MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONS WITH DISABILITY
IN THE PARTICIPATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; THE
CASE OF 12 SELECTED GYMNASIA IN ADDIS ABABA
BY
NETSANET KASSA
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE
STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENTS OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN SPORT SCIENCE
May,2012
i
MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONS WITH DISABILITY
IN THE PARTICIPATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; THE
CASE OF 12 SELECTED GYMNASIA IN ADDIS ABABA
BY
NETSANET KASSA
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE
STUDIES OF ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENTS OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN SPORT SCIENCE
May, 2012
ii
MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY IN THE PARTICIPATION OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY; THE CASE OF 12 SELECTED GYMNASIA
IN ADDIS ABABA
BY
NETSANET KASSA
APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS
____________________
Chairperson, Department
___________________
Signature
_____________
Date
Graduate committee
____________________
___________________
Advisor
Signature
____________________
___________________
Internal examiner
_____________
Date
Signature
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Date
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Above all thank you God , for helping me throughout my life. Next I owe a debt of gratitude to
all those who contributed to the completion of this study. In particular, I am greatly indebted to
my advisor, Ass. Professor Wondimu Tadesse, for his invaluable overall assistance, without his
constant advice and guidance; this paper would not have been possible. I have sincere
appreciation for his constructive comments and tolerance.
I am highly thankful to my friend Tesfahun Meberatu, his moral support and eagerness was an
engine that helped me run to complete my work successfully.
My heartfelt thanks also go to my research participants for their willingness in providing
valuable information and support to undertake this study. Without their dedication and
assistance, the completion of this study would have not been realized.
Finally, I am as ever, especially indebted to my family Birekenche (mam), chunye (sister),
Mele(brother), Weyni, Dr. Bezabehe w., Dagne & Ela for their love and support throughout my
life. I also wish to thanks Dawit, Tigest and all my friends who have contributed on this work,
their very helpful suggestion and support has significant importance for this study.
iv
Table of content
page
Acknowledgement ……………………………………………………………………………… i
Table of content ………………………..…………………….…………………………………..ii
List of tables ……………………..………………………………………………………………v
List of appendix …………………………………...……………………………………….……vi
Acronyms ……………………………………………….………………………………….……vii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………...…….viii
Chapter One
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………1
1.1. Background of the study ................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Statement of the problem ................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Objective of the study ..................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Significance of the study ................................................................................................ 4
1.5. Delimitation of the study ................................................................................................ 5
1.6. Limitation of the study .................................................................................................... 5
1.7. Operational Definitions .................................................................................................. 5
Chapter Two
2.
Review of Related Literature ............................................................................................... 7
2.1. Benefits of physical activity ............................................................................................ 7
2.2. The benefit of physical activity to person with disabilities ………….…………….…..10
2.3. Challenges to physical activity participation among person with disabilities……..……13
2.3.1. Internal Barriers ……………………………………………...………………….14
2.4. The opportunity of PWDS to participate in Physical Activity …………………………19
2.5. International Charters, Policies and Human
Rights on Participation in Sports and Physical Activities by PWDS…………..……….21
2.6. Disabilities in Ethiopia ……………………..………………………………....………..22
2.7. Disability Sports in Ethiopia ……………………………………………………………23
v
Chapter Three
Research Design and Methodology ……………………………………………………..25
3.1 The Research Design ................................................................................................. 25
3.2 Research Participants ................................................................................................ 25
