Not So Bare
Essentials
A Brief Guide to Research
Paper Documentation
Created by Members of the
North Shore Community College
English Department (1997)
Revised 2004: Donna Mealey, Marilyn GlazerWeisner, Phyllis Senfleben, Sharyn Sweeney
Special thanks to Anne Paluzzi for word processing the 2004 version
This booklet, initially prepared by members of the North Shore Community
College English Department, should assist students and staff in citing and documenting
the sources they use in their writing.
In 1984, the Modern Language Association (MLA) revised the method of
documenting. What does this mean? Essentially, that footnotes or endnotes are no
longer used; instead, a writer acknowledges an outside source immediately after the
quotation or paraphrase. In addition, the Bibliography is replaced by a Works Cited
page, a section at the end of the research paper where the writer lists only those
outside sources actually cited in the body of the paper.
NOT SO BARE ESSENTIALS stands as a ready reference for the writer. As a
brief guide, it includes only the most frequently used citations. Researchers requiring
more information should consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th
Edition, or the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. In addition, the
North Shore Community College Library’s web page, www.northshore.edu/library/citing
has links to more information about citation, including information on APA style.
2
A Documented Paper
A well-structured documented paper contains several basic elements. First of all, there
must be a point which you wish to make about your topic. This is your thesis. In order
to support your thesis, you must research outside sources: The writings, spoken words,
films, computer programs, etc., of others, and choose from among these outside
sources those you wish to use for support of your thesis. Information from these
sources must be integrated smoothly and correctly into your final paper and be
completely and accurately documented in your final paper, which should be presented
in the format below.
I.
PARTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT
A.
Essential parts
1. Title page
a. Title
b. Your name
c. Course
d. Your instructor’s name
e. College
f. Date
2. Text (body of paper; the length will be determined by the assignment)
a. Your thesis: your opinion on a debatable point
b. Support for your thesis consisting of your ideas integrated with
information from outside sources
i. Presented in logically organized paragraphs
ii. In both direct (word for word) and indirect (paraphrase)
citations
3. Works Cited (a list of sources actually cited in your text; number to be
determined by assignment)
a. Alphabetized by author’s last name, if there is an author
b. Alphabetized by the title of article or book, if there is no author
c. First line, with alphabetized word, to be flush with the margin;
subsequent lines indented so that the alphabetized words are
easily read
B.
Optional parts (to be determined by instructor)
1. Table of contents
2. Outline
3. Preface
4. Introduction
5. Explanatory notes
6. Listing other sources of information not cited in your text explaining a
concept that would be disruptive if explained in the text: graphics,
tables, charts, figures, pictures, maps.
7. Appendix
3
II.
HOW TO USE OUTSIDE SOURCES IN YOUR PAPER
Even when you paraphrase and summarize information in your paper, full credit
must be given to the author(s). If you do not give credit, it is considered plagiarism.
When in doubt, give credit.
There are three basic ways to integrate information into your papers:
1. Direct quotations – using the exact words from a source. Distinguish
between short and long quotations and treat each appropriately. Short
quotations (usually defined as fewer than five lines of typed prose or
three lines of poetry) are enclosed within quotation marks and run into
the text. Long quotations are indented ten spaces from the left margin.
2. Paraphrasing – putting someone’s words into your own words. You
must completely rephrase the original words; if you retain a few choice
phrases from the original source, put quotation marks around those
words.
3. Summarizing – condensing information, capsulizing a chapter or a
paragraph of information in only a few of your own carefully worded
sentences, giving the main idea or point.
III.
HOW TO GIVE CREDIT FOR DIRECT QUOTATIONS
For a short direct quotation when the author is not mentioned in the text of your
paper:
“Analysis begins when you start discovering patterns and relationships”
(Seyler and Wilan 8).
For a short direct quotation when the author is mentioned in the text of your
paper:
Seyler and Wilan describe literary analysis as the awareness of “patterns
and relationships” in the work (8).
For an indirect quotation paraphrasing the author’s words or ideas when the
author is not mentioned in the text:
If you examine a work of literature in detail, you will find repetition and
connections (Seyler and Wilan 8).
For an indirect quotation paraphrasing the author’s words or ideas when the
author is mentioned in the paraphrase:
According to Seyler and Wilan, if you examine a work of literature in detail,
you will find repetition and connections (8).
