Brenton S. Halsey, Jr. Memorial Outdoor Classroom & Demonstration Forest Learning Guide \ Dedicated to his vision and commitment To finding a better way and His ability to inspire us to appreciate The value of Environmental Education “Learning how to think, not what to think” TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Using This Guide ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Arranging a Visit ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Housekeeping..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Demonstration Forest Location Map .................................................................................................................. 4 Demonstration Forest Site Map ........................................................................................................................... 5 Demonstration Forest Trail Map .......................................................................................................................... 6 Forest Trees Found On This Forest .................................................................................................................. 7 Classrooms ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Wolf Tree Classroom ................................................................................................................................... 16 Clearcut Classroom ...................................................................................................................................... 17 Commercial Clearcut .................................................................................................................................... 17 Overstory Removal Harvest ......................................................................................................................... 19 Buffered Clearcut And Plantation ................................................................................................................. 19 Wildlife Habitat Classroom ........................................................................................................................... 20 Wildlife Trees ................................................................................................................................................ 20 Deer Wintering Areas ................................................................................................................................... 21 Woody Debris ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Riparian Classroom ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Forest Measurement Classroom ................................................................................................................. 23 Forest Growth Response Classroom........................................................................................................... 23 Learning Stations And Other Signage............................................................................................................... 25 Wildlife Forage & Soil Conservation ............................................................................................................. 25 Box Culverts & Corduroy ............................................................................................................................... 25 Reserve Area ................................................................................................................................................ 26 Silviculture & Single Tree Selection ............................................................................................................. 26 Ice Storm Damage ........................................................................................................................................ 28 Dwarf Mistletoe - "Witches Broom" ............................................................................................................... 28 The Natural Life Cycle Of The Forest .......................................................................................................... 29 Pileated Woodpecker ................................................................................................................................... 30 Timber Bridge ............................................................................................................................................... 30 Shelterwood .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Standing Volume ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Backyard Wildlife Garden............................................................................................................................. 32 Timber Stand Improvement ......................................................................................................................... 32 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................... 33 Soil Types Found On Demonstration Forest .................................................................................................... 34 Soil Map - Demonstration Forest ....................................................................................................................... 35 Forest Inventory ................................................................................................................................................. 36 Prism Point Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 40 Cruise Specifications ......................................................................................................................................... 41 Product Specifications ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Species .............................................................................................................................................................. 43 Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) .................................................................................................................... 44 CFI Inventory Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 45 General Standing Volume Tables - Softwood................................................................................................... 57 - Hardwood .................................................................................................. 58 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 59 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................. 68 PLT Activity Guide Reference ............................................................................................................................ 79 PROJECT LEARNING TREE OUTDOOR CLASSROOM AND DEMONSTRATION FOREST LEARNING GUIDE INTRODUCTION Georgia-Pacific is one of the world's leading manufacturers and distributors of paper and building products. The Georgia-Pacific Group common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker: GP). Our familiar consumer brands include Angel Soft®, Sparkle®, Coronet®, MD®, Dixie, Brawny and Quilted Northern. Our building products distribution segment is among the nation's leading wholesale suppliers of building products, and we are among the top manufacturers of structural panels, lumber and gypsum wallboard. Our Unisource subsidiary is a leading marketer and distributor of printing and imaging paper and supply systems. Founded at Augusta, Ga., in 1927, Georgia-Pacific today employs more than 85,000 people at nearly 600 plants, mills, distribution centers and facilities throughout the United States, Canada and 11 other countries. The company is headquartered at Atlanta, Ga. The Northeast Wood and Fiber Procurement Group is responsible for supplying northern hardwood pulpwood to the Georgia Pacific Old Town and Woodland Pulp Mills. The Northeast Wood and Fiber Procurement Group also provides land management services. We specialize in working with forest landowners to develop long-range land use plans to perpetuate the natural life cycles of the forests, while producing natural products we all need and use. Our livelihoods and our way of life depend upon the careful stewardship of this renewable resource, now and for generations to come. We are committed to protecting the forest ecosystem’s ability to nurture the diversity of life found in our forest. The purpose of our Outdoor Classroom and Demonstration Forest is to provide a complete picture of the forest as a dynamic ecosystem, as a source of valuable natural products, and as a recreational resource. As an educational resource we feel that its location and design will make a close, "hands-on" experience convenient for students from the schools in the greater Bangor area. Project Learning Tree (PLT) is an award winning environmental education program designed for teachers and other educators working with students from kindergarten through 12th grade. It has been in existence for over 20 years PLT uses the forest as a "window" into the natural world, helping young people gain an awareness and knowledge of the world around them, as well as their place within it. PLT may be used as a "template" to teach math, science, social studies, and even the arts. For more information about Project Learning Tree please contact the office of “The Maine Tree Foundation”, RR4 Box 2770, Winslow, Maine 04901, (207) 877-7123. 1 USING THIS GUIDE This Learning Guide has been prepared with teachers and educators in mind. In it you will find the complete text of all of the signs you will see out on our demonstration forest. A map and description of each of the outdoor classrooms and learning stations is also included. We have constructed six "classrooms". They may be identified by the signs, as well as the several benches arranged so that. your class may sit to listen to your presentation, or just discuss and enjoy the forest setting. There are many Learning Stations, usually identified by an appropriate sign. These usually do not have more than one bench in the immediate area. They are described here, by title. These stations are designed to stimulate thought and discussion around a particular theme. A verbatim copy of each sign is included here, with other information, if necessary, to facilitate continued discussion once your class is gathered back at school again. Finally, a Reference Section contains technical information relating to forest inventory, a complete list of all the trees measured in the growth response classroom, volume tables - by tree, and other information that you may use to create exercises for your group or students. A book reference section compiled by teacher, Joanne Alex of the Stillwater Montessori School lists books and publications about the natural world that she has found to be useful at her school. All photos in this guide were taken in September 1999. ARRANGING A VISIT If you would like to use our outdoor classroom for a class visit please call (207) 827-0613, (207) 827-0611 or (207) 827-0627 to reserve a time. The busiest months of the year for class visits are September, October, May, and June. 2 HOUSEKEEPING All of the trails on this forest are "paved" with hardwood wood chips from one of our chipmill facilities. They provide a well-defined trail to follow, as well as a comfortable, safe surface to walk on. Please stay on these trails so that the rest of the demonstration forest will remain as natural as possible. This demonstration forest has been designed as safely as possible, but it is important to remember that it is a natural forest. As such you should be aware of potential hazards represented by branches and splinters. If the weather is very windy, there is the potential that limbs might be blown out of the trees. We have done everything possible to identify any potential hazards, while maintaining the natural character of the forest. Please, just be aware, and be careful. Please...Carry in, and more importantly, Carry out any litter or papers. Trash receptacles are located at the Learning Center near the entrance to the trail, for your convenience. There are no restroom facilities at our demonstration forest, at this time. Many visitors and students will use our demonstration forest and outdoor classrooms. Please leave the forest as you find it. If you or your class would like a "souvenir" wood chip from the trails, please help yourself, but again please leave other fauna and flora for all to enjoy. Enjoy! Learn! Appreciate! 3 LOCATION MAP Fort James Demonstration Forest Exit 51 Exit 50 4 Univ. of Maine Clearcut Classroom Overstory Removal Clearcut Classroom Traditional Clearcut The Learning Center Compare a Managed vs. Unmanaged Forest Wildlife Habitat Classroom (Wildlife tree at back is marked with a “W”.) CFI Classroom Pileated Woodpecker Tree Forest Measurement Classroom 5 6 FOREST TREES FOUND ON THIS FOREST Many of the signs you see throughout the demonstration forest describe the tree species growing here. A description of the life cycle, value and special characteristics of this species is detailed. Usually, the age, height, and diameter of the tree are included as well. Those signs are included here in the Learning Guide, for further discussions later. Project Learning Tree's Adopt a Tree activity is especially suitable at the sites of these signs or anywhere else a particular tree strikes your "fancy". WHITE PINE Pinus strobus The largest of the Maine conifers, white pine usually grows to a height of 80 to 100 feet tall, and occasionally 150 feet or more. A long-lived tree, white pine may live longer than 450 years, but more commonly lives to an age of about 200. The King’s Pine, as they were called in Colonial times, were white pine used for ship's masts for the Royal Navy. Since 1605, white pine has had a major impact on the state’s economy. Because of it’s value for lumber, as well as it’s relative abundance, it is known as the official tree of the State of Maine. Also, the pinecone and tassel is the Official State flower. This tree is 78 feet tall, 17.5 inches in diameter, and 78 years old (1998). 7 TAMARACK Larix laricina Tamarack is the only conifer (cone-bearing tree) native to Maine that sheds all of its needles every fall. This tree is often mistaken for “dying pine trees” every fall, as the needles turn yellow. It normally is found growing in wet soils of bogs and swamps. Common names for this tree include larch, juniper, and hackmatack. It reaches heights of 40 to 80 feet. The wood is hard and durable and used for railroad ties, telephone poles, lumber, and pulpwood. The thin roots were used by Native Americans for sewing birch bark together on their canoes. The bark and needles are a favorite food of porcupines. This tree is 58 feet tall, 7.3 inches in diameter, and 62 years old (1998). BALSAM FIR Abies balsamea Balsam fir is the only native fir to the Northeast, growing from sea level to over 5,000 feet in elevation. It is a mediumsized tree, reaching 40 to 60 feet in height, usually. This fir is around 56 feet tall, 8.8 inches in diameter, and 59 years old (1998). Larger trees are recognized by their pyramid-like pattern with a spire-like top. Mature cones remain on the branches even after the scales, which contain the seeds, have fallen off, leaving only the bare stalk of the cone. Young cones are very resinous, as the illustration shows. Deer and moose browse on the foliage of balsam fir in the winter months. 