3.3 Sampling and Sampling Procedures ........................................................................ 25
3.3.1 Target Group …………………………………………………….….…….25
3.3.2
Organizations’ Representative…………………………………………...26
3.3.3
Fitness Centers Representatives………………………………………….26
3.4 Instruments and Procedure of Data Collection ......................................................... 26
3.4 .1 Instruments ………………………….……….……………………….…...26
3.5 Procedure ………………………………………………..……….………………….28
3.6 Data Analysis …………………………………….……..…………………………...28
Chapter Four
4. Data Presentation and Analysis ….. ………………………………………….………………29
4.1 Characteristics of Respondents ……………………………………….….……..…..29
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data obtained from Questionnaires of PWDs …..….30
4.3 Presentation and Analysis of Data Obtained Questionnaires
of representatives of an Organization working for PWDs.…………..…………44
4.4 Presentation and Analysis of data obtained from
Interviews of Representatives of an Organization Working for PWDs………...49
4.5 Presentation and Analysis of data Obtained from
Questionnaires and Fitness Center Coordination……………………………….51
4.6 Presentation and Analysis of Data obtained from Observation Checklist …………55
4.7 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………...56
4.7.1 Physical Activity Participation and Perception …………………………..56
4.7.2 Factors Affecting the Participation of PWDs on Physical Activity………58
4.7.3 Opportunity to Participate in Physical Activity……………………………59
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Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation …………………………………………..61
5.1 Summary ……………………………………….……...…………………………….61
5.2 Conclusion …………………………………...….…………………………………..63
5.3 Recommendations ……………………………………………….……………...…..64
Reference
Appendices
vii
List of Tables
Page
Table 4.1.1: Characteristics of Respondents ..............................................................................29
Table 4.2.1: Response of PWD Related to the Participation and
Feeling in Physical activity……………………..…………………………….….30
Table 4.2.2: Perception and attitude of PWDs to Physical Activity……………………………..33
Table 4.2.3: Access to Information by Different means ………………………………..…….....35
Table 4.2.4: The Condition of Facilities and Equipment …..………………………………...…36
Table 4.2.5: Motivation to Participation in Physical Activity……………………………..…….37
Table 4.2.6: Support and Opportunity by fitness centers coordinators, family
and government ………………………………………………………………...……38
Table 4.2.7: Purposes of Participation in Physical Activity ……………………………..…...…40
Table 4.2.8: Factors affecting the participation of PA for persons with PWDs…………………42
Table 4.3.1: Purposes of Physical Activity and Inclusion……………………………....……….44
Table 4.3.2: Availability of Fitness Centers …………….………………………...………..…...45
Table 4.3.3: Opportunities to Participate in Physical Activity…………………………….…….45
Table 4.3.4: Support and Relationship of Organization with Different Bodies ……………...….46
Table 4.3.5: Factors affecting participation of PA for PWDs (rated by representatives of
disability organization and fitness center coordinators) …………………………….47
Table 4.5.1: Participation of PWDs and Promotion of fitness centers to
increase their participation ………………………………………………….….51
Table 4.5.2: opportunities accessible to encourage participation ………………………….……52
Table 4.5.3: Accessibility and facility………………………………………………..………….53
Table4.5.4: Specialized Training and Knowledge of the staff members ……………………….54
Table 4.5.5.: Relation with different Organizations…………………………………………..…55
Table 4.6.1: Observation checklist of 12 gymnasiums in Addis Ababa ………………………..55
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix _A Questionnaire for person with disability
Appendix _B
Questionnaire for representative of disable organization
Appendix _C
Questionnaire for fitness center coordinators
Appendix_ D
Interview for representative of disable organization
Appendix _E
Observation checklist
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ACRONYMS
A.A
Addis Abeba
FENAPD
Federation of Ethiopian National Association of People with Disabilities
ILO
International Labor Organization
JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
NGO
Non Governmental Organization
PA
Physical activity
PWDs
Person with Disabilities
UN
United Nation
USA
WHO
United State of American
World Health Organization
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to look in to the investigation of the major factors affecting
persons with disability in the participation of physical activity, in some selected Gymnasia of
Addis Ababa. To conduct the study, mixed approaches, which is both quantitative & qualitative
research approaches are used. .
The participants of the study were 200 Persons with disabilities, 8 representatives of
organizations for the disabled & 24 fitness center coordinators. In the selection of the sample
population, random sampling and purposive sampling were used. The main instruments of data
collection were questionnaire, interview & observation. The data was analyzed using
percentage.
