7th Semester Dissertation
Bachelor of Architectural Technology & Construction Management
By- Rabi Tariq
Consultant- Erik Toft
VIA University College, Horsens
October 2014
Islamic Architecture
VIA University College
Horsens, Denmark
Hand in October 2014
Author: Rabi Tariq
Consultant: Erik Toft
Module: 7th semester dissertation
Course: Architectural Technology and Construction Management
Institution: VIA University College. Horsens, Denmark
Publishing date: October 2014
Number of copies: 1
Number of pages: 62
Fonts – Calibri 12
Number of characters: 94.914
Author’s signature:
___________________________________________________
Rabi Tariq, Student number: 163693
©Rabi Tariq, October 2014. All rights reserved – no part of this publication may be
reproduced without the prior permission of the author. NOTE: This report was written
as a compulsory part of the 7th semester of the Architectural Technology and
Construction Management course at VIA University College, Horsens.
Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, The Almighty, for what I am today and for everything else, cannot be
summed in words. I am and will always be grateful to my Lord for I am nothing without him.
On the formal side, I will like to thank my internal supervisor Sir Erik Toft without whom I
would have been directionless and lost.
I would like to thank my colleagues from my school who has been guiding me throughout
my whole dissertation. My special thanks would be to my best friend Adity Maudgil as she
has been a big support to me throughout my whole period of dissertation and guided me
through my research and problems which I faced during my dissertation. Last but not least,
I’m really grateful to the people in Pakistan who have helped me in my case study of Faisal
mosque.
On the informal side I would like to thank my family who is been a big support for me. They
are the ones who have encourage me to write about Islamic architecture and made things
possible for me.
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
Abstract
The word “Islamic architecture” itself describes the work of art that is centred on and
revolves around Islam. Thus the report will give a full description of whether there is such a
thing as “Islamic Architecture” or if it means that the architecture which is produced for and
by Muslims to represent and approach the needs of Islam as a religion, referring to the
mosque, the tomb and the madrasa.
The report will also identify the use of Islamic architecture in Muslim countries by having a
concrete research on the inside of the Muslim society of the times to understand and
identify special kinds of architecture. Furthermore, the distinctive element of this form of
architecture will be looked into deeper details and also how they have been implemented in
many areas over the years and while at the same time looking at the modern society
especially the western society which has accommodated it into their buildings. To have
quantitative aspect and analysis of this theory-based report, there will be a questionnaire
and interviews with different sects of people who will contribute in the research.
There is no doubt that in order to complete these outstandingly difficult projects the
construction behind it played a very large role. These constructions were very complex, but
even though the lack of technology, the methods used to constructing these structures are
worthwhile studying. Construction to a large extent depends on the availability of the
material, and this was also a common feature in the different Islamic buildings built around
the world. However, the change and how the implementation was done vary. This aspect
will be discussed and explained throughout this report.
To have an overview of changes in “Islamic architecture” with time there will be a case study
based on modern building (Mosque) built in Pakistan, named “The Faisal Mosque”, which is
a recent construction which has a very unique design. By doing this, the theory and
definition of Islamic architecture will be challenged, which will provide an excellent source of
discussion in the report as well as to individuals.
“As an architect you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a
future which is essentially unknown.”- Norman Foster
Keys Words
Islam, Islamic Architecture, Umayyad, Dome, Mosque, Construction, Faisal Mosque.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
• Back ground information and presentation
• Rationalization of choice of subject and profession relevance
• Delimitation
• Choice of theoretical basis and sources of empirical data
• Choice of research methodology and empirical data
• The report’s overall structure and argumentation
2. Problem statement & Research Questions
3. Islamic architecture as a phenomena
• Etymology
• Emergence
• History of Islam
4. Techniques and reasoning
• Geographical representation of the materials
• Umayyad building technique & materials
• Abbasids building technique & materials
• Mughal building technique & materials
5. Elements of Islamic architecture
• Structure and forms
• Minaret
• Crescent
• Praying hall
• Mihrab
• Minbar
• Dome
• Arches
6. Artistic representation
• Calligraphy
• Gardens and water
• Colors
• Light
7. Modern Implementation
• History-modern age Islam
• Modern Islamic architecture
• Contemporary Islamic architecture
P.5
P.5
P.5
P.6
P.6
P.6
P.6
P.7
P.8
P.8
P.8-11
P.11-15
P.16
P.16
P.17-18
P.19-22
P.22-24
P.25
P.25
P.25-26
P.26
P.26-27
P.27-28
P.28
P.28-30
P.30-31
P.32
P.32-35
P.35-37
P.37-38
P.38-39
P.40
P.40-41
P.41-42
P.42-43
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8. Case study- Faisal Masjid Islamabad (Pakistan)
• Analysis of the design
• Personal Experience
• Social Experience
9. Conclusion
10. List of Illustrations
11. List of References
P.44
P.45-46
P.46
P.46-48
P.49-50
P.51-52
P.53-58
Enclosures- Questionnaire
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Introduction
Background Information & Presentation:
“Islamic architecture” is the title which I have given to my final semester dissertation report
and it is compulsory part of my 7th semester Bachelor of Architectural and Construction
Management education at VIA University College.
This topic was very appealing to me because there is a very wide range which one can cover.
The possible sub topics are unlimited, therefore maintaining the structure, this report will be
focused on the historic Islamic Architecture while analysing the characteristics and following
the developments. This will mean that this dissertation will be specifying onto “Islamic
Architecture”, its meaning, existence and research the reasoning.
Rationalization of choice of subject and profession relevance:
The reason of choosing this topic was that I had an interest in architecture since I was child
and coming from a Muslim country (Pakistan) I had a limited vision about Islamic
architecture. This dissertation will give me an opportunity to research and enhance my
knowledge in this field, which will also give me, as a Constructing Architect a broader vision
in the phase of designing and also incorporating some aspects of my knowledge into my final
project.
In this dissertation, initially I will be looking into the etymology of Islamic architecture. To
have a better overview of my concept and to simplify and enhance my knowledge I will look
into the emergence of Islam while looking deeper into the geographical representation of
Islamic architecture, since Islam is one of the recent religions, it can be related to the
geographical conditions and at the same time also differ from country to country. Countries
differ from region to region not only does the topography change but the society also
changes, and since religion is for people it also has different faces, so by this dissertation I
will be focusing on the design of different countries by going according to the timeline of
Islamic geography.
To have a much broader elaboration of my dissertation I’ll look into the building methods
and material used in that time for construction. Looking in construction methods will help
me in explaining and understanding the form and structure of the building for example the
plan, dome and arches to know the meaning and function of it. There also a plays an
important role in Islamic architecture which is the beautification of the building such as
calligraphy, gardens, waterfall and hand finishes. With the beginning of new era and with the
modernization of tools and techniques the applications of old ideas have been implemented
and can be seen as example in different projects such as “Faisal Mosque”, Islamabad,
Pakistan. This Mosque will be a Case Study for my dissertation to explain the evolution of
Islamic architecture.
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Delimitation:
The main focus of this dissertation would be on the history of Islamic architecture. The
limitation of this report would be not visiting the countries to have a look and interview
people from the same countries and also would not be focusing on the comparison of
Islamic architecture with any different kind of architecture. Thus the whole report would be
limited to Islamic architectural history and it would be bias in the result due to limitation of
essay over eight week’s period.
Through this dissertation, I’ll be discussing and researching on what Islamic Architecture
really is and what is represented it in the rest of the world. The research would be on the
history and era of the emergence of Islamic architecture.
Choice of theoretical basis and sources of empirical data:
As this report does not consist of any quantitative research, there will be use of books and
interviews from different sects.
Choice of research methodology and empirical data:
There is also another important part of the dissertation which is the case study of “Faisal
Mosque” in Islamabad, Pakistan. What makes it interesting is that it is a modern
architectural building of the new type of Islamic architecture. This will be done by visiting the
actual mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan and researching from local people and possibly
architects who have been a part in constructing or designing the Mosque. This Mosque is
very apt for this dissertation as it gives a modern insight in what Islamic Architecture is,
although having a historic definition, it can certainly be moulded into something more
modern and global, with the help of new technology and building methods.
The reports overall structure and argumentation:
The following report will comprise of a detailed description of what is meant by Islamic
architecture explained in eight chapters, which have relevant sub topics enabling the
detailed information and research. In the first chapter, Introduction, Problem Statement
with research questions along with my research methodology. The second chapter discusses
‘Islamic Architecture’ as a phenomenon. The third chapter includes the techniques and
reasoning behind ‘Islamic Architecture’. The fourth chapter will explain the main elements of
‘Islamic Architecture’. The fifth chapter explains the artistic representation in ‘Islamic
Architecture’. The sixth and seventh chapter, are correlated since there will be an
introduction to the modern implementation of ‘Islamic Architecture’ around the world,
while presenting this through a Case Study of the Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan. The
last chapter is in the form of a conclusion of the entire dissertation; there will be answers
the research questions, explanations of all the research done and understanding of the
dissertation in my own words.
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Problem Statement
In this report, I will be investigating the true meaning of ‘Islamic Architecture’. This means
that I will be looking into the Islamic history and its evolution, and how it has affected the
Architecture. Since this covered very large parts of two continents, the report will be
specified to the major changes and will look into the drastic developments in Architecture
according to the Muslims. This means that I will look behind the meaning and the reason for
this Architecture style to arise.
Furthermore, I will study the modern approach to this form of Architecture. There are many
new mosques built around the world which have a contemporary approach to Islamic
Architecture, so studying whether that makes them less ‘Islamic’ will be a discussion.
By doing this I will be having the following research questions:
Main Research QuestionWhat is Islamic Architecture?
Secondary Research Questions-
When did this form of Architecture emerge?
How has this form of architecture evolved over time?
Why can this be misinterpreted?
Which forms of Art have been used?
How does the Modern Implementation of this design take place?
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Islamic Architecture as a Phenomenon
As this dissertation is about Islamic architecture so the first question that arises is what is
Islamic architecture and what do we mean by architecture produced for and by Muslim to
serve Islam as a religion, referring or the architecture that serve as a religious function?
Etymology:
Islamic architecture consists of a wide range of architecture that has evolved from Islam as social,
cultural, political and religious phenomena. Hence it comprises of religious buildings, secular,
historic, modern and all the places that has come under Islamic influence.
Islamic architecture can be influenced by:
•
•
•
Chronology
Geography
Building typology
Emergence:
As already discussed above, ‘Islamic Architecture’ is more of a phenomena then a true form.