4
For a long direct quotation (more than four typed lines, indented ten spaces from
the left margin only) provided the author is not mentioned prior to the quotation:
We have chosen a name out of the more that six thousand-odd
candidates that we gathered. It fails somewhat of the resonance, gaiety,
and zest we were seeking. But it has a personal dignity and meaning to
many of us here. Our name, dear Miss Moore, is—Edsel. I hope you will
understand. (Brown 136)
For a long, direct quotation when the quotation is set off from the text provided
the author is mentioned prior to the quotation:
According to Clarence Brown:
We have chosen a name out of the more that six thousand-odd
candidates that we gathered. It fails somewhat of the resonance,
gaiety, and zest we were seeking. But it has a personal dignity and
meaning to many of us here. Our name, dear Miss Moore, is—
Edsel. I hope you will understand. (136)
When a source within a source is cited, use the following format:
“Often he has spoken out against the ‘pressers’ and ‘overreaders’ “ (Cook
qtd. in Seyler and Wilan 13).
¾ Note “qtd” is used to indicate quoted material.
When a quotation includes a short quotation within it, the short quotation must be
set off from the long one in which it is contained. If a short direct quotation
includes a shorter quotation (e.g., a special use of a word or dialogue), the letter
will be set off with single accent marks.
“He is impelled to move on by the realization of duties and distances;
those ‘promises’ which he must keep and the ‘miles to go’ before he
completes his journey” (Thompson qtd. in Seyler and Wilan 13).
If a quotation is included in a long direct quotation which is indented and has no
quotation marks, the standard quotation marks are used to set it off.
Seyler and Wilan give this excerpt from Reginald Cook (quoting Frost’s
own spoken comments):
“That one I’ve been more bothered with than anybody has ever
been with any poem in just pressing it for more than it should be
pressed for. It means enough without its being pressed.” And, in
biting tone, he adds, “I don’t say that somebody shouldn’t press it,
but I don’t want to be there.” (12-13)
5
Works with numbered lines, such as poetry, poetic drama, and the Bible:
(Because numbered lines will be the same in all editions, it is not necessary to
cite the edition you are using in your text. However, your edition should be cited
on your Works Cited page.)
If the citation is not more than three lines, include it in the text with quotation
marks. If it is more than three lines, indent it (ten spaces on the left only, if
possible) and use no quotation marks:
In Sonnet 130, Shakespeare is making fun of the sonnet clichés of his
time by implicitly contrasting his mistress to the subjects of other
sonnets.
My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips’ red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
(11.1-4)
But in the final couplet of the sonnet, he explains, “And yet, by heaven,
I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare” (11. 1314).
When citing plays written in verse form, follow the citation with the act, scene,
and lines in citation:
When Othello is in Venice shortly after his marriage to Desdemona, he
shows himself a true general in the composure with which he handles
the arrival of Desdemona’s father, with sword drawn: “Keep up your
bright swords, for the dew will rust them. / Good seignior, you shall
more command with years / Than with your weapons” (I, ii, 59-61).
How much Othello’s self-control has deteriorated is evident in his
reaction to the letter, brought by Lodovico from Venice, recalling him
from Cyprus. He is unable to concentrate on his response to Lodovico
and keeps interjecting comments to Desdemona.
Concerning this, sir— o well-painted passion!
I am commanded home – Get you away;
I’ll send for you anon.—Sir, I obey the mandate
And will return to Venice—Hence, avaunt! (IV, i.250-4)
6
When using a Biblical Citation, follow the citation with book, chapter and verse in
citation:
Pilate asked him, "So you are a king?" Jesus answered, "You say that I
am a king. For this I was born, and for this I came into the world, to
testify to the truth. Everyone who belongs to the truth listens to my
voice." {38} Pilate asked him, "What is truth?" After he had said this, he
went out to the Jews again and told them, "I find no case against him."
(John 18:37-38)
IV.
HOW TO GIVE CREDIT TO PARAPHRASES OR SUMMARIES
Paraphrases and summaries involve using your own words but including the
facts, ideas, concepts, predictions, etc., of another. At the end of each statement
which is a paraphrase of a fact or idea, you should cite the source. At the end of
each paragraph that contains a summary of information from another source, you
should cite the source.
It has been predicted that half of all American marriages which took place in the
early ‘80s will end in divorce (Cherlin and Furstenberg 2).
V. HOW TO SET UP A WORKS CITED PAGE
Unlike a bibliography, a works cited page includes only works actually used and
cited (quoted or paraphrased) in the text of the paper. Should you wish to inform
your reader of additional works on your subject not used by you in your paper,
you may do so on the Notes page at the end of the text before the Works Cited
page. Below are examples of the format for documenting the works you have
used on the Works Cited page.