The findings of the study revealed that the majority of person with disability are not taking part
in physical activity. However, most of them want to start to participate in physical activity, if
they would have got opportunities. The most identified factors that affect the participation of
physical activity in persons with disability are cost of exercise program, knowledge of how to
exercise &the in accessible facilities in the fitness centers.
Finally, the study suggests points to solve problems for participation of persons with disabilities
in Addis Ababa, like ensuring the environment and facilities to be conducive and easily
accessible to people with disabilities.
Key words: - Persons with disability, physical activity, participation fitness center, facility.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
This study deals with the level of participation of people with disability in some selected
gymnasia of Addis Ababa. It was the personal observation of the researcher, as a gymnasium
fitness instructor to be concerned about the absence or poor participation of the PWDs in the
available gymnasium. The interest is to check whether the condition is the same elsewhere, and
to find out the major constraints, which may, its findings help to play its part to alleviate the
problem. There are people with disabilities who have little or no experience of physical activity
or exercise in lifetime. Primarily, they need, to develop their motor skills, at least to be selfsufficient. However, most people with disabilities do not have the opportunity to participate in
active leisure pursuits. Hence, they have had little or no opportunity to engage in physical
exercise and gym activities with others and enjoy their social aspects.
The enormous benefits of physical exercise have been recognized but they need to be more
widely experienced. The pleasure and enjoyment that comes from physical exercise and fitness
activity can be sufficient reasons in themselves for participation. However, taking a more
functional view, a whole range of benefits and reasons for participation can be enumerated.
The value is promoting health, physical strength, endurance, social integration, and
psychological well being of little uncertainty. It is not difficult to understand why fitness is so
important for the well being of people with disability.
Participation in physical activity has a role to play in personal development. It improves
physiological and mental function and gives rise to feelings of physical, psychological and social
competence. It is extremely enjoyable and can increase a person’s resistance to stress. Through
physical exercise in the gymnasium, people can be fit and learn values and habits such as
perseverance, constancy and competiveness, fair play and sportsmanship. Likewise, Gym
activity can play a role in facilitating social participation, friendship and inclusion. It can be
important in generating good will within and between diverse groups. It is though that, physical
xii
exercise can be used to contribute to a range of societal goals such as increasing community
regeneration and social capital and reducing truancy and youth crime.
Physical exercise is important in maintaining fitness for daily living, reducing functional
limitations, facilitating independent living and preventing, delaying and reducing chronic
illnesses and secondary conditions (Fentem, 1994). In people who have acquired a disability,
participation in gym activity can help them come to terms with their disability, regain self esteem
and social integration.
Physical activity is part of the antidote to the global burden of obesity and to chronic diseases
such as cardio-vascular disease and diabetes. As the economic and social impact of a sedentary
life style and obesity become more apparent, efforts are being made around the globe to increase
participation in physical exercise and gym activities. It is important that these initiatives become
catch-up ones for people with disabilities rather than a time when the gap widens between them
and their non- disabled peers in terms of participation in physical exercise.
From an economic viewpoint, the gymnasium and leisure industry is increasing from time to
time in Addis Ababa. Fitness and active recreation sets out an ambitious strategy for increasing
participation in physical activity that should, simultaneously, improve the economy, health and
wellbeing, increase social capital and mark internationally in terms of excellence in fitness.
The researcher followed the widely accepted format of an educational research for an academic
rank.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
People with disabilities can establish healthier life styles if they include physical activity in their
daily routines. Participation in physical activity includes numerous health benefits such as
reducing or preventing cardio vascular diseases, diabetics, reducing stress and physical and
emotional wellbeing (center for disease control and prevention, USA 1996.)
Because of unfavorable situations at different levels, the majority of these people are unable to
realize their potentials and in most cases remain inactive. People with disabilities face substantial
health risks associated with a physically inactive life style, unfortunately even when individual
xiii
with disabilities want to increase their physical activity levels, they are often confronted with
many more challengers than the general populations (Research digests, 2008).