Since most elements are either ‘borrowed’ or improvised. However, it still has its distinct
form and till today’s date very influential, since it has evolved immensely from the initial
form. This makes this design equally complex and at the same time scientifically efficient,
which is becoming a need of the modern architecture, as we are talking about integrated
designs. Islamic Architecture is very vast, its elements are not confined to building
components, but also comprises of symbolisms mainly of Islam; the religion but also its
people; the followers. And these are the main aspects of all designs, be it mosques,
madrassas or other important buildings. Understanding the architecture of the Islamic
world, its historic journey needs to be explored and understood.
The first very essential aspect of the Islamic History is the Caliphate’s in which the Muslims
operated. A Caliphate is an institution in which there is appointed a head Caliph, who is the
ruler for all the Muslim people in his ‘territory’, so a Caliphate became a governing body
which served its main purpose of expanding Islam, and also believed that it is the successor
of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH).
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Fig. 1 Timeline of Islamic Architecture
Because this is the only aspect through which initial buildings were built. The very first
reasons for buildings was accommodation, be it in houses or in the Mosque’s, the
accommodation of both the followers was taken into account, but not just that also their
modes of transportation, meaning their camels, horses etc. But how the architecture
evolved is something which changed over time, as the reign of Caliphate’s changed.
Below is a summary of the Caliphates and their periods, along with the additions which they
brought to Architecture.
The most striking feature in Islamic architectural monument is its appearance from the
exterior façade in a way to show the expression of a building-However, this was not the case
initially, since the first ever Islamic building built was the Mosque built by Mohammed
(PBUH) in Medina, which was a simple building made with clay, stones, and straw; in other
words the raw material which was available in the vicinity and which worked perfectly in the
long run when taking weather conditions into consideration. And the main aim of this
construction was to fulfil the requirements of all the visitors which he had, and to have a
suitable place for prayer. Thus the core of Islamic architecture can been seen from the inside
of the building in most of the cases the external appearance of the building doesn’t shows
the function of the building, but there are still some exceptional cases such as “The Mosque
in Damascus” etc.
The word Islamic architecture doesn’t mean the Mosque but it can also be seen in the
Muslim houses which are also building in same way with a courtyard which is interrupted
only by a single low door. Most of the houses are designed in such a way that the larger wall
of the external façade consist of small door passage which leads to the individual dwelling.
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This disrespect of the building is also seen in the monumental structure such as the Mosque
which is completely hidden by the surrounding adjacent building for example bazaar. Thus it
lacks the exterior indication of the shape, size, function and meaning of the building.
“Architecture is the exterior propaganda tool indispensable to imperial authority.” 1
This quote very well explains the historic conditions in which architecture merely played a
role in showing authority, meaning the bigger the better. Even if the structure of the building
is visible it still tells us little about the features that lies behind it. In other words it is difficult
to understand that whether in Islamic architecture the façade tells the inner function of the
building or does really the façade shows the indication of Islamic architecture?
To understand this phenomena we need one example; a dome on the top of the building
maybe visible from a far distance but as you approach closer you might just see the structure
of the building which may be concluded to be a mosque, a palace or tomb. The dome may
cover a prayer hall, a chamber, a square, circular or octagonal tomb, it may only a minor
element in a vast structure may be a small one dome out of several other domes hidden or
half hidden. Thus defining the specific kind of architecture with a particular symbol the dome
appears to be a general symbol that signifies power, the royal city, and the focal point of
assembly therefore; it can be served for both religious and secular purposes. So, its outward
appearance does not truly explain and identify the building.
Islamic architecture when speaking of mosques has one main feature, which means that
there is a ‘hidden aspect’ in terms of the architecture. In other words, this is not what we
see from the outside but what is experienced when entered the building, the purpose is a
penetration of peace into the soul of a human being, and which in architectural terms is
expressed by the structures within the mosque. Thus there are exceptions that can be seen
and as mentioned above. There is also an example of a tomb in India known as “Taj Mahal”.
Here, a question may be asked; Are these buildings built by Muslims, for Muslims and for
merely Islamic purposes? Does that make them Islamic, or is it the features which they
display internally and externally making it an Islamic building?
To know this we need to make a distinction between urban and non-urban architecture.
Because the rules that are applied in these two architectural expressions are slightly
different. Thus, the non-urban architecture consists of caravanserai.2 This means in the old
time when people used to migrate from one place to another, they started building small
lodges which served as both for staying purpose but at the same time providing meals and
the possibility to buy daily essentials. In this way it made a much easier migration for people
as the time passed.
1
2
Explaining the authoritarian use of architecture- From book, Masterworks of Islamic Architecture 2005 P.9
Term Caravanserai- Taken from book, Islam art and architecture P. 366
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Urban architecture is form architecture which consists of tombs, mosque and burial
monuments. The old burial monuments at that time which were build according to the
status of the people. They were built in a shape of cylindrical, conical tents that were
supported by columns. As the time passed these small monuments which were used to bury
people started converting into complex building architecture. As soon as the Muslim ruler
got a power they started building tombs, mosque to convey and spread the message of
Islam and also to show their power to the community. The tomb and Mosque can be built in
both urban and non-urban area; this was dependent on the era, war, situation and physical
factors.
The overall description of “what is Islamic architecture” has widen my research and to get an
over view of the whole era of emergence, my research would be on the emergence of Islam
and this would be done by looking into the history and architecture according to the
geographical representation of the Islam. It will help me also looking into the structure and
form of different elements of Islamic architecture. The research would also be depended on
the case study of Faisal Mosque in Pakistan as it is modern Islamic architecture to have
further explanation and validity of whether there is something as Islamic architecture or
not?
History of Islam:
Rashidun Caliphate- 632-661
This Caliphate was the first ever made who was initially
ruled by Abu Bakr, who was the father-in-law of
Mohammed (PBUH) himself. In this caliphate there were a
lot of development happening both regarding to religion
but also socially, meaning that it had to lay down a set of
marks, which would set an example for the coming times.
The major developments of this time speaking
architecturally were that they converted many mosques into community centres, as that was
the source of people to come together as a community and a safe place for women and
children. But at the same time this also gave a political benefit of discussing the issues
present in the community by everyone having equal participation.
During this caliphate there were constructed 4000 new mosques3, which were built
according to ‘Islamic Principles’. This means that there was kept a proper distinction
between the prayer hall and the area for communal gatherings. These new mosques ranged
from Eastern Persia to Western Egypt. Some great examples of this time are Masjid-eNabawi and Al-Masjid Al-Haram which were renovated on a scale of thousands of square
3
From- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate
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meters and beautified using Islamic principles again. The quality and means of beautification
will further be discussed in the 5th chapter- Artistic Representation in Islamic Architecture.
Umayyad’s Caliphate- 661-750
The foundation of Umayyad rule was started by the Caliph
Umar in 634-644 when a “Muawiya” a family member from
Umayyad was appointed as the governor of Syria in 639.
The power Umayyad was developed after the era of
Umayyad caliph Uthman(644-656). After the civil war
Muawiya was murdered but this period was the time when
Umayyad held the definitive power in 661 and also Prophet
Muhammad’s son-in-law “Ali” held the title of Caliph.
The main power of family remained in Syria, the Qais from where the Umayyad belong too
and their enemies from Kalb. Even though both the tribes were family member as some of
their mother’s belong from the tribe Kalb but still the bitter truth that none of this helped in
reconciliation between the tribes. Thus this concluded to the killing of each other in an act of
terrifying cruelty.
The Umayyad was the sole ruler of the lives of Arab. They avoided living in the city of
Damascus as they were epidemic of diseases so they prefer to live in the suburbs of the city.
Arab were found of music so they used to invite poet and they were very generous to them
as it is also said that one Caliph al-Walid II(743-744) used to give costly garments as well as
thousand dinars and string of jewel.
Caliph Hisham (724-743) is regarded as one of the best administrator at the time with
Muawiya and Abd al-Malik. He had the reservoirs of water, used to spend a lot of money in
public work and also helped in building hostelries. He also work in securing his borders and
reforming the armies in such a way that if anyone is lost or tries to run would have been
caught within 12days and night and brought it back.
Ali-Walid II ibn Yazid, the nephew of Caliph Hisham has been a crown prince for a very long
time since 724-743. He was found of wine and use to write poetry about love and wine. He
was opposed by the orthodox Muslims and he use to travel a lot during his era, once he
visited to monasteries where he looked into Christian architecture. Then he was soon
inspired by the Sassanians style of architecture and improvised them into Islamic
architecture.
Soon after the success of Umayyad they started moving towards the Indus, making their way
into the Spain and India. They even tried to conquer France but they were defeated by
Charles Martel in 732. Therefore the expansion of Islamic world was soon completed for the
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next few years. The territory of Arab expands from area ruled by Sassanians to the modern
Iran and Iraq.
The builder at that time used to come from Homs in Syria and constructed the east of
Palmyra which was 125miles away from their home town. The era of Umayyad is the
classical example of using antiquity and reusing them. They brought specialized labour on
certain sites such as stonemasons, carpenters, bricklayers and plasterers which were in
return given special commission on their work. Generally they used to ordered cemeteries
which were used as a mortar or plaster for covering roofs and the plugging the gaps
between the blocks of stone.
The Umayyad started getting weak because of the rigidity between the Arab tribes that led
to the end of the era of Umayyad and also the greediness between the families for share.
Thus the Umayyad period was ended by the Abbasid movement who were the traced their
claim from an uncle of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Abbasid Caliphate- 750-1513
The Abbasid Caliphate was the longest Caliphate,
which also means there were a many generations of
changes applied onto the Islamic Architecture. In
this period a lot of architecture was inspired from
other existent forms. A main one being the Sasanian
Architecture, and later on as it spread into Asia, it
also took some forms from there. Here it is
important to note that the topography of these different countries/kingdoms was very
different from one another but how it has been incorporated into Islamic Architecture and
given it a separate identity is the interesting part.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
New features of an Abbasid mosque were;
Courtyard Plan
Flat wooden roof supported by columns
Glass Mosaics were taken into use- Calligraphy began (In a decorative way)
Decoration of the ‘Qibla’ wall
Introduction of spiral minarets
Vaults and Domes supported by columns
A very important Mosque in this period was the ‘Great Mosque of Cordoba’ this mosque was
inspired from the Moorish form of Architecture, which originated from Northern Africa.
However this mosque is now in present day a Cathedral. Here there is the same type of
courtyard construction with many columns which resembles the palm trees from Africa. Also
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the way, in which the arches are placed, it can be said that these are inspired from Gothic
Architecture. With this construction, the Muslim world in southern Spain had started to
expand, therefore buildings like Alhambra and The Great Mosque of Alhambra had newer
additions to the design, such as waterfalls, inscriptions, and different patterns on the walls
along with glazed tiles which also had inscriptions. The sole purpose for this was to show
that this building is a Muslim building. But generally Moorish architecture originated from
Africa, a type of earlier architecture in which the main feature was the excellent use of
geometry and shapes. They then used this design on different types of arches, domes in
order to beautify them along with the use of decorative tiles. Since the climate was always
warm, being so near to the equator, the tiles also gave a sense of cool.