Most citations include three (3) key elements: (1) author’s name, (2) title or
source, and (3) publication information. Titles should be underlined or italicized;
italics are preferred for bibliographies published on the Web. Each element
should be followed by a period and two spaces. Additional elements such as the
number of volumes, or edition numbers may be required. Web address and date
of access are usually required. Each source should be listed separately in
alphabetical order by author’s last name or by title when the author is unknown.
If the work is an article or essay in a book, magazine, or newspaper, the entry on
the Works Cited page should be alphabetized by the author of the article or
essay you used in your paper or by the title of the article or essay, not by the
author or the title of the book, magazine, or newspaper.
7
Citing Books
When citing books, include in this order: the author’s name (last name first and in
alphabetical listing), title, editor or translator, edition, volume, series, place of
publication, publisher, and date of publication.
Book by one author:
Choate, Pat. Agents of Influence. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990.
Book by two authors:
Seyler, Dorothy U. and Richard A. Wilan. Introduction to Literature: Reading,
Analyzing, and Writing. Second Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, 1990.
Book by more than three authors:
Elliot, Emory, et. al., eds. Columbia Literary History of the United States. New
York: Columbia, 1988.
Two books by the same author:
Rorty, Richard. Consequences of Pragmatism.
Minnesota Press, 1982.
---Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity.
Cambridge Press, 1989.
Minneapolis:
Cambridge, England:
University of
University of
A work in an anthology:
Silko, Leslie Marmon. “The Man to Send Rain Clouds.” An Introduction to
Literature. Ed. Sylvan Barnet, Morton Berman, and William Burto. 10th ed.
New York: Harper Collins, 1993. 379-382.
Book by a corporate author:
American Telephone and Telegraph. Annual Report, 1982. New York: American
Telephone and Telegraph, 1983.
Book by an anonymous author:
Literary Market Place: The Directory of American Book Publishing. 1984 ed.
New York: Bowker, 1983.
Book with an author and an editor:
Ginsberg, Allen. Journals: Early Fifties, Early Sixties. Ed. Gordon Ball. New
York: Grove, 1977.
Essay in a collection of essays:
Dollar, Bruce. “Child Care in China.” One World, Many Cultures. Ed. Stuart
Hirschberg. New York: Macmillan, 1992: 60-68.
8
A republished book:
Mead, Margaret. Blackberry Winter:
Pocket. 1975.
My Earlier Years.
A translation:
Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment.
George Gibian. New York: Norton, 1964.
1972.
New York:
Trans. Jessie Coulson.
Ed.
A pamphlet:
Capital Punishment: Cruel and Unusual? Plano: Instructional Aids, 1982.
A government publication:
Cong. Rec. 7 Feb. 1972: 3831-51. United States. Department of Labor.
Bureau of Statistics.
Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
4th ed.
Washington: GPO, 1977.
A Biblical Citation: Titles of any sacred works are not underlined
The Jerusalem Bible. Ed. Alexander Jones. Garden City: Doubleday 1966
Citing Articles
When citing articles in periodicals (a work which comes out daily, weekly, monthly, etc),
include in this order: author’s name, title of article, name of periodical, day (if daily or
weekly), month, year, and pages on which article appears. If the article is only on one
page, no number is necessary. If a multi-page article does not appear on consecutive
pages, the first page with + may be used.
If the author’s name is not given, alphabetize the article by title, and cite it in your text by
the first important word(s). An article entitled “Peace in Bosnia” may be cited as
(“Peace” A2), provided there are not other anonymous articles with titles beginning with
“Peace.”
An article in a weekly periodical:
Begley, Sharon. “A Healthy Dose of Laughter.” Newsweek 4 Oct. 1982: 74.
An article from a monthly periodical:
Snyder, Mark. “Self-fulfilling Stereotypes.” Psychology Today July 1982: 60-68.
An article from a daily newspaper: (with a by-line)
Collins, Glenn. “Single-Father Survey Finds Adjustment to a Problem.” New
York Times, 21 Nov. 1983, late ed.: B17.
An editorial:
“An Uneasy Silence.” Editorial. Computerworld 28 Mar. 1983: 43.
An anonymous article:
“Portents for Future Learning.” Time 21 Sept. 1981: 65.
9
A review:
Updike, John. “Cohn’s Door.” Rev. of God’s Grace, by Bernard Malamud. New
Yorker 8 Nov. 1982: 167-70.