On top of this, at least to the researchers knowledge it is difficult if not impossible, to find a
study that focuses on factors that affect the participation of physical activity, focusing on people
with disabilities in A.A of some gymnasia. There is a need to examine the type of physical
activity that participated in the level of access to facilities, the problems they face to participate
and their level of knowledge concerning the benefits of physical activity. The statement of the
problem can be summarized, as rod-blocks for the participation of PWDs in the physical activity
can be self-imposed (internal), external, which most of them can be solved by creating awareness
as stated above.
Based on this statement of the problem, the following basic questions are set to guide the study:
What is the level of awareness of disable people and fitness instructors in
participating in gymnasium activities and exercise?
What are the major challenges that affect the participation of gymnasium activities for
disable peoples?
Are there any monitoring mechanisms to help disable people in the gym to make
them participate in different activities?
What is the attitude of disable people and gym members towards participating in gym
activities?
Do the Gymnasia in Addis Ababa ready to give service for all kinds of clients?
To what extent lacks of necessary facility and equipment affects the activity in the
Gymnasia?
1.3 Objective of the Study
General Objective
The main objective of this study is investigating major factors that affecting PWDs in the
participation of physical activity in some selected Gymnasia of Adds Ababa.
xiv
Specific Objective
To discover the main factors which influence people with disabilities to participate in
physical activities
To identify what kind of services, if any provided for people with disabilities in
fitness centers
To examine the awareness of persons with disabilities regarding the benefits of
participating in physical activity.
To examine facilitative conditions to promote physical activity among peoples with
physical disabilities.
To suggest strategies to overcome the roadblocks that will help peoples with
disabilities in improving their level of participation.
To recommend possible measure and find the solution for the problem that affects
the participation of disability peoples in fitness center.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Research has not been conducted so far to study on the area of investigating major factors
affecting PWDs in participation of physical activities, particularly in some gymnasia of
Addis Ababa.
Therefore, this study hopefully will provide
•
A better understanding and awareness on the major factors affecting peoples with
disability encounter. The possible solutions for the problems will be pointed out.
•
Provide base line information on various opportunities to person with disabilities to
participate and practice physical activities.
•
Helps for future developing intervention and strategies that impact positively on
participation of people with disabilities in physical activities by different bodies
especially by fitness center owners, fitness center instructors and policy developers.
•
Enhancing the attitude of the community and the educate people regarding the
advantages of Gymnasium in the line of scientific methods.
•
The result of this research study may also invite scholars to research more.
xv
1.5 Delimitation of the Study
Since it is difficult to include all persons with disabilities in all gyms, because of enforcing
reason the research study has been delimited to visual and physical impairments and give
special attention in twelve fitness centers Namely Lafto fitness, Ker fitness, Life fitness, DAffric gym, Power gym, Golden gym, Bodiwise center ,Alem fitness, Bole rock, Techno
gym, Get blank gym, and Inter Gym.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
Some of the fitness center instructor and PWD were not cooperative to complete the
questionnaire on time and some gyms were not willingness to be observed are some of the
many problems that the researcher were face. However, the researcher tried to create
awareness about the purpose of the study then after the respondents were motivated to
respond and the writer has made a lot of effort to bring the paper to its complete form.
1.7 Operational Definition to terms and Concepts
In this study, for the purpose of clarity and consistency, the following terms were defined:
Disability; is a functional limitation with in an individual caused by physical, mental or
sensory impairment (Disabled persons international, 2006).
Opportunity: refers to the access or possibilities those are appropriate and suitable to the
people with disabilities to fully participate in physical activity and sports.
Persons with disabilities: - persons who have long terms physical, mental, intellectual or
sensory impairments, which interaction with various barriers may hinder their
fully and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others (Un,
2006).
Physical activity: Bodily movement that is produced by the contraction of skeletal muscle
and the substantially increase energy expenditure.
xvi
Physical impairments: the condition of facing difficulty in walking, sitting, eating and
drinking forced to use aids such as crutches and wheel chairs.
Sports: activities that are engaged in the form of competition or pleasure and that have
defined rules and scoring system.
Visual impairments: the condition of total blindness or weak sight.