8 NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR Thuja occidentalis Northern white cedar is a slow growing, long-lived tree, sometimes living to 400 years. Usually found in swamps along streams, old pastures, or where the soil is moist. It’s common names include, “arborvitae” - which means “tree of life”, swamp cedar, and eastern white cedar. Some products produced from cedar include railroad ties, shingles, and fences, but is probably best known as a planted hedge or windbreak. Cedar swamps provide a vital protection for white-tail deer during Maine’s severe winters. The dense canopy reduce snow depths, provide protection from cold winds, and even offer food from their foliage. This tree is 22 feet tall, 5.1 inches in diameter, and 66 years old (1998). EASTERN HEMLOCK Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock is a medium sized tree, usually reaching a height of 60 to 70 feet, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter when mature. The largest hemlock in Maine is recorded to be 100 feet tall and 4.5 feet in diameter. Hemlock is very shade-tolerant, surviving under an overstory for a century or more. It is not uncommon to find a hemlock as big as your arm to be over a hundred years old. Many hemlock can reach an age of over 300 years. The wood of hemlock is mostly used to produce lumber and pulpwood, while the bark was once widely used for its tannin content in the process of tanning leather hides. The bark and needles are a favorite food of porcupines, while the needles area a preferred food of white-tailed deer, especially in winter. This tree is 42 feet tall, 7.7 inches in diameter, and 58 years of age (1998). 9 RED MAPLE Acer rubrum The red maple is well named since it has prolific red pigmentation. Like balsam fir, it will grow on almost any site. Height is usually 60 to 80 feet, occasionally reaching 100 feet. The tree in front of you is about 52 feet tall (1998). Red maple fruit is a pair of red keys (samaras) each 1.5 inches long, borne in late spring. Red maple can be used for furniture stock, dowels, dimension sock and novelty items, to name a few. It is also the preferred food for the whitetailed deer! RED SPRUCE Picea rubens Red spruce is very common throughout Maine. Especially on the north side of mountain slopes. The color in this tree’s name comes from it’s distinctive wood. A medium sized tree, it normally reaches heights of 60 to 80 feet. The largest red spruce in Maine is 102 feet tall, and measures 9 feet 5 inches around the trunk. Red spruce is valuable for lumber, and is a major source of pulpwood in Maine. It is also used extensively for sounding boards in stringed musical instruments because of it’s acoustic properties. The buds and needles are an important food source for spruce grouse in spring, fall, and winter. Squirrels, song birds, and other species of wildlife also feed on spruce cones. 10 ASPEN Populus tremuloides Aspen, also known as quaking aspen, trembling aspen, or poplar, is the most widely distributed tree in North America. It grows from sea level in Maine, to 10,000 feet in the mountains of the Northwest. The Latin and common names for aspen are fitting because the leaves “tremble” or flutter in even the slightest breeze. This quaking or trembling is caused by the long, flat leaf stalks. There are two other common poplars in Maine, namely, bigtooth aspen (Populus grandentata) , and balm-of-gilead (Populus balsemifera). Aspen is a pioneer species, quickly becoming established in abandoned fields, burned or cutover areas. It is, however, a short-lived tree, usually reaching ages of only 60 to 80 years. Beaver and rabbits eat the bark and leaves, while deer and moose munch on the twigs and buds. The wood of aspen is used for interior finish, particle board, boxes and pulpwood. This tree is 74 feet tall, 8.9 inches in diameter, and 41 years old (1998). NORTHERN RED OAK Quercus rubra Of the eight native oak trees to Maine, Northern red oak is the most common. It grows to an average height of 60 to 80 feet, and has a life span of 200 to 300 years. When cut or destroyed by fire, red oak sprouts into 4 or 5 stems from the stump. Red oak produces extremely valuable wood products. It’s uses range from lumber, furniture, and interior finish, to shipbuilding and lobster traps. Its value to wildlife is unmatched. Virtually all wildlife, from squirrels to black bears, and wood ducks to white-tailed deer benefit from the abundant crops of acorns produced by this tree. This tree is 44 feet tall, and 4.2 inches in diameter (1998). 11 AMERICAN BEECH Fagus grandifolia Beech is a medium to large tree, usually growing 70 to 80 feet tall, and around 20 inches in diameter. The largest beech in Maine is measured at 104 feet tall, and 59 inches in diameter. Beech is a long-lived species, sometimes reaching ages of 300 to 400 years. It is easily recognized by it’s smooth bluish-gray bark. However, much of the beech in Maine is affected by beech bark disease, an imported, insect/disease complex that results in the bark’s surface having a pitted or rough appearance. Beech is very important to wildlife species such as squirrels, raccoons, bears, and the many birds that feed on the tasty beech nuts. Beech wood is used for furniture, firewood, clothespins, and as pulpwood. This tree is 52 feet tall, 7.1 inches in diameter, and 39 years old (1998). RED SPRUCE Picea rubens Under the ideal growing conditions of nearly full sunlight and moderately drained soils, red spruce such as this one can attain impressive growth. This tree has grown 13 inches in diameter and 78 feet tall in only 62 years! In contrast, red spruce can also survive under inadequate conditions of very little sunlight sometimes growing only 5 feet in 50 years. Red spruce is also found growing on steep rocky slopes, ledges, and poorly drained soils - sites unsuitable for many other trees. Red spruce is a shallow-rooted tree very subject to windthrow. Normally, roots of red spruce only reach depths of 12 inches below ground. Tap roots found in hardwood species are known to extend several feet below the surface. 12 RED MAPLE Acer rubrum Red, white, swamp, or soft maple is typically found on wetter sites, although it will grow almost anywhere. When cut or destroyed by fire, red maple sprouts from the stump into several trees. Growth at first is very fast, only to subside once competition increases. Red maple is widely distributed, and can be found growing from as far north as Newfoundland, into southern Florida, and west into the Prairie States. Even more impressive than it’s range is the large number of different tree species it grows in common with. Red maple is one of the first trees to flower in the spring with bright red flowers. However, the real show is in the fall when the leaves turn brilliant red after the first fall frost. This tree is 7.4 inches in diameter, 71 feet tall, and around 49 years old (1998). APPLE TREE Malus spp. The apple trees you see here were probably planted around the turn of the century by the farmer who worked the land. Several other specimens can be found throughout this demonstration forest. While not native, apple trees are an important source of food for many species of wildlife. As old orchards and farm land returns to a forested state, apple trees become overtopped by faster-growing trees. While many apple trees are hardy and will survive even heavily shaded conditions, they bear less fruit or none at all, and eventually die out. These apple trees were released in 1993, and pruned back to stimulate new growth. Releasing and reclaiming apple trees may be the best thing landowners can do to help wildlife populations on their land. 13 GREY BIRCH Betula populifolia Native to Maine, This small (20-30 feet tall), short-lived tree is usually found growing in abandoned fields, swamps, or burned-over land. Growing in clumps, it very often is in a leaning position. The leaves flutter in even the slightest breeze, like the leaves of Poplar (Aspen), hence the Latin or scientific name which means “birch with poplar leaves”. Only small amounts of gray birch are cut for pulpwood and firewood. Some is harvested for power generating biomass plants. If used for firewood it must be dried well and kept under cover, since it decays rapidly when exposed to the weather. This tree is 6.8 inches in diameter, 42 feet tall, and 39 years old (1998). BLACK CHERRY Prunus serotina Black Cherry is the largest of the cherries native to North America. It normally attains a height of 60 to 80 feet. As of 1980, the largest cherry in Maine measured 9 feet, 1 inch in circumference and was 72 feet tall. It grows throughout the state but not in very large numbers. The underside of each leaf has rusty brown hairs along the center. Each spring beautiful white showy flowers can be seen blooming. Black cherry is an extremely valuable timber species, producing lovely wood. Wild sherry syrup, a cough medicine, is obtained from the bark, while jelly and wine are prepared from the fruit. This tree is 57 feet tall, 12 inches in diameter and 53 years old (1998). 14 BALSAM FIR Abies balsamea Balsam fir is probably best known and most cherished as our favorite Christmas tree. It’s aromatic scent and soft, dark green, “friendly” needles remain long after it is cut. Larger trees are used for lumber and pulpwood. On younger trees like this one, the age can be determined by counting the branches that form whorls encircling the trunk of the tree. Can you guess how old this tree is? In Maine, balsam fir is our most common tree. It is a short-lived tree, living about as long as most people do, although some trees have reached an age of nearly 200 years. This tree is 69 feet tall, 7.5 inches in diameter, and 59 years old (1998). PAPER BIRCH Betula papyfifera Native to North America, paper birch is often considered one of the most beautiful trees. It’s range is incredible; stretching from Newfoundland in the east to Alaska and southward through the northern U.S., to as far north as trees will grow. Living only 60 to 75 years, it is a pioneer tree species, becoming established after a disturbance such as fire, or in abandoned fields. Today, white birch’s clear, smooth wood is used for specialty products such as toys, ice cream sticks, toothpicks, clothespins, and golf tees, to name a few. Native Americans made lightweight birch-bark canoes by stretching the bark over frames constructed of northern white cedar. Paper birch is also known as white, or canoe birch. The bark is an excellent fire starter - even when wet. It can also be used to write on. Birch are sensitive, however, to having their bark stripped by souvenir-seekers. It should only be taken from fallen logs. As of 1979, the largest paper birch in the U.S. was found in Maine. It is 18 feet 1 inch in circumference, and 93 feet tall. This tree is 62 feet tall; 6 inches in diameter, and 43 years old (1998). 15 CLASSROOMS WOLF TREE CLASSROOM • This large white pine is a reflection of past land use practices. Many years ago, when this area was open farm land, this pine sprouted as a "volunteer" as the pasture reverted back to woodland. • "Wolf trees" are so-named because they are "predators", which inhibit the growth of the trees beneath them. • Early in this tree's life, an insect called the white-pine weevil killed the main growing stem. This resulted in lateral branches growing upright towards the sun, creating the multiple stems you see today. Due to this tree's poor form, it was left behind in past harvests. • "Wolf Trees" are beneficial to wildlife. Notice that the tasty bark on the branches has been eaten by our local resident porcupine. That also accounts for the pitch dripping on this sign! • The Ice Storm of 1998 caused many branches to break under the weight of ice encrusted limbs. • This tree is about 80 years old, 35" in diameter, and 80 feet tall-as of 1998. This giant “wolf tree” has very little economic value from a timber or fiber standpoint, but it provides food and shelter to several different species of wildlife. 16 TRAIL NOTE: The purpose of this classroom is to demonstrate some of the land management choices presented by the forestry practice of clearcutting. These small simulations are designed to encourage discussion regarding this controversial, but valid technique. CLEARCUT CLASSROOM • • • • From the circular deck you can see a conventional, chainsaw and skidder clearcut, covering about 1/10th of an acre. Looking clockwise a small "wedge" is left to show what the stand of trees looked like before the cut. Moving further clockwise, an overstory removal is shown. The side trail leading through the buffer strip accesses a clearcut and larch plantation. Signs facing, and at the sites further describe the treatments and their effects. These small demonstration areas are designed to facilitate discussion and comparison. COMMERCIAL CLEARCUT • • • • The small area here has been clearcut conventionally, using chainsaws and a skidder, during the winter of 1993. All of the tops and limbs were left on the site. The regeneration was pushed over or damaged. Notice the natural regeneration that has sprouted since the harvest. Is this an example of good forest stewardship? What is "good" about this practice? What is "bad" about it? Many wildlife biologists assert that small patch clearcuts of less than 10 acres are necessary to provide a diversity of habitats. In contrast, very large clearcuts will be a benefit to some species, such as moose. The primary objection to clearcuts is often their poor aesthetics or their size. Another concern regarding large clearcuts is that they interrupt normal travel corridors, warm surface waters, and may foster erosion and siltation. Clearcuts mimic natural disasters such as fire and hurricanes, in which forests have evolved with over time. Maine's Forest Practices Act limits the size and placement of clearcuts. It’s standards were revised and strengthened in 1998. 17 CLEARCUT CLASSROOM A conventional clearcut, with slash (tops and limbs) left in place. It’s unattractive, but slash will decay and leave nutrients in the ground. An overstory removal, where the older, taller trees have been cut to make room for the younger trees. The tops and limbs have been chipped for biomass, leaving a neat, aesthetically pleasing appearance. 