An article in a collection of previously published works, a reference work, and a
multivolume work:
For works in the Magill and Gale series give the complete date for the
earlier publication and then add “Rpt. in” the title of the collection, and the
new publication facts.
Samson, John. White Lies: Melville’s Narratives of Facts. Ithaca: Cornell U.P.,
1989: Rpt. in Nineteenth Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Laurie
DiMauro. 33 vols. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1991: 29: 378-80.
Petry, Alice Hall. “Sarah Orne Jewett” Critical Survey of Long Fiction: English
Language Series. Ed. Frank N. Magill. 8 vols. Englewood Cliffs: Salem
Press, 1983: 4: 1452-63.
An article with no author given:
“Cambodia.” Encyclopedia Americana. 1980 ed.
Citing Other Sources (Examples from MLA Handbook. 6th Edition)
Computer Software:
Rosenberg, Victor, et al. Pro-Cite. Vers. 1.3. Computer software. Personal
software. Personal Bibliographic Software, 1987. IBM PD-DOS 2.0,
256KB, disk.
Shapiro, Marvin and Ted Salzman. Bibliography Generator.Computer software.
Educational Activities, 1987. PC-DOS 2.11, 256KB, disk.
Soldan, Theodore J. and James d. Spain. Population Growth. Computer
software. Conduit, 1984.
Material from a computer service
Schomer, Howard. “South Africa: Beyond Fair Employment.” Harvard Business
Review May-June 1983: 145+. Dialog file 122, item 119425 833160.
“Turner, Barbara Bush.” American Men and Women of Science. 15th ed.
Bowker, 1983. Dialog file 236, item 0107406.
Material from an information service:
Phillips, June K., ed. Action for the ‘80s: A Political, Professional, andPublic
Program for Foreign Language Education. Skokie: Natl. Textbook, 1981,
ERIC ED 197 599.
10
Spolski, Bernard. Navajo Language Maintenance: Six-Year-Olds in
1969.Navajo Reading Study Prog. Rept. 5. Albuquerque: U of New
Mexico, 1969. ERIC ED 043 004.
Maps and Charts:
Canada. Map. Chicago: Rand. 1987.
Grammar and Punctuation. Chart. Grand Haven: School Zone, 1980.
Tables and illustrations:
Table I: Language Immersion Program of the State
University of New York, New Paltz Weekend
Immersion Program Enrollment*
Language
1984-85
1985-86
American Sign
6
4
Arabic
29
12
Chinese
19
11
French
429
408
German
123
145
Greek
12
-Hebrew
18
5
Italian
170
160
Japanese
55
46
Polish
14
8
Portuguese
9
1
Russian
52
79
Spanish
328
345
Swedish
10
19
Yiddish
22
15
TOTAL
1296
1258
* Weekend courses are offered in New Paltz and New York City.
Source: Henry Urbanski, “The Language Immersion Program at New Paltz,”
ADFL Bulletin 18.3 (1987): 58.
11
Figure 1. Unicorn, woodcut from Edward Toppsell.
History of Four-Footed Beasts and Serpents… (London, 1658)
551: rpt. in Konrad Gesner, Curious Woodcuts of Fanciful
and Real Beasts (New York: Dover, 1971) 27.
Radio and Television Programs:
“Agnes, the Indomitable de Mille.” Narr. Agnes de Mille. Prod. Judy Kinberg. Dir.
Merrill Brockway. Dance in America. Exec. Prod. Jac Venza. Great
Performances. PBS, WGBH, Boston. 8 May 1987.
Candide By Leonard Bernstein. Book by Hugh Wheeler, Lyrics by Richard
Wilbur, Stephen Sondheim, and John Latouche. Dir. Harold Prince. With
Erie Mills, David Eisler, and John Lankston. Cond. Scott Bergeson. New
York City Opera. PBS, WNET, New York. 12 Nov. 1986. Based on
Voltaire’s Candide.
The First Americans. Narr. Hugh Downs. Writ. And Prod. Craig Fisher. NBC
News Special. KNBC, Los Angeles. 21 Mar. 1968.
Lectures, Speeches and Addresses:
Ciardi, John. Address. Opening General Sess. NCTE Convention. Washington.
19 Nov. 1982.
Kristeva, Julia. “Healing and Truth in Psychoanalysis.” Div. On Psychological
Approaches to Literature. MLA Convention. New York, 29 Dec. 1986.
Recordings:
Mozart, Wolfgang A. Symphony no. 35 in D and Overtures to The Marriage of
Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni. Cond. Antonia Brico. Mostly
Mozart Orch. Columbia M33888, 1976.