Gym: gymnasium
xvii
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the theoretical perspective that would be used in
this study. It deals with some important topics, which are related to the factors that affect the
participation of Gym activities for person’s with disability, in some Gym of Addis Ababa. It
comprises the concept and benefits of physical activity, the benefits of physical activity
participation among persons with disabilities and opportunity of person with disabilities to
participate in physical activity.
2.1 Benefits of Physical Activity
Many people do take part in regular physical activity and get benefits that include health,
development, enjoyment and friendships. Physical activity plays a key part in people’s physical,
social and mental wellbeing. Benefits of physical activity have been well documented and are
numerous. Physical activity, in its broadest sense, provides people of all ages with substantial
physical, social and mental health gains and well beings throughout their life span (Biddle, et al;
2000)
Scholars have recognized the benefits of physical activity. (Messers, J. et al: 1995) stated regular
physical activity, active play and sport can be a practical means to achieve numerous health
gains, either directly or indirectly through its positive impact on other major risks, in particular
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, tobacco use and stress.
Frank and Patla, (2003) point out that physical activity reduces the risk of cardio vascular
disease, some cancers and type 2- diabetes. Everyone should know in theory, and ideally also in
practice, that physical exercise influence long-term health status and also general well being
personal and social development, effectiveness and achievement. Physical inactivity or disuse of
the body carries a health risk of the some order is cigarette smoking, high blood pressure and
high cholesterol. It leads to premature ageing, chronic disease and numerous impairments e.g.
Cardio- vascular vulnerability and musculo-skeletal fragility.
xviii
The concept of active living supports the priorities of a healthy community such as equity,
diversity, personal choice and the appreciation and protection of the natural environment (Green
and Gold inc- 2001). This concept shows that physical activity as an enjoyable and natural part
of everyday life rather than as working out or doing sport for the sake of fitness.
Regular physical activity improves control of body weight, and regulates every balance; thereby
preventing obesity related disease and excessive weight gain (Fentem, 1994). Obese people who
are active have a lower mortality and morbidity rate than people whose weight is normal but who
are sedentary.
There is evidence from studies that physical activity has beneficial effects on mental health or
psychological well being. Studies indicate that physical activity can be effective in reducing
depression, improving mood state, and enhancing self- perceptions of well- being (Stathi, Fox
and Mckenna, 2002). Other researchers have should that physical activity can lower anxiety,
decrease tension, relieve stress and influence sleep (Hong and Dinsdale, 2003).
The world health organization (WHO, 2004) summarizes the benefits of regular physical
activity. It points out that much of the health gain from activity is obtained through at least,
mominutes of cumulative moderate physical activity every day. Regular physical activity reduces
the risk of dying prematurely; reduces the risk of dying from heart disease or stroke; reduces the
risk of developing ear disease, colon cancer and type-2 diabetes; help to prevent/reduce
hypertension; helps control weight and lower the risk of becoming obese; help to prevent reduce
osteoporosis, reduce the risk of hip fracture in women; reduces the risk of developing lower
back pain’s can help in the management of painful conditions like back pain and knee pain, help
build and maintain healthy bones, muscles, and joints and makes people with chronic disabling
conditions improve their stamina; promotes psychological well- being, reduces stress, anxiety
and depression, helps prevent or control risky behaviors- especially among children and young
people.
Regular physical activity is very important for every person at any age. After regular exercise
people can work harder, longer and with less effort than previously. This is true for everyone and
for all age groups (Fentem, 1994). Physical fitness contributes to the maintenance of functioning
and prevents the development of new functional limitations. Being overweight, particularly in
xix
people with mobility impairments can affect their functional ability and independence and
increase the likelihood that they develop associated complications such as pressure sores. Thus
physical activity can be important in maintaining health and simultaneously, making financial
savings.