Fatimid Caliphate- 909-1171
The Fatimid Caliphate was a disputed one, among
the Muslims. Since their belief was opposing to what
the Abbasids believed in, from here the
disintegration of Sunni’s and Shea’s took place.
However, when speaking architecturally, the
masterpiece which was built in Cairo, known as the
Al-Azhar mosque which when translated directly means “mosque of the most resplendent"4.
In this caliphate a great deal of work was put into the decoration of the buildings and they
did this on both the exterior but also interior, in the form of calligraphy and flowery crafts
with the use of cloth. In this period there was also focus on the places of funeral and
graveyards.
Since Cairo was their capital, the Fatimids also built the entrance gates for the City Walls for
Cairo. Soon Cairo became the wealthiest cities in the Eastern Islamic Empire. But soon this
caliphate was destroyed and taken over by Sulleman, the Abbasid ruler, who established the
Abbasid rule back in Cairo.
Mughal Empire- 1526-1862
This empire was possibly the most remembered
empire due to its quick expansion. The Mughals
were originally Persians who had slowly extended
to the Indian sub-continent.
During the reign of the Mughals there were
several battles fought, due to this having secure
cities and castles were essential and since it is one
of the recent dynasty’s the buildings are still
4
From - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque
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present, however to due to the negligence of the governments, the preservation process is
poor.
After attaining power the Mughals built on a very large scale, they started from the Northern
India, and then slowly moved inwards. The styles in which the Mughals built in were also
different as they were there for several generations. After winning a battle the Mughals not
only took over the land, but also over the Rajput palace and fortresses present, which they
then very intelligently modified into their known Islamic Architecture, by introducing domes,
calligraphic finishes and so on.
Generally speaking they made a beautiful mix with the Persian art which they knew and
mastered in, and blended it with the present Indian culture. The Mughals were very
responsive in the way in which they introduced the Muslim art and Islamic calligraphy. And
so therefore, on almost all buildings built by them they specifically wrote about Allah the god
and about their religion.
Therefore, most Mughal constructions have special works with calligraphy on large
structures, since it was a question of power and expansion. Architecturally, they started off
with buildings which would be a remembrance for them and their kingdom, so they built
tombs, forts, large gardens, and also Mosques. But the largest and most remembered
building till today is Taj Mahal in Agra, which was supposed to be a symbol of love and
reminiscence. One of their main focuses was also on what we call today as ‘Landscape
Gardening’, they didn’t want their palaces to look fierce, and instead they wanted to
beautify them. And to do that they used flowers, plants and landscaping.
The Mughals were also very keen to develop the area, since the majority of Indian
Subcontinent was basically farming and desert, they then built new trade routes in the form
of roads and trails, through which they could transport the material from other Middle
Eastern countries and Turkey and vice-versa.
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Techniques and Reasoning
The subject may compromise a lot of different sub titles according to the geographical
expansion of Islamic architecture. Thus the use of building methods changes with time,
money, power, skills and according to the need of people. I will be specifically looking into
few regions of Islamic era of expansion in order to find out the use of building method in
that period of time. This will give me an opportunity to also look into materials that were
specifically used by the people of that country or produce within the country. It will also give
me an opportunity to look how the people has enhanced their ability of building and made
different kind of master pieces of Islamic architecture.
Geographical representation of the materials:
From very early architecture it can be understood that it mostly revolved around what was
found in the vicinity due to the lack of knowledge or resources for traveling and cargo most
architecture in all cultures including Islamic architecture. Therefore, from the very first
Islamic building built till now, we see a variation in the choice of materials; however a
pattern with the existing buildings, since using the material which can be found naturally and
nearby was and is the most cost efficient and quick way of construction.
Along with that a major reason for the use of the raw material found nearby is due to the
pre-knowledge which people or builders already have. It is most likely that they would have
already used it. Therefore the priority would be the easiest and the most experienced
choice. Having said that many Islamic builders when constructing never hesitated to use or
mix new materials which were never used before, this can be seen in the dome of the rock;
with the new and geometric use of tiles to beautify, also in Mughal architecture; with the
use of marble and how they incorporated that in their calligraphy design once again to
beautify.
To understand exactly how and when the Islamic architects started and used their
inspiration in their design we must look at each major period carefully;
Fig. 7 Trade Route in Islamic Period
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Umayyad Building Technique & Materials
Materials:
The material that was mostly used in Umayyad period was
stone, wood and brick. If you see in Syria most commonly
buildings were constructed by the cut stone or ashlar
masonry. There was a high quality use of masonry such as
you can see in the sharp edges; tight joints and large blocks
which give building are strong structure which until today
has not been today produced. Ashlar masonry work was
Fig. 8 Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria
used for the construction of large vertical surfaces which
can be seen today in the construction. Basalt stone could not be used for large span roofing
as it was heavy thus they used wooden construction for roof. As in Umayyad architecture
they avoided problems in intersecting vaults so they used wood for larger span or either
they were made up of smaller span. Is Syria they used wood for the forest of Lebanon which
was were common for roofing. They were in different shapes such as shallow, pitched which
were supported by the wooden trusses that can be seen in the “Great Mosque of Damascus”
or in domes such as the “Dome of the Rock” or the “Aqsa Mosque”. Wood was also used for
scaffolding, centring, and tie-beams and also as the furniture in the building such as for
minbars.
Brick architecture was also common in both Byzantine and Sasanian
period but it was only focused in the eastern part of the empire.
Even the availability of stone in Syria was most suitable but still
there was still more use of bricks in Byzantine times.
Due to the geographical location of Syria it was very historical
attached to the Mesopotamian style of construction but due to the
battle with Byzantine empire they had also accumulated their style
of construction so the Umayyad again had a choice between
Fig. 9 Qasr Al Tuba, Jordan
different construction types which is why the way in which they
used the mortar in their work was that of the Mesopotamian style meaning thin joints,
rather than the thick layer of mortar which the Byzantine tradition preferred for example
this can be found in Qasr al-Tuba and Mshatta. As In Iraq there was used of both the baked
and mud brick extensively as baked brick were used for pillars, vaults and lower part of the
walls whilst, mud bricks was used for the upper parts. This can be seen in Wasit and Usqaf
Bani Junayd.
Umayyad architecture can be distinguished by the use of its decorative techniques. This will
be explained in the chapter beatification in Islamic architecture.
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Technique:
The technique use in Umayyad period came as the started conquering different region of the
world thus they had craftsman from different nationalities of the world. The most common
Islamic architecture can be seen from the Byzantine and Sasanian work but this was usually
the combination of eastern and western style of architecture which result in the making of
Islamic buildings.
One of the renowned and best examples can be seen from
“Mshatta” which is mixture of different style of architecture such as
the walls were cut in Syrian tradition, vaults were constructed in
Mesopotamian style and the decoration of the building was the
mixture of the Byzantine and Coptic motifs.
Fig. 10 Mshatta, Jordan
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Abbasid Building Technique & Materials
Materials:
Mud: The most commonly used material in Iran was the
use of mud which is available everywhere. This was used
as a plaster on wall without shaping and was also used as
blocks which were more or less as a rectangular shape.
Their dimensions are 80x80x60cm thus can be used as
brick when dried in the sun which was mostly used in the
early middle ages. For example the ones that were used
in Urartian in the 7th and 8th century. The first PlanoFig. 11 Mud Brick Building in present Iran
convex bricks were found in Persia which was shaped like cushions or bread loaves in the
walls of “Tepe Ganj Dareh” in Kurdistan. Usually they are in quadratic form until the end of
Achaemenid period5 and then in the 2nd century came painted and glazed brick which were
also use in Elam (Pre-Iranic civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is
now modern-day Iran). Then in the end the large baked brick which were mixed with mortar
got more and more common and finally in the 10th century molded, cut and carved-bricks
often painted or glazed became an important feature of Persian architectural decoration.
Rubble: After mud the most frequent material that was used
was rubble as it is naturally fragmented and has no specific
shape which was used in foundation walls. The way in which
rubble walls were constructed were by lying flat pieces of stone
on one another with loose pebbles which performed a function
of filling in gaps, and then cemented with mortar made out of
mud.
Fig. 12 Use of Rubble in Sicilly, Italy
Cut stone: It was in Persia from the period of Urartian. They used to break mighty stone
Boulders into small pieces that were used in construction for example in “Terrace of
Persepolis”. The wall surfaces were protective by convex humps or with protective rims in a
way to have evened and smooth finishes. They were also used for column bases, shafts and
capitals such as door sills, frames and jambs; wall niches; cornices; crenellations; and other
special form which worked with the use of iron tools.
Fig. 13 Terrace of Persepolis, Iran
5
The first Persian Empire
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Wood: Wood was also another material which was used in the period of the Sassanians6,
which was mostly used in the construction of bridges. In this period they consisted of
horizontal wooden structures resting on top of stone piers. But in Islamic period the bridges
were mostly made up of stone or brick, wood just played a subordinate role in construction
such as use for scaffolding, building forms, pulley weights, and temporary supports and
often for reinforcement in vaulting.
Gravel and paving: They were mostly use for constructed road
embankments and paved with unworked stone blocks. In Islamic
cities mostly brick was used to pave streets.7
Fig. 14 Example of Paving
Techniques:
Walls: In the old times the buildings were mainly constructed by
the use of bricks and as there was no finish on the exterior, they
start combining mud with chaff which gives a better finish and even
a strong stability to the walls. Later there came limestone in
Achaemenid periods. Thus they started using limestone on the
façade as it was easy to use and can be transformed into any shape
such as the parts of fortification.
Vaults: Vault is an architectural term used for arched form which is Fig. 15 Palace of Ukhaidir, Iraq
used for the construction of ceiling or roof to give space to the interior. Roman architects
were the first one to discover barrel vaults which intersects at right angle to form a groin
vault. Muslim architects were inspired from Roman architecture vaults and incorporated
that into their own building. It plays an important role especially in the Mosque or in many
exteriors of the building. Muslim architects modified it in their own way. Roman bolts were
the basis of all the complex vaults that started building later in the middle ages, thus there
are many types of vaults such as pitch brick barrel vault, barrel vault, groin vaults, rib vault
and fan vault etc. This became of the main characteristic of Islamic architecture. After 13th
century Muslim architects started adopting Vaults into their design and then later there
came to two types of Persian vault which were known knife shaped and roman bonding.
Muslim architects combined both of the types of vault together in order to modify the shape
to transfer the load and different routes within the structure. Since the component was
Islamic therefore the use calligraphy was made or either by using fabric to give better finish
to the vaults.
6
7
Sassanians- Last Persian Empire, before the rule of Islam came into Persia.