Frost, Robert. “The Road Not Taken.” Robert Frost Reads His Poetry.Caedmon,
TC 1060, 1956.
Collins, Judy. Jacket notes. Antonia Brico, cond. Mostly Mozart Orch.
Symphony No. 35 in D and Overtures to The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic
12
Flute, and Don Giovanni. By Wolfgang A. Mozart. Columbia, M33888,
1976.
Films:
Chaplin, Charles, Dir. Modern Times. With Chaplin and Paulette Goddard.United
Artists, 1936.
Alcohol Use and Its Medical Consequences: A Comprehensive Teaching
Program for Biomedical Education. Slide Program. Developed by Project
Cork, Dartmouth Medical School. Milner-Fenwick, 1982. 46 slides.
Films on Video Cassette:
Romeo and Juliet Dir. Franco Zeffielli, 1968 Videocassette Paramont Home
Videos 1980
Performance:
Cats. By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Based on T. S. Eliot’s Old Possum’s Book of
Practical Cats. Dir. Trevor Nunn. New London Theatre, London. 1 May
1981.
Interviews:
Pei. I.M. Personal interview. 27 July 1983.
Legal references:
Stevens v. National Broadcasting Co. 138 USPQ 755. Calif. Super. Ct. 1966.
When in doubt about how to list a source, use common sense. You are documenting
your sources so that your reader can locate them. For example, the state without the
city is worthless. The format should indicate (by the underlining) where your reader
should begin a search. If multiple cities are listed as places of publication, use only the
nearest in your citation. Test your work by taking your Works Cited page to the library
to see if you can locate the source again from the information listed on your page. If
you can’t, why not?
Be sure to consult the most recent edition of the MLA handbook as the final authority for
your work.
13
Citing the Sites:
MLA-Style Guidelines and Models
For Documenting Internet Sources
Version 1.3
These guidelines and models are based upon Janice walker’s “MLA-style Citations of
Electronic sources (Endorsed by the Alliance for Computers and Writing),” Vers. 1.0; it
is revised as recommended by Andrew Harnack and Gene Kleppinger in “Beyond the
MLA Handbook: Documenting sources on the Internet”
http://www.csc.eku/edu/honors/beyond-mla>.
1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Sites
To cite files for downloading via ftp, provide the following information:
Author’s name (if known)
Full title of the document in quotation marks
Date of publication (if available)
Abbreviation ftp
Address of the ftp site, with no closing punctuation
Full path to follow to find the paper, with no closing punctuation
Date of access in parentheses
Bruckman, Amy.
“Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual
Communities.” ftp ftp.media.mit.edu pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi-94 (4 Dec.
1994).
A URL, enclosed in angle brackets, may be used instead of the command-pathway
elements.
Bruckman, Amy.
“Approaches to Managing Deviant Behavior in Virtual
Communities.” <ftp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi-94> (4
Dec. 1994).
2. World Wide Web (WWW) Sites
To cite files available for viewing/downloading via the World Wide Web by means of
Lynx, Netscape, or other Wed browsers, provide the following information:
Author’s name (if known)
Full title of the document in quotation marks
Title of the complete work if applicable in italics
Date of publication or last revision (if available)
Full http address (URL) enclosed within angle brackets
Date of visit in parentheses
Burka, Lauren P. “A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions.” MUD History.
1993. <http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/1pb/mud-history.html> (5 December
1994)
14
3. Telnet Sites
To cite telnet sites and files available via the telnet protocol, provide the following
information:
Author’s name (if known)
Title of the document (if shown) in quotation marks
Title of the full work if applicable in italics
Date of publication (if available), followed by a period
Complete telnet address, with no closing punctuation
Directions to access the publication
Date of visit in parentheses
Gomes, Lee. “Xerox’s On-Line Neighborhood: A Great Place to Visit.” Mercury
News. 3 May 1992. telnet lamba.parc.xerox.com 8888, @go #50827, press
13 (5 Dec. 1994).
4. Synchronous Communications
To cite synchronous communications such as those posted in MOOs, MUDs, IRCs,
etc., provide the following information:
Name of the speaker(s) (if known)
Type of communication (i.e., Group Discussion, Personal Interview)
Address if applicable
Date in parentheses
Harnack, Andrew. Group Discussion. telnet moo.du.org/port=8888 (4 Apr. 1996).
WorldMoo.Christmas Party. telnet world.sensemedia.net 1234 (24 December 1994).