Physical activity also have economic benefits especially in terms of reduced health care costs,
increased productivity, health their physical and social environments. Economic consequence of
physical inactivity affect individuals, business and nations. According to Messer, J., and Stone,
W. (1995) the most widely used measure of the economic benefits of physical activity program is
the benefit/cost ratio. The benefit is expressed in amount of dollars saved formed lower medical
costs, less absenteeism, or reduced disability expenses. The costs in the equation refer to the cost
of the physical activity program. The ratio is money saved divided by the money spent. There are
many other studies reporting positive benefit /cost ratios ranging from 1.15 to 5.52 for a variety
of health promotion programs (Messer and Stone, 1995).
Some of those benefit/cost studies were conducted on comprehensive health promotion programs
that included physical activity along with stress management, weight control, nutrition education,
stop smoking, etc. According to WHO (2003) the economic benefits of physical activity also
reflected in terms of reduced health care costs, increased productivity and healthier physical and
social environments. As cited by yang et al., (1999) physical activity and sports participation
have many social benefits to people establish friendships and social networks from which
collective identities can be forged. Participation facilitates social integration, can bridge cultural
difficulties and pave the way to employment. Participation in sport with diverse others can
overcome prejudice and discrimination (on the grounds of ethnicity, social background or
disability, for example) and can play a role in achieving an inclusive, society. Through physical
activity people learn the tenets of fair play, team work and solidarity and can become more
aware of the problems that exist for people with disabilities. However, the social benefits of
physical activity go hand in hand with socialization, as we mentioned by the above authors that
the significance of physical activity depends on the levels of physical activity of the population
of the population. The children who participate in regular physical activity often enjoy lots of
positive experiences such as fun, enjoyment, and success and peer relationship.
xx
The WHO (2002) makes it clear that play, games and other physical activities give young people
opportunities to have social interaction and integration as well as for learning the spirit of
solidarity and fair play, among others, WHO goes further to say that active lifestyles through
physical activity provide people of all ages with opportunities to make new friends, maintain
social networks, and interact with other people of all ages.
2.2 The Benefits of Physical Activity to Person with Disabilities
According to the WHO (2006) approximately 600 million people in the world live with some
form of disability. Of these, 80% live in LMICs, are poor, and have little or no access to basic
services. In many LMICs, disability, if not outright excluded, is only minimally addressed by
public health and social policies, leaving PWDS with few structural supports.
Living with a disability not only disadvantages these individuals and their families, but can also
have an impact on the larger community and the national health and economic development of a
country (Saka, Kuranga and Abengunde, 2005). It has been recognized that it will be impossible
to achieve the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals without recognizing and
addressing the needs of PWDS (Disability KaR, 2005).
Although research focusing on physical activity in the general population is plentiful, research
addressing these areas for people with physical disabilities is a recent phenomenon (Ralph W.
Smith, 1993). People with disabilities are at risk for the same chronic health conditions as the
general population. Individual with disabilities can gain very similar benefits from physical
activity and the accrued physical fitness as people without disabilities. The benefits of being
active are enormous for individuals with a disability, and society as a whole, while prolonged
physical inactivity is associated with long term risks of disease in people with or without a
disability.
The benefits of physical activity are universal for all children, including those with disabilities.
As Nancy A et al, (2008) indicated the participation of children with disabilities in sports and
recreational activities promotes inclusion, minimizes deconditioning, optimizes physical
functioning, and enhances overall well-being. Despite these benefits, children with disabilities
are more restricted in their participation, have lower levels of fitness, and have higher levels of
obesity than their peers without disabilities.
xxi
The long- term health benefits of physical activity, including recreation, have long been
established for all individuals with or without disability. However, as with other marginalized
members of society, Persons with disabilities have also been generally excluded from activities
found in mainstream society, including sports and leisure activities (DePauw and Gavoron,
2005). PWDS have traditionally been considered to be frail and not physical capable and, as a
result of their perceived inferior physical and mental status, excluded from physical activity
beyond rehabilitation or therapeutic applications.
The benefits of participation in physical and leisure activities are not limited to rehabilitation for
PWDS. As with the general population, physical activity may reduce the risk for chronic
illnesses and secondary conditions for PWDS (Durstine e tal., 2000 Health and Fentem, 1997).