Islamic Components- From book, Re-invention of the Nation according to the National Socialism 2001 P.230
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Quarrying: This technique was used in order extract the stone
which was lying horizontally, since that made the process
easier. Out of these large sheets of stone, blocks were then cut,
and then directly used in construction. There was a technique
used in Sasanians period as channels of 30-50cm were cut into
the rock and now days this technique has been changed with
modern construction methods.
Clamps: The use of clamps came from the Achaemenid period.
These are metal clamps, mainly made out of iron and were
primarily used in ashlar construction. The use of band-shaped
clamps was made in the Sasanians period, and like many other
things, even this was used in Islamic architecture. To last these
clamps Lead molds were used.
Mortaring: This technique came into use due to the need of
protection of the external walls, since there was a greater
chance to increase the durability, more protection from daily
wear and tear and at the same time protection from the rain.
However, Islamic Architects made use of this technique in the
way that the mortar filled vertical joints were made thicker
than the horizontal joints and were decorated with printed or
carved designs.
Color effects: The use color became common in early ages of
Persian Empire and then later it was transferred or adopted by
different period and still it is use in modern times. This was
achieved by the use of stones of different types of hues
(shades) used in the column bases. Certain parts of the building
were partially painted in order to give squaring and smoothing
to the building blocks.
Fig. 16 Quarries stone, Jerusalem
Fig. 17 Stone with Clamp socket, Egypt
Fig. 18 Mortared Arches, Iraq
Fig. 19 Stonework on floor
Tools: The oldest stone working tool was used in the early ages
known as iron chisel. The size of iron chisel was 19.8cm long
and 5.7cm wide. A very important working tool; the stone
chisel, was used to cut the stepped terrace of the foundation as
well as used in the modelling for building stones. A toothed
Fig. 20 Iron Chisel
chisel was also used but it was only used occasionally later it
came into general use after it was introduced by Greek stonemasons. Flat chisels were used
as well to cut deep, narrow channels around projecting blocks which is still visible, they were
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also used in crude shaping of the blocks. To make the stones surface smooth they used
harder stones accompanied by water and fine sand by scraping.
Transport: The transport of the materials was made by the use of
making level tracks for the laborers to transport material to the
construction area. They use to bring material on top of the wheels
drawn by the work animals.
Fig. 21 Level Tracks
Plan Layout: In the early ages of Persian architecture there was no measuring apparatus
which can be used for the layout of building sites thus this was done on the site and they
were so precise that single structure or a large complex building were recognized from their
outline even though the structure itself has disappeared due to the course of time. Only
those parts of the buildings were specified for example the buttress, a support, or a jog in
the course of the wall was planned.8
Mughal Building Technique & Materials
Materials:
In Mughal architecture the material used to depend on the region and also on the type of
construction. Because in most of the region the building were built of wood which were less
durable due to the result of war and rebuilding. Thus the material that is famous in Mughal
architecture is the use of hard, deep-red sandstone. As this material is very strong that can
compressed and can be used as trabeate construction which can be seen in Airavatesvara
temple India. This can used where roof are made up of flat roof and supported by stone
columns.
The domes that were built in Mughal architecture were mostly constructed in Persian style
using squinches or pendentives but mostly they were
rested on the flat beams that were used on the corner
of the structures.
The mason workers in India were trained well that they
were used to ornate the buildings despite of the
strength and hardness; they used to create a beautiful
detail as it could be seen in the columns of the Jamia
Masjid in Delhi.
Fig. 22 Humayun’s Tomb, India
8
From- http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/urartian_period.htm
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White marble was also very common material that was used in Mughal architecture. This
was first use as the joint with red sandstone, mostly as a cladding in the front façade. This
could be seen in the tomb of Hamayun in Delhi where it was used as a finish is which the
marble acted as an exterior component on top of the red sandstone in order to beautify the
building. Later in the 17th century the use white marble came more renowned and started
using to cover the entire building such as Taj Mahal (Shah Jahan Period).
Technique:
Mughal architecture consist combination of Indo-Islamic, Persian and Indian architecture. So
the building technique is also inspired from the three above styles.
To know the building technique of Mughal architecture we need to look into the history
which has already been explained in my history chapter as it says that after conquering India
they wanted to build mosques and palaces as in their home countries, but the craftsmen
they had were actually the Indians which was the main reason of constructing buildings in
between traditional and foreign architecture. It had three categories:
Sculptural Architecture: This means that they deal with massive objects and elaborates their
sculpture effect on architecture as it could be seen already in Indian traditional architecture
for example in temples. They were not only on the wall
but were totally covered with statues of Gods and
building itself shows as an enormous sculpture. This
architecture was very contradicting due to the difference
in religion moreover by the time the Mughal conquered
over Indian they already knew what their ancestors has
built so instead of using new techniques, they incorporate
and mix it with Indian traditional architecture, for
Fig. 23 Jamia Mosque, India
example the sculpture architecture in the Jamia Masjid.
Membranous architecture: This kind of architecture focuses on the interior spaces of the
building instead of the exterior for example the courtyard in Islamic architecture. Mughal
architects incorporated this enclosed architecture into their own buildings of Islamic
architecture such as tomb which they wanted to make different than their ancestors. They
wanted to create a tomb for the emperor or the king who
ruled as a Mughal emperor and to leave their legacy for
the upcoming generation in the form of a tomb for
example “Taj Mahal” in Agra. This technique was taken
from Persian architecture as the Iwan (Palaces) that were
built in Persian were in the form of square shape, framing
Fig. 24 Taj Mahal, India
a large shape arch opening, inside which is vaulted haft-
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exterior space, and also the Persian mosque has four iwans facing each other around a
courtyard.9
Framework architecture: This kind of architecture was incorporated by the Mughals, but it
did not come as a surprise to them, because they had seen this type of construction before.
So this style was suitable according to Islamic Architecture. The benefits that came along
with this were that it didn’t need any demarcation of walls; instead all that was needed was
the positioning of the posts and beams respectively. This style was similar to Japanese
Wooden Architecture, which enabled space and created openness as opposed to complete
walls.
Rubble stone construction started in Aurangzeb period,
which could be seen in Lahore fort. This type of construction
was done due to the fact that it was this construction was the
base of the wall after which marble was applied as a finish
since the Mughal always wanted their building to look
superior. Baked bricks was also used in the construction such Fig. 25 Lahore Fort, Pakistan
as on domes and arches which was covered with plaster or facing stones.
9
From- http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/1_primer/indoislam/indis_eng.htm
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Elements of Islamic Architecture
Structure and forms:
Islamic architecture is mostly based on Mosques as in the early ages a mosque was a place
where everything was used to happen
such as praying, gathering, discussion,
relaxing and etc. The idea behind is to
look into different structures and forms
that were used to build for mosques
because mosque was not just a place to
pray as in Islam you can pray privately
either indoors or outdoors.
Looking around different shapes of
mosques around the world, one can see
a lot of variations; this was because of
Fig. 26. General Structure of Mosque
the building materials and designs that
were depended on the cultural, heritage and resources within the country. But still there are
many features in the mosque that are common and are very practical and still have been
continued as a tradition among the Muslims worldwide. I will look deeper into different
structures and forms that are very common in Islamic architecture to have a broader vision
regarding design.
Minaret:
The main purpose of having minaret was “adhan” (address) people for praying 5 times a day.
As in early times there were no
minarets so adhan was called from
a high point near the mosque.
Nowadays minaret consists of
speakers which are used for adhan,
but minarets have become a
common element in Islamic
architecture of mosques
throughout the whole world.
The concept of minaret came from
Christian bell towers but in Islamic
architecture it has been used for a
different purpose which is to call
Fig. 27. Types of Minarets
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people for prayer. In modern times there is also use of microphone and speaker systems
within the main structure of the mosque building instead of speakers on minaret.
The structure of mosque varies in height style and number depending on the size of mosque.
Minaret can be design in different shapes but the most common one is the square, round
and octagonal. They are the most common decorative feature of the mosque.
Crescent:
The crescent is not a symbol in Islam but it is a traditional or historical symbol that has been
attached with the religion. This came very prominently in the
early 19th century when the Ottoman Sultan Selim III (r.
1789-1807) used this symbol on his military flag. Later in the
19th century this symbol was used on the flags of many
Muslim countries, thus it became a renowned symbol.
Even the symbol star with crescent has become popular in
worldwide as they mark features of official coins, mosques,
banners, textiles and ceramics produced in the Islamic
countries/areas.
This symbol crescent of the new moon is also important
Fig. 28. Crescent
ritual and legal role in telling the beginning and ending of the
holy month of Ramadan (fast). It also tells the date of the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). It is
also said that whenever Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) see the new moon he would say “O
crescent moon of good and guidance, my faith is in him who created you”.
Praying Hall:
The praying hall is the most important part of the mosque as it is the place where all people
gather for prayer and it is consider to me the first thing in mind before building or design the
mosque. There is always separate place for women and men to pray as it avoided to have
any kind of distraction and ensures that the mind of
the worshipper is on Allah. As it is not compulsory
for women to go mosque for prayer thus the prayer
hall is usually smaller for them.
The prayer hall is normally design with large ceiling
and big wide space in the hall as there no uses of
furniture in the praying hall because Muslims pray by
sit, kneel and bow directly on the floor. There may
be some chairs or benches for the elderly people or
for disabled people. The prayer hall is mostly
Fig. 29. Praying Hall
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covered with carpets with Islamic handmade carpet art on top of it. The prayer hall also
consists of chandelier which is used as decoration or for artificial light. Use of pictures on the
wall of Arabic calligraphy is also very common in the praying hall and also book shelves to
hold copies of Quran and other religious reading materials. Beyond this the prayer hall is
otherwise a larger and open space.
Mihrab:
Mihrab is a small niche in the wall of the mosque that indicates the
qibla (the direction of the Kaaba that Muslim should face when
praying). Mihrab gives an impression of the door or a passage to the
Mecca. The sizes of it varies but are usually decorated. The design of
mihrab started from the period of Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I (705715). Some scholars claim that the concept of mihrab came from
Muhammad’s (P.B.U.H) house. The inspiration of mihrab came from
the Jewish synagogue where a similar structure as the mihrab was
located.
Fig. 30. Mihrab
The Qur’an on Qibla:
The foolish will now ask and say:
“What has made the faithful turn away from the Qibla towards which they used to pray?”
Say: “To God belong the East and the West. He guides who so wills to the path that is straight”
(Surat al-Baqarah, 2: 142)
Wherever you come from turn towards the Holy Mosque: This in truth is from your Lord. God is not
negligent of all you do. Whichever place you come from turn towards the Holy Mosque, and wherever
you are, turn your faces towards it so that people may have no cause for argument against you,
except such among them as are wicked.
