The Ngorongoro Crater as the biggest geotouristic attraction of the

Geotourism 1–2 (24–25) 2011: 3–26
The Ngorongoro Crater as the biggest geotouristic attraction
of the Gregory Rift (Northern Tanzania, Africa)
– geographical setting
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