18 A clean clearcut (tops and limbs chipped for biomass), which has been replanted (1993) with rows of 6’ and 3’ to 4’ native tamarack (rear), and hybrid Japanese larch seedlings (foreground). OVERSTORY REMOVAL HARVEST • This area was harvested using chainsaws and a skidder (1993), removing most of the overstory. Great care was taken to leave most of the regeneration in the "understory" standing and undamaged. These trees are already well established. Some of them are over 17 years old. The tops and limbs of the harvested trees were chipped and removed from the site. The small area to your left, was left to show what was growing here before. • What is "good" about this practice? What is "bad" about it? Overstory removals are becoming more common as foresters work in managed "shelterwood" stands that were partially harvested years before. The future forest is already growing in the understory. • When advanced regeneration is present, an overstory removal harvest allows the young forest to thrive in the full sunlight. BUFFERED CLEARCUT AND PLANTATION • This small area was clearcut during the winter of 1993. All tops and branches were removed and shipped. In the spring, native tamarack and hybrid Japanese larch were planted in the clearcut. Two rows of 6-foot tamarack trees were transplanted in the back of the cut. Three rows of 3 to 4-foot tamarack were planted in front of the taller trees. The area immediately in front of you was planted with hybrid Japanese larch seedlings, using an 8’x8’ spacing. The area to your right, and behind this sign was left unplanted, and will be maintained open space. • The path you took to get here travels through a buffer strip that effectively shields the full view of the clearcut. • What is good about this practice? Is it better to “hide” a clearcut? The seedlings planted here will produce the highest growth per acre, but the investment in planting, treatment and protection is high. Some object to the uniformity of a plantation. Trees were planted in different patterns to break up the view of the rows. This tree farm is growing a crop, just as a farmer might grow a field of corn. The expected maturity of this crop, however, is expected to occur after 30 to 40 years. • This and the other clearcuts represent some of the choices we have in managing this vital, renewable resource. What do you think? 19 TRAIL NOTE: This classroom and side trail is designed to serve as a focus for the discussion of wildlife population's needs for habitat in the forests of Maine. Signs here and along the side trail describe the background about wildlife habitat and highlight wildlife trees, woody debris, deer wintering areas, and riparian zones. The text of those signs is included here. WILDLIFE HABITAT CLASSROOM • Forests have a definite capacity to support wildlife, just as they do for trees. Many of the same factors that promote tree growth also favor wildlife. • Biologists often express the wildlife potential, or carrying capacity of a natural area as a "bucket" with several holes in its side - being filled with water. The "water" represents the wildlife population. As more animals are born (breeding success) the level rises. The "holes" in the bucket represent mortality by predation, disease, loss of habitat, and hunting draining the bucket. • The goal of natural resource managers is to provide the optimum levels of food, water, shelter, and space that will maintain a stable population as it ebbs and flows with the natural life cycles of those animals. • Sound forest management protects those life cycles by providing the essential habitats animals need, while promoting new growth for food and cover. WILDLIFE TREES • • 20 Many species of wildlife depend on the habitat provided by trees, both living and dead. Trees provide dens, nest sites, perches for hawks and owls, as well as food from their foliage, flowers, fruits, and bark. Trees are obviously an integral part of the forest ecosystem. Trees like this 27 inch diameter dead pine will provide habitat for many years. Even after giants such as this have fallen to the ground, they continue to provide important shelter, feeding, and mating sites, until eventually their wood decays and returns to the earth. DEER WINTERING AREAS • The closely-spaced balsam fir stand in the area along the brook here is just now reaching the point where it could begin to provide winter shelter for deer (normally, a much larger area than this small stand would be needed). • These dense softwood stands along watercourses like this one provide cover from the extremes of winter weather, and from predators. Wintering areas are especially important for white-tail deer. Deer exist here on the very northern fringe of their normal range. Surviving Maine's severe winters is their greatest challenge. These fir trees, as well as cedar, hemlock, and spruce forests provide a dense canopy overhead that lowers snow depths, and provides a measure of protection from wind and cold. New browse growing close to this cover provides a food source in close proximity to the shelter they need. WOODY DEBRIS • Any forest produces debris from fallen trees, leaves and branches, as it progresses through the life spans of the many members of that dynamic community. • The decaying log at this station represents both the beginning and end of the natural life cycle within the forest. After falling to the forest floor years ago, this log has provided homes to many forms of wildlife. As fungi reduce the wood fiber to organic soil they are also preparing an ideal bed for seedlings that may sprout here when conditions are right. Most of this log is not in direct contact with the ground, and will likely take longer to decay. • The log across the trail from this sign has been used by squirrels for feeding stations. It also appears that other animals have been burrowing under its roots. Its importance to the forest ecosystem far outlasts its own lifespan. 21 TRAIL NOTE: This classroom is located near a small, intermittent stream that flows through the demonstration forest. While it is often dry during a time through the summer, it still provides important habitat. The stream flows around three sides of our classroom, providing an example of this habitat almost in the laps of the students sitting on the four benches there. The sign located there is repeated here. RIPARIAN CLASSROOM • • The area along this intermittent stream provides Riparian Habitat important to many species of wildlife. In these spaces immediately adjacent to water or wetlands, food is often more abundant - for both predators and herbivores. These areas are often important travel corridors connecting other portions of their range or territory, as well. Many species of plant life grow only in the wet, fertile soils found along these watercourses. Deer usually seek out wintering areas in riparian zones when snow depths and cold temperatures force them to "yard up". When dense softwood cover and a nearby source of browse is combined with the "street" a frozen stream can provide, deer congregate in these areas in order to survive the severe Maine winters. The Riparian Classroom is ringed by a small brook. 22 FOREST MEASUREMENT CLASSROOM • This classroom introduces visitors to some of the units of measurement used in the forest, by foresters. You will notice a neat pile of spruce and tamarack at one end. This pile contains one cord of wood. In the early days of the pulpwood industry in Maine, four-foot wood was manufactured because it was the largest size most people could handle, manually. A cord was defined in those days as: • "A pile of wood measuring 4 feet, by 4 feet, by eight; well ricked and stowed, containing 128 cubic feet of bark, wood, and air." • Foresters still use the term when determining growth or volume in the forest, although other units, such as weight or cubic volume are also in use. • This cord of wood weighs about 4,300 pounds, green. It will make about 800 rolls of toilet paper, over 61,000 envelopes, and over 4 million postage stamps! • The four logs piled on the side of this classroom are spruce and tamarack. They were cut to a length of 16 feet, plus a few inches for trim. Foresters measure trees that are to be used to make lumber - sawlogs, by the boardfoot. A board-foot is a piece of wood measuring 12 inches, by 12 inches, by 1 inch. Log rules have been developed specifically for Maine trees that determine their sawlog volume, in board-feet. Each of these four logs contain between 50 and 70 board feet. FOREST GROWTH RESPONSE CLASSROOM • Foresters use growth response samples, called C.F.I. plots, (for Continuous Forest Inventory) to determine the health, species composition, and growth of a managed forest. In most cases these CFI plots are randomly located across a forest ownership. • This circular, fixed-radius plot covers one-tenth of an acre. Each tree over 4.5" in diameter (measured 4.5 feet from the ground) is numbered, and data about that tree is recorded. Usually, foresters return to remeasure the plot every five years. In this way, the growth of the forest may be monitored to determine the level at which sustained-yield management may be attained. • The practice of sustained-yield forest management strives to harvest only what a forest will grow over time, so that a wellstocked forest of healthy, valuable trees will always be ready to provide the natural products our families need. 23 The Cordwood Classroom lets student see a cord of wood (enough fiber for 800 rolls of toilet tissue). Students can use various measuring devices to determine the number of board feet in the four sawlogs at right. The CFI (continuous forest inventory) Classroom includes a circular fixed-radius growth plot, in which the specific, numbered trees are measured every five years to keep track of their growth. 24 LEARNING STATIONS AND OTHER SIGNAGE WILDLIFE FORAGE & SOIL CONSERVATION • • • • The area behind this sign was seeded and mulched to demonstrate wildlife food plot seeding and soil conservation. Log landings and road construction sites are seeded to prevent erosion, and to provide nutritious browse for many species of wildlife. Maine Conservation Seed Mix is blended specifically for Maine’s climate and soils. Creeping red fescue, perennial and annual ryegrass, common Kentucky bluegrass, and white clover seeds are mixed so that a vegetative cover will sprout under a wide range of conditions. Red Clover seeds were added here to provide additional nutrition for browsing wildlife, including deer, snowshoe hare, and ruffed grouse. BOX CULVERTS & CORDUROY • • • Along this section of the trail, three wooden box culverts and a road building technique called corduroy were constructed. The wooden box culverts allow water to drain under the trail, thereby avoiding any significant erosion. The culvert locations were determined by noting where the greatest water flow was crossing the trail. Today, culverts are usually made of metal and are widely used in road construction. The corduroy method of cross-laying logs under ships helps to stabilize the trail and provides a level walking surface. During horse logging days, corduroy was often used in building roads. Evidence of this practice can occasionally be seen where old roads cross through wet areas. Today, modern forest management has all but abandoned this practice. 25 RESERVE AREA • • The area behind this sign, as well as others throughout this demonstration forest have been left untreated to provide a comparison to the managed portions. The natural forest, left unmanaged, goes through the same changes that the managed forest does, but usually to only one or a few trees at a time. In fact, the "balance of nature" is never "balanced" for very long, and any stage you find a forest in is just a transition to the next phase of its succession. A forest is always changing, and during its normal life span, foresters spend the vast majority of their time nurturing, growing, and protecting the natural life cycle of that forest. TRAIL NOTE: This learning station is located along a side trail and demonstrates the choices provided by a selective harvest and the stand as it was before. The sign located at the first bench defines terms such as silviculture, and discusses the consequences of management vs. no management. The text of the sign is included here. The trail continues to a bench at the end of this side trail, near our property line. A small red oak tree is noted on a sign nearby. SILVICULTURE & SINGLE TREE SELECTION • • • • • 26 Any acre of forest land has the capability to grow a certain amount of usable wood fiber, depending upon the quality of the site. Foresters usually express this growth potential in cords per acre per year. Silviculture is the art and science of growing the healthiest and most valuable trees. Here, foresters selected the best trees for this site and harvested the lowquality and overmature stems. The well-spaced stocking of the managed area in front of you, will allow selected trees to put on accelerated growth. The untreated area behind you remains overstocked, restricting potential growth. Proper stewardship protects and enhances the natural life cycle of the forest while providing natural products for our families. Forests are renewable. This entire area was once a pasture, over 75 years ago. Notice the barbed-wire encased in the middle of a large spruce tree, about 50 feet in front of you. Depending on the forest site, an area like this may be harvested selectively every 15 to 20 years while maintaining an adequate stocking of trees. D and silviculture, or the art of growing trees. More than seventy-five years ago, this piece of barbed wire was probably supported by the outside of the young red spruce. As the years progressed, the tree grew around the wire, which now appears to go through the middle of the trunk. The barbed wire suggest that the area was once pasture land. Depending on the forest site, an area like this may be harvested selectively every 15 to 20 years while maintaining an adequate stocking of trees. Managed vs. Unmanaged Forests: On the left side of the trail is a managed forest area, where Georgia Pacific foresters have practiced silviculture (the art and science of growing the healthiest and most valuable trees). On the right side is an unmanaged area, which is overstocked, depriving the trees of the sunlight or nutrients they need to achieve the optimum growth. 