(2: 149-partial 150)
There was use of different kind of material for mihrab for example mosaic, lustre-painted
ceramic tiles, stucco and other materials such as wood, plaster and marble.
The decoration of mihrab differs from region to region as in Islamic there is no figural form
exist thus there was use of Qur’anic inscription and pattern which doesn’t have any
definitive meaning and narrative. Patterns were occurring in vegetal and geometric motif
where vegetal shapes consist of vines, arabesques, palmettes and flowers. Calligraphy was
done in a two-dimensional manner; it was ornamented in such way that it beautified the
whole decoration in a well detail finish. It often originated from a specific given point from
which the patterns emerged and continued repeatedly till required.
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Minbar:
The minbar is a raised platform in the front of the mosque from where addresses and
speeches are given. Minbar is usually made up of carved wood, stone or brick. It consists of
short flight of steps which lead to a platform which is a place for
preacher where he stands.
The size of minbar increase with the amount of people and also
the sizes of mosque grew larger. With time they were also
started to get elaborated and artistically decorated.
The concept of minbar came from pre-Islamic times when
Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) was used to address his follower
from it. Thus the caliphs made Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) symbol of
their authority in the mosque of every city.
Fig. 31. Minbar
Dome:
The dome is considered to be one of the best architectural elements in the Islamic
architecture of mosques in particular where the use of dome started from the period of
Umayyad in Jerusalem 691 AD. The inspiration of dome came from the Byzantine
architecture which led many Muslim architects to introduce dome in the design and make it
one of the most important architectural element in Islamic architecture. Historically, in
Islamic Architecture the designer or the architect associated his personal beliefs and tried to
display them in the architecture which he/she produced. One of the most experimented
building component has been the ‘Dome’, which has not only been travelling through
different types of architecture over the time, but just internally in Islamic architecture,
travelled a long journey of change and adapted different styles while being explored by
different architects in different Islamic regions- and finally has been awarded as the symbol
of Islamic architecture. Anyhow, in today’s constant change in architecture and technology
the dome needs to be studied and improved in order to meet the demands of the locality
while at the same time be respected for its
history, this could be a strong reason why
contemporary mosques, have a different
attitude and approach to domes in their
designs.
The first ever dome of Islamic architecture was
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in the Umayyad
period which is covered by the monumental
dome on a wooden frame. Later the son of
Umayyad caliph Abdal-Malik reconstructed the
Fig. 32. Dome of the Rock
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mosque of Prophet (P.B.U.H) in Madinah which has a wooden dome on top of mihrab in
order to emphasize its importance and still over the centuries it retains its feature. The
construction of dome was not just adopted in the mosques but was also used in the palaces
such as in Umayyad Caliph in Syria, they had a dome audience hall which was known as
“qubbat al-khadra” or “dome of heaven”. There were three types of domes commemorative,
sacred and royal that was used in Islamic architecture.
In the design of dome the most important part was the interior as compared to the exterior
which was mostly plane or covered with weather resistant pyramidal tile roof. Ribbed dome
style was introduced in the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the 10th century with a magnificent
interior decoration of the dome, especially the one which
was in front of the mihrab. In the 12th century the muqarnas
style of dome construction came which gave builders new
means of decorating the interior vaults. The famous example
is the interior of Qubbat al-Baadiyyin in Marrakesh combines
with Cordoban tradition of ribbed vaults with muqarnas in
the corner. The most famous example of muqarnas dome is
in the Alhambra in Granada, Spain in which thousands of
plaster elements represent the rotating dome of heaven.
Fig. 33. Muqarnas- Alhambra, Spain
From onwards the 10th century in Egypt there was many
domes that were used for commemorating the graves of important people. Some of the
domes were constructed by the use of wood which were covered by lead sheets and the
most famous of all are the carved stone domes from Mamluk period (1250 to1517). With
time the technique of building domes enhanced as they started
building taller, larger and more elegant which could be seen from
a distance.
Domes became most famous in medieval Iran and surrounding
regions where there was a lot of work with brick so they
experiment it with myriad form. In the 11th and 12th century,
Seljuq ruler started building dome chamber in front of mihrab
and in the 13th century the Mongol rulers started building taller
and bigger with innovative decoration ideas. The best known
examples are Tilla-Kari mosque and madrasah at Samarkand.
Fig. 34. Carved Dome, Eqypt
Fig. 35. Tilla-Kari Dome, Samarkand
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The double shelled dome was later used in Iran which gave them an opportunity to not just
tile the exterior of the dome but also the interior, the
example can be seen in Shaykh Lutfallah mosque in
Isfahan. In India, the Mughal emperor started building
swelling type of double dome which can be seen in one of
the best known architectural work of Taj Mahal at Agra.
They also integrated three bulbous domes into their
mosques designs, often built of white marble.
Today many domed mosque are inspired from the
historical mosques for example the Jumeirah Mosque in
Dubai is a modern inspiration of Qaitbay’s tomb in Cairo.
There are also many other examples which means that
the architectural traditional domes still remain vibrant in
Islamic cultures today.
Fig. 36. Saykh Lutfallah Dome, Isfahan
Arches
Arches is also another important feature of Islamic
Fig. 37. Qaitbay’s Tomb Dome, Cairo
architecture that gave the builders to create the mosque
with a certain law that shows unity, beauty and light to Muslim faith. In the early times the
mosques that were build have open courtyards which were surrounded by rows of arches.
This gave architects to build open space in the praying hall as it is the place where mostly
everyone gathers and also in the mosque there was no use of furniture thus the focus was
more on the interior decoration of the building which consist of arches as an important
feature with columns. The row of arches also symbolizes the division between the sacred
and secular spaces. Muslims used different styles of arches in their architecture:
Horseshoe arch:
The first style of arches that were used in Islamic architecture were round shape arches that
were similar to the Roman and Byzantine architecture but
later these were changed and developed into horseshoe
arch. The horseshoe shape is already completed before
the supporting columns are joined in the arch, the famous
example can be seen in the Great Mosque at Cordoba,
Spain. This gave architect to construct bigger height and
gave them to design visual patterns and rhythm in the
design.
Fig. 38. Horseshoe Arch
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Transverse arch:
The transverse arch gave architectural span between the pillars
and the wall which gave architects to use slimmer pillars
instead of thick column and arcades. This idea was adopted by
European architects and was used in Cathedrals. This also
allowed Islamic architects to use large spaces and developed
pointed arches.
Pointed arch:
Many believe that pointed arch is developed by Islamic
architecture which can be seen in The Dome of the Rock built
in 691. The major architecture advantage was that it put its
structural load at one point which enables the building to be
higher and more open because it did not need wall but
buttresses. This gave architects to use thinner pillars, higher
ceilings and also as a support to larger domes and overall a
lighter and more open feeling to the building itself.
Multifoil arhes:
It contains arches within arches, which was very common
in Moorish architecture that can be seen in the Great
mosque of the Cordoba with horseshoe arches. The basic
and architectural purpose of the multifoil arch was
decoration only since it gave a variety of designs and the
opportunity to beautify the actual art. As mentioned
earlier Islamic Architects were inspired from the nature,
therefore this arch gave them a medium through which
they could display their art; resembling the trees and so
on. And just like the pointed arch, this arch also had the
same structural properties this meant that the arch could
be of a bigger heights and structure.
Fig. 39. Transverse Arch
Fig. 40. Pointed Arch
Fig. 41. Multifoil Arch
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Artistic Representation
In Islam architectural art plays an important role. Islam is Arabic
word which means submission to Allah (God), the one and the
only God with no partner, no son, no companion, no father and
no associate. Thus in Islam it is forbidden to draw images of
human or any living creature to represent Islamic art as it could
lead you to multiple or it could lead people towards wrong
worshiping of partners to God. In this religion it is allowed to use
images of nature such as trees, rivers, waters, houses, waterfalls,
skies, clouds and etc. Therefore, this chapter will look deeper into
this topic in order to have a broader insight in the different forms
of artistic representation in Islamic
Calligraphy:
The most important element in Islamic architecture is calligraphy
which is one of the most neglected parts in the arts of the Muslim
world and hence it is the most essential part of the era of Islamic
architecture which has a great impact on the building and
importance in the Muslim world.
Fig. 42. Calligraphy on Mihrab
The art of calligraphy in Islamic architecture evolved after the
death of the Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H) with emergence of Islam. This form of Art
initially was not just a method of beautification but also a source though which Islam could
be spread into the local communities. Since Islam expanded from one continent to another,
there main purpose was to establish a common knowledge about the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and
Islamic principles. As Islam started spreading from Africa to Egypt and from Spain to Persian,
it started gaining its strength and affluence.
As the Islam started spreading they started blending the local form of art into their own
designs. The most common factor of art in Islam was the abstract, embroidery and designs.
In the start they use to work with straight then they started working with curved and
interlacing lines in bright and vibrant colors to enhance various styles of calligraphy. The
finest calligraphic work was done through floral design by the use exuberant colors.
It is believed that the calligraphy started from the period of Umayyad caliphate (661-750)
but this art is most simplified due to the ruling of the empire, thus in most of the museums
or art galleries it has been defined according to the dynasty of the different period such as
Umayyad, Abbasid, Safavid, Ottoman and Mughal.
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Calligraphy is taken from the holy book of Muslims called the
“Quran”. Every single character or the sentence has meaning
something like harmony, melody, or beauty. They used to
write the sayings of Prophet (P.B.U.H) in form of poetry,
proverbs, royal announcements, court documents, stories,
salutations, hadith and they were sometime arrange in form
of animal or plants. Islamic calligraphy is an art of writing
Arabic scripts in a decorative way which also has meaning to
it.
There are different styles of Arabic calligraphy but the most
common one is “Kufic” or “Kufi” script which is mostly used
in Quran and it became famous in the 10th century. People
know about different styles before this script was developed
properly such as Nash or Naskili, Tulut, Tawqi, Riqa,
Muhaqqaq, Rihani, Diwani and more.
Fig. 43. Kufic Calligraphy
Equipment for calligraphy:
Islamic calligraphy uses red pen known as “Qalam” in Arabic.
This pencil was pointed with the tip being cut at an angle,
which provided two types of strokes while writing; a thick
stroke downwards, and thin stroke upwards. It was used to
be written on parchment or papyrus or a type of paper from
Egypt. The paper they used to use was cheaper and more
lavish, in a way to cut and color that could result better. They
have used different color of ink and it was also waterproof.
Fig. 44. Qalam
Works of Calligraphy:
The work of calligraphy started from the earliest times in
Islamic history as the Islam began to establish in different parts of the world. Inscription
were included into the design soon after the “Quran” the book of Allah’s revelations to the
Prophet Muhammed (P.B.U.H) was transmitted in Arabic and then they were started to
inherent in design for religious architecture for example in Mosques; A large amount of
calligraphy was done in the interior for decoration especially “Mihrab” which is directed
toward the Mecca.
