CHURCH DIVISION AND
THE HUNDRED YEARS
WAR
CHURCH DIVISION
• Philip IV of France became involved in a dispute with Pope
Boniface VIII over papal authority (“…..my master’s sword is made
of steel, the Pope’s is made of words”)
• Two factors: criminal trials for clergy and taxes
• Philip arrests Boniface (!), and persuades the College of
Cardinals to choose a French bishop; Clement V is elected and
takes residence in Avignon, France; popes live there for 69 years
• many Catholics thought the Pope should be from Rome;
Cardinals elect Pope Urban VI(may have had a mental illness)
who was unpopular
• so……the Cardinals elected a 2nd pope, who was French=
Robert of Geneva, who took the name clement VII
• now there are 2 popes who are excommunicating each other
• French pope lives in Avignon, Italian pope lives in Rome. This is
known as the Great Schism or Rome-Avignon Schism
CHURCH DIVISION
• 1414- Council of Constance attempts to end the Great Schism
by choosing a single pope; now there are three popes!
• 1417- council forces all three popes to resign and elects Martin V
• Great Schism is over, but papacy has been weakened
• There are similarities between the idea of taxing clergy and the
famous case of McCullough vs Maryland in the US.
• Problems of the papacy in Avignon:
Finances- leads to selling of indulgences
Loss of prestige- ex: sacraments and the Black Death
IdentityReformers- John Wycliffe; Jan Hus
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• Flanders- industrial center of Northern Europe; imported fleece
from England; English were adopting Norman fashions and culture
(importance of wine)
• Triangular trade= English fleece exchanged for Flemish cloth,
which is exchanged for southern French wine, which was shipped
to England
• French want control of Flanders and a civil war breaks out
between middle class and nobility (English support middle class)
• remember that English control land from when Henry II married
Eleanor of Aquitaine….so French have English to their North and
South
• so….they form an alliance with the Scots to do the same thing to
the English
• the last son of Philip IV dies in 1328 and there are no more
Capetians…except for…..Philip’s daughter who had married….the
king of England! (Edward II)
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• their son (Edward III, 18 years old) was actually in line for the
throne, but the French choose Philip’s nephew (Philip of Valois)
• France has 20 million people, England has 4-5 million; but
English fight anyway
• 1340- war begins
• Crecy, Poitiers, Agincourt= the death of Chivalry and the Knight;
the rise of the longbow; the origin of something inappropriate
LONGBOWMAN
CRECY
HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR
• Joan of Arc- had visions at age 13 that she thought were from
God; led French troops at the Battle of Orleans; was captured by
English allies and was burned at the stake
• Key effects of the Hundred Years’ War:
Nationalism in England and France
changes in military technology and tactics(fall of
knights/rise of standing armies)
end of the Age of Chivalry
beginning of English naval supremacy (why?)
JOAN OF ARC