27 ICE STORM DAMAGE • • • In January, 1998 a severe ice storm coated Maine’s forests with up to 3 inches of ice. Other areas in the region were also affected. Up to 20% of the Northeast’s 26 million acres of forest suffered moderate to severe damage. Slight differences in temperature or rainfall caused dramatic differences in damage. Here, most forest stands only suffered light damage. Forest in mid-coast counties east and west of Augusta were hardest hit. On one woodlot measured in Waldo County, 64% of the trees were damaged. Some woodlots suffered as much as 90% damage. The weight of ice coating branches, especially for hardwood trees, caused stems and branches to bend, splinter or break-off. The conifers you see broken behind this sign are examples of typical damage. Generally, conifers withstood the weight of the ice better than deciduous trees, because the branches tend to support each other. DWARF MISTLETOE - “WITCHES BROOM” 28 • Dwarf Mistletoe is a parasitic disease. It thrives off another living tree. Seeds from the Dwarf Mistletoe plant are discharged from a berry and are usually blown onto the needles of the host tree. Once the host tree is infected, excessive production of distorted branches occur and end up looking like the branch you see here. • Dwarf Mistletoe infects pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, larch, and cedar. In Maine, it most commonly affects balsam fir. It usually does nit kill the tree. Control of this disease includes removing the infected branch. • Folklore referred to these growths as “witches brooms”. In fact, they cause little harm to the tree and there have been no confirmed sightings of use by “witches”. TRAIL NOTE: After crossing the first bridge, the trail winds along the brook through a reserve area. A sign in this area describes the natural process of forest succession. THE NATURAL LIFE CYCLE OF THE FOREST • Forest have a natural life cycle. Through the process known as forest succession, new tree seedlings sprout from the forest floor when conditions are favorable. This usually occurs when the older trees die, either natural or after a harvest. • In response to the new openings in the canopy of the forest, trees that thrive in full sunlight, called pioneer species, sprout and grow, usually dominating the site. • These trees are replaced over time, by longer-lived, shade tolerant species that grow up through the canopy as the “pioneers” complete their natural life spans. • Eventually, a final or climax forest type is reached. In Maine, trees such as hemlock, white pine or spruce then grow indefinitely - until the next disturbance. This dynamic process is on-going throughout any forest, always growing, always renewing. TRAIL NOTE: In a short distance from the Natural Life Cycle sign, a small side trail leads to a tree excavated by a pileated woodpecker. Notice that the trail goes by a rather stunted apple tree, probably from the time the entire area was pasture or orchard. Apple trees may be found in scattered locations throughout the demonstration forest. The large pine tree behind the pileated woodpecker tree is often used during the daylight hours as a "bedroom" for local raccoons. If you look up high into the branches, you may see a furry ball, or several, fast asleep! 29 PILEATED WOODPECKER Dryócopus pileátus This spruce tree has been “excavated” by Maine’s largest woodpecker, the Pileated. When mature, these striking birds may be 18 inches in height, with up to a 2 foot wing span. They normally have a large territory, covering as much as 200 acres, depending upon the availability of suitable habitat. Pileated woodpeckers feed primarily on carpenter ants found in the interior of large decaying trees. These busy birds became rare at the turn of the century because of heavy land clearing for agriculture. They are now more prominent as farmland reverts back to forest. The distinctive cavities they make in search of insects are often used by birds and small mammals, making them an important part of the forest ecosystem. TIMBER BRIDGE • Three bridges cross the small brook flowing across the demonstration forest. These bridges are 2/3rds scale models of the typical bridges used to manage forests in Maine’s working woodlands. • The surface planks, called running boards, are used to guide large trucks when crossing. The wing walls, located at each end of the bridge, are used to stabilize the stream banks as well as the bridge. • These bridges are engineered to provide an opening of at least two and a half times the cross sectional area of the brook or stream they cross. This is done to accommodate high spring flood waters. • These bridges are often constructed from sawn hemlock timbers. They may last up to 20 years or longer. This timber bridge is a two-thirds scale model of the timber bridges that support 100,000 pound tractor trailers out in the woods. It’s built with 6x6 timbers, instead of 10x10’s, and is strong enough to support the heavy equipment that was used in developing the Demonstration Forest. 30 SHELTERWOOD • A common silvicultural practice on managed forests in Maine employs a technique known as a "shelterwood" treatment. The area in front of you demonstrates, on a very small scale, the effects of this practice. • A shelterwood harvest removes enough of the trees in the overstory to allow sunlight to reach the forest floor. Once this happens, seedlings naturally sprout in the openings created. The partial shade of the trees left "shelter" the new seedlings and helps to "train" them to grow straight up, towards the light. This also helps, in this case, to offer some protection for the young pine seedlings you can see here, from insect pests like the white pine boll weevil. • Typically, shelterwood harvests are performed in two or three stages. The "final" harvest removes the last of the overstory that existed originally, leaving a well-established stand of young saplings to then grow to maturity. When they are ready, the process may be started all over again. STANDING VOLUME This 9 inch diameter white pine and the 10 and 9 inch pines to the left and right make up nearly 1/3 of a cord of wood. One third of a cord is roughly what an average acre of forestland in Maine will grow in one year. Intensive management can improve growth rates significantly. In fact, some plantations produce well over a cord per acre per year. Note: This sign is located in Forest Measurement Classroom 31 BACKYARD WILDLIFE HABITAT • This "backyard wildlife garden" displays several different ways to enhance wildlife habitat, even in developed areas. • Once the basic needs of food, water and cover are provided, several species of wildlife will thrive in an area such as this or your own backyard. You can plan your landscaping to attract many kinds of wildlife. • Take a stroll through the wildlife garden and notice the different trees, shrubs, and wildflowers that provide food in the form of fruits, flowers, seeds, even nectar for butterflies. The all-natural garden attracts a variety of wildlife, from butterflies to songbirds, small mammals to white tail deer - even black bear! TRAIL NOTE: The apple trees adjacent to the intermittent brook provide valuable food for many wildlife species. The over-topping trees were removed allowing sunlight to reach the apple trees in order to stimulate growth. Some were also carefully pruned to encourage the fruit bearing branches to grow. TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT 32 • This stand of white pine is about 35 years old (1998). A careful, light thinning was done in 1993. The pole-size, potential-log trees were then pruned to a height of 16 feet. Pre-commercial timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments like this can greatly affect the value of the crop when they grow to log size -in about 25 or 30 years. • Pruning removes dead branches early in the tree's life span, so that clear wood will form as the tree continues to grow over the site of the "injury". • If you count the whorls, where annual branches and the main stem or leader grow each summer, you can determine the trees age. CONCLUSION After winding through the TSI pine stand, the trail takes a hard left to head back to the beginning. We hope your walk through our forest has been informative and enjoyable. We have presented a fairly large amount of information, both here in the Learning Guide, and in the forest itself. If you have any questions, please give us a call at (207) 827-0627 or (207) 827-0611. In any event, we would like to hear your criticisms, suggestions, and ideas about how we may make this learning experience even better. Let us know how you feel about our forest. 33 PENOBSCOT COUNTY SOILS The soils mapping of Penobscot County was issued by the Soil Conservation Service in 1963. A soils map of the demonstration forest can be found on the following page. The alphabetic classifications given on the map represent similar soil types within the lined in area. Following is a general description of each soil type. This information was compiled from the Penobscot County Soil Survey (1963). SOIL TYPES FOUND ON DEMONSTRATION FOREST PgB PrC ScB SuB - Plaisted gravelly loam, 2 to 8% slopes. Plaisted very stony loam 5 to 15% slopes. Scantic silt loam, 0 to 8% slopes. Suffield silt loams, 2 to 8% slopes. DESCRIPTION OF SOIL TYPES ON DEMONSTRATION FOREST PgB - Plaisted gravelly loam, 2 to 8% slopes. This soil is well drained and moderately deep to very deep. It has a slow runoff and a medium capacity to absorb water; therefore the erosion hazard is slight. The native vegetation includes, maple, beech, and birch, and scattered spruce, fir, and hemlock. PrC - Plaisted very stony loam, 5 to 15% slopes. The Plaisted Series of soils are well drained and moderately deep to very deep. There are scattered boulders and surface stones. The native vegetation is mixedwood and softwood. The major species being maple, birch, and beech with fir, spruce and white pine. ScB - Scantic silt loam, 0 to 8% slopes. These soils are very deep and poorly drained. The water table is near the surface except during the summer. This soil is best suited to pulpwood production, spruce, fir, hemlock and larch being the native species. SuB - Suffield silt loam, 2 to 8% slopes. This soil is very deep and well drained, is gently sloping, and has medium runoff. The native vegetation includes white pine, spruce, balsam fir, and other softwoods and maple and aspen. Soils map 34 35 FOREST INVENTORY It is important to be able to visualize a "picture" of the forest to manage it properly. Because it is impractical to count every tree on even a small area of woodland, foresters use statistical sampling methods to estimate the volume of timber in a forest. One of the commonly used methods employs an angle gauge, often a glass prism, to measure a variable radius plot at designated intervals across a forest tract. Generally, the larger the diameter of a particular tree in the vicinity of the plot center, the further it can be from the center and still be counted "in". The forester looks through the angle gauge to determine if the tree is "in", or "out" before measuring its diameter and recording species and product information. When the data is collected for a forest, a computer compiles it and projects volumes for the entire tract or forest stand. Usually, the larger the number of sample plots measured, the more accurate the estimate over the entire forest. The following charts detail information about the composition of the forested land here on the entire 13 acre lot. This information was compiled from a timber inventory taken in 1993. 36 Demonstration Forest Total Stems Per Acre 900 800 Stems/Acre 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Diameter Class Demonstration Forest Merchantable Stems Per Acre 140 120 Stems/Acre 100 80 60 40 20 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Diameter Class 37 Demonstration Forest Volume Per Acre 4 Cords Per Acre 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Diameter Class Demonstration Forest Merchantable Species Composition Other Hardwood Balsam Fir Red Maple 0.7% 6.9% 10.7% Spruce 9.4% Hemlock 1.2% Aspen 31.6% White Birch 8.1% Cedar 1.0% White Pine 30.5% Other hardwood is comprised of grey birch and black cherry. 38 Demonstration Forest Regeneration Species Composition Red Maple 15.2% Other Hardwood 2.4% Balsam Fir 24.0% Aspen 2.6% White Birch 11.5% Cedar 1.6% Spruce 7.7% Hemlock 0.6% White Pine 34.4% Regeneration is defined as trees 1-4” in diameter. Other hardwood is comprised of grey birch and black cherry. Demonstration Forest Product Distribution Plog 5.6% Boltwood 0.3% Pulpwood 43.1% Biomass 42.0% Sawlogs 3.3% Studwood 5.6% Plog = Potential sawlog 39 EXPLANATION OF PRISM POINT SAMPLING “Point-sampling is a method of selecting trees to be tallied on the basis of their sizes rather than by their frequency of occurrence. Sample points, somewhat analogous to plot centers, are located within a forested tract, and a simple prism or angle gauge that subtends a fixed angle view is used to “sight in” each tree dbh. Tree boles close enough to the observation point to completely fill the fixed sighting angle are tallied; stems too small or too far away are ignored. The resulting tree tally may be used to complete basal area, volumes, or numbers of trees per unit area. The probability of tallying a given tree depends on its cross-sectional area, is distance from the sample point, and the sighting angle used. The smaller the angle, the more stems will be included in the sample. Point-sampling does not require direct measurement of either plot areas or tree diameters. A predetermined basal-area factor (baf) is established in advance of sampling, and resulting tree tallies can be easily converted to basal area per unit area. And the relationship between basal area and tree volume makes it feasible to use pointsampling for obtaining conventional timber inventory data when “counted” trees are recorded by merchantable or total height classes. Point-sampling was developed in 1948 by Walter Bitterlich, a forest engineer of Salzburg, Austria. The introduction and adoption of the method in North America were largely due to the efforts of Lewis R. Grosenbaugh.”1 NO TALLY TALLY Figure1 Use of the Wedge prism for point sampling. 4040 1 Avery, Thomas Eugene, 1975, Natural Resources Measurements, McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York, p.165,169. 40 CRUISE SPECIFICATIONS Sample Design: Stratified or simple random sample. Stratification: Broad forest type; softwood, mixedwood and hardwood. Sample type: Variable radius, 10 factor plot. All sample trees are measured for DBH (Diameter Breast Height – 4.5’ above ground). All borderline trees are distance checked. Tallied variables: Species DBH Product Statistical specifications: Plot density is designed to yield a statistical accuracy of +/10% of total volume at the 95% confidence interval. In the case of small lots, this accuracy is not always possible. Calculated statistical accuracy is stated in the report. Tabulation: Results can be expressed in number of trees per acre, basal area per acre, or volume per acre. Volume is based on internally developed merchantable volume equations or published biomass weight equations. Height is calculated using internally developed height equations. 