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Islamic calligraphy started from the period of Byzantines, Copts, Romans and the Persians.
As in Islam it was not good to represent visual picture that could be worshiped so calligraphy
was highly valued thus soon it became a big symbol in Islamic architecture. As the scripts
were in Arabic but still it was so beautifully used that even those who could not read, can
still understand the beauty behind it.
Fig. 45, 46, 47 & 48. Examples of Calligraphy
In the Middle age the Kufic style was very common that was used for quotation from Quran
and also used for Mosque’s façade and interior. Kufic style quotation were not meant to
read but was to create a presence, a feeling of holiness and piety. As the Quran was written
in Kufic Style thus the calligraphy started In Kufic style was showed differently according to
the region. It was established in the two Muslim cities Basrah and Kufah in the 8th century
AD.
Some styles were simple but some of the styles were Ornate for example fancy or
decorative. Ta’liq was also very famous which was introduced by Persian. This style of
calligraphy is very famous among the Arab and it is the native style used among the Persian,
Indian and Turkish Muslims.
From “Ta’liq” style a Persian calligrapher named Mir Ali Sultan
developed a lighter and more elegant way of calligraphy known
as “Nasta’liq”, but the scripts were not taken from Quran but
from Persian anthologies, epics, miniature and other literary
works.
Fig. 49. Taliq Style of Caligraphy
“Riq’a” was also famous in the Ottaman Empire; it came from
“Nasta’liq” evolved from “Naskh” and “Thuluth”, but is more
close to “Thuluth”. Thuluth was first formulated in the 7th century by Umayyad caliphate but
it didn’t developed till the 9th century.This was revised by many calligraphers and became
very popular and nowadays preferred as script handwriting throughout Arab world.
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Naskh was also one of the earliest script to evolve, thus it gained popularity soon after the
calligrapher Ibn Muqlah way of working in the 10th century.
Fig. 50. Caligraphy on Tile
Gardens and Water:
This idea was known to Islam since the Mesopotamian (It is a
place below Turkey and above Iraq and between two rivers)
civilization. As the spread of Islam started from Arabia which is
still known for its deserts therefore the concept of shade in a
form of Palm tree gives people a sense of pleasance and also a
source of devotion. After shade the second most needed
desire is the thirst which comes from the heat and the only
way it can only be satisfied is through water. In Quran water
has given great importance as it is directly associated with rain
since physically rain gives a cooler climate and life to living
organisms which mean it is connected to mercy and also send
to ground by God and since the only merciful is God therefore
rain is both life giving and a source of mercy.
Fig. 51. Layout of Garden
The idea of having garden was different for the people of Pre Islamic Arabs as they were
used to live in hot deserted places. Because for them even having a slightest sign of greenery
was like a heaven or considered to be sacred. As they were completely depended on the
natural oases for their survival, thus they should love and admire nature’s vegetation for
both physical benefits and as the indication of the supreme power unknown to the human
but the source of creation.
The Qur’an on Paradise:
Announce to those who believe and have done good deeds, glad tidings of gardens under which river
flow, and where, when they eat the fruits that grow, they will say, ”Indeed they are the same as we
were given before,” so alike in semblance the food would be.
And they shall have fair spouses there and live there abidingly.
(Surat al-Baqarah, 2: 25)
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The semblance of Paradise promised the pious and devout (is that of garden) with streams of water
that will not go rank, and rivers of milk whose taste will not undergo a change, and rivers of wine
detectable to drinkers, and streams of purified honey, and fruits of every kind in them, and
forgiveness of their Lord.
(Surat al-Muhammad, 47: 15)
The word “Paradise” was already from the ancient Persian word “Pairidaeza”. They were the
first one to grow gardens, parks and hunting grounds. They were the ones to introduce
walled gardens, isolated from the rest of the town/city. The most famous style of garden in
Persian was known as Chaharbagh meaning “four gardens” which mean that the garden is
divided into four quarters by water-channels or pathways usually with a fountain in the
center. There are also other kind of Islamic garden such as gulistan (Rose garden), bustan
(Formal garden), kitchen-garden and bagh (orchard).
There are over one hundred and twenty references to the Gardens in Quran, the phrase that
is most used is “Jannat al firdaws” meaning gardens of paradise. The description meaning
heaven in Quran doesn’t only mean heaven but it also has been represented by a place to
refuge, sheltered and a secure place. The most detail description of the Paradise garden is
explained in Quran “Sura al- Rahman (Sura LV, “The AllMerciful”) is which four gardens are
described which are divide into two stages. The first stage is known as the “Garden of the
soul” and “Garden of the heart” which means for the human in the way that the soul and
heart which belong to human. The second stage is known as the “Garden of spirit” and
Garden of Essence” which mean that it belongs to people who have reached to higher level
as compared to the normal regular humans.
Example of Different Gardens
The number 4 is very relevant in all designs of Islamic gardens because it has a connection
the Prophet’s journey to heaven since it is believed he saw a similar sight in which there is a
description of a dome resting on four columns also being the source of four rivers in
opposite directions. Somehow this has been incorporated into the design of the garden in
order to give the identical visual. Below are some examples:
Fig. 52 Taj Mahal garden
Fig. 53 Alhambra Garden
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Fig. 54 Humayun tomb
Fig. 56 Pasargadae’s Chahar Bagh
Fig. 55 Shalimar Bagh
Fig. 57 Generalife
Colors:
In Islamic architecture the main character that enhances the decoration of the building is the
use of the colors. They play an important role because the quality of colors can easily have
an effect on the people for example this could be in the form of psychological, intellectual
and spiritual.
The most scared color of Islam is green as it is associated
with religion itself because it is used for bindings of the
Quran (The Muslim Holy book). It is also respected as the
green color was worn by Mohammed (P.B.U.H) and in
Quran it is also states that reaching paradise in the
afterlife “ornaments shall be given to them therein of
bracelets of gold, and they shall wear green robes of fine
silk and thick silk brocade interwoven with gold (18:31) Fig. 58. Green Dome at Masjid-e-Nabwi
“and they will be “Reclining on green cushions and
beautiful carpets (55:76).” It is also known that the green color also creates a feeling of
harmony, peace, balance, sympathy and self-esteem and it also gives relief from nervous
tension.
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The green color is not the only main color in Islamic decorative arts but also other colors
such as blue, red and brown. The buildings that are still survived are mainly mosques or
palace of rich and they represent Islamic tradition between the 13th and 17th centuries. The
color that was used in these building ranged from bright mosaic to muted natural colors.
In Islam as it was forbidden to make portrait, sculpture or
other forms so there was use a lot of calligraphy and colored
mosaics in their design and interior walls were decorative
with expansive tiles. The color blue was very dominant in the
designs with variety of shades including turquoise and deep
ultramarine was used to illustrate flowers.
Fig. 59. Use of colours inside dome
Red Palace is one of the best examples of the use of colors in
Islamic architecture built in the 14th century in Spain city of
Granada known as the Alhambra with gardens and courtyards for royalty. The exterior of
the building is built with stone wall in red color whereas the interior of walls and ceilings are
colored with decorated multicolored mosaic. Thus the exterior was contrasting with the
mountains in the background which shows a masterpiece of Islamic architecture.
Taj Mahal is also famous example of the 17th century where natural colors were used in the
façade which represents power, piety and riches. The use of stark white façade gives a great
impact on the building as it reflects in the massive pool of Taj Mahal’s garden.
Light
Light is also another important feature which is used as Islamic decorative art because it was
also used in Islamic architecture to enhance the performance of the building. There is saying
from an artist Titus Burckhard “ three mean at his disposal: geometry, which translates unity
into the spatial order, rhythm which reveal it in the temporal order and also indirectly in
space and light which is to visible forms what being is to limited existence”.
0Light is very important in Islam as in the Holy Book of Muslim Quran God has depicted
himself as the light of the paradise and of earth. In Islamic
architecture light plays an important role in shaping the
interior of mosques and other buildings.
Jali is a prominent feature in Islamic architecture that settles
or controls the light coming inwards. Jali is a carved latticed
screen that demonstrates the use of ornaments in Islamic art
and architecture. They help to prevent in coming direct
sunlight and keeps the interior space cooler which was
important in the Middle East’s sun.
Fig. 60 Jali
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The use of light in Islamic architecture was not just having light but also to create shades for
example Jali was not just created to have a cooler climate inside but was design in such a
way that the design on top of them create pattern through rooms and corridors. The
finished of the interior and exterior of the building was enhanced by the natural light.
Light used in mosques was critical in order to create balanced and harmony in mosques and
other buildings. Its features were used insubstantially in domes creating it to be seen as the
most visible symbol. For example there was use of numerous windows on domes which
allow the natural light to enter inside and creates lighting effect on the dome ceilings and
emphasizes on different parts of the interior.
Fig. 61 Windows in Dome
Fig. 62 Light in corridor
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Modern Implementation
Modern architecture plays an important role in Islamic architecture which will cover the
overall description of my report and prove my research about Islamic architecture as it will
consist of a case study of modern era mosque (Faisal Mosque) with the questionnaire from
the local community and with the authority. To know about modern era of Islamic
architecture we need to know the history of the 19th century which has a great effect on the
Islamic architecture and how it has brought changes to the 20th century contemporary
architecture which is present today. Thus the whole ideology behind the Islamic mosque
architecture and Islamic architecture as a whole will be explained.
History- Modern Age Islam:
As it is mentioned in my previous chapter of history Islamic architecture expanded with the
time Islam expanded and conquered different regions of the world. The modern era of
Islamic architecture started after the European Colonialism which means the invasion of
Britain in Egypt and Asia. As the use of technology changed with time and the new idea of
technology was brought by the Britain in the region of Islamic ruling countries.
European culture didn’t accept the social way of living of the Muslims and wanted to change
thus they tried and was somehow successful in incorporated their ways of architecture and
life style in the regions they invade.
European Colonialism had a great affect in the Muslim region politically and socially as they
used to invade the country and then imposed their laws within the country itself and
oppressed on the people. Thus as a whole it had a great influence on the design of the
Islamic architecture. The ideology behind the European colonialism was to invade the
country and use the local resources within the countries with the use of technology which
they brought from their home country has affected internally and externally the Islamic
architecture. This was important because all this was done in opposition of European
colonialism which had an impact over the whole world that result in the distribution of the
Islamic countries such as Africa, Middle East, south Asia and Asia. So to overcome these
powers, and stand against them in their own rules, these countries were made which were
made:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Turkey – 1922 (Caliphate and Sultanate abolished)
Pakistan- 1947
Morocco - 1956
Tunisia- 1957
Iraq- 1958
Algeria- 1962
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•
•
•
Yemen- 1967
Bangladesh- 1972
Iran- 1978
Modern Islamic Architecture:
Modern Islamic architecture is surrounded by the time of European Colonialism as this was
the period in which the architecture has an influence and changes with both social and
political. This period was a mixture of both European and Islamic architecture thus in Islamic
countries European style of architecture was considered very modern and was not liked by
the Islamic rulers which could in the city plan of Cairo. As this city was design similar to the
city plan of Paris by the architect Baron Georges Haussmann.
