CHURCH DIVISION AND THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR CHURCH DIVISION • Philip IV of France became involved in a dispute with Pope Boniface VIII over papal authority (“…..my master’s sword is made of steel, the Pope’s is made of words”) • Two factors: criminal trials for clergy and taxes • Philip arrests Boniface (!), and persuades the College of Cardinals to choose a French bishop; Clement V is elected and takes residence in Avignon, France; popes live there for 69 years • many Catholics thought the Pope should be from Rome; Cardinals elect Pope Urban VI(may have had a mental illness) who was unpopular • so……the Cardinals elected a 2nd pope, who was French= Robert of Geneva, who took the name clement VII • now there are 2 popes who are excommunicating each other • French pope lives in Avignon, Italian pope lives in Rome. This is known as the Great Schism or Rome-Avignon Schism CHURCH DIVISION • 1414- Council of Constance attempts to end the Great Schism by choosing a single pope; now there are three popes! • 1417- council forces all three popes to resign and elects Martin V • Great Schism is over, but papacy has been weakened • There are similarities between the idea of taxing clergy and the famous case of McCullough vs Maryland in the US. • Problems of the papacy in Avignon: Finances- leads to selling of indulgences Loss of prestige- ex: sacraments and the Black Death IdentityReformers- John Wycliffe; Jan Hus HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR • Flanders- industrial center of Northern Europe; imported fleece from England; English were adopting Norman fashions and culture (importance of wine) • Triangular trade= English fleece exchanged for Flemish cloth, which is exchanged for southern French wine, which was shipped to England • French want control of Flanders and a civil war breaks out between middle class and nobility (English support middle class) • remember that English control land from when Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine….so French have English to their North and South • so….they form an alliance with the Scots to do the same thing to the English • the last son of Philip IV dies in 1328 and there are no more Capetians…except for…..Philip’s daughter who had married….the king of England! (Edward II) HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR • their son (Edward III, 18 years old) was actually in line for the throne, but the French choose Philip’s nephew (Philip of Valois) • France has 20 million people, England has 4-5 million; but English fight anyway • 1340- war begins • Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt= the death of Chivalry and the Knight; the rise of the longbow; the origin of something inappropriate LONGBOWMAN CRECY HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR • Joan of Arc- had visions at age 13 that she thought were from God; led French troops at the Battle of Orleans; was captured by English allies and was burned at the stake • Key effects of the Hundred Years’ War: Nationalism in England and France changes in military technology and tactics(fall of knights/rise of standing armies) end of the Age of Chivalry beginning of English naval supremacy (why?) JOAN OF ARC
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