41 PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS PULPwood Hardwood & Softwood • All merchantable species not meeting studwood or better standards. • 4.50" DBH and larger. • Trees having severe crook (so they cannot be debarked) or with twisted or open seams do not meet pulpwood standards. STUDwood • • • • . Spruce, fir, hemlock. Minimum butt diameter 7". Minimum length 16' 6" to 4" top. Stems must be straight and 86% soundness or better. PLOG • All merchantable species except spruce, Potential logs fir, and hemlock. • Tally spruce, fir, and hemlock potential log quality material as studwood. • Hardwood and other softwood -4.0" - 9.49" DBH meeting sawlog quality standards but not size. SAWlog Hardwood • • • • • All merchantable species. Stems 10 - 21" DBH with at least an 8'3" log. Minimum 10" diameter at the small end. Logs must have no more than 3% crook or sweep. Record the number of 16' logs to the nearest 1/2 log. BOLTwood • • • • • White birch only. Minimum 7" diameter and 4' length. Must be straight and clear of defect 100% sound. 6" of knots per 4' bolt is acceptable. Record the number of 4" bolts. CULL • Cull trees - all merchantable species. • Live trees 4.50 DBH and larger, with a soundness of less than 50%. 42 SPECIES BF - balsam fir RS - red spruce BS - black spruce WS - white spruce NS - norway spruce HE - hemlock WP - white pine RP - red pine SP - scots pine JP - jack pine CE - N. white cedar LA - larch PP - pitch pine BC - black cherry *CC - choke cherry *SM - striped maple *MM - mountain maple *MA - mountain ash HM - hard maple YB - yellow birch BE - beech WB - white birch AS - aspen RM - red maple WA - white ash BA - black ash BW - basswood RO - red oak WO - white oak BB - black birch VM - silver maple EL - elm *GB - grey birch *HH - hophornbeam *PC - pin cherry O - other * unmerchantable species NOTE: Tally grey birch (GB) and hophornbeam (HH) but not the other unmerchantable species. 43 CONTINUOUS FOREST INVENTORY CLASSROOM There are many teaching possibilities at this classroom. For example, 62 trees on this tenth/acre plot could be easily projected to 620 trees on one acre of similar composition, or more. The diameters (DBH: Diameter at Breast Height - 4.5 ft. from the ground) are expressed in inches. A string could be employed to measure circumference. Then, the diameter could be calculated. Statistics, charts, and projections are easily composed from this data, giving students a real world example to work with. This plot was first inventoried in the summer of 1993 and then the same trees were inventoried again in the fall of 1999. Any new trees that had grown larger then the minimum 4.50 inches at DBH were also tallied. Between 1993 and 1999 there were two new trees (in-growth) added to the growth plot. There were also several trees that had died (mortality) and were so noted in the tally sheets. The tally sheets from the two inventories follow. Also in the following pages, a computer inventory run was projected from the data on this growth plot. The data on this plot was used to project a forest of similar composition - on just one acre for both inventories. Yearly growth rates can be calculated from the data along with various other changes that have occurred in the six years between inventories. 44 CONTINUOUS FOREST INVENTORY (CFI) - INVENTORIED 6/29/93 GROWTH PLOT TALLY SHEET - 1/10TH ACRE FIXED RADIUS PLOT TREE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. SPECIES RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN RED SPRUCE WHITE PINE QUAKING ASPEN RED SPRUCE QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN RED SPRUCE EASTERN HEMLOCK RED SPRUCE QUAKING ASPEN WHITE PINE RED SPRUCE RED MAPLE GREY BIRCH EASTERN HEMLOCK WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE DIAMETER 8.20 8.63 8.53 4.95 4.27 11.89 11.82 7.12 5.76 6.07 4.68 6.03 6.55 7.89 8.78 5.71 4.70 5.18 7.90 4.77 10.54 4.50 5.29 5.38 4.81 6.95 4.67 4.81 4.52 5.06 6.14 9.40 8.30 6.21 4.99 5.76 5.00 6.25 6.37 6.55 5.70 6.41 PRODUCT PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP SAWLOG PULP STUDWOOD PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP CULL PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP STUDWOOD PULP PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG POTENTIAL LOG PULP PULP PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP POTENTIAL LOG POTENTIAL LOG PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP 45 CONTINUOUS FOREST INVENTORY (CFI) CONTINUED 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 46 WHITE PINE WHITE PINE QUAKING ASPEN WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE RED MAPLE QUAKING ASPEN WHITE PINE WHITE PINE QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE WHITE PINE RED SPRUCE WHITE PINE 5.77 7.54 6.32 6.38 6.20 5.30 6.52 5.02 7.24 4.85 8.89 4.90 8.03 9.33 5.18 5.38 5.89 9.02 POTENTIAL LOG POTENTIAL LOG PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG |DOFI cruise program | OLD TOWN DEMO FOREST (CFI PLOT) INVENTORY ESTIMATE CRUISED 6/29/93 | 7/20/93 PLOT PARAMETERS Maine Type: Fixed Size: 10 Dbh Cutoff: 0 Diameter Sub None PRODUCTS PULP STUD 0.00 4.73 3.98 2.17 2.40 5.00 0.00 Sub 5-9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23+ 18.28 0.54 Sub 10-23+ 0.54 1 | SAMPLE PARAMETERS TABLE PARAMETERS Stratification: Unstratisfied Acres: 1. No. of Plots: 1 Table Type: Volume Units: CDS* = Products in MBF Blow Up: >*Per Acre*< PLOG *SAWL BOLT TOPP TOPS 1 2 3 4 Sub 1-4 5 6 7 8 9 | Page: BIOM Total 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.48 0.46 1.35 2.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 4.91 5.46 3.17 3.76 7.01 5.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.00 24.31 1.45 1.49 2.69 1.49 2.07 0.31 2.07 1.49 0.00 0.31 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.00 5.63 20.35 2.03 5.49 0.31 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.31 30.25 Std. Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Std. Err 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TOTAL 47 |DOFI cruise program | OLD TOWN DEMO FOREST (CFI PLOT) INVENTORY ESTIMATE CRUISED 6/29/93 | 7/20/93 PLOT PARAMETERS Maine Type: Fixed Size: 10 Dbh Cutoff: 0 SPECIES Diameter BF Sub None SP HE WP RP CE | Page: 2 | SAMPLE PARAMETERS TABLE PARAMETERS Stratification: Unstratisfied Acres: 1. No. of Plots: 1 Table Type: Volume Units: CDS* = Products in MBF Blow Up: >*Per Acre*< LA HM YB BE WB 1 2 3 4 AS RM WA RO BW HH GB WO OH 0.3 Sub 1-4 5 6 7 8 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.37 1.91 0.69 1.11 0.22 0.81 3.26 1.39 0.54 1.39 0.62 0.62 1.35 0.82 1.58 1.89 2.14 2.98 Sub 5-9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23+ 0.00 1.95 0.37 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.67 6.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 1.45 1.49 2.70 Sub 10-23+ 0.00 1.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TOTAL 0.00 3.44 0.37 9.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.81 6.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 The following strata are not included in the sample acreage Stratum: SWAMP ROAD Acres: 0 0 0 0 0 Total sampled acres: 48 1.0 Total tract acres: 1.0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 |DOFI cruise program | OLD TOWN DEMO FOREST (CFI PLOT) INVENTORY ESTIMATE CRUISED 6/29/93 | 7/20/93 PLOT PARAMETERS Type: Size: Dbh Cutoff: Maine Fixed 10 0 Sub None PRODUCTS Diameter PULP Balsam Fir Spruce Hemlock White Pine Red Pine N. White Cedar Larch Hard Maple Yellow Birch Beech White Birch Aspen Red Maple White Ash Red Oak Basswood Hophornbeam Grey Birch White Oak Other Hardwood Softwood Hardwood Total STUD 1.41 0.37 5.38 3 | SAMPLE PARAMETERS TABLE PARAMETERS Stratification: Unstratisfied Acres: 1. No. of Plots: 1 Table Type: Volume Units: CDS* = Products in MBF Blow Up: >*Per Acre*< PLOG *SAWL BOLT TOPP TOPS BIOM Total 2.03 3.44 0.37 9.80 4.42 6.67 6.29 1.07 0.31 1.45 9.81 6.60 0.31 0.22 0.22 7.16 13.18 20.34 2.03 2.03 4.42 1.07 5.49 0.31 0.31 The following strata are not included in the sample acreage Stratum: SWAMP ROAD Acres: 0 0 0 0 Total sampled acres: | Page: 1.0 Total tract acres: 1.45 1.45 0 0 0.31 0.31 0 0 13.61 16.63 30.24 0 1.0 49 INVENTORY SUMMARY Stratum: TOTAL Species Volume per Acre Total Volume 1.41 .00 .37 6.52 9.19 .00 .00 9.80 .00 27.29 1.41 .00 .37 6.52 9.19 .00 .00 9.80 .00 27.29 Spruce std Fir std Hem std Subtotal (cds) 2.03 .00 .00 2.03 2.03 .00 .00 2.03 White Pine logs Red Pine logs Hardwood logs Spruce logs Hemlock logs Cedar logs Subtotal (MBF) .00 .00 .31 .00 .00 .00 .31 .00 .00 .31 .00 .00 .00 .31 Biomass cds .31 .31 30.25 30.25 Spruce cds Fir cds Hemlock cds Hardwood cds Poplar cds Cedar cds Larch cds Pine cds White Birch bolts Subtotal (cds) Total (cds) 50 CONTINUOUS FOREST INVENTORY (CFI) - INVENTORIED 10/12/99 GROWTH PLOT TALLY SHEET - 1/10TH ACRE FIXED RADIUS PLOT TREE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. SPECIES RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN RED SPRUCE WHITE PINE QUAKING ASPEN RED SPRUCE QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN RED SPRUCE EASTERN HEMLOCK RED SPRUCE QUAKING ASPEN WHITE PINE RED SPRUCE RED MAPLE GREY BIRCH EASTERN HEMLOCK WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE DIAMETER 9.10 9.79 9.29 5.52 4.50 12.84 13.10 7.52 6.05 6.20 5.63 6.40 6.76 8.14 9.62 6.08 5.40 5.41 9.22 5.08 11.37 5.12 5.42 6.19 5.33 7.49 5.28 4.83 4.79 5.06 6.82 10.68 8.96 6.84 5.41 5.90 5.13 6.74 6.78 6.90 5.99 6.83 PRODUCT PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP SAWLOG PULP STUDWOOD PULP DEAD PULP PULP PULP CULL PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP STUDWOOD PULP PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG POTENTIAL LOG PULP DEAD PULP DEAD POTENTIAL LOG PULP POTENTIAL LOG POTENTIAL LOG PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP POTENTIAL LOG PULP 51 CONTINUOUS FOREST INVENTORY (CFI) CONTINUED 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 52 WHITE PINE WHITE PINE QUAKING ASPEN WHITE PINE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE RED MAPLE QUAKING ASPEN WHITE PINE WHITE PINE QUAKING ASPEN QUAKING ASPEN RED MAPLE RED MAPLE RED MAPLE WHITE PINE RED SPRUCE WHITE PINE WHITE PINE BALSAM FIR 5.31 8.30 6.81 6.38 6.52 5.58 7.73 5.10 7.31 4.92 10.17 4.90 9.05 10.46 5.50 5.45 6.25 10.05 4.58 4.88 POTENTIAL LOG PULP PULP DEAD PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP SAWLOG DEAD PULP PULP PULP PULP PULP SAWLOG PULP PULP |DOFI cruise program | OLD TOWN DEMO FOREST (CFI PLOT) INVENTORY ESTIMATE CRUISED 10/12/99 | 10/13/99 PLOT PARAMETERS Maine Type: Fixed Size: 10 Dbh Cutoff: 0 Diameter Sub None PRODUCTS PULP | Page: 1 | SAMPLE PARAMETERS TABLE PARAMETERS Stratification: Unstratisfied Acres: 1. No. of Plots: 1 Table Type: Volume Units: CDS* = Products in MBF Blow Up: >*Per Acre*< STUD PLOG *SAWL BOLT TOPP TOPS BIOM Total 0.00 0.35 0.89 1.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.67 4.42 5.41 3.62 5.94 0.00 0.60 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 24.31 5.02 4.89 1 2 3 4 Sub 1-4 5 6 7 8 9 0.00 3.32 3.53 3.56 1.47 5.00 0.00 Sub 5-9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23+ 16.87 3.83 1.65 0.72 Sub 10-23+ 0.72 0.94 4.03 1.49 1.75 2.49 0.37 3.23 7.97 1.49 0.00 0.97 0.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 13.14 24.85 2.20 4.03 0.97 0.00 3.18 0.00 0.00 36.19 Std. Dev. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Std. Err 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 TOTAL 53 |DOFI cruise program | OLD TOWN DEMO FOREST (CFI PLOT) INVENTORY ESTIMATE CRUISED 10/12/99 | 10/13/99 PLOT PARAMETERS Maine Type: Fixed Size: 10 Dbh Cutoff: 0 SPECIES Diameter Sub None BF SP HE WP RP CE | Page: 2 | SAMPLE PARAMETERS TABLE PARAMETERS Stratification: Unstratisfied Acres: 1. No. of Plots: 1 Table Type: Volume Units: CDS* = Products in MBF Blow Up: >*Per Acre*< LA HM YB BE WB AS RM WA RO BW HH GB WO OH 1 2 3 4 Sub 1-4 5 6 7 8 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.30 0.18 1.22 0.30 Sub 5-9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23+ 0.31 2.23 0.48 10.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.06 5.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.77 1.78 2.47 1.49 1.65 1.75 Sub 1023+ 0.00 1.49 0.00 TOTAL 0.31 3.72 0.48 12.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.82 7.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.56 0.34 0.74 0.22 1.48 0.46 0.96 4.16 1.25 1.17 0.94 0.79 1.89 1.07 2.98 3.23 2.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.76 2.