Fig. 63 Cairo City Plan
Fig. 64 Paris City Plan
The art of Islamic craft was also affected due to the industrial technology brought by the
European colonialism that means that the work of craftsmen was mostly done by the use of
machine in the industry. This result in the declining of the Islamic craft which had an effect
on the labour itself and design due to which the detail got diminished.
In the 20th century the true meaning of Islamic architecture can be seen in the mosque. The
mosques are the place where the traditional architecture has been remained. Apart from
that the use of elements from the Islamic mosque has been used or incorporated into
different residential buildings such as house, complexes and etc. In the present Islamic
architecture you can see the relationship between the mosque and the culture in the
present society. This means that the traditional symbols of the interior and exterior has been
kept but made exclusive with use of technology and the cultural society.
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Fig. 65 Islamic Arch
Fig. 66 Islamic Patterns
Fig. 67 Islamic Wall
Tiles
Fig. 68 Islamic Tiled Floor
In the modern architecture there is also a mind set in a society that how they precise a
mosque for example the mosque in Jakarta is very close to the traditional design but the
society of the modern era does not appreciate the thought behind the mosque. The design
of the mosque was very simple and traditional without any contemporary style or use of
material. This mosque could also be used as an example for the modern era society because
the old traditional mosques cannot remain for many centuries as this traditional mosque can
be set as an example for the coming generation. As in the 20th century there were two main
trends in Islamic architecture which is the study of the local tradition within the society and
the strong influence from the modern and international forms.
Contemporary Islamic Architecture:
Islamic architecture has been changed with time, but still the real Islamic architecture can
still be seen in traditional mosques. There is difference between the modern and
contemporary as modern architecture came after the European Colonialism but
contemporary architecture is the architecture which is present today.
The architecture of today has been changed a lot which can be seen in very modern mosque
that are built today such as Faisal mosque which I have taken as a case study for my
dissertation. There are also many other examples of contemporary Islamic mosques
architecture.
Fig. 69 Contemporary Mosque in Turkey
Fig. 70 Contemporary Mosque in Turkey
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With time the Islamic architecture has been changed a lot such as the use of dome and
minaret that were the most common feature of the mosque has been replaced with straight
lines.
As in early Islamic architecture dome was built for a purpose of ventilation and for also
having a cooler climate but today with time the technology of ventilation has increased and
this could also be seen in Islamic architecture of mosques. People have also incorporated
more use artificial light with natural light and the style of Minbar or the qibla wall has been
simple with a modern touch into it. The choice of material has also been changed as with
time people started thinking about more and more sustainable materials and technologies.
Fig. 71 Contemporary Mosque in Turkey
Fig. 72 Contemporary Mosque in Turkey
Today in many Muslim countries especially the Middle East in particular is undergoing a
transformation due to oil, wealth, along with social and political changes have threatened
Islamic culture and tradition. This has brought western technology into their home countries
thus the ideology of construction, planning and design has been changed.
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Case study- Faisal Masjid Islamabad (Pakistan):
Islamic architecture has changed with time
through generations with a lot of external
influence on the design and style. Every
civilization has developed own architectural
style which has become an identity itself. Faisal
masjid is a contemporary religion monument
which has become a symbol of national identity
and international due to its unique style of
exterior construction design. The masjid
represents a modern architectural decoration
in construction and also in surface
ornamentation.
Fig. 73 King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad Pakistan
Faisal Masjid is one the biggest Masjid in Pakistan, South Asia and it is also one the biggest
Masjid in the world. It was designed by the Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay. The name of the
mosque was given in the memory of Shah Faisal bin Abdul- Aziz al Saud. The total area of the
Masjid is 5000m2 and it is situated in the capital city of Pakistan, Islamabad at Shaharah-eIslamabad. It is constructed on an elevated place, surrounded by beautiful nature such as
mountains; hence it can be seen from miles away during day and night. The construction of
the masjid was finished in 1986.
The idea behind having case study of Faisal masjid was obvious as
it is different from all preceding mosques structures as it has no
dome and the external structure of roof is constructed with
triangular slabs. As dome became an important symbol of Muslim
identity and structure after the period of Umayyad in which they
built the first domed structure which was the Dome of the Rock at
Jerusalem. This kind of roofing system is the most common for all
mosques but they were also some mosque structure which has
flat or pitched roof.
Fig. 74 Top View of roof
The Faisal Masjid is an example of the pitched roof mosque of Islamic world which is the
example of a contemporary mosque for the coming generation and for a long period. In
recent times the construction of pitched roof became very famous for several twentieth
century mosques for example the Said Naum Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia in 1977. Even
though it is a good example but it does not resemble the roof of the Faisal Masjid.
In Pakistan pitched roof construction is mostly famous in the northern area of Pakistan due
to climate factor. The pitched roof is an architectural style on the plains of Pakistan.
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Faisal masjid is an advanced form of hyperbolic parabolic
construction which means that the structure itself rest on
only on two supports that gives an appearance as a bird in
flight. It can also be said that it is based on shell
construction which can be constructed with large or small
span. Thus that explains that the Faisal masjid is been
covered with large area without any interior support. The
inspiration of Faisal Masjid roof load structure was taken
Fig. 75 Isometric View of Roof
from the saddle roof but was modified in a straight line
because they wanted to design contemporary style of
mosque which should look unique, thus the load of the whole structure is transferred on to
girders, hinged beams and cross beams instead of walls.
The main structure of the praying hall has a plan area of 656.66 square feet; height of the
roof is 131.24 feet above ground level and the four walls are in the shape of isosceles
triangle with a base of 215 feet and sides of 128 feet. It was constructed of steel and
concrete. The main entrance to the praying hall is from the east and it is divided into nine
vertical section made of concrete filled with crescent motifs. Glass has been fitted in the
crescent shapes which provide light to enter into the building. The north and south part of
the building is designed with twenty raised vertical
sections. There are several small opening under the
eaves in the eastern and western sides which allow
birds to enter the praying hall. The lower part of the
west is designed with bold thick crossed lines with
tinted glasses. Such kind of triangular shaped walls
were never used before in the mosque construction.
The whole gable construction was influenced by Gothic
architecture. There is also a terrace attached on the
Fig. 76 Interior- Faisal Mosque
north wall which paved in grey to contrast with the
white colour of the mosque.
Analysis of the design (Faisal Masjid)
To do some analysis of the design I travelled to Pakistan in my summer vacation and visited
Faisal Masjid. I made some questionnaire before my visit for both local people and official
people working in the mosque to know more about architectural design and what do they
think of a contemporary mosque as it is a unique mosque as compared to traditional
mosques. I would like to share my personal experiences and also the social experience with
the people over there to have an overview of my case study and conclude them to my final
remarks. Interviews were taken in August 2014 in my own language and then were
translated into English language for my final dissertation.
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Personal experience:
My visit to Faisal Masjid was a great experience from me individual and it gave me an
opportunity as a constructing architect to look into the design and construction of the
contemporary mosque. Before visiting the site I was accepting something which is traditional
as other Islamic mosque but this mosque has changed my view point of designing the
mosque. The most inspirational part of the mosque for me was the exterior of the building
which is unique in its own way and it is so beautifully structured that makes you go inside
and look much deeper into the different parts of the mosque.
I remained at the mosque for the complete day so that I can get the view of day and night
and the affect it creates. As I have already explained about the construction of the Mosque
in my previous chapter that shows that this mosque could be an example for the upcoming
generation. The unique part of the Faisal Masjid is its exterior and the exterior without any
dome or any particular arch which is the kind of style that has been copied till today.
I saw a complete revolution in the design of the mosque and this forced me to use it as a
case study of my dissertation as it explains that Islamic architecture is not all about dome or
arches but it is more about its connectivity with the people and the surrounding. To have a
broader vision and elaboration of my dissertation I conducted some questionnaire from the
local community and authorities in which I choose different age groups to have much better
explanation of my project. The idea behind this was to ask visitors or local community
people about their experience of the mosque and what do they think of contemporary
Islamic architecture. The second target of people was the authorities to whom I asked
questionnaire that are statistically based and about the functionality of the building as it was
made for multi purposes. Thus the whole idea was to capture the essence of the modern
Islamic architecture and its effect on the people. I had a great experience at the mosque and
I think it has helped me a lot in understanding the concept behind Islamic architecture and it
features. The questionnaire can be seen as enclosure by the end of this report.
Social experience:
As I have mentioned above in my social experience I have interviewed two different
communities of people which included local, tourist people and officials with different age
group to know how the design influences them.
Interview results with the local/tourist:
My motive to ask local/tourist people was about the design of the building and what do they
think about the contemporary Islamic architecture. What I came to know from the
local/tourist that the new contemporary mosque in Pakistan has given the upcoming
generation a new way of designing the mosque with innovative ideas. As everyone was use
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
to see particular shape of mosque which consisted of a dome and arches but this mosque
has brought a big revolution into the Islamic architectural design. They were also concern
about the placement of the mosque as a lot people were so mesmerized by the look of the
building as it could be seen from miles away and what makes it so interesting is the shape of
the exterior that attracts people to visit and see what exactly the purpose of this building. As
many of the tourists didn’t have any kind of clue unless they heard from anyone that it is a
mosque they could just think that it complex hall unless they visited the site and look into
the building.
Local people had different kind of feeling towards the mosque as it was built for a religious
purpose (Prayer) thus, many people not just from the city but also from other cities come
here for prayer and spend a quality time. As Faisal mosque is one of the biggest mosque in
Pakistan it consist of recreational area where people come and spend their time with
families. Most of the people were saying that they get peace when they visit Faisal mosque.
Local people also said that this mosque is an example for our children as we come to show
them the design of the building and refer this mosque as a big contemporary architecture
which could be seen in their own home country.
Interview results with officials:
I interviewed Zafaruallah khan, the assistant civil director of the Faisal mosque. He explained
me the statistics of the building which I have already explained in the description of the
Faisal masjid but there were some interesting fact which I want to share which was the
words of “Vedat Dalokay” the architect of the Faisal masjid that also I founded on the
internet. Saying:
“I tried to capture the spirit, proportion and geometry of Kabbah (Mecca) in a purely abstract
manner. Imagine the apex of each of the four minarets as a scaled explosion of four highest
corners of Kabbah- thus an unseen Kabbah form is bounded by the minarets at the four
corners in a proportional of height to base Shah Faisal Mosque akin to Kabbah”
“Now if you join the apex of each minaret to the base of the minaret diagonally opposite to it
correspondingly, a four-sided pyramid shall be bound by these lines at the base side within
that invisible cube. That lower level pyramid is treated as a solid body while four minarets
with their apex complete the imaginary cube of Kabbah”10
He told that the most important feature of the mosque is that it doesn’t have any column
and there is no load on any wall. The praying hall has a capacity of 10,000 people in which
8500 for men and 1500 for women. There is a separate gallery for women in the second
floor. It has chandeliers that were imported from West Germany, the weight of it is 6500
10
From- http://www.slideshare.net/muhammadwaleedusman/faisal-masjid
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tons and it consists of 1100 bulbs. It is gold ionized and is made up of aluminium. The outer
ring has 39 lights in it. The mosque also consists of a library. The whole load of the building
which is about 7000 metre ton is on girder which is contour balance with the minarets. As
this one the biggest mosque in Islamabad and Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan thus a
lot of political people come here for prayer. Most at Juma prayer (Friday prayer) there are a
lot of people in the mosque and also on Eid day which comes twice a year. If you join both
the courtyard and the praying hall 90000 people can prayer together and if you join the
green area of the mosque about 300,000 people can prayer. There are Qur’anic verses
written on the tile of the mosque in Kufic style which is one of the ancient styles of
calligraphy and this was done by the famous Pakistani artist Mr. Ismail Gulgee. On Minbar
first seven holy verses of Quran has been written and qibla wall (Front wall) has been
designed by ceramic tiles in different colours such as blue, green and yellow which has
Kalma (Six Cardinal Articles) written on top of it. The blue tile represent sky and green show
the greenery on the earth and the yellow tile represent the mercy from Allah on us. Mihrab
of the mosque is design in a shape of the holy book Quran where the Imam (priest) offers
prayer. There are 99 names written on the border of Mihrab in kufic style and in the centre
there is blue colour stone brought from the city of Pakistan known as “Lapis Lazuli” which is
formed in the name of Allah in Arabic. In Faisal Masjid they have showed 30 chapters of
scared book Quran and in different place there are 406 styles of calligraphy designed. The
weight of each book is 40 kg and they are all hand written in 6 years by scholar from Pakistan
Khursheed Aalam Gohar. Many of the artists from all over the world have work in Faisal
masjid. The whole information the mosque construction has helped me a lot in my case
study which I have already explained in my previous chapter.
Fig. 77, 78, 79, 80, 81- Inspiration for design:
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
Conclusion
Through this dissertation, I have tried to describe the actual meaning of Islamic Architecture,
and the origin behind it. Taking Islamic Architecture as a phenomenon enabled me to look at
the complete style of architecture from both the design perspective but also to understand
all the hidden meanings behind it. Since this report, was had a very theoretic background,
adding an investigation of a mosque gave me a chance to investigate the essence and the
impact of the building.
My research was divided into two main parts; the primary being finding the origin of Islamic
architecture, and the secondary was trying to connect all the factors that it had associated
with it. To complete this research I made both an assembly of theoretical data, during the
understanding the history but also other types of surveys and designing methods which have
been taken very recently, regarding the main influence on the design and locationconnecting it to the reasons given.
From the research done, there is one thing which can be understood from the history which
is the true origin of Islamic Architecture- which is the Holy Book, Qur’an. The Qur’an played a
very important role in the designing of Islamic Architecture, both directly and indirectly. And
so since the Qur’an is the determinant factor in the design and shaping of Islamic
Architecture, the ‘Mosque’ is the primary buildings where this architecture can be seen,
since both the main factor and the building can directly be associated with god and serve the
same purpose.
However, it should not be forgotten that Islamic Architecture, like the religion itself has been
close to the existing religions and cultures. This is also due to the fact that Islam is one of the
recent religions; therefore having external influence was bound to happen. So it can be said,
that some key components have been influenced by other prevailing cultures and religions
especially from Europe, primarily Christianity.
The term ’Islamic Architecture’ is actually a vague term given to what can actually be termed
as; the Islamic style of a building- primarily the Mosque. So in a stronger tone it can be said
that there is no such thing as Islamic Architecture, but with the reservation that in various
styles of architecture the Islamic style of building can easily and is being incorporated.
To understand the Islamic Architecture, Islam must be understood in such a way that one
can see how it reflects in buildings. The basic components in an Islamic building can be
directly linked to the religion itself; such as the Arch- which has it purpose of giving the
image of an opening but linking itself to the heavens, The Minaret- a symbolism of the name
of god reaching to everyone in the surrounding, and the reminder that one needs to pray.
The Dome- To symbolize an open view looking in which all are seen praying, also the higher
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
height enabled a sense of amazement. The Courtyard- a symbol of the being of shelter of
those you are present, and to be a source of relief since the journey to the mosque earlier
was not an easy one. All these symbols were to a large extent inspired from the religions
present, but in the form in which they showed originality in their own terms and presented
them as completely Islamic. To do this there were several influences, such as the green
color, calligraphy and location. These factors were responsible for the designation of Islamic
Architecture.
The widespread of Islam, also caused the spread of the architecture. Since it was evident
that wherever there would be Muslims, they would need a Mosque to fulfill their religious
purposes. But at the same time it also served as a social area in which they could gather and
have social debates etc. So the mosque was a priority which kept on travelling wherever the
Muslims went. This can be seen till today, since globalization is taking place, we can now see
that there are Mosques being built all over the world. However, this has also led to external
influences yet again from the cultures but this time a more modern and western approach
has touched the Islamic Architecture. So now the construction of any mosque cannot only be
done with newer technologies but at the same time have a contemporary approach as
discussed in the last chapters.
The most striking feature without doubt in Islamic Architecture is art, and the ways in which
in which it has been used. With the development of the architecture the use of art was made
a style, without which any design would be incomplete. The Art was again directly inspired
from the Qur’an, this meant that is was in the form of verses taken from the Qur’an and
executed through calligraphy, also the different natural patterns such as plants was also
executed in the form of calligraphy. Therefore, a summary of the mosque can be directly
connected to the Qur’an can be related to the Mosque both internally and externally.
Islamic Architecture can be presented as a phenomenon now. Due to its various components
which have been labelled Islamic, they are now used in modern housing, commercial
complexes and other buildings. But true Islamic architecture which follows the purpose and
the original idea behind it can only and will only be seen in a mosque. It has now taken a
beautiful form which has been accepted and incorporated in modern designs of buildings all
over the world.
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
List of Illustrations
Figure 1: Timeline of Islamic architecture
Figure 2: Map of Rashidun Period
Figure 3: Map of Umayyad Period
Figure 4: Map of Abbasid Period
Figure 5: Map of Fatimid Period
Figure 6: Map of Mughal Period
Figure 7: Trade route in Islamic Period
Figure 8: Great Mosque of Damascus, Syria
Figure 9: Qasar al-tuba, Jordon
Figure 10: Mshatta, Jordon
Figure 11: Mud brick building in present Iran
Figure 12: Use of Rubble in Sicily, Italy
Figure 13: Terrace of Persepolis, Iran
Figure 14: Example of Paving
Figure 15: Palace of Ukhaidir, Iraq
Figure 16: Quarries stone Jerusalem
Figure 17: Stone with clamp socket
Figure 18: Mortared Arches, Iraq
Figure 19: Stone work on floor
Figure 20: Iron chisel
Figure 21: Level tracks
Figure 22: Humayun’s Tomb, India
Figure 23: Jamia Mosque, India
Figure 24: Taj Mahal, India
Figure 25: Lahore Fort, Pakistan
Figure 26: General Structure of Mosque
Figure 27: Types of Minarets
Figure 28: Crescent
Figure 29: Praying Hall
Figure 30: Mihrab
Figure 31: Minbar
Figure 32: Dome of the Rock
Figure 33: Muqarnas Al- Hambra, Spain
Figure 34: Carved Dome, Egypt
Figure 35: Tillakari Dome, Samarkand
Figure 36: Sheikh Lutfallah Dome, Isfahan
Figure 37: Qaitbay’s Tomb Dome, Cairo
Figure 38: Horseshoe Arch
Figure 39: Transverse Arch
Figure 40: Pointed Arch
Figure 41: Multifoiled Arch
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Figure 42: Calligraphy on Mihrab
Figure 43: Kufic Calligraphy
Figure 44: Qalam
Figure 45, 46, 47, 48: Examples of Calligraphy
Figure 49: Ta’liq Style of Calligraphy
Figure 50: Calligraphy on tile
Figure 51: Layout of garden
Figure 52: Taj Mahal Garden
Figure 53: Al-Hambra Garden
Figure 54: Humayun’s Tomb
Figure 55: Shalimar Bagh
Figure 56: Pasargadae’s Chahar bagh
Figure 57: General Life
Figure 58: Green Dome of Masjid-e-Nabwi
Figure 59: Use of Colors inside Dome
Figure 60: Jali
Figure 61: Window in Dome
Figure 62: Light in Corridor
Figure 63: Cairo City Plan
Figure 64: Parris city Plan
Figure 65: Islamic arch
Figure 66: Islamic Pattern
Figure 67: Islamic Wall
Figure 68: Islamic Tiled Floor
Figure 69, 70: Design of Contemporary Mosque in Turkey
Figure 71, 72: Design of Contemporary Mosque in Turkey
Figure 73: King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad Pakistan
Figure 74: Top View of Roof
Figure 75: Isometric View of Roof
Figure 76: Interior Faisal Mosque
Figure 77, 78, 79, 80, and 81: Inspiration for design
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References
Books used:
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
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Enclosures
Questionnaire
First gather historic information/data of the place
- When was it built?
- Who is the Architect?
- Who is the builder?
- How long time did the build take?
- Area
Questions for people– Visitors/Pilgrims
1. What is the most important feature according to you (Architecturally)?
2. How the locations of the mosque affect the atmosphere?
3. Is the absence of a dome and arches a downside? Do you miss it?
4. What does this mosque remind you of? - Externally?
5. What is the first thing that comes to your mind when you arrive here?
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Rabi Tariq- Islamic architecture- October 2014
Official Questions – To someone who possibly works there
6. How many visitors visit the mosque per year approximately?
7. Should this be a heritage site? (Claim for a monument)
8. Naming it after a Saudi Arabian King – just because he financed it – isn’t that a problem?
9. Which threats does the mosque face- environmentally?
____ Pollution type ----------____ Hazard Type ----------____ Litter
-----------
____ Human Activities -------
10. How well is the building preserved/ maintained?
- Time intervals
- By whom
11. How does the government step in?
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