Chapter 1:- Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Question
1.3 Objectives of research
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Scope & Limitation
1.6 Literature Review
Conflict between humans and animals are major problem in many parts of India. The damage
and destruction caused by a variety of animals to human property and sometimes to human
life is a real and significant danger to many human communities. With the animals often
killed, captured or otherwise harmed in retaliation, these conflicts are one of the main threats
to the continued survival of many species. One of the main reasons for this conflict is
increasing human population and the continued loss of natural habitats18.
This chapter focuses on the research design of the thesis. This includes research methodology,
scope & limitation of research, Literature review.
18
http://assets.panda.org/downloads/factsheethumananimalconflict.pdf (Accessed on 19 - April-2010)
1.1 Introduction
Endangered species in India include large varieties of rare species of flora and fauna.
Endangered species is defined as a population of an organism that is at the danger of
becoming extinct because of several reasons.19
The research study involves the critical analysis of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 to solve
the problem of conflict between human and animal specifically Leopard. The reason to select
the Leopard as the focus of study is that leopard & human conflict is common in the most part
of India. In the last decade, leopard conflict had reached serious levels with 560 cases of
leopard attack in Uttarakhand State (in the northern part of India) and 240 in Maharashtra
State (India). In Himachal Pradesh (a State in Northern India) 133 incidents have been
reported in last three years.20
The result of human animal conflict is very serious problem in many parts of India. Many
people lose their crops, livestock, property (Loss of & sometimes their lives. The animals,
many of which are already threatened or endangered are often killed in retaliation or to
‗prevent‘ future conflicts.21 In such situation, it is necessary to manage the conflict with speed
& accuracy in order to prevent panic, injuries or death.
Leopards occur all over India. They have always lived at the fringes of villages and human
habitations, preying off domestic livestock and dogs. For instance the 1883 Nasik Gazetteer
states the following ―Leopard is often found on the outskirts of villages, carrying away village
dogs and prefers scrubby jungles to dense forests"22
Leopards are increasingly venturing into cities, towns and villages in India. With humans
seizing every little bit of space left, it has become hard for the leopards to find shelter and
food. The adaptable animals therefore seek easy prey in cattle or loiter around the city
garbage to grab a bite. Most of them also know the tact to remain hidden, but occasionally the
cover is blown. Stoned, pelted, tranquilized and killed, the wild cats are being targeted by
humans for trying to survive in a human infested world.
www.indianetzone.com (Accessed on 28th April 2011) discussed in details the reasons of endangerment in
chapter no 3
20
http://www.hindustantimes.com (Accessed on 26th April 2011)
21
www.panda.org/species, (Accessed on 09 Feb 2011)
22
Conflict past and present, http://www.projectwaghoba.in/conflicts.htm (Accessed on 18th July 2012)
19
1
What has been another cause for the increased Leopard deaths is poaching. In 2010, 54.87 %
of the 328 leopard deaths across the country were reported due to poaching.23
―Most leopard deaths are caused when they wander into human habitation and the scared
people try to drive them away. As long as this attitude persists, their numbers will continue to
fall. This is an issue that needs to go beyond the law. We need to place more emphasis on
creating awareness among the people on the need to protect these animals,‖ says Belinda
Wright, Executive Director, Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI)
Although there have been no exclusive surveys done to estimate the Leopard population of
India, Government put their number at 12,014 in January, 2008. Most experts feel that this
number may have changed for the worse in the last 2-3 years.24
Environment consists of the physical surroundings and conditions including the quality of air,
water, greenery, vegetation and all forms of living creatures forming a habitat. Most of us in
some part of our lives have experienced the "Web of life‖ which shows us that every form of
life is dependent on the other for its survival, right from the algae and fungi down to humans.
The extinction of any species creatures only goes out to break the chain of the cycle of
normality of a balanced ecology.25
Wildlife-human conflicts are a serious obstacle to wildlife conservation, and the livelihoods of
people worldwide and are becoming more prevalent as human population increases,
development expands, and global climate changes and other human and environmental factors
put people and wildlife in greater direct competition for a shrinking resource base.
The major threats being faced by the wildlife in India26:
Conservation of Wildlife is ignored in the development era. But we should not forget that
environment & development go hand in hand. It is the duty of Government & Individuals
(Citizens of India) to be responsible towards environment & conserve wildlife. Today, efforts
are being made towards wildlife conservation in India, to preserve this natural wealth.