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 The following strata are not included in the sample acreage Stratum: SWAMP ROAD Acres: 0 0 0 0 0 Total sampled acres: 54 1.0 Total tract acres: 1.0 0 0 0 0 Total 0 |DOFI cruise program | OLD TOWN DEMO FOREST (CFI PLOT) INVENTORY ESTIMATE CRUISED 10/12/99 | 10/13/99 PLOT PARAMETERS Type: Size: Dbh Cutoff: Maine Fixed 10 0 Sub None PRODUCTS Diameter PULP Balsam Fir Spruce Hemlock White Pine Red Pine N. White Cedar Larch Hard Maple Yellow Birch Beech White Birch Aspen Red Maple White Ash Red Oak Basswood Hophornbeam Grey Birch White Oak Other Hardwood Softwood Hardwood Total STUD 0.31 1.52 0.48 7.39 3 | SAMPLE PARAMETERS TABLE PARAMETERS Stratification: Unstratisfied Acres: 1. No. of Plots: 1 Table Type: Volume Units: CDS* = Products in MBF Blow Up: >*Per Acre*< PLOG *SAWL BOLT TOPP TOPS BIOM 4.03 6.97 7.94 0.39 0.49 0.58 2.69 Total 0.31 3.72 0.48 12.69 2.20 10.82 7.94 0.22 0.22 9.70 15.14 24.84 2.20 4.03 2.20 4.03 0.39 0.58 0.97 The following strata are not included in the sample acreage Stratum: SWAMP ROAD Acres: 0 0 0 0 Total sampled acres: | Page: 1.0 Total tract acres: 0.49 2.69 3.18 0 0 17.20 18.99 36.19 0 0 0 1.0 55 INVENTORY SUMMARY Stratum: TOTAL Species Volume per Acre Total Volume 1.52 .31 .48 8.17 9.66 .00 .00 11.92 .00 32.05 1.52 .31 .48 8.17 9.66 .00 .00 11.92 .00 32.05 Spruce std Fir std Hem std Subtotal (cds) 2.20 .00 .00 2.20 2.20 .00 .00 2.20 White Pine logs Red Pine logs Hardwood logs Spruce logs Hemlock logs Cedar logs Subtotal (MBF) .39 .00 .58 .00 .00 .00 .97 .39 .00 .58 .00 .00 .00 .97 Biomass cds .00 .00 36.19 36.19 Spruce cds Fir cds Hemlock cds Hardwood cds Poplar cds Cedar cds Larch cds Pine cds White Birch bolts Subtotal (cds) Total (cds) 56 SOFTWOOD VOLUME TABLES Cords Per Tree DBH 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Spruce .0302 .0406 .0543 .0716 .0930 .1187 .1489 .1839 .2239 .2689 .3192 .3748 .4358 .5022 .5740 .6510 .7334 .8208 .9133 1.0105 1.1123 1.2185 1.3287 1.4426 1.5598 1.6801 Fir .0307 .0415 .0559 .0741 .0964 .1233 .1549 .1916 .2334 .2805 .3330 .3911 .4547 .5238 .5984 .6784 .7638 .8543 .9497 1.0499 1.1545 1.2633 1.3758 1.4918 1.6109 1.7324 Hemlock .0183 .0295 .0442 .0629 .0860 .1138 .1466 .1848 .2286 .2784 .3343 .3966 .4654 .5410 .6234 .7129 .8094 .9131 1.0241 1.1422 1.2676 1.4002 1.5399 1.6867 1.8405 2.0012 Cedar .0211 .0297 .0403 .0533 .0696 .0898 .1148 .1458 .1840 .2307 .2875 .3559 .4378 .5352 .6500 .7846 .9413 1.1226 1.3312 1.5699 1.8416 2.1494 2.4966 2.8865 3.3226 3.8087 Larch .0173 .0296 .0462 .0676 .0943 .1266 .1648 .2090 .2594 .3161 .3791 .4482 .5233 .6043 .6908 .7825 .8789 .9795 1.0838 1.1911 1.3007 1.4119 1.5237 1.6353 1.7457 1.8538 Pine .0173 .0296 .0462 .0676 .0943 .1266 .1648 .2090 .2594 .3161 .3791 .4482 .5233 .6043 .6908 .7825 .8789 .9795 1.0838 1.1911 1.3007 1.4119 1.5237 1.6353 1.7457 1.8538 Spr Std .0302 .0406 .0543 .0716 .0930 .1187 .1489 .1839 .2239 .2689 .3192 .3748 .4358 .5022 .5740 .6510 .7334 .8208 .9133 1.0105 1.1123 1.2185 1.3287 1.4426 1.5598 1.6801 Fir Std .0307 .0415 .0559 .0741 .0964 .1233 .1549 .1916 .2334 .2805 .3330 .3911 .4547 .5238 .5984 .6784 .7638 .8543 .9497 1.0499 1.1545 1.2633 1.3758 1.4918 1.6109 1.7324 Hem Std .0183 .0295 .0442 .0629 .0860 .1138 .1466 .1848 .2286 .2784 .3343 .3966 .4654 .5410 .6234 .7129 .8094 .9131 1.0241 1.1422 1.2676 1.4002 1.5399 1.6867 1.8405 2.0012 57 HARDWOOD VOLUME TABLES Cords Per Tree DBH 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Misc. Hwd .0371 .0480 .0619 .0790 .0995 .1235 .1513 .1831 .2188 .2587 .3028 .3512 .4039 .4609 .5222 .5877 .6575 .7313 .8092 .8909 09764 1.0654 1.1578 1.2534 1.3518 1.4528 Ash .0504 .0614 .0752 .0923 .1128 .1368 .1646 .1964 .2321 .2720 .3162 .3645 .4172 .4742 .5355 .6010 .6708 .7446 .8225 .9043 .9897 1.0788 1.1711 1.2667 1.3651 1.4661 GIRARD FORM CLASS White Pine = .80 Red Pine = .80 Spruce = .78 Hemlock = .78 Ash = .80 Aspen = .78 Beech = .84 W. Birch = .78 Y. Birch = .78 H. Maple = .79 R. Maple = .79 Oak = .78 58 Aspen .0345 .0464 .0623 .0825 .1070 .1361 .1695 .2073 .2491 .2946 .3433 .3946 .4479 .5024 .5571 .6111 .6632 .7122 .7569 .7957 .8271 .8495 .8611 .8601 .8444 .8121 Beech .0204 .0314 .0452 .0623 .0828 .1068 .1347 .1664 .2022 .2421 .2862 .3346 .3872 .4442 .5055 .5711 .6408 .7146 .7925 .8743 .9597 1.0488 1.1412 1.2367 1.3351 1.4361 W. Birch Y. Birch H. Maple R. Maple WB Bolt .0224 .0345 .0500 .0689 .0916 .1182 .1488 .1835 .2224 .2655 .3128 .3642 .4197 .4791 .5422 .6089 .6789 .7520 .8277 .9059 .9860 1.0678 1.1506 1.2341 1.3176 1.4007 .0371 .0480 .0619 .0790 .0995 .1235 .1513 .1831 .2188 .2587 .3028 .3512 .4039 .4609 .5222 .5877 .6575 .7313 .8092 .8909 09764 1.0654 1.1578 1.2534 1.3518 1.4528 .0371 .0480 .0619 .0790 .0995 .1235 .1513 .1831 .2188 .2587 .3028 .3512 .4039 .4609 .5222 .5877 .6575 .7313 .8092 .8909 09764 1.0654 1.1578 1.2534 1.3518 1.4528 .0371 .0480 .0619 .0790 .0995 .1235 .1513 .1831 .2188 .2587 .3028 .3512 .4039 .4609 .5222 .5877 .6575 .7313 .8092 .8909 09764 1.0654 1.1578 1.2534 1.3518 1.4528 .0224 .0345 .0500 .0689 .0916 .1182 .1488 .1835 .2224 .2655 .3128 .3642 .4197 .4791 .5422 .6089 .6789 .7520 .8277 .9059 .9860 1.0678 1.1506 1.2341 1.3176 1.4007 BIBLIOGRAPHY Reference and Resource List – Joanne Alex, Stillwater Montessori School Trees A Tree Is Nice, Janice May Vary, Harper and Row, 1987 A Tree Is a Plant, Clyde Robert Bulla, illus. By Lois Lignell, Thomas & Crowell, N.Y. 1960 Look Inside A Tree, Gina Ingoglia, Poke & Look Learning Books, Grosset & Dunlap, N.Y. 1989 Once There Was A Tree, Natalia Romanova Dial Books, 1985 The Giving Tree, Shel Silverstein, Harper & Row, N.Y. 1971 The Lorax, Dr. Seuss, Random House, N.Y. 1971 Animals That Live In Trees, Jane R. McCauley, National Geographic Society, 1986 Raccoons, K.M. Kostyal, National Geographic Society, 1987 Tree Trunk Traffic, Lavies, Dutton, 1989 Trees, Eyewitness Series, Alfred Aknopf, N.Y. 1988 A Tree In The Forest, Jane Thornhill, Simon & Shuster, N.Y. 1991 Trees Are Terrific, Ranger Rick’s Nature Scope Red Leaf, Yellow Leaf, lois Elhert Crinkleroot’s Guide To Knowing Trees, Jim Arnosky, Bradbury Press, N.Y. 1992 The Tree, A First Discovery Book, Gallinard Jeunesse, Scholastic, N.Y. 1992 The Singing Fir Tree, (A Swiss Folktale) retold by Marti Stone, Putnam’s & Sons, N.Y. 1992 Nature All Year Long, Clare Walker Leslie, Greenwillow Books, N.Y. 1991 Ring of Earth, Jane Yolen (A child’s book of Seasons) Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich, N.Y. 1986 59 Earth Book For Kids, Linda Schwartz, The Learning Works 1990 The Berenstein Bear’s Nature Guide, Stan & Jan Berenstein, Random House, N.Y. 1975 RAINFOREST The Great Kapok Tree, (A tale of the Amazon Rain Forest) Lynne Cherry, Harcourt Brace & Jovanovich, N.Y. 1990 Rain Forest, Helen Cowcher, Farrar Straus & Giroux, N.Y. 1988 Rain Forest Secrets, Arthur Dorrors, Scholashe, N.Y. 1990 (In front of book there is a list of rainforest organizations you can write to. Also may provide classroom materials.) Save Our Wildlife, Althea Parrots, Longman Group, U.S.A. 1988 Our Planet – Forests, David Lambert, Troll, N.J. 1990 The Emerald Realm, Earth’s Precious Rainforests, National Geographic Society, 1990 The Rainforest Book, (How you can save the world’s rainforests), Scott Lewis, Living Planet, U.A. CA 1990 Where The Forest Meets The Sea, Jeannie Baker Resource For Protecting Acreage, for booklet (Rainforests Educational Resources) The Children’s Rainforest, P.O. Box 936, Lewiston, ME 04240 World Wildlife Fund/Conservation Foundation, 1250 24th Street N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037 (They have a kit including booklet, poster and excellent video.) Joanne Sharpe (rainforest biologist) Sharplex Services, 4555 RR1 #1, Dresden, ME 04342 (does school programs) Tropical Rainforests And The PLT Connection, (special rainforest adaptation for PLT’s K-12 activities – get from State PLT office) Migratory Songbird Kit, (from National Audubon Society – Shows how devestation of the rainforests affects our songbird population – brings Maine issues closer to home.) 60 NATURAL RESOURCES, SENSITIVITIES, OURSELVES The Listening Walk, Paul Showers We’re Different, We’re The Same, (Sesame Street) BoobiJanekales Got Me A Story To Tell, (A multi-ethnic book; five children tell about their lives.), Sylvia Yee & Lisa Kokin, from taped interviews Professor Noah’s Spaceship, Brian Wildsmith We Are All AlikeYWe Are All Different, Chelteham Elementary School Kindergartners Just A Dream, Chris Van Allsburg A River Ran Wild, Lynne Cherry Prince William, Gloria Rand Here Are My Hands, Bill Martin and John Archambault Wump World, Bill Peet Eating The Alphabet, Lois Ehlert (fruits and vegetables from A to Z) The Earth And Sky, (A First Discovery Book) Good Earth Art, (environmental art for kids), Mary Ann F. Kohl/ Cindy Gainer Earth Child, (games, stories, activities, experiments and ideas about living lightly in the earth), Katherine Sheehan and Mary Waidner Teaching Kids To Love The Earth, Marina Herman, Joesph E. Passineau and Ann Schimpf Sharing Nature With Children, Listening to Nature, Enjoying Nature, Joseph Cornell Little Water And The Gift Of The Animals, C.J. Taylor, Tundra, N.Y. 1992 Mushroom On The Rain, (adapted from the Russian of V. Suteyev), Mivea Grounsbury, Aladdin, N.Y. 1990 61 RIVERS Tattie’s River Journey, Shirley Rousseau-Murphy Paddle-to-the-Sea, Holling Clancy Holling Seabird, Holling Clancy Holling Wonders Of Rivers, Rae Bains Rivers, Lawrence Santrey, Troll Associates Three Days On A River In A Red Canoe, Vera B. Williams The River Bank, (from the Wind in the Willows) Kenneth Grahame River Life, (A close-up look at the natural world of a river.), Barbara Taylor, Darling Kindersley, Inc. My River, Shari Halpern The Unfolding River, Quarto Publishing Let’s Explore A River, Jane R. McCauley, Books For Young Explorers A River Ran Wild, Jynne Cherry Amazing Otters, M. Barbara Browne, Books For Young Explorers Signs Along The River, (Learning to read the natural landscape.), Kayo Robertson Pond And River, Eyewitness Books The Boats On The River, Marjorie Flack Letting Swift River Go, Jan Yolen WATERS CYCLES AND WATER What Makes It Rain?, (the story of a raindrop), Keith Brandt Water, Adrienne Soutter-Perrot, also The Earth, The Air, Fire Rain, Robert Kalan Ground Water, Maine’s Hidden Resource 62 Water, Rae Bains, Troll Associates The Magic School Bus At The Waterworks, Joanna Cole Rain Drop Splash, Alvin Tresselt Bob The Snowman, Sylvia Lorentan Rain, Peter Spier Rain Makes Applesauce, Julien Scheer Euphoria And The Flood, Mary Calhoun A Flood Of Creatures, Dahlou Ipcar Wonders Of The Pond, Francene Sabin HABITATS Tree Trunk Traffic, Lavies, Bianca The City Kid’s Field Guide, Herberman, Ethan Deer At The Brook, Jim Arnosky Raccoon And Ripe Corn, Jim Arnosky Come Out Muskrat, Jim Arnosky Crinkleroot’s Guide To Wild Places, Jim Arnosky Crinkleroot’s Guide To Trees, Jim Arnosky Crinkleroot’s Guide To Animal Tracks, Jim Arnosky Crinkleroot’s Guide To Birds, Jim Arnosky Crinkleroot’s I Was Born In A Tree And Raised By Bears, Jim Arnosky In The Tall Tall Grass, Denise Fleming The Salamander Room, Anne Mayer Fish Is Fish, Leo Lionni 63 Animal Architects, Books For World Explores, National Geographic Society, 1987 The Biggest House In the World, Leo Lionni A House For Hermit-Crab, Eric Carle Animals Underground, Charlotte Ruffault, 1988 Who Lives InYAlligator Swamp?, Ron Hirche Heron Street, Ann Turner Wonders Of The Pond, Francene Sabin Wonders Of The River, Rae Bains Signs Along The River, (Learning to read the natural landscape.), Kayo Robertson Animal Tracks, Arhtur Dorros A Chorus Of Frogs, Joni Phelps Hunt Pond & River, Eyewitness Books PEOPLE HABITATS A Country Far Away, Nigel Gray and Philippe Dupasquier Houses And Homes, Anne Morris Roomrhymes, poems by Sylivia Cassidy There’s No Place Like Home, Marc Brown A House Is A House For Me, Mary Ann Hoberman This Is My House, Arthur Dorros This Place Is Cold, Vicki Cobb This Place Is Wet, Vicki Cobb This Place Is Dry, Vicki Cobb This Place Is High, Vicki Cobb 64 NON-FICTION AND FICTION LITERATURE ON INSECTS A Picture Book Of Insects, Vitaly Tanasyichuk, Raduga Publishers, Moscow, Russia, 1989 Stopwatch Books, Silver Burdett, N.J. 1988: Dragonfly, Barrie Watts Butterfly & Caterpillar Bumblebee Ladybug Spider’s Web Learn About Insects, Bobbie Whitcombe, Checkerboard Press, N.Y. 1990 Bugs, Nancy Winston Parker and Joan Richards, Wright, Greenwillow Books, N.Y. 1987 Backyard Insects, Millicent E. Selsam and Ronald Goor, Scholastic, N.Y. 1981 I Know An Old Lady, Rose Bonne, Scholastic, N.Y. 1961 Bug City, Dahlov Ipcar, Gannett Books, Portland, ME 1975 A Picture Book Of Insects, Joanne Mattern, Troll Associates, N.J. 1991 The Grouchy Ladybug, Eric Carle, Scholastic Books, N.Y. The Very Hungry Caterpillar, Eric Carle, Scholastic Books, N.Y. The Very Busy Spider, Eric Carle, Scholastic Books, N.Y. The Book Of Big Bugs, Haris Petie, Prentice-Hall, N.J. 1977 Catch A Cricket, (About the capture and care of crickets, grasshoppers, fireflies, and other companionable creatures.), E.M. Hale & Co., Wisconsin, 1967 The Very Quiet Cricket, Eric Carle, Scholastic Books, N.Y., 1990 The Bug Book, (with bug bottle), Dr. Hugh Danks, Workman Publishing, N.Y. 1987 National Geographic Society: Young Explorer Series: 65 Honeybees, Jane Lecht, 1973 The World Beneath Your Feet, Judith Richards, 1985 Spiders, Lillian Bason, 1974 Life In Ponds And Streams, William H. Amos, 1981 Life Of The Honeybee, (A Ladybird Natural History Book), England, 1969 HUMAN/ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS Once There Was A Tree, Natalea Romanova The Singing Fir Tree, Marti Stone The People Who Hugged The Trees, Deborah Lee Rose Rain Forest, Helen Cowcher Tigress, Helen Cowcher A Tree Is Nice, Janice May Udry Grandpa And The Sea, Katherine Orr Surrounded By Sea, Gail Gibbons Blueberries For Sal, Robert McCloskey The Giving Tree, Shel Silverstein ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS The Listening Walk, Paul Showers Taking A Walk, Rebecca Emberly, (A book in two languages) Caminando (Un Libro en Dos Lenguas) Owl Moon, Jane Yolen 66 FOR TEACHERS AND EDUCTORS – RESOURCES FOR NATURE STUDY Discover The World: Empowering Children To Value Themselves, Others, And The Earth, edited by Susan Hopkins and Jeffrey Winters Hug A Tree And Other Things To Do Outdoors With Young Children, Rockwell, Sherwood, and Williams Our World (Learning And Caring About It), Gayle Bitlinger, Totling Magazine The Wonder Of It: Exploring How The World Works, edited by Bonnie Neugeloauer Teaching Kids To Love The Earth, (Sharing a Sense of Wonder – 186 Outdoor Activities for Parents and Other Teachers), Marina C. Herman, Joseph E. Passineau, Ann L. Schimpf, and Paul Treuer Good Earth Art, (Environmental Art For Kids), Mary Ann F. Kohl and Cindy Gainer Earth Child, (games, stories, activities) On The Earth, Katherine Sheehan and Mary Weidner, PhD (excellent, excellent resource!) Sharing Nature With Children, Joseph Cornell Sharing The Joy Of Nature, Joseph Cornell Listening To Nature, Joseph Cornell Sense Of Wonder, Rachel Carson ( a must read for all teachers) Nature Activities For Early Childhood, Janet Nicklesburg Nature With Children Of All Ages, Edith A. Sisson, The Massachusetts Audobon Society The Seaside Naturalist, (A guide to nature study at the seashore), Deborah A. Coulombe The Curious Naturalist, National geographic Society Exploring Nature With Your Child, Dorothy Shuttlesworth 67 GLOSSARY Allowable Cut The amount of wood fiber that may be harvested annually or periodically from a specified area over a stated period in accordance with the objectives of management. Alpine Zone The portion of a mountain that lies above timber line. Anadromous Fish Salmon, shad, bass, and others that migrate from the sea up a river to spawn. Annual A plant that completes its life cycle from seedling to mature seed bearing plant during a single growing season, and then dies. Association A grouping of plants and animals that repeatedly occur together in a forest region. Associations may be identified in terms of their predominant tree association, as oak-hickory forest. Basal Area A unit of measure used by foresters to estimate volumes of timber from standing trees. Biennial A plant that lives for two growing seasons, producing only leaves during the first season, flowers and seeds during the second. Biodegradable The property of a substance that permits it to be broken down by microorganisms into simple, stable compounds such as carbon dioxide and water. Biome A complex of communities characterized by a distinctive type of vegetation and maintained under the climatic conditions of the region. Biotic The animal and plant life of a region or period. Biotic Potential The capacity of a population of animals or plants to increase in numbers under optimum environmental conditions. Blaze To mark a tree with a shallow axe cut, to show the course of a boundary. Board Foot The amount of timber equivalent to a piece of wood 12 inches square and 1 inch thick. As the forest products industry changes to the metric system, it will probably use cubic meters fore trees/logs and lumber in bulk and will measure lumber in retail on a linear or piece basis. B O D (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) A measure of the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to consume biodegradable organic strength or waste water in terms of dissolved oxygen that would be consumed if the waste water were discharged into a natural body of water. Bog A wet, low area, often an old lake bed, filling or filled with partially decayed matter known as peat. Bole The portion of a tree beginning at the base and usually extending to the base of the crown. Also referred to as the stem or trunk. Boreal Forest Northern conifer forest. 