5. Gopher Sites
To cite information by using gopher search protocols, provide the following
information:
Author’s name (If known)
Title of the document in quotation marks
Any print publication information, italicized where appropriate
Gopher path followed to access the information, with slashes to indicate menu
Selections, or full http address (URL) enclosed within angle brackets
Date of access in parentheses
Quittner, Joshua. “Far Out: Welcome to Their World Built of MUD.” Published in
Newsday 7 Nov. 1993. gopher University of Koeln/About MUDs, Moos, and
MUSEs in Education/Selected Papers/newsday (5 Dec. 1994).
15
6. Listserv Messages
To cite information posted on listservs, provide the following information:
Author’s name (if known)
Author’s e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets
Subject line from the posting in quotation marks
Date of publication
Address of the listserv, enclosed in angle brackets
Date of access in parentheses
Seabrook, Richard H. C. <[email protected]> “Community and Progress.” 22
Jan 1994. <[email protected]> (22 Jan. 1994).
To cite a file archived at a listserv or Web address, provide the following information
after the publication date:
List address (not particular message-author’s address) as the source of a list
message, enclosed in angle brackets
Address for the list’s archive (indicated by via), enclosed in angle brackets
Date of access in parentheses
Seabrook, Richard H. C. <[email protected]> “Community and Progress.” 22
Jan. 1994. < [email protected]> via
<[email protected]> (29 Jan. 1994).
7. Newsgroup (USENET) messages
To cite information posted by participants in newsgroup discussions, provide the
following information:
Author’s name (if known)
Author’s e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets
Subject line from the posting in quotation marks
Date of publication
Name of the newsgroup, enclosed in angle brackets
Date of access in parentheses
Slade, Robert> <[email protected]> “UNIX Made Easy.” 26 Mar. 1996.
<alt.books.reviews> (31 Mar. 1996).
8. E-mail Messages
To cite electronic mail correspondence, provide the following information:
Author’s name
Author’s e-mail address, enclosed in angle brackets
Subject line from the posting in quotation marks
Date of publication
Kind of communication (i.e., personal e-mail, distribution list, office
communication)
Date of access in parentheses
16
Frank, Norman. <franke1@11n1,gov> “SoundApp 2.0.2.” 29 Apr. 1996. Personal
e-mail. (3 May 1996).
9. Linkage data
To cite a specific file and provide additional information concerning its contextual
linkage, provide the following:
Author’s name (if known)
Title of the document
Linkage to linked site by using the abbreviation Lkd. (meaning “linked from”)
Title of the source document to which it is linked, in italics
Additional linkage details, if applicable, prefaced with the word at
URL for the source document, enclosed in angle brackets
Date of access in parentheses
Miller, Allison. “Allison Miller’s Home Page.” Lkd. EKU Honors Program Home
Page, at “Personal Pages.” <http://www.cwsc.edu/honors> (11 Nov. 1995).
VI. NUMBERING PAGES
Number all pages consecutively throughout the manuscript in the upper right-hand
corner, one-half inch from the top. Type your last name before the page number as
a precaution in case of displaced pages. Word processors with automatic page
numbering will save you the time and effort of having to number every page. To
take advantage of this feature, set up, at the beginning of the file, a running head
composed of your last name and appropriate command for “page number”; the
program will then automatically insert your name and the correct page number in
the upper right-hand corner of each page of the paper as it is printed. Be sure to
type the running head flush against the right margin and to leave a double space
between the head and the text of your paper. Do not use the abbreviation p. before
a page number or add a period, a hyphen, or any other mark or symbol.
Sample of page numbering and spacing:
↑
↑
½”
1”
Josephson 2
↓
← 1” → Ellington’s earliest attempts to move beyond the three-minute limit imposed by ← 1” →
----------------------------------------------------------------
17
VII.
MANUSCRIPT CHECK LIST
Reread the finished research paper for:
Thesis
Organizational cohesiveness
Documentation forms
Grammatical accuracy
Proper order of all required segments
Make a duplicate copy
Fasten the pages together
Submit research paper on time
Take pride in the completed assignment
Sample Works Cited Page
Works Cited
Gorney, Robert C. Personal Interview. 22 Nov. 1990.
Lang, John S. “The Great American Bureaucratic Propaganda Machine.”U.S. News and
World Report 27 Aug. 1979: 43-47.
Orwell, George. The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell. Ed.
Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. 4 vols. New York: Harcourt, 1968.
---.
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