Numerous wildlife conservation projects have been undertaken in India, both at the
government as well as the individual level, to protect the rich wildlife of the subcontinent27.
23
http://indiasendangered.com ‗Leopards Victims of The Man-Animal Conflict‘ (Accessed on 10th March
2012)
24
http://raftingmasti.com/indian_leopard.htm (Accessed on 10th March 2012)
Akhila, Amol, Wild Life Protection in India, Preserve Article
26
http://www.iloveindia.com/wildlife/wildlife-conservation.html (Accessed on 25-May-2012)
27
supra 36 (Accessed on 17th Jan 2013)
25
2
Overcrowding and Improper management - The problem of overcrowding is one of the major
reasons for the depleting population of wild animals in India. The wildlife sanctuaries of India
have become overcrowded and their capacity has decreased to quite an extent.
Increasing tourism- Tourism in the national parks of the country is increasing day by day. One
of the reasons for this is a rise in the popularity of eco-tourism and adventure tourism. This
has led to a growth in vehicle pollution and wildlife road fatalities, apart from leading to a
damage of the natural habitat of birds and animals.
Damage to Natural habitat- With the increase in tourism, the parks have witnessed an increase
in wildfires also. Innocent campfires started by visitors have, more often than not, led to
menacing wildfires. These fires not only kill animals, but also destroy their natural habitat.
Disturbance of costal area- The wildlife of coastal areas is constantly disturbed by personal
watercrafts, like jet skis or wave runners. These personal watercrafts enter shallow waters and
expel nesting birds from their roosts. Such activities are disturbing the mating pattern of birds.
Discharge of untreated effluents into river- Releasing of chemicals and other toxic effluents
into the water bodies has led to poisoning of the water. The animals and birds drinking such
water face a fatal threat. Even the population of fish, living in such water bodies, is declining
at a fast pace.
Climate Change - The climate changes taking place in the world today, are affecting not only
humans, but also the wildlife. The natural habitat as well as migration patterns of the animals
and birds are experiencing disturbs patterns.
Wildlife Trade- Last but not the least, the threat of poaching has been haunting the wildlife of
India since ages. Even after wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are established, the threat
of poaching has not been totally eliminated28.
1.2 Research Question
1 whether the protection available for endangered species at national & International level is
sufficient?
2. How does the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 deal with Human- Animal conflict?
28
http://www.iloveindia.com/wildlife/wildlife-conservation.html (Accessed on 25-May-2012)
3
3. What are the inadequacies in the existing Law of protection or conservation of endangered
species, specifically leopards?
4. What should be the reforms, in the existing law?
1.3 Objectives
1. To critically analyze the Protective Mechanisms with special reference to Sec 11 of the
Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.
2. To explore the conflict between human & animal in the light of the Wild Life Protection
Act, 1972.
3. To study the protection available at International Level relating endangered species.
4. To assess the role of the local people towards wildlife.
5. To make a recommendations to reduce the conflict between leopards & humans.
1.4 Methodology
The research study is based on doctrinal as well as non doctrinal method. Researcher has used
Interview method for collecting data from forest officer & small group of population of
affected villages. Researcher has used the questionnaire as a tool for Data collection. This is
widely used in social research, and also in legal research. The research has collected
information data by use of books, journals, websites, newspapers, reports, articles and / or
other relevant sources of data.
The researcher has analyzed and evaluates the data so as to come up with an exhaustive
research and suitable suggestions to be able to solve the complex issues.
The researcher has conducted a doctrinal research by use of document analysis, and actual
cases for present research.
The most significant advantage of the questionnaire method is that it allows respondents the
freedom to express their ideas, opinions, feelings, likes or dislikes and attitudes the way they
choose29.
1.5 Scope & Limitation
The research study involves critical analysis of Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 to solve the
problem of conflict between humans & animals, specifically leopard30. The reason to select
29
Yaqin Anwarul, Legal Research and Writing Methods, Lexis Nexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur , 111
(2008)
4
the leopard for study purposes is that leopard & human conflict is common in most parts of
India. In the last decade, leopard conflict had reached serious levels with 560 cases of leopard
attack in Uttarakhand and 240 in Maharashtra. In Himachal Pradesh State (India), 133
incidents of leopard attacks have been reported in the last three years.31
The researcher has studied the Legal provisions & methods of protection of endangered
species in general, which involves the doctrinal study. The researcher will do the imperial
research of leopard as an example to fortify the research. The same example can be used to
solve the conflict between human and animal (other than Leopard). The research includes the
case study of Karad which is 175 Km away from Pune District. The reason to select this city
to do case study is because there are two cases reported in Karad Taluka regarding leopard
killing, so too there is conflict between human & leopard killing.
1.6
Literature Review:-
As part of the literature review the researcher has relied upon the following books, articles,
which are relevant for the researcher in the research and will be acknowledging the relevant
part which will be required for the research.
1.
Desai Ashok A32 provides first treatise of its kind on jurisprudence relating to
Human-animal conflict in this country. This book reflects on protection of Animal in
historical prudence. The author has highlighted emerging ecological imbalances &
deteriorating quality of life along with remedies available in the existing legal system and it
has also suggested future remedies including legislation to meet the emerging solutions.33
The book is an attempt to analyze and consolidate various jurisprudential concepts and events
from the Vedic era to the present day. Their impact on the development and codification of
various environmental laws is discussed in detail. It also highlights socio-economic
constraints which restrict more sweeping legislative measures. It deals with the legislative
aspects of the conservation of bio-diversity, sustainable development, of population
explosion,
30
Leopard is listed in Threatened Endangered species
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_species_in_India (Accessed on 28th April 2011)
31
http://www.hindustantimes.com (Accessed on 26th April 2011)
32
Desai Ashok A. Environmental Jurisprudence, Ed. 2 (2002), Modern Law House.
33
Ch.1- ―Environment Ancient & Historical Prudence which focused on the protection of Wild Life in Ancient,
Medieval & British India Pg. 1-27
5
2.
Debroy34 The most recognized dog in Indian myth is the dog in the Mahabharata that
accompanied the Pandavas not actually a dog but dharma in disguise. There are, however,
several more references to dogs in the classical texts. Mentioned for the first time in the rg
veda, the eponymous sarama is the dog of the gods and the ancestor of all dogs. In sarama
and her children, the evolution of the Indian attitude towards dogs is traced through the
Vedas, epics, puranas, dharmashastras and niti shastras. The widespread assumption is that
dogs have always been looked down upon in Hinduism and a legacy of that attitude persists
even now. Tracing the Indian attitude towards dogs in a chronological fashion, beginning with
the pre-vedic Indus valley civilization, Bibek Debroy discovers that the truth is more
complicated. Dogs had a utilitarian role in pre-vedic and Vedic times. There were herd dogs,
watchdogs and hunting dogs, and dogs were used as beasts of burden. But by the time of the
Mahabharata, negative associations had begun to creep in. Debroy argues convincingly that
the change in the status of the dog in India has to do with the progressive decline of the
traditional vedic gods indra, yama and rudra (who were associated with dogs), and the
accompanying elevation of vishnu, associated with an increase in brahmana influence.
Debroy demonstrates that outside the mainstream caste Hindu influence, as reflected in
doctrines associated with shiva and in buddhist jataka tales, dogs did not become outcasts or
outcastes. Drawing references from high and low literature, folk tales and temple art, sarama
and her children dispels some myths and ensures that the Indian dog also has its day. This
book is helpful to author to study the human attitude towards animal.
3.
Hiranmay35 The author views the millions of stray dogs that live in India's streets as
symbols of the weak and vulnerable. He interrogates the nature of human aggression and
cruelty as reflected in people's behavior towards stray animals using the mass killing of stray
dogs in Bangalore, India's IT capital, as a case study. Such cruelty indicates a profound
alienation of the perpetrators from their own quintessential self and India's Vedic and
Upanishadic religious and cultural heritage. Their mindset is a product of the West's humanist
culture whose essence has been most remarkably encapsulated in Protagorus's famous
aphorism, 'Man is the measure of all things', and which, in its distorted version, has led to the
whole of Nature, animate and inanimate, being treated as colony of human beings, the same
way Western countries treated the countries of Asia and Africa they brought under their sway.
34
35
Bibek Debroy, Sarama and her children the dog in Indian myth, Penguim group Indian Pvt. Ltd. Delhi, 2008
Hiranmay Karlekar, Savage Humans and Stray Dogs: A study in agrression, SAGE publications (2008)
6
4.
Leelakrishnan36, presents the forest habitat discussing forest, wild life & tribal
people. Recently Environmental Law in India has grown tremendously & has attained the
status of district body of law with a plethora of rules, regulations, codes, schemes &
institutions. This book makes an attempt to focus attention on the different stages of this
development. This book will help the researcher to study case laws relating to wild life
protection.37
Environmental law in India is an exhaustive study of the growth of law relating to
environment in India. This book highlights various aspects of environmental regime – law of
public nuisance and civil remedies, protection of forest habitat, natural resources and coastal
zones, control of pollution, liability for environmental torts, constitutional mandate for
environmental protection, judicial review of decisions affecting environment and
environmental impact assessment processes. It contains a qualitative analysis of laws
pertaining to the field, reference to relevant international conventions and landmark case law,
making it an in dispensable tool for research.
5.
Maneka Gandhi38 provides in detail, an insight into the Laws prevailing in the
country for the protection of animals. The book provides numerous central & state statutes &
materials relating to Animal Laws serving as encyclopedia39.
In this book author has effectively interpreted the wildlife laws with compassion and courage,
to provide the protection to wildlife who cannot speak or cannot fight for themselves. Animal
law has remained a neglected area besides that the animals are an internal part of Indian
ecology and economy.
As a result, animals in India have suffered unnecessary violence and victimization. It
therefore necessary to aware the animal laws to bring about the ethical treatment of animals.40
This book is a first step in that direction. It is a comprehensive compilation of the law as it
applies to draught, domestic, wild, experimental, meat performing and pet animals. It is
designed to provide the researcher with a basic understanding and working knowledge of
animal laws as well as familiar the expert with a clear, concise, and easily referred to
36
P. Leelakrishnan, Environmental Law Case Book, Butterworths, Ed 2 (2007), Lexus Nexus Publication
Ch. 11 –―Wild Life‖ discussed the case Laws on Wild Life, Man-Wild Life Relation, Preservation of Wild
Life Pg. 245-267
38
Maneka Gandhi, Ozair Husain, Raj Panjalani, Animal Laws in India, Ed. 4 (2011), Universal Law Publishing
co. Pvt. Ltd
39
Ch. 3 relating to Laws relating to Wild Life Pg. 102-124
40
Maneka Gandhi, Ozair Husain, Raj Panjalani, Animal Laws in India, Ed. 4 (2011), Universal Law Publishing
co. Pvt. Ltd, P- 45
37
7
resource. Its purpose is to empower the citizens of India to use the strength of the law to
protect animals against human greed and cruelty. It is a must-have manual for all those who
wish to sustain informed campaigns in defence of these voiceless victims41.
The book provides an insight into central and state laws concerning animals in India. In India
animals are subjected to atrocious cruelty. The Book contains thirty one chapters focusing on
the various dimensions of animal rights and welfare.
Chapter second deals with India‘s pioneering legislation on Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Act, 1960 and rules framed therein. Laws relating to transportation, animal performances, and
registration are extensively dealt with. Issues relating to ban on dissection of frogs and
prohibition of scientific experimentation forms the subject matter of Chapter fourth and fifth.
Laws governing the norms of the transportation by roadways, railways and airways are culled
out in Chapter sixth and seventh. The standard norms and the code of conduct for
transportation, deportation and habitation for sheep, goat, poultry, live stock, dogs and cats
are explained in Chapter Eight.
The second part of the book is an attempt to consolidate the state laws relating to animal
welfare. More than twenty four states based legislations are adumbrated exhaustively in
Chapter Ten. The third part of the Book deals with international and national laws governing
wild and general animals. Right from the analysis of Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) to Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of
Criminal Procedure, 1973, Cattle Trespass Act, 1871, Elephant Preservation Act, 1879,
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and Zoo Rules, 1993 are explicitly dealt with in Chapters
Fourteen to Chapter twenty two42.
The fourth component of the Book is judicial indoctrination of animal rights in India. The
Delhi Abattoir Case, Delhi Dog Killing Case, West Bengal Slaughter House Case and Andhra
Pradesh Ox Race case are notably analyzed to discern the direction of animal justice in India.
The concluding part of the Book serves as hand book which enlists procedure for filing FIR,
compulsory registration by police officer, functions of Animal Welfare Board and Society for
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
41
42
Supra 38
Id
8
6. Millspaugh Joshua K.43 This book provides information regarding the most recent and
effective techniques of wildlife protection. The Planning Wildlife protection in Large
Landscapes is appropriate for the research purpose. This book discuss research, applications
and concepts of conservation and present new ideas and strategies for wildlife habitat which
can be used in conservation planning.
The book makes important contributions to wildlife conservation of animals in several ways:
(1) It highlights historical and contemporary advancements in the development of wildlife
habitat models and their implementation in conservation planning; (2) It provides practical
advice for the ecologist conducting such studies; and (3) It supplies directions for future
research including new strategies for successful studies44.
7.
Oldfield Sara45 This book takes about the ethical, biological and socio-economic
issues that arise in attempting to regulate the wildlife trade. Day by day due to development
and Change in the regulation of trade in wildlife is failing. It is urgent need to see that that
why it‘s happening? and why this is taking place? This book discuses the answer of this
questions discuss critically the international issues relating to wildlife trade & how it can be
enforced as well as can be ignored.
6.
Prabhakar Kukdolkar46 The author was a forest officer and shares his experiences
in this book while dealing with leopard-human conflict.
While in employment with the forest department, author came upon varied life threatening
incidents while catching wild animals like Leopards, Indian Bison etc. Some other
experiences with the animals and other watchers and the media are also accounted. So the
question remains as to catching the animals and rescuing them far of in the forests is the sole
remedy or is there any other.
The two incidents when the author had captured a leopard in 1999 and a bison in 2000 in
Pune city are described very neatly in this book. Author has also pointed out certain factors
like the care to be taken while in a wildlife sanctuary. Further information is also provided as
43
Millspaugh Joshua J, Thomson Frank R., III., Models for planning Wildlife Conservation in Large
Landscapes, Academic Press, (2011) P-3
44
http://www.amazon.com/Models-Planning-Wildlife-Conservation-Landscapes/dp/0123736315 (Accessed on
20th Feb 2013) Supra P .No- 3
45
Oldfield Sara, The Trade in Wildlife Regulation for Conservation, Eathscan Publications Ltd (2012)
46
Prabhakar Kukdolkar, ―Bibtya Kuthe Janar?‖, (Marathi) Continental Publication, 2010
9
to the space required by the animals, their life, and encroachment by humans on forest which
focuses also on the conservation of the forest that suits from the title as well.
7.
Diwan, Shyam & Rosencranz Armin47, provides the cases, articles & statutes. This
book is essential to researcher to study the forest policies & protection of animals in historical
prudence.
Environmental law and policy in India affects all sections of society. Those most deeply
affected are the poor. Displaced by deforestation, dam-building and degradation of natural
resources, they are the first victims of poor sanitation, contaminated water, polluted air and
scarce wood. This edition of Environmental Law and Policy in India is interlaced with notes,
comments and questions to encourage critical thinking among lawyers and law students. It
compiles all the leading cases in environmental law in India with concise extracts of landmark
judgments and documents. It focuses on environmental law, policy, problems and needs.
It focuses on Indian environmental law, policy, problems and needs, compiles all the leading
cases in environmental law in India with concise policy documents provides discussions on
projects which could potentially degrade the environment contains new sections devoted to
wildlife, noise pollution, common property resources and tribal communities, environmental
impact assessment, coastal regulations, transnational environmental policy and international
environmental law identifies and analyses emerging conflicts in Indian environmental
jurisprudence with a focus on environmental justice
8.
Valmik Thapar48, Valmik Thapar is one of the world's leading tiger experts. Since
1972 he has dedicated his life to filming, recording, and photographing tigers in the wild and
working for their preservation. He is the Executive Director of the Ranthambhore Foundation
and has authored several books on tigers, including "The Tiger's Destiny" (1992). Valmik
Thapar is the presenter of the BBC television series "Land of the Tiger".
This book provides the history of killing of tigers in India from provides the story of the crisis
of the tiger killing / hunting in India from the historical period. The author journeys through
7000 years of history about the killing of the tiger and brings the reader to the present context
of what is, in the author's words, a 'terminal tiger crisis'. Where do we go from here? Will
there be a miracle that saves the tiger? Can the government act in time? Will the enormous
illegal trade in tiger skins that is rampant in Tibet be stopped? The Note outlines Thapar's plan
47
Diwan, Shyam & Rosencranz Armin, Environmental Law & Policy in India:- Cases, Materials & Statutes,
Oxford University Press, Ed. 4 (2005)
48
Valmik Thapar, The Last Tiger Strugling for survival, (2011) Oxford University Press
10
of action to ensure the long-term survival of tigers, with detailed policy prescriptions. The
new Preface ―We Cannot Save the Indian Tiger‖ by the author critically reviews the current
tiger population and the conservation measures undertaken. In the development era many of
the forest area is being used for development project which started the interference in the
habitat of tigers. This book specified the causes of human & tiger conflict which would help
researcher to analyse the human- leopard conflict in India.
This book traces the history of the crises concerning the tiger and its survival in India, and the
conservation efforts to battle them from the nineteenth century right up to the present crisis.
The new Preface 'We Cannot Save the Indian Tiger', critically reviews the current tiger
population in India and the conservation measures undertaken.49
9.
B.B. Hosetti50, This book discusses the basic aspects of management of wildlife
conflict, project of Elephant Conservation in India..
The book also talks about the theories of biodiversity, recently amended Wildlife Schedules,
symbols of plants and animals at National and State level. This book which embody the
subjects like wildlife conservation and ecosystem management as well as
ecological,
recreational and ethical importance of wildlife, flora and fauna of Indian wildlife,
conservation schemes like project tiger, project elephant. The book also specifies the critical
analysis of wildlife protection act, 1972 and its details, the role of governmental and nongovernmental organizations relating to protection of wildlife.
Chapter 1: Wildlife Conservation And Management, General Importance, Causes For
Endangering The Species, Important Zones In India, Protected Species Of India, Management
Packages; Chapter 2: Status Of Wildlife Management In India, Introduction, Biological
Diversity, The Current Status Of India S Wildlife, Floral Wealth, Endemic Plant Species,
History Of Wildlife Management, India S Protected Area Network; Chapter 3: Endangered
Flora And Fauna Of India; Introduction, General Background To The Problem Of Threat To
Plant Species, Wildlife Zones For Flora, Himalaya And Eastern India, Rajasthan And Gujarat,
Gangetic Plan, Peninsular India, Andaman And Nicobar, Lacunae In Our Understanding
About Endangered Plants, Protection Strategies, Endangered Fauna Of India, Save
Endangered Species, The Indian Scene, Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians; Chapter 4:
49
50
Id
B.B. Hosetti , Concepts in Wildlife Management, Ed- 2nd (2005), Daya Publishing House, Delhi
11
Extinction Of Organisms, Introduction, Trends Of Extinction, Endangered Species, Species
Characteristics And Extinction.51
Chapter 5: Special Conservation Schemes, Introduction, Project Tiger, Status Of Tiger In The
World, Achievement Of The Project Tiger, Threat To The Tiger, Global Tiger Forum (Gtf),
Gir Lion Sanctuary Project, Crocodile Breeding Project, Project Hangul, Himalayan Musk
Deer-Ecology And Conservation Project, Shangi Or Manipur Brow-Antlered Deer Project Or
Manipur Deer Project, Project Elephant, Project On Great Indian Bustard, Summary; Chapter
6: Management Of Rangelands, Forests And Wildlife Corridors, Types Of Rangelands, Plant
Biomass, Productivity And Food Web; Characteristics Of Rangelands, Types Of Grazing
Animals, Rangeland Conditions, Forests, Forest Types, Depletion Of Forests, Management Of
Forests, Wildlife Corridors; Chapter 7: Wildlife Reserves And National Parks, Introduction,
Protected Area Management Categories, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Biosphere
Reserves; Chapter 8: Protection Of Orchids And Butterflies, Orchids52, Historical Aspects,
Present Status, Protection Measures, Butterflies, Insect Culturing, Butterfly Species Of India,
Protection Measures; Chapter 14: Biodiversity: Conservation And Management, Preamble,
Loss Of Biodiversity, Conservation Of Biodiversity, Ancient Methods Of Conservation,
Current Methods Of Conservation, Biotechnology And Biodiversity, Legal Aspects Of
Biodiversity Conservation, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.53
10.
Chhanda Das54- provides a rich cultural heritage of wild life as well as a long history
and tradition of conservation of nature. Animals and plants are protected as integral parts of
religious practices. This book provides Wildlife in India, and an assessment about the concept
of preservation of animals as well as present status of endangered species of mammals, birds
and reptiles.
Wildlife conservation in India as well as in the world is under tremendous constraints. Some
of the species on earth are rapidly approaching decimation and as a result these are
endangered. Unfortunately, prior to independence of India in 1947 no adequate attention
towards protecting animals from decimation and extermination was given. Practical solutions
to this problem are yet to be evolved to protect threatened wildlife from total extinction. Here
an attempt has been made to review the situation in the pre-and post-independent India by
51
Supra 37
Supra 37
53
Id
54
Chhanda Das, A Treatise on Wildlife Conservation in India ,(2007) Daya Publishing House, Delhi
52
12
way of collecting adequate data about wild life resources from various parts of the country.
The book will be of considerable help to do study in the field of wildlife conservation.
11.
Francois Lamarque 55 -Humans and animal Conflicts have occurred since the time
immoral. These conflicts have become more common and serious over recent decades in
Africa as a result of growth in human population, transport facilities and routes are expanded
and expansion of agricultural and industrial activities which together have led to increased
human encroachment in wildlife areas.
This book discusses methods of conflict management as well as talks about the protection of
rights of villagers and forest dwellers vis a vis protection of wildlife. This book is important to
do the comparative analysis & to find the lacuna‘s in India relating to protection of
endangered species.
12.
M. Rangarajan56, This book discusses the protection of wildlife in ancient India,
medieval India and the present day scenario. In the opinion of the author the object behind
discussing this in the book is that the past study can be serve as a guide to present human –
animal conflict. The daily newspaper shows us the present date crisis of wildlife protection
which has been discussed in this book. The book focuses on the Indian history of wildlife
protection and decline in conservation.
13. Sunquists57 this book gives the information regarding the wild cats, the government
agency reports, observation of travelers and news reports. Referring the above sources the
author has discussed his experience in conservation of wild cats around the world.58 It also
discussed the status of endangered species and steps taken for their conservation.
14.
Rosie Woodroffe,
59
In the myths of origin of many human cultures, a central theme
is the distinguishing factor of humans from rest of nature. According to this history, when
humans started existing lived in a way indistinguishable from other animals- depending on
wild species and eating them raw. Later humans emerged as distinguishable from the rest of
the nature through acquisition of culture and by means of it. People started cooking their food,
people started looking after their landscape; people started cultivating crops and raising
55
Francois Lamarque, Human Wildlife Conflict in Africa: Causes, Consequences and Management Strategies,
Vol 157 (2009), Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations,
56
M.Rangarajan, India’s Wildlife History, Permanent Black publication, Delhi (2001)
57
Sunquists Melvin E and feona Sanquists, Wild Cats of the World , The university of Chicago Press Ltd.
Landon (2002)
58
Supra 45
59
Woodroffe Rosie, Thirgood Simon and Rabinowitz Alan , People and Wildlife Conflict or coexistence,
Cambridge University Press
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domestic animals. The relationship with wild species is fundamental to our self-identity. As
wild species lose habitat, individual animals necessarily come into conflict with human
beings. At its core, this book is about their relationship.
This book is really about that subset of species that are valued but also negatively affect our
lives and livelihoods.
As humans continue to encroach into natural habitats, and conservation efforts restore wildlife
to areas where they have been absent, contact between humans and a wild animal is growing.
Some species, even the endangered, can have serious impacts on human lives and livelihoods.
Tigers kill people, elephants destroy crops and African wild dogs devastate sheep herds left
unattended. This book presents a variety of solutions to human-wildlife conflicts, including
novel and traditional farming practices, controlled hunting and tourism, as well as the
development of local and national conservation policies60.
Article1. Barik61 from the historical period it is witnessed that the man has always encroached into
the boundaries of the wildlife for its own survival as well as for the basic needs like food,
clothing and shelter. The present day situation shows that this approach of human has done a
lot of damage to forest as well as wildlife.
The author in this article has discussed how the industrial development is responsible for
decline of wildlife conservation and analyzed the protection available at Wildlife protection
act, 1972 and the forest act, 1927. The author has also discussed the role of judiciary n
protection of environment.
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Barik, Nikhilesh, Industry v Parks: With Special Reference to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (April 5,
2012). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2123245 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2123245
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