68 Broadleaf The term describing a plant with widebladed leaves, such as an oak or maple; generally refers to flowering trees in contrast to conifers. Browse To eat the twigs and leaves of woody plants. Deer, moose, and their relatives are browsers. Buffer Strip A barrier of trees left untouched in order to protect the adjacent resource. Canopy Layer formed by the leaves and branches of the forest’s tallest trees. Carrying Capacity The number of organisms of a given species and quality that can survive in a given ecosystem without causing deterioration thereof. Carnivore Any chiefly flesh-eating mammal of the order Carnivora, comprising dogs, cats, bears, seals, and the like. Chaparral Dense scrub vegetation of broadleaf, evergreen, or wintergreen shrubs. -Cide From Latin, meaning kill; used in combination words, such as pesticide. Chlorophyll A group of pigments that produce the green hue of plants; essential to photosynthesis. Clearcut Complete harvesting of a stand of trees in one harvest, such that less than 30 feet of basal area is left standing. Removal of an entire standing crop. Clearcutting System A silvicultural system in which the old crop is cleared at one time; regeneration by artificial or natural means. Climax The relatively stable association that represents the final stage in a sere under the existing conditions of soil and climate. Commercial Forest Land Forest lands capable of bearing merchantable timber currently or prospectively accessible and not withdrawn from such use. Commercial Thinning Any type of thinning producing merchantable material at least to the value of the direct cost of harvesting it. Commercial Tree Species Species commonly used for pulpwood, logs, veneer, or other forest products, excluding those species used only for biomass or fuel. Community All the plants and animals in a particular habitat that are bound together by food chains and other interrelations. Cone A structure composed of many spirally-arranged scales in which pollen ovules are produced. Cones differ from flowers in that the ovules are borne on the surface of the scales, or carpels. In a flower the carpels form a container called the pistil inside which the ovules are borne. Conifer, Coniferous A plant that bears its seeds in cones. Usually refers to needleleaf trees, although some needleleafs, such as yew, do not bear cones. Conservation The use of natural resources in a way that assures their continually availability to future generations; the intelligent use of natural resources. 69 Cord A unit of measurement of stacked wood. The standard dimensions are; 4 feet long logs, stacked 4 feet high, by 8 feet long. Crop Trees Any tree forming or destined to form a part of the major forest crop. Crown The upper part of a tree, including the branches with their foliage. Cruise An inventory of forest land to locate timber and estimate its quantity by species, products, size, quality and condition. 3 Cubic Foot (ft ) The amount of timber in squared or rounded form necessary to produce the equivalent of 1 cubic foot of wood. One cubic foot equals 0.0283 cubic meters. 3 Cubic Meter (m ) The amount of wood necessary to produce a block 1 meter on a side or the equivalent. Decibel A unit of intensity of sound, equal to 20 times the common logarithm of the ration of the pressure produced by the sound wave to a reference pressure. A measurement of 50 decibels is considered moderate sound; 80, loud; and 100, the level beyond which the sound becomes tolerable. Deciduous Term describing a plant that periodically loses all its leaves, usually in autumn. Most North American broadleaf trees are deciduous. A few conifers, such as larch and cypress, also are deciduous. See EVERGREEN. Decomposer A plant or animal that feeds on dead material and causes its mechanical or chemical breakdown. Dendrology A branch of botany devoted to the study of trees. DBH Diameter breast height, a point along the bole of the tree, 4.5 feet above the ground where trees are measured. Ecology The scientific study of the relations of living things to one another and to their environment. A scientist who studies these relationships is called and ecologist. Ecosystem All living things and their environment in an area of any size. All linked together by energy and nutrient flow. Edaphic Related to or caused by particular soil conditions , as of texture or drainage, rather than by physiographic or climatic factors. Effluent The outflow, usually offensive, from sewage or industrial plants, and the like. Environment The aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or influences, especially as affecting the existence or development of people or of nature. Environmental Resistance The limiting effect of environmental conditions on the numerical growth of a population. Esker 70 A long narrow ridge or mound of sand, gravel, and rocks deposited by a stream flowing on, within, or beneath a glacier. Eutrophication Enrichment of soils and water due to fertilization, sewage effluent, or other waters that carry a high plant-nutrient component. Even-age Stands Forest areas where the trees are all of the same age due to planting or harvesting the entire area at one time. Even-age stands are desirable for species whose young trees do not thrive in the shade of older trees. Evergreen A plant that does not lose all of its leaves at one time. Among trees, some broadleaf species, such as live oak, remain green all year, but most North American evergreens are coniferous. See CONIFER; DECIDUOUS. Fiber Any long, narrow cell of wood or bast. general. Flagging A flexible plastic ribbon used to temporarily mark points of interest, comes in a variety of colors. Food Chain A series of plants and animals linked by their food relationships. A green plant, a leaf-eating insect, and an insect-eating bird would form a simple food chain. Any one of species is usually represented in several or many food chains. Foothill Zone Lowest of the vegetation zone in mountainous regions. ZONES, VERTICAL. Forest A complex community of plants and animals in which trees are the most conspicuous members. Forest Floor The layer of decomposing material that covers the soil in a forest. Forest Management The practical application of scientific, economic, and social principals to the administration of a forest estate for specified objectives. Forest Region An extensive area of a continent in which the climax-forest associations are closely similar. The major forest regions of North America are West Coast Forest, Western Forest, Central Hardwood Forest, Tropical Forest, Northern Forest, and Southern Forest. Fungicide Any chemical preparation used to control fungal pests. Girdling Stripping or gnawing a section of bark around the trunk of a tree or shrub; may eventually kill the plant. Grassland A vegetation community in which grasses are the most conspicuous plants. Growing Stock All the tree growing in a forest or in a specified part of it. Habitat The native environment of an animal or plant, or the kind of place that is natural for an animal or plant. Hardwood A class of trees with broad leaves or are deciduous. The wood from such trees. See SOFTWOOD. Herb Any flowering plant or fern that has a soft, rather than woody, stem. Loosely used for wood elements in See VEGETATION 71 Herb Layer The layer of soft-stemmed plants growing close to the forest floor. Herbicide A substance or preparation for killing plants, especially weeds. PESTICIDE. Increment Growth accretion generally expressed in volume per acre per year. Also spoken of as annual yield. Insecticide Any chemical preparation used to control insects. Intensive Forestry The practice of forestry so as to attain a high level of volume and quality of outturn per unit area, through the application of the best techniques of silviculture and management. Kerf The narrow slot cut by a saw as it advances through wood. Landfill A method of disposing of refuse on land by utilizing the principals of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area and to reduce it to the smallest practical volume. Leaching The removal of soluble substances from the soil by percolating water. Leader The main shoot growing from the top of a tree with a single main trunk. Life Cycle The continuous sequence of changes undergone by an organism from one primary form to the development of the same form again. Lignin The organic substance that holds together the individual fibers of wood. Lignin is responsible for the dark color in pulp mill effluents. Live Crown Ratio The percentage of length of the stem covered with living branches. Mast Trees which produce nuts; for example oak, walnut. Food for animals. Mast Year A year of above-average nut production in a forest. Mature (1) The age at which a tree will no longer increase in value fast enough to earn a satisfactory rate of interest. (2) The age at which a tree has already reached its greatest growth potential and begins to decline in growth and health. Merchantable A tree which can be profitably marketed. Microclimate “Little climate”; the environmental conditions in a restricted area. Microhabitat A “small habitat” within a larger one in which environmental conditions differ from those in the surrounding area. A hole in a tree trunk or an animal carcass is a microhabitat within the forest. Mixedforest A forest that includes both coniferous and deciduous trees. Mixedwood A stand of trees made up approximately half softwood and half hardwood. Monoculture The raising or a crop of a single species, generally even-aged. 72 See also Mountain Zone The band of vegetation that occurs at intermediate elevations in mountainous regions between foothill and subalpine zones. See VEGETATION ZONES, VERTICAL. Mor A type of forest floor formed by a thick mat of slowly decomposing matter, often conifer needles. Mull A type of forest floor and soil in which the decomposing matter, usually formed of broad leaves, decays rapidly. The humus is mixed thoroughly, so there is no sharp boundary between the forest floor and soil. Multiple-use Forestry Any practice of forestry fulfilling two or more objectives of management. Muskeag A mossy bog in the northern coniferous forest region. Natural Selection A process in nature resulting in the survival and perpetuation of only those forms of plant and animal life having certain favorable characteristics that enable them to adapt best to a specific environment. Needleleaf Bearing needlelike leaves. See CONIFER. Nitrogen-fixation The conversion of elemental nitrogen from the atmosphere to organic combinations or to forms readily utilizable in biological processes. Normally carried out by bacteria, living symbiotically in legumes or by free-living soil bacteria. Nonrenewable Resources Substances such as oil, gas, coal, copper, and gold, which, once used, cannot be replaced, at least not in this geological age. North The North includes New England, the Middle Atlantic States, and the Lake States. Old Field Farmland once cultivated, but now untended. Organic Matter Chemical compounds of carbon combined with other chemical elements, and generally manufactured in the life processes of plants and animals. Most organic compounds are a source of food for bacteria and are usually combustible. Organism A form of life composed of mutually dependant parts that maintain various vital processes. Pacific Coast States Those states that border the west coast of the United States. Partial Cutting Tree removal other than by clearcutting. Particulates Perennial Small particles of liquid or solid matter. A plant that lives for several years and usually produces seeds each year. Pesticides Any chemical preparation used to control populations of injurious organisms, plants, or animals. Photosynthesis The process by which green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into simple sugar. Chlorophyll and sunlight are essential to the series of complex chemical reactions involved. 73 Pigment A chemical substance that reflects or transmits only certain light rays and thus imparts color to an object. For example, a substance that absorbs all but red rays, which it reflects, will appear red. See CHLOROPHYLL. Pioneer A plant capable of invading bare sites such as newly exposed soil surface, and persisting there until supplanted by successor species. Planimeter An instrument used for measuring the area of any plan figure by tracing its boundary. Plantation A humanmade forest, usually established by planting seedlings. Plywood A composite product made up of crossbanded layers of veneer, bonded with adhesive. Pole A young tree usually between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters) in diameter. Pollution Harmful substances deposited in the air or water or land, leading to a state of dirtiness, impurity, or unhealthiness. Predator An animal that lives by capturing other animals for food. Prescribed Burning The planned application of fire to natural fuels including logging slash with the intent to confine the burning to a predetermined area. Pulpwood Wood, usually due to its low quality, which is cut or prepared primarily for manufacture into wood pulp, for subsequent manufacture into paper, fiber board, or other products. Rain Shadow An area on the leeward side of a mountain barrier that receives little rainfall. Range All lands, including forest land, that produce native forage in contrast to land cultivated for agriculture crops or carrying dense forest. Also applied to the range of individual species of plants and animals. Recycle The salvage and reprocessing of used materials (such as paper, metals, glass, and cloth). Reforestation The replanting of trees in forests that have been affected by cutting, fire, disease, or other incursion. Regeneration Renewal of a tree crop whether by natural or artificial means. The regeneration period is the period required or allowed in the plan for regeneration following timber harvest. Artificial Forest renewal by planting or seeding. Natural Forest renewal by self-sown seeds or sprouts. Advanced Regeneration which is well established, usually 3 feet or more in height. Renewable Resources Living resources such as plants and animals which have the capacity to renew themselves by natural ecological cycles or sound management practices. 74 Riparian A zone of habitat adjacent to streams, ponds, bogs, and other wet areas, where wildlife travel is most abundant. Roading The provision of roads in an area. Rocky Mountain States Those states between the Pacific Coast States and the Great Plains. Rodentcides Chemical preparations used against mice, rats, and other rodents that may consume forestry seed or debark trees. Sanitary Fill Used to describe the dumping process whereby the garbage or other refuse is covered with soil, thus controlling the smell, rodent activity, etc., and speeding the decay of organic substances.- Sapling A young tree normally more than 4½ feet (1.5 meters) high and less than 4 inches (10 centimeters) in diameter. Savanna A park like grassland with scattered trees or clumps of trees. Sawlog A log considered suitable in size and quality for producing sawn timber. Sawtimber Trees fit to yield sawlogs. Scavenger An animal that eats the dead remains and wastes of other animals and plants. Scrub A low, woody vegetation composed principally of shrubs. Secondary Fiber Fiber used as a raw material for making new products. The fibers have been reclaimed from waste paper or collected during the manufacture or paper and paperboard products. Section Cutting The annual or periodic removal of trees individually or in small groups. Seedling A young tree grown from the seed up to the sapling stage, that is a height of 4½ to 6 feet (1.5 to 2 meters). Seral Stage One community of a sere. Sere The series of communities that follow one another in a natural succession, as in the change from bare field to a mature forest. Shelter Wood Cutting Any regeneration cutting in a more or less regular or mature crop designed to establish a new crop under the protection of the old. Shrub A woody plant less than 12 feet (4 meters) tall, usually with more than one stem rising from the ground. Siltation Disturbance of the ground from any activity that results in soil runoff into a water course. Silvicides Any chemical preparation used to control unwanted trees. Silvics The life history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to environmental factors. 75 Silviculture The art and science of producing and tending a forest; the application of the knowledge of silvics in the treatment of a forest. Site Class The measure of the relative productive capacity of an area for timber or other crops. Site Index A measure of the site class based on the height of the dominant trees in the stand at age 50 or 100 years (or some other arbitrary chosen age). Skidding Moving logs from the stump to a landing usually with the forward end supported off the ground. Slash The residue left on the ground after felling timber. Smog Originally a combination of fog and smoke; now applied also to photochemical haze produced by the action of the sun and the atmosphere on automobile and industrial elements. Snag Any dead or dying tree at least 4 inches DBH and 6 feet tall. A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen. Softwood A coniferous tee. A common but not strictly accurate term; the wood of many conifers is harder than some so-called hardwood tees. Solid Waste All items discarded after use in a solid state that must be collected and disposed of separately. Solid waste is collected by municipal collection systems. Solid waste does not include items discarded into sewage systems or those emitted with smoke or gas. South The South includes the states to the south of the Middle Atlantic States and the lake States, notably along the South Atlantic region, across the South Central States, and across the Mississippi into Texas and Oklahoma. Species A class or organisms having some common characteristics or qualities. The major subdivision or a genus or subgenus, regarded as the basic category of biological classification, composed of related individuals that resemble one another, are able to breed among themselves but are not able to breed with members of another species. Sprout A tree which has grown from stump or root. Stand An aggregation of trees occupying a specific area so as to be distinguished from the surrounding forest. Stocking Density of a stand. Stoma A microscopic opening in the surface of a leaf that allows gases to pass in and out. Subalpine Zone The band of vegetation in mountainous regions that occurs below timber line and alpine zone. See VEGETATION ZONE, VERTICAL. Succession The gradual replacement of one community by another. See SERE. 76 Sustained Yield The yield that a forest produces continuously at a given intensity of management. Territory An area defended by an animal against others of the same species. Used for breeding, feeding, or both. Timber A general term for forest crops and stands containing trees of commercial size and quality suitable for sawing into lumber. Timberline The upper limit of tree growth on mountains. A band of stunted and usually oddly shaped trees between the subalpine forest and alpine tundra. See VEGETATION ZONES, VERTICAL. Tolerance The ability of a tree to develop and grow in the shade of and in competition of other trees. Transpiration The process by which water evaporates from plant tissues. Tree A woody plant 12 or more feet (4 or more meters) tall with a single main stem (trunk) and a more or less distinct crown of leaves. Tree Seed Orchard A plantation of trees assumed or proven genetically to be superior but isolated so as to reduce pollination from genetically inferior outside sources. Tundra Treeless vegetation in regions with long winter and low annual temperatures. Arctic tundra extends above timberline on mountains. Uneven-aged A forest or stand composed of intermingling trees that differ markedly in age. This contrasts with even-aged stands in which all trees are within 10 to 20 years of the same age. Understory The layer formed by the crowns of smaller trees in the forest. Vegetation The mass of plants that covers a given area. Flora, a term often wrongly used interchangeably with vegetation, is a list of the species of plants that compose the vegetation. Vegetation Zones, Vertical The horizontal belts of distinctive plant cover in mountainous regions, resulting from climatic changes related to elevation changes. From base to peak, the zones are foothill, montane, subalpine, timberline, and alpine. Veneer A thin sheet of wood of uniform thickness produces by rotary cutting. Virgin Forest Primeval forest or original forest. Primarily a forest undisturbed by people. Wilderness Area An area established by the federal government to conserve its primeval character and influence for public enjoyment under primitive conditions in perpetuity. Wildfire Any fire other than controlled or prescribed burn occurring on wild land. Wildlife A loose term that includes non-domesticated vertebrates, especially mammals, birds, and fish. Windthrow Uprooting of trees by wind. 77 Winter-bare Forest A forest composed of deciduous trees. Woodland A wooded area in which the trees are often small, short bowled, and open grown; farm woodland, any wooded area that is part of a farm. Woodpulp Wood fiber separated by mechanical or chemical means used in making paper and other products. Yard Up To gather in a sheltered area in winter; used in reference to deer, moose, and their relatives. Zero Population Growth The maintenance or holding or population numbers at a fixed level so as to obviate increase. 78 PLT ACTIVITY GUIDE REFERENCE FEATURE Animal Tracking Plot Arboretum , Orchard Archaeological Dig Berry Producing Shrubs, Fence Row, Windbreaks PLT ACTIVITY Wildlife Habitat Snow Use Expanding Sensory Perception Schoolyard Safari Web Of Life Schoolyard Diversity Get In Touch With Trees Planet Of Plenty Web Of Life A Cassette Tour Of Neighborhood Trees Design With Nature Adopt A Tree Tree Shapes, Natural And Unnatural Did You See That Dogwood Bark Healthy And Unhealthy The Shape Of Things Get In Touch With Trees Trees In Trouble Make A Fossil The Native Way How Do You Bury A Pile Of Dirt? Wildlife Habitat Building For The Birds Trees As Habitat Green Mufflers OLD ELEM. ACTIVITY NUMBER OLD SEC. NEW PRE-K THROUGH 8 55 45 7 52 65 70 46 2 9 45 65 5 87 1 10 21 66 76 1 2 77 85 41 90 64 68 22 An Individual Experiment Trees As Habitat Birds ‘n’ Worms Building For The Birds Poet-Tree 3 68 69 22 77 Bird Feeders Birds ‘n’ Worms Adopt A Tree Trees As Habitat Web Of Life 69 1 68 65 Bulbs, Corms & Tubers Patters In Nature Plant Growth And Temperature Growth Graph How Plants Grow 8 72 51 Leaf Prints Web Of Life 9 65 Bird Blind Butterfly Garden Compost Pile Creek How Do You Bury A Pile Of Dirt What’s In Soi Sow Bugs ‘n’ Soil Improve Your School Site Planet Of Plenty Soil Stories Improve Your Place A Field, A Forest And A Stream Sand, Silt And Clay 44 77 21 22 45 41 45 64 54 64 75 24 70 96 74 64 48 79 Dinosaur Study Area Erosion Control Demo Existing Timber Stand Fossil Path Groundwater Herb Garden Herbaceous Wildlife Plantings, Wildlife Food Plots Of Grain Horticulture And Agriculture Plots Indian Theme Area 80 Water You Know Water We Doing? Water Wonders Soil Stories 58 Make A Fossil Another Way Of Seeing Endangered Species A Look At Lifestyles 85 88 59 Growin’ Seeds ‘n’ Savin’ Soil Soil Compaction Pollution Search Holding Power Rainfall And The Forest Improve Your School Site Rain Reasons Water Wonders Improve Your Place 46 44 70 92 42 40 65 30 73 75 29 44 96 Forest Consequences Fire Woodwork The Value Of 100 Acres Of Forestland Careers In Forestry The Influence Of The Forest On Your Region’s History Living With Fire 89 82 20 Make A Fossil A Treasure Hunt For Energy 85 Why Do Trees Grow There? Rainfall And The Forest Rain Reasons 33 53 83 16 81 66 54 73 29 Colors From Nature Leaf Prints Plant Dyes The Native Way Looking At Leaves 29 9 27 41 Seed Dispersal Sunlight And Shades Of Green The Value Of Wildlife Signs Of Fall Have Seeds, Will Travel 63 61 Sap + Energy = Syrup Fertilizers Keep On Truckin’ Did You Ever Eat A Pine Tree? A Calorie’s Cost pH And Plants Pass The Plants, Please Trees in Trouble 56 81 Folklore Native American Dwellings Indian Summer, Winter, Spring And Fall Native American Web Of Life Native Americans And The Forest Tale Of The Sun 35 42 90 64 42 43 16 78 43 87 32 61 41 16 77 20 19 18 18 Teepee Talk Insect Traps Lath Structure Marsh/Watering Hole Milled Sawlog Nature “Swap Shop” Build An Ecosystem Hard Choices A Field, A Forest and A Stream The Fallen Log Are Vacant Lots Vacant? Trees As Habitats Web Of Life Trees In Trouble Healthy And Unhealthy 60 52 74 62 78 68 65 19 21 Rainfall And The Forest Holding Power We Can Work It Out How Clean Is Clean Food Mobile Rain Reasons Water Wonders 73 30 The Second Little Pig Woodwork Interview A Board Worker Maple Mallets & Ash Bats How Big Is Your Tree? Why Wooden Pencils? Keep On Truckin’ Forest Products All Around Us Three Little Pigs Revisited Artisans In Wood Loose Knots & Tight Knots What Shall I Use To Build It? The Second Time Around Careers In Forestry Tree Treasures Renewable Or Not? Resource-Go-Round 19 20 21 22 36 55 87 Biography Of A Favorite Thing An Environmental Exchange Box The Touchy-Feely Box Get In Touch With Trees Building For The Birds Artisans In Wood What Shall I Use To Build It? What Wood Waste? Noxious Weed ID Plat Seed Dispersal Patterns In Nature Leaf Prints Hard Choices Have Seeds, Will Travel Looking At Leaves Growin’ Seeds And Savin’ Soil pH And Plants Fertilizers Seed Dispersal 48 23 47 22 45 77 76 The Second Little Pig Interview A Board Worker The Three Little Pigs Revisited What Wood Waste? Renewable Or Not Nesting Boxes Ornamental Flower Beds 75 10 69 14 37 50 62 29 44 67 9 10 17 47 68 76 83 12 14 82 71 77 11 20 2 44 17 68 69 63 8 9 52 43 64 42 41 81 63 81 Outdoor Seating Area, Shelter Perch and Plant Pond Prairie Plot, Succession Area, Wildflower Plot, Grasses Plot Road, Parking Lot Rock Pile, Geological Studies Sensory Discovery Area Design With Nature Have Seeds, Will Travel Trees In Trouble 87 Ticky Tacky Sylvan Serenade Shades Of Meaning Plant Personification Sounds Abound Living Labels To Be A Tree Tree Factory Forest For The Trees Tree Lifecycle 27 1 3 Seed Dispersal Plant Growth And Temperature How Plants Grow Have Seeds, Will Travel Water We Doing? Food Mobile Water You Know A Field, A Forest And A Stream Water Wonders Fire Woven History Pioneers In The Wilderness Succession On The School Ground Climax Forest A Field, A Forest And A Stream Living With Fire Impact Statement Christmas Tree And The Environment ORV’s And Us Changing Land Values Planning The Ideal Community Mining And Renewable Resources We Can Work It Out A Treasure Hunt For Energy Can You Dig It? Energy Sleuths Adopt A Tree Living Labels Expanding Sensory Perception The Closer You Look Get in Touch With Trees Tree Factory 43 77 17 12 14 62 63 69 79 63 72 41 43 46 62 58 74 21 63 57 74 48 81 67 72 79 48 55 51 37 66 57 39 1 14 7 5 What Shall I Use To Build It? Snow Fence Demonstration Forest Consequences Water You Know Snow Use Water Wonders 89 58 What’s In Soil The Touchy-Feely Box Build An Ecosystem 54 11 82 48 44 82 34 Signs Soil Studies 4 21 61 2 63 68 45 44 60 Where Are The Cedars Of Lebanon? How Do You Bury A Pile Of Dirt? Get In Touch With Trees Soil Stories Solar/ Wind Energy Demo Time Capsule Trail Tree Cross Section Tree Plantation Tree Seedling Nursery Weather Station Woodland Clearing, Regenerating Area 15 64 2 70 Can You Dig It? Mining And Renewable Resources A Treasure Hunt For Energy Dome Homes Energy Sleuths 57 Woven History An Environmental Exchange Box A Letter From Archy Environmental Editorials Environmental Advertising 34 A Cassette Tour Of Neighborhood Trees ORV’s And Us Healthy And Unhealthy Trees In Trouble Woodwork Tree Cookies Loose Knots And Tight Knots Christmas Trees And The Environment Forest Products All Around Us Nature’s Air Conditioners Christmas Trees, After Christmas Interview A Board Worker 51 66 86 39 23 30 31 5 79 76 77 20 37 72 8 7 71 21 Branching Out City Trees A Tree From An Acorn Grows Growth Graph Bursting Buds Where To Plant Plant A Tree How Plants Grow Germinating Giants Name That Tree 15 49 50 51 59 Rainfall And The Forest Rain Reasons 73 A Day In The Life The Changing Forest Did You Notice? Long Range --- Short Range Are Vacant Lots Vacant? Forest For The Trees 76 47 65 35 31 41 66 68 29 22 56 40 47 78 95 47 69 83
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