However, even though they would derive considerable benefit from physical exercise, children
and adults living with disabilities are more likely to be sedentary compared to their able- bodied
counterparts (Burchell, 2006). Physical activity amongst PWDS may also bring numerous
benefits to a community both at a social and an individual level. Participation in such activities
may improve functioning in daily activities, resulting in increased independence and
empowerment of PWDS, increased social integration and inclusion, as well as help to change
attitudes among members of the society in general (Sherrill, 2004).
Although there have been numerous studies considering participation trends, factors affecting
participation, and more recently the benefits of physical activity in increasing the strength,
endurance and social inclusion of PWDS. Heath and Fentem (1997) have pointed out that there
are no empirical studies considering the long- term benefits of physical activities in lowering the
risks of or preventing chronic conditions in PWDS.
Heath and Fentem (1997) review the disabling effects of inactivity, and particular reference to
achievement and maintenance of functional independence and quality of life.
The review provides support that physical activity participation result in improved functional
status and quality of life among persons with disabilities.
Depending on how disability is defined, the use of physical activity, and exercise to achieve
increased health, well- being and inclusion for PWDS may be grouped into three categories:
xxii
improvements in physical health; improvements in mental health and psychological well- being;
and increased integration and inclusion in to society.
Literature review by Sawler, (2005) indicates that people with disabilities experience social and
psychological benefits from an active lifestyle, such as experiencing their bodies and personal
abilities in new ways; gaining valuable social experiences, increasing personal confidence in
pursuing new physical activities; using experiences that have supported their participation to
challenge negative stereotypes about their disabilities.
Physical activity increase empowerment and ability to develop group identity through
participation in physical activities by PWDS. However, additional benefits include: Socialization
through physical activity is particularly valuable for people with disabilities as they often remain
in the home environment, protected and guarded by their families. Participation in physical
activity creates peer interaction, co- operative relationships and teamwork; physical activity can
also play a significant role in reducing the focus on the impairment or disability of the person
and places the focus on their abilities. This leads to empowerment and greater self- confidence
that can be applied to other realms of life, for example employment; disability sport programmes
serve to strengthen participants both by involving participants with and without a disability in the
same programmes there is increased understanding and sensitivity about one another and it can
assist with preventing social exclusion.
Person with disabilities can enhance the functioning and health of their heart, lungs, muscles and
bones in most cases through regular physical activity. Flexibility, mobility and coordination can
be improved, lessening the negative effects of some conditions or slowing the progression of
others. Besides, participation to physical activity can be fun and provide a chance to meet people
and make new friends. Since physical activity contributes to the maintenance of health, by
exercising, people actually build stamina that makes the demands of daily living easier thus
leaving extra energy at the end of the day for additional social activities (research digest 1999).
This shows that participation in activities have physiological benefit.
Health Canada (2002) stresses that physical activity brings about physical, social, and personal
benefits for persons with a disability. Persons with a disability participating in physical activity
also overcomes social isolation and become more self- relevant Fentem, (1994) showed that
xxiii
physically active wheelchair users have a lower rate of absence from work and fewer hospital
admissions than inactive colleagues. Wheelchair athletes have fewer pressure sores and kidney
complications than sedentary wheelchair users. Joint contractures can be prevented in children
who walk rather than use a wheelchair. Exercise in the upright position reduces calcium loss
after a spinal cord injury and exercise that improves muscle strength brings confidence in
negotiating steps and other barriers. Both motor skills and the speed at which manual work is
performed improve in people with intellectual impairment who exercise.
2.3 Challenges to Physical Activity Participation among Person with
Disabilities
To suggest strategies that will increase participation rates, the environmental, social,
psychological and personal factors that increase and decrease participation by people with
disabilities in physical activity must be identified. Barriers to participation in physical activity
exist for all people but people with disabilities often face additional barriers than that of persons
without disabilities. In this section the literature review focuses on factors affecting participation
of people with disabilities in physical activity.
More recently, research has been conducted exploring the barriers faced by persons with
disabilