from iron oxide. The chemical reaction is:
2 Fe2O3 +
3 Ti →
4 Fe +
3 TiO2
Use these three reactions and the Chemistry Data Sheet to answer this question.
Suggest the position of titanium in the Reactivity Series of Metals.
Explain your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 41 of 98
Q21.
The iron produced from iron ore in a blast furnace is called cast iron.
Cast iron is converted into steel in a furnace.
Iron ore contains iron oxide.
Coke contains carbon.
(a)
Quarrying iron ore will have an impact on everything near to the quarry.
(i)
Describe one positive impact and one negative impact of quarrying iron ore.
positive impact ......................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
negative impact ....................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
carbon neutral.
Ores contain enough metal to make extraction of the metal
economical.
reversible.
(1)
(b)
Many chemical reactions take place in a blast furnace.
Use the flow diagram to help you to answer this question.
Suggest how the blast furnace is heated.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
A chemical reaction for the extraction of iron is:
Fe2O3 (i)
+ 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
Complete the word equation for this chemical reaction.
................................. + carbon monoxide → iron + .................................
(2)
Page 42 of 98
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
decomposition.
Iron is extracted from its ore by
oxidation.
reduction.
(1)
(d)
Cast iron contains about 4% carbon.
Cast iron is converted into low-carbon steels.
(i)
Low-carbon steel is produced by blowing oxygen into molten cast iron.
Suggest how oxygen removes most of the carbon.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
corrode easily.
Metals, such as nickel, are added to low-carbon steels to
make the steel
easy to shape.
much harder.
(1)
(e)
Recycling steel uses less energy than producing steel from iron ore.
Tick (
) one advantage and Tick (
Statement
) one disadvantage of recycling steel.
Advantage
Tick ( )
Disadvantage
Tick ( )
Iron is the second most common
metal in the Earth’s crust.
Less carbon dioxide is produced.
More iron ore needs to
be mined.
There are different types
of steel which must be
sorted.
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 43 of 98
Q22.
Where copper ore has been mined there are areas of land that contain very low
percentages of copper compounds.
One way to extract the copper is to grow plants on the land.
The plants absorb copper compounds through their roots.
The plants are burned to produce copper oxide.
The copper oxide produced from plants can be reacted to produce copper or copper sulfate
solution, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
(a)
(i)
Complete the sentence.
Using plants to extract metals is called .............................................. .
(1)
(ii)
Suggest two reasons why copper from these areas of land is not extracted by
smelting.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Complete and balance the chemical equation for the reaction of copper oxide with
carbon.
.......CuO
+
C
...................................
+
CO2
(2)
Page 44 of 98
(b)
Copper is produced from copper sulfate solution by displacement using scrap iron or by
electrolysis.
(i)
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
Give two reasons why scrap iron is used to displace copper.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Figure 2 shows the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
Figure 2
Describe what happens to the copper ions during electrolysis.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 45 of 98
Q23.
Where copper ore has been mined there are areas of land that contain very low
percentages of copper compounds.
One way to extract the copper is to grow plants on the land.
The plants absorb copper compounds through their roots.
The plants are burned to produce copper oxide.
The copper oxide produced from plants can be reacted to produce copper or copper sulfate
solution, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
carbon neutral.
(i)
Copper ores contain enough copper to make extraction of the
metal
economical.
reversible.
(1)
photosynthesis.
(ii)
Using plants to extract metals is called
phytomining.
polymerisation.
(1)
carbon dioxide.
(iii) Copper oxide reacts with carbon to produce copper and
oxygen.
sulfur dioxide.
(1)
(b)
Copper is produced from copper sulfate solution by displacement using iron or by
electrolysis.
(i)
Complete the word equation.
copper sulfate
+
iron
...................... + ......................
(2)
Page 46 of 98
(ii)
Figure 2 shows the electrolysis of copper sulfate solution.
Figure 2
Why do copper ions go to the negative electrode?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
Suggest two reasons why copper should not be disposed of in landfill sites.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 47 of 98
Q24.
This question is about metals.
Figure 1 shows the metals used to make pylons and the wires of overhead cables.
(a)
An ore contains a metal compound.
A metal is extracted from its ore in three main stages, as shown in Figure 2.
Explain why Stage 2 needs to be done.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 48 of 98
(b)
Cast iron from a blast furnace contains 96% iron and 4% carbon.
(i)
Cast iron is not suitable for the manufacture of pylons.
Give one reason why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Most cast iron is converted into steel, as shown in Figure 3.
Describe how cast iron is converted into steel.
Use Figure 3 to help you to answer this question.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Aluminium and copper are good conductors of electricity.
(i)
State one property that makes aluminium more suitable than copper for overhead
cables.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
How can you tell that copper is a transition metal and aluminium is not a transition
metal from the position of each metal in the periodic table?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 49 of 98
(iii)
Copper can be extracted from solutions of copper salts by adding iron.
Explain why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q25.
Copper is a transition metal.
(a)
(i)
Where is copper in the periodic table?
Tick ( ) one box.
in the central block
in Group 1
in the noble gas group
(1)
(ii)
What is a property of copper?
Tick ( ) one box.
breaks easily
conducts electricity
does not conduct heat
(1)
Page 50 of 98
(b)
Copper ores are quarried by digging large holes in the ground, as shown in Figure 1.
© photllurg/iStock/Thinkstock
Give two reasons why quarrying is bad for the environment.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 51 of 98
(c)
Some copper ores contain only 2% copper.
Most of the ore is rock that is not needed.
In one ore, the main compound is copper carbonate (CuCO3).
Figure 2 shows the stages used in the extraction of copper from this ore.
(i)
Why is Stage 2 important?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
The equation for the reaction in Stage 3 is:
2 CuCO3
+
C
2 Cu
+
3 CO2
From the symbol equation, a company calculated that 247 tonnes of copper
carbonate are needed to produce 127 tonnes of copper and 132 tonnes of carbon
dioxide are released.
Calculate the mass of carbon needed to make 127 tonnes of copper.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
Page 52 of 98
(iii)
Suggest one reason why it is important for the company to calculate the mass of
reactants in Stage 3.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q26.
A gold medal was made for a competition.
By Fighting Irish 1977 (Flickr: 2012 Olympics Gold Medal) [CC-BY-2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(a)
The mass number of gold is 197.
Describe the structure of a gold atom.
Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you answer this question.
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(4)
Page 53 of 98
(b)
Bronze medals are made from an alloy of copper.
By Edgars Košovojs (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 or GFDL], via Wikimedia Commons
Copper can be extracted by phytomining.
(i)
Why is phytomining being used to extract copper?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Give the main steps involved in the phytomining process.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 54 of 98
Q27.
Gold, silver and bronze medals were made for a competition.
Photograph supplied by iStockphoto/Thinkstock
(a)
Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence.
coloured.
(i) Gold is found as a pure metal in the Earth because gold is
reactive.
unreactive.
(1)
atoms
(ii) Gold is an element because all of its
molecules
are the same.
symbols
(1)
Page 55 of 98
(b)
The atomic number of silver is 47.
The mass number of a silver atom is 108.
Use this information to work out the number of protons and neutrons in a silver atom.
Draw one line from each particle in List A to the correct number in List B.
List A
Particle
List B
Number
47
Proton
61
Neutron
108
(2)
(c)
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
(i)
What is an alloy?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Medals made of copper or bronze cost the same.
Bronze is used to make medals instead of pure copper.
Give one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 56 of 98
Q28.
Iron is extracted from iron ore by heating the ore with coke in a blast furnace.
Iron ore contains iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Coke contains carbon (C).
(a)
(i)
Explain why carbon can be used to produce iron from iron oxide.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Balance the equation for the reaction of iron oxide with carbon.
.......... Fe2O3 +
.......... C →
.......... Fe +
.......... CO2
(2)
(b)
Two methods of extracting copper are by smelting ores and by phytomining.
Which of these two methods is likely to be the more environmentally friendly?
Give reasons for your choice.
........................................................................................................................
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........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 57 of 98
Q29.
Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.
The table shows how the percentage of tin affects some of the properties of solder.
Percentage
(%) of tin
Tensile strength
in MPa
Melting point
in °C
Density
in g per cm3
0
12
347
11.35
20
33
257
10.40
40
37
187
9.28
60
52
153
8.52
Tensile strength is the ability to support a load without breaking.
Use information from the table to answer these questions.
(a)
What is the density of pure lead?
Density = .............................. g per cm3
(1)
(b)
How does increasing the percentage of tin affect the properties of solder?
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........................................................................................................................
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(3)
(c)
Solder was used when plumbers joined lead pipes together. Solder, not pure lead, was
used to make the joints.
Suggest one reason why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Page 58 of 98
Q30.
Metals are important in our everyday lives.
List A gives the names of four metals.
List B gives information about each metal.
Draw one line from each metal in List A to the correct information about the metal in List B.
List A
Metal
List B
Information
Usually found in the Earth as a pure metal
Aluminium
Low density and is resistant to corrosion
Copper
Reacts rapidly with water
Gold
Used for electrical wiring in the home
Iron
Extracted from its ore using a blast furnace
(Total 4 marks)
Q31.
Copper is used in plumbing.
© Dave White/iStock
Page 59 of 98
(a)
Complete the following sentence.
Elements in the central block of the periodic table, eg copper, iron and zinc, are called
....................................................... metals.
(1)
(b)
State three properties that make copper suitable for use in plumbing.
1 ....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
Page 60 of 98
(c)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Copper can be extracted from copper ores by two methods:
Method 1 or
mining and smelting
Method 2
phytomining.
The main stages in the two methods are shown in the flow diagrams.
Use information from the flow diagrams and your own knowledge to evaluate both
methods of copper extraction.
Give the advantages and disadvantages of both methods.
Page 61 of 98
Remember to include a conclusion in your answer.
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(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 62 of 98
Q32.
(a)
Iron is produced in a blast furnace.
Explain why most of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steels.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Three types of steel are low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and stainless steel.
© ronstik/iStock
Which type of steel is used to make cutlery?
Give a reason why this steel is used.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 63 of 98
Q33.
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Aluminium is used to make many items.
Window © Sergei Popov/iStock Airplane © Luminis/iStock
Pylon © afj1977/iStock Can © fotofermer/iStock
Car © tridland/iStock
Aluminium is extracted from aluminium ore. Aluminium ore is called bauxite, which is impure
aluminium oxide.
The flow chart shows the main steps in the extraction of aluminium from aluminium ore.
Page 64 of 98
Most aluminium is recycled.
Aluminium is recycled by melting scrap aluminium at 700 °C.
Use your own knowledge and the information given to answer the question.
Suggest why most aluminium is recycled.
.................................................................................................................................
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(Total 6 marks)
Q34.
(a)
Iron is produced in a blast furnace.
Explain why most of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steels.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 65 of 98
(b)
Three types of steel are low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and stainless steel.
© ronstik/iStock
Which type of steel is used to make cutlery?
Give a reason why this steel is used.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q35.
(a)
Iron is produced in a blast furnace.
Explain why most of the iron produced in a blast furnace is converted into steels.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
Page 66 of 98
(b)
Three types of steel are low-carbon steel, high-carbon steel and stainless steel.
© ronstik/iStock
Which type of steel is used to make cutlery?
Give a reason why this steel is used.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 67 of 98
M1.
(a)
(i)
(thermal) decomposition
allow it breaks down
accept symbol equation or in words
allow reaction with SO2 (to form CO2)
1
(ii)
calcium carbonate / calcium oxide / limestone / quicklime / it reacts with
sulfur dioxide / forms calcium sulfate
accept it neutralises sulfur dioxide / neutralisation
ignore references to sulfur
do not accept ‘calcium reacts with...’
1
(b)
by incomplete / partial combustion (of the fuel)
1
insufficient oxygen / air (to burn fuel)
accept insufficient oxygen / air to burn fuel completely for 2 marks
if no other marks awarded
accept C + CO2 → 2CO or
2C + O2 → 2CO or in words for 1 mark
1
(c)
(i)
any two from:
•
(CO2) from the atmosphere
•
(CO2) taken in millions of years ago or early (atmosphere)
allow thousands / billions
allow rocks formed millions of years ago
•
(CO2) was used to form the shells / skeletons of marine organisms /
fossil fuels
accept sedimentary rocks
allow used to form correct named fossil fuel
ignore limestone
2
Page 68 of 98
(ii)
any one from:
•
(increases / enhances) global warming
allow greenhouse gas / effect
do not accept ozone layer / acid rain / global dimming
ignore consequences of global warming
•
is additional carbon dioxide or not able to be absorbed by oceans /
seas or used by (green) plants
•
acidification of sea water
1
[7]
M2.
(a)
(i)
C
must be correct symbol
do not accept carbon
any balancing must be correct
1
(ii)
Fe + CO2
correct formulae
1
2... . + 3... .
correct balancing
allow Fe2 + 3CO2 for this mark
1
(iii)
layers / atoms in pure iron are able to slide over each other
it = pure iron
accept ions for atoms
ignore molecules / particles
or
layers / atoms in cast iron are unable to slide over each other (easily)
1
Page 69 of 98
(b)
any three from:
mention of ozone = max 2
•
less iron ore used
accept the idea that ores would be conserved but not unspecified
conservation
•
less other metals extracted / used to make different steels
accept the idea that ores would be conserved but not unspecified
conservation
•
less fuel used
accept the idea that fuels would be conserved
ignore reduces energy requirements
•
less specified pollution
accept global warming / greenhouse effect / CO2 / CO / carbon
emissions / acid rain / SO2 / global dimming /
do not accept ozone layer
•
less / no landfill space needed
ignore reduces waste
•
less / no mining needed or fewer specified effects of mining
accept effect such as eyesore / loss of habitat
eg ‘less mining iron ore’ = 2 marks
3
[7]
M3.
(a)
alloys
1
(b)
bar drawn correctly up to 4%
ignore width of bar
1
(c)
(contains) more carbon
ignore contains 4% carbon
accept higher level responses related to structure / arrangement of
atoms
1
(d)
(i)
73.8
1
(ii)
mild (steel)
1
Page 70 of 98
(iii)
corrosion
1
[6]
M4.
(a)
(i)
copper / Cu
1
(ii)
50(p)
1
(iii)
25
1
(iv)
tin
1
(b)
(i)
any one from:
•
high cost of copper
allow metal is expensive
•
less copper available or (copper ores exhausted / only low-grade ores
available)
allow copper is non-renewable
•
high demand for copper
•
high percentage (%) of copper in the coin
•
inflation (of cost)
1
(ii)
any one from:
•
stronger / harder
ignore rust
•
cost of copper or copper is more expensive to extract or steel is cheap
allow cheaper (to make)
•
less copper available
or
(copper ores exhausted / only low-grade ores available)
•
high demand for copper
•
less copper is needed
1
[6]
Page 71 of 98
M5.
(a)
(carbon =) 1
1
(oxygen =) 3
1
(b)
(i)
heated
1
(ii)
carbon dioxide
1
(c)
(i)
combustion
1
(ii)
carbon is more reactive than zinc
1
(iii)
zinc boils (in the furnace / below 1300°C)
ignore melting point / changes of state
1
lead does not boil / (only) melts in the furnace / boils above 1300°C
if no other mark awarded allow zinc has a lower boiling point or lead
has a higher boiling point
or they / zinc and lead have different boiling points for 1 mark
1
[8]
M6.
(a)
(i)
removal of oxygen
accept definition in terms of electrons or oxidation numbers
ignore oxides
1
(ii)
2 (Cl2)
allow correct multiples
1
(iii)
no atoms are lost / made (during a chemical reaction)
or
the atoms are rearranged (during a chemical reaction)
accept because of (the law of) conservation of mass / matter
1
(b)
(i)
sodium is more reactive (than titanium)
accept sodium is very reactive or titanium is less reactive
do not accept sodium is more reactive than argon
1
Page 72 of 98
(ii)
any one from:
•
sodium / titanium would react with oxygen / air
accept air / oxygen is reactive
•
sodium / titanium does not react with argon
accept argon is unreactive / inert / a noble gas / in group O
1
(c)
(i)
all atoms are the same / it only contains one type of atom
accept all ions are the same
do not accept only got one atom
do not accept all atoms are the same size
ignore particles
1
(ii)
two different / types atoms / elements / ions
accept more than one type of atom / ion / element
do not accept different size
1
bonded / joined together
accept definite proportions
do not accept mixture
1
[8]
M7.
(a)
(i)
low percentage / very little of metal (in the ore)
accept only 0.5% metal in the ore or over 99% waste in the ore or
nearly 100% waste in the ore
ignore reference to percentage of metal in the Earth's crust or
energy used or pollution
1
(ii)
any one from
(it = iron)
•
iron uses less energy / fuel for extraction
ignore electrolysis / uses electricity / reactivity
•
iron has more uses
•
more demand for iron
ignore high abundance in the Earth’s crust / high percentage of
metal in ore
•
iron is stronger
ignore harder
•
cheaper / costs less
•
easier to extract
1
Page 73 of 98
(b)
(i)
has melting point lower than 950°C
(it = aluminium)
allow has a low melting point
ignore boiling point
1
(ii)
electrode(s) made of carbon
1
oxygen reacts with electrode(s) / carbon
accept C + O2 (→ CO2)
NB oxygen reacts with the carbon electrode(s) = 2 marks
1
(iii)
any two from:
•
saves resources / non-renewable
accept aluminium / ore will run out or conserves aluminium
•
landfill problem
accept aluminium does not corrode
•
saves energy / fuel / electricity
ignore global warming
•
less carbon dioxide / carbon emissions or reduces carbon footprint
ignore consequences of quarrying / mining
•
less quarrying / mining
ignore pollution / harms environment / costs / easy to recycle
2
[7]
M8.
(a)
(i)
contains enough metal to make it economical to extract
1
(ii)
Fe (+) CO2
formula of both products must be correct
1
(Fe2O3) (+) ....3....(CO)
→
.....2.....(Fe) (+) .....3...(CO2)
balancing correct
allow correct balancing using Fe2
1
(iii)
reduction
accept redox
1
Page 74 of 98
(b)
(i)
oxygen reacts with the carbon to produce carbon dioxide
allow carbon monoxide for carbon dioxide
1
OR
carbon dioxide is produced (1)
which escapes as a gas (1)
1
(ii)
to give steels with different / particular properties or for
different / particular uses
ignore to make different alloys
1
(c)
copper is very expensive
accept the metal (iron / steel) costs less than copper
ignore energy
1
because copper ores are ‘low grade’ / running out
allow copper is rare
ignore nickel
1
[9]
M9.
(a)
causes dust pollution
1
increases traffic
1
(b)
(i)
it is soft
accept the layers of atoms can slide over each other
ignore other properties
1
(ii)
contains chromium / nickel
allow contains other metals
1
(c)
(i)
an element
1
(ii)
hard
1
(iii)
is resistant to corrosion
1
[7]
Page 75 of 98
M10.
(a)
any one from:
ignore references to cost / mining / availability
•
there are many stages needed (to extract titanium)
allow longer / slower / more complicated process / batch process
•
more energy / materials are needed (to extract titanium)
ignore higher temperature ignore reference to electrolysis
•
titanium cannot be extracted by using carbon
do not accept titanium extracted by electrolysis
1
(b)
carbon dioxide
allow CO2
1
(c)
magnesium chloride is electrolysed / used / decomposed
1
magnesium and / or chlorine are recycled / reused
allow the products of electrolysis are recycled
word / symbol equation = 1 mark
1
(d)
because oxygen / nitrogen (in air) would react with the magnesium
or
would produce magnesium oxide / nitride
accept titanium for magnesium
1
whereas argon is inert / unreactive or argon does not react with magnesium
ignore argon is in Group 0 / noble gas
1
(e)
240
1
(f)
250
allow range 245 to 250
1
[8]
M11.
(a)
Aluminium has a low density
1
Aluminium is resistant to corrosion
1
(b)
(i)
(an alloy) is a mixture of metals
accept (an alloy) can be a metal mixed with another metal or iron
mixed with carbon / a non-metal
1
Page 76 of 98
(ii)
pure metals are soft
allow weak
or
alloys are hard
allow strong / keep their shape
ignore rust / corrosion
1
(c)
(i)
crude oil
1
(ii)
hydrocarbons
1
(iii)
oxygen
1
(d)
(i)
hydrogen
allow H2 or H
1
(ii)
only water is produced (from the fuel)
or
no carbon dioxide is produced (from the fuel)
allow less carbon dioxide produced or less global warming
allow carbon dioxide causes global warming
1
[9]
M12.
(a)
(iron (steel) is) strong
allow abundant or easy to extract or cheap
ignore other correct properties
1
(b)
less dense
allow low mass
1
more abundant
accept copper is ‘running out’
allow copper is more expensive
ignore other correct statements
1
(c)
(i)
C2H4
1
(ii)
double bond
1
Page 77 of 98
(iii)
poly(ethene)
1
[6]
M13.
(a)
(i)
reduction
accept redox / smelting
1
(ii)
343
1
(b)
(i)
55
ignore other units
(ii)
Water
accept sodium hydroxide
accept correct formulae H2O or NaOH
1
(iii)
any one from:
• save energy / fuel for transporting the ore
accept less (cost of) transport allow transported quickly
• (old) quarries nearby for waste/red mud
1
(c)
Environmental
any one from:
• less mining / quarrying (of bauxite)
allow loss of habitat / less qualified noise pollution
• less landfill space needed / used
allow less red mud / waste
• less use of fossil fuels / energy
• less carbon dioxide produced
1
Page 78 of 98
Ethical or social
any one from:
• saves resources
allow using resources more than once
• creates (local) employment
if answers reversed and both correct award 1 mark
• more people aware of the need for recycling
allow less qualified noise pollution if not given in environmental
1
[7]
M14.
(a)
2,4
allow electrons in any position on correct shells
1
(b)
(electron) 79
1
neutron
allow phonetic spelling
1
118
1
(c)
(i)
16 and 9
in this order
1
(ii)
any two from:
ignore reasons about colour / lustre / corrosion / rarity
• (100% / pure) gold is soft
allow layers can slide in pure gold
• (alloyed) to make the metal hard(er)
ignore just ‘the ring is an alloy’
allow (alloyed) to stop the layers sliding
allow (alloyed) to make the metal strong
• gold is expensive or alloy is less expensive
2
[7]
M15.
(a)
reduction
1
Page 79 of 98
(b)
carbon is less reactive than aluminium
1
(c)
aluminium (ions) / they are positively charged
they = aluminium ions
ignore particle names
accept aluminium (ions) / they are cations
allow aluminium (ions they have an opposite charge
1
so they are attracted or they move towards the negative electrode
OR
aluminium (ions) / they need to gain electrons (1)
which come from the negative electrode (1)
if no other marks awarded allow ‘opposites attract’ for 1 mark
1
(d)
aluminium has a low density
1
aluminium is resistant to corrosion
1
(e)
advantage less carbon dioxide is produced
1
disadvantage used aluminium cans have to be collected and transported
1
[8]
M16.
(a)
+1/+
do not accept 1 without the +
1
electron
allow phonetic spelling
1
(b)
(i)
elements
1
(ii)
non-metal
1
(c)
soft
1
an alloy
1
Page 80 of 98
(d)
one mark for each correct link
extra lines lose the mark
3
[9]
M17.
(a)
any two from:
•
copper / ores are running out / harder to find
•
there are no / very small amounts of high-grade copper ores left
•
copper metal is in demand
•
copper is expensive
•
now economical to extract copper from low-grade ores
it = copper
allow new methods of extraction e.g. bioleaching and phytomining
allow high-grade ores are running out for 2 marks
2
(b)
(i)
large amounts / 98% of rock to dispose of as waste
accept contains toxic (metal) compounds / bioleacher
or
waste rock takes up a lot of space
1
(ii)
(copper sulfide reacts with oxygen to) produce sulfur dioxide / SO2
allow (sulfur reacts with oxygen to) produce sulfur dioxide / SO2
1
that causes acid rain
allow description of effects of acid rain or sulfur dioxide
if no other mark awarded allow CO2 produced which causes global
warming or CO2 produced by burning fuel or heating the furnace for
1 mark
1
Page 81 of 98
(iii)
any one from:
•
large amounts of fuels / energy used (for the furnace and electrolysis)
allow large amounts of electricity needed
ignore high temperature / electrolysis unqualified
•
(the extraction has) many steps / stages / processes
allow (extraction) is a long process / takes a lot of time
•
large amounts of ore / material have to be mined
allow ores contain a low percentage of copper
1
(iv)
(copper ions move towards) the negative electrode / cathode
1
because copper ions / Cu2+ are positively charged or are oppositely charged or
copper ions need to gain electrons
allow because metal ions are positive or opposites attract
1
(v)
(growing) plants
1
[9]
M18.
(a)
(i)
many ethene / molecules / monomers
accept double bonds open / break
accept addition polymerisation
1
join to form a long hydrocarbon / chain / large molecule
ignore references to ethane
correct equation gains 2 marks
1
(ii)
(can be deformed but) return to their original shape (when heated or cooled)
ignore ‘it remembers its shape’
1
(iii)
cross links / extra bonds in PEX
it = PEX throughout
accept inter-molecular bonds
ignore inter-molecular forces
1
molecules / chains in PEX are held in position
accept rigid structure
1
molecules / chains in PEX unable to slide past each other / move
1
Page 82 of 98
(b)
any four from:
ignore costs / sustainability / non-renewable
•
less (hydrocarbon) fuels used
allow less energy
•
less / no electrical energy used
allow no electrolysis
•
reduce carbon / carbon dioxide emissions
allow less global warming
•
reduce / no pollution by sulfur dioxide / acid rain
allow less / no transportation
•
continuous process
•
conserve copper which is running out or only low-grade ores available
allow less waste
•
reduce the amount of solid waste rock that needs to be disposed
allow less mining
•
reduce the need to dig large holes (to extract copper ores)
4
[10]
M19.
(a)
(i)
copper / Cu
1
(ii)
50 (p)
1
(iii)
25
1
(iv)
tin
1
(b)
any one form:
•
high cost of copper
allow metal is expensive
•
less copper available or (copper ores exhausted / only low-grade ores
available)
allow copper is non-renewable
•
high demand for copper
•
high percentage (%) of copper in the coin
•
inflation (of cost)
1
[5]
Page 83 of 98
M20.
(a)
(because to produce low-carbon steel) oxygen is needed to react with / oxidise carbon
accept (to produce low-carbon steel) oxygen removes carbon as
carbon dioxide
1
(to produce titanium) an atmosphere of argon is used because it is unreactive
1
any oxygen / air would react with / oxidise magnesium or titanium
ignore magnesium chloride / titanium chloride reacts with oxygen
1
(b)
for titanium:
it = titanium
ignore references to abundance / usefulness / temperature /
amounts / relative reactivity / equipment
allow converse arguments for iron
•
there are more stages in its manufacture
accept slower rate of production or is more labour intensive or a
batch process is used or the process used is not continuous
1
•
larger amounts of energy are needed
accept the titanium chloride is cooled and reheated which is not
energy efficient
1
•
magnesium / chlorine / argon have to be produced or are expensive or are
used
1
(c)
titanium is below magnesium and above iron (in the reactivity series of metals)
allow similar position to aluminium or carbon or zinc
1
because magnesium removes chlorine from titanium chloride and titanium removes
oxygen from iron oxide
allow magnesium displaces titanium and titanium displaces iron
1
OR
magnesium more reactive than titanium because it removes chlorine from titanium
chloride (1)
accept magnesium more reactive than titanium because it
displaces titanium
titanium more reactive than iron because it removes oxygen from iron oxide (1)
accept titanium more reactive than iron because it displaces iron
[8]
Page 84 of 98
M21.
(a)
(i)
Positive impact
any one from:
•
provides employment or
•
improves local economy
•
improved transport - new roads are built, new rail links
•
after use the quarry could provide recreation facilities
1
Negative impact
any one from:
•
destruction of animal habitats
•
fewer plants and trees to absorb carbon dioxide
•
visual pollution or noise pollution or atmospheric / air pollution
allow dust pollution
•
more traffic
•
uses non-renewable resources
allow pollutants from burning diesel
1
(ii)
economical
1
(b)
carbon / coke burns (in oxygen / air)
accept carbon / coke reacts with oxygen / air
1
(c)
(i)
iron oxide (reactant)
must be words
1
carbon dioxide (product)
1
(ii)
reduction
1
(d)
(i)
oxygen reacts with carbon
1
Page 85 of 98
or
oxygen and carbon produce carbon dioxide / carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide / carbon monoxide is a gas
or
the carbon is removed as a gas
1
(ii)
much harder
1
(e)
Advantage:
less carbon dioxide is produced
1
Disadvantage:
there are different types of steel which must be sorted
1
[12]
M22.
(a)
(i)
phytomining
1
(ii)
(the land contains) very little copper
allow low grade ore or large amounts of waste
ignore quarrying / benefits of using plants
1
uneconomical
accept (smelting) uses a lot of energy / fossil fuels
allow expensive
1
(iii)
Cu
1
2 CuO + C ➔ 2 Cu + CO2
allow 2 CuO + C ➔ Cu2 + CO2 for 1 mark
1
(b)
(i)
iron is more reactive (than copper)
1
iron is cheap(er than copper)
allow cheaper or uses less energy than electrolysis
1
Page 86 of 98
(ii)
any two from:
•
copper / ions move or are attracted to the negative electrode / cathode
•
where they are reduced or gain (two) electrons
•
where they form copper (metal / atoms)
2
[9]
M23.
(a)
(i)
economical
1
(ii)
phytomining
1
(iii)
carbon dioxide
1
(b)
(i)
copper / Cu
1
iron sulfate / FeSO4
1
(ii)
copper / ions have a positive charge
it = copper ions
allow copper ions have a different charge
accept copper / ions are free to move
accept to gain electrons
accept copper / ions are attracted to the negative electrode or
opposite charges attract
1
(c)
any two from:
ignore not biodegradable or does not decay
•
•
•
•
•
•
copper ores are limited / running out
allow copper is running out
copper can be recycled
copper can be reused
copper is expensive
landfill sites are filling up
copper compounds are toxic
allow copper is toxic
2
[8]
M24.
(a) The ore is not pure or contains impurities or the ore does not contain 100% of the
metal compound
allow to concentrate the metal or metal compound
1
rock / other compounds need to be removed / separated
1
Page 87 of 98
(b)
(i)
(cast iron is) brittle
allow not strong
ignore weak
1
(ii)
the oxygen reacts with carbon
allow carbon burns in oxygen or is oxidised
1
reducing the percentage of carbon in the mixture
or producing carbon dioxide
1
(c)
(i)
aluminium has a low density
1
(ii)
(because copper) is in the central / middle (block of the periodic table)
1
whereas aluminium is in Group 3 (of the periodic table)
1
(iii)
iron is more reactive (than copper)
ignore cost
1
so copper is displaced / reduced
1
[10]
M25.
(a)
(i)
central block
1
(ii)
conducts electricity
1
(b)
any two from:
•
visual pollution
•
noise pollution
•
dust pollution
•
habitat destruction.
2
(c)
(i)
to concentrate the ore / copper carbonate
or
to remove / separate the rock
1
(ii)
12 (tonnes)
If answer is incorrect allow one mark for (127 + 132) − 247 or
259 - 247
2
Page 88 of 98
(iii)
any one from:
•
so no reactant is wasted / left unreacted
•
so they know how much product they will make
•
need to record / compensate for the carbon dioxide produced
allow so they can work out their carbon footprint.
1
[8]
M26.
(a)
protons = 79
allow proton number is 79
ignore atomic number
1
electrons = 79
1
neutrons = 118
1
protons and neutrons in nucleus and electrons in shells / energy levels /
orbits around nucleus
allow for 1 mark, protons, neutrons and electrons if no other mark
obtained
1
(b)
(i)
supply of copper(-rich) ores is limited
allow can extract copper from low grade ores
or
to limit the environmental impact (of traditional mining)
ignore environmentally friendly unqualified
or
more economical than other methods
ignore it is cheaper unless qualified
1
(ii)
plants (grown on land containing copper)
1
(plants) absorb copper compounds / ions
allow minerals
ignore copper / metal
1
(plants) burned to produce ash / metal compounds
1
[8]
M27.
(a)
(i)
unreactive
1
Page 89 of 98
(ii)
atoms
1
(b)
extra line from particle negates mark
1
1
(c)
(i)
mixture of metals
accept mixture of a metal with other element(s)
1
(ii)
to make it harder
accept to make it more resistant to wear / corrosion / tarnishing
allow keeps it shiny
allow makes it stronger
ignore bronze won't rust
ignore references to reactivity
1
[6]
M28.
(a)
(i)
carbon is more reactive than iron / higher in reactivity series
accept carbon displaces / replaces iron
‘it’ = carbon
1
therefore can reduce (iron oxide) / reduction reaction occurs
accept therefore removes oxygen from iron (oxide)
ignore carbon displaces oxygen
ignore carbon reacts with oxygen
do not accept iron reacts with carbon
1
(ii)
left hand side correct: 2Fe2O3 + 3C
1
right hand side correct: 4Fe + 3CO2
accept as correct if all numbers multiplied by same number eg
4Fe2O3 + 6C → 8Fe + 6CO2
1
Page 90 of 98
(b)
(phytomining)
any two from:
•
less atmospheric pollution / named pollutant eg sulfur dioxide
allow harmful gases / fumes / smoke / metal particles
ignore less waste
ignore no pollution
ignore carbon dioxide for this marking point
•
phytomining (more) carbon neutral / less global warming
allow phytomining produces less carbon dioxide / greenhouse
gases or smelting produces large amounts of carbon dioxide /
greenhouse gases
•
phytomining helps clean polluted sites
•
plants are a renewable (resource)
•
uses less energy / fuel
2
[6]
M29.
(a)
11.35
only acceptable answer
1
(b)
increases (tensile) strength
allow stronger
1
decreases melting point
allow mp
1
decreases density
ignore figures
1
(c)
(joint / solder) stronger
allow firmer / more solid
or
lower working temperature / so lead pipes do not melt
ignore lower melting point unqualified
ignore references to poison / weight
1
[5]
Page 91 of 98
M30.
extra line from box in left hand cancels the mark
[4]
M31.
(a)
transition (elements / metals)
accept d block (elements / metals)
1
(b)
any three from:
ignore references to cost
•
(good) conductor (of heat)
ignore references to electricity
•
can be bent / shaped
accept malleable
ignore moulded
•
does not react with water
allow does not rust
allow not very reactive
•
strong
allow durable
ignore tough
•
hard enough to make pipes or tanks
•
high melting point
allow ductile
3
(c)
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should apply a ‘best fit’ approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant information
(1 – 2 marks)
At least one advantage or disadvantage of either method is given.
Page 92 of 98
(3 – 4 marks)
At least one advantage and one disadvantage is given.
or
At least one advantage of both methods is given
or
At least one disadvantage of both methods is given.
(5 – 6 marks)
Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are given.
For 6 marks a reasonable attempt at a conclusion is made.
examples of the points made in the response
ignore references to cost unless qualified.
ignore jobs / transport
Advantages of smelting:
•
quicker
•
extracts more copper
•
more economically viable
allow involves fewer stages
Disadvantages of smelting:
•
supply of copper rich ores is limited
•
(mining causes) dust / noise pollution
ignore pollution unqualified
•
destruction of landscape or visual pollution
•
destruction of habitats
•
smelting uses non-renewable fuel
•
smelting uses more energy / electricity
•
large amounts of waste rock
•
(mining / smelting) releases (more) carbon dioxide / causes global warming
allow (more) greenhouse gases
•
(smelting) releases sulfur dioxide / causes acid rain
Advantages of phytomining:
•
extracts copper from low grade ores
•
conserves copper rich ores
•
does not destroy landscape or less visual pollution
allow does not destroy habitats
allow carbon neutral
Disadvantages of phytomining:
•
produces smaller amount of copper (per unit mass)
Page 93 of 98
•
takes up a lot of space
•
takes a long time (to grow plants)
•
produces carbon dioxide when plants burnt
•
land cannot be used to grow food crops
Electrolysis
•
Used in both methods (so neither an advantage or disadvantage)
Conclusion supported by comparisons made
6
[10]
M32.
(a)
blast furnace iron is brittle
allow converse responses
allow steel is stronger
ignore iron is soft / weak(er) / can be bent or moulded
ignore steel is tough / hardwearing / hard
1
(so) limited uses
allow references to uses of steels eg used as a structural material
ignore references to rust / corrosion / reactivity
1
(b)
stainless steel
independent marks but for 2 marks the property has to relate to the
type of steel
no marks if say low - carbon steel
1
(because) resistant to corrosion
allow is less reactive
allow does not rust / tarnish / react with water or oxygen / air
allow hard / won’t bend
ignore aesthetic answers
ignore strong
allow high-carbon steel for 1 mark
allow high-carbon steel (because) steel is hard / won’t bend for 2
marks
ignore strong
if no steel mentioned allow 1 mark for a correct property
1
[4]
M33.
Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication
(QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should apply a ‘best-fit’
approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content.
Page 94 of 98
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
A brief reason is given against extraction or for recycling. There is little scientific
terminology used.
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
Some reasons are given with clear statements against extraction and or for recycling.
Some scientific terminology is used
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
Several reasons are given with a detailed explanation against extraction and for recycling.
Scientific terminology is used accurately
examples of chemistry points made in the response
ignore uses and properties of aluminium. Comparative statements
count for both methods
extraction:
•
limited resources of aluminium oxide
•
higher temperatures required
allow quoted temperatures eg extracted at 950°C
•
large amount of energy required
•
expensive
•
requires mining / quarrying
•
process takes longer / has more stages
•
produces more carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases
recycling:
•
saves resources
•
cheaper to recycle
•
uses less energy
•
only needs to be melted
allow quoted temperatures eg melted / recycled at 700°C
•
less electricity needs to be used
•
less effect on environment
•
example of effect on environment
eg less destruction of habitats
•
avoids need for disposal / use of landfill
•
no need for quarrying
•
sustainable
6
[6]
Page 95 of 98
M34.
(a)
blast furnace iron is brittle
allow converse responses
allow steel is stronger
ignore iron is soft / weak(er) / can be bent or moulded
ignore steel is tough / hardwearing / hard
1
(so) limited uses
allow references to uses of steels eg used as a structural material
ignore references to rust / corrosion / reactivity
1
(b)
stainless steel
independent marks but for 2 marks the property has to relate to the
type of steel
no marks if say low - carbon steel
1
(because) resistant to corrosion
allow is less reactive
allow does not rust / tarnish / react with water or oxygen / air
allow hard / won’t bend
ignore aesthetic answers
ignore strong
allow high-carbon steel for 1 mark
allow high-carbon steel (because) steel is hard / won’t bend for 2
marks
If no steel mentioned allow 1 mark for a correct property
1
[4]
M35.
(a)
blast furnace iron is brittle
allow converse responses
allow steel is stronger
ignore iron is soft / weak(er) / can be bent or moulded
ignore steel is tough / hardwearing / hard
1
(so) limited uses
allow references to uses of steels eg used as a structural material
ignore references to rust / corrosion / reactivity
1
(b)
stainless steel
independent marks but for 2 marks the property has to relate to the
type of steel
no marks if say low - carbon steel
1
Page 96 of 98
(because) resistant to corrosion
allow is less reactive
allow does not rust / tarnish / react with water or oxygen / air
allow hard / won’t bend
ignore aesthetic answers
ignore strong
allow high-carbon steel for 1 mark
allow high-carbon steel (because) steel is hard / won’t bend for 2
marks
If no steel mentioned allow 1 mark for a correct property
1
[4]
Page 97 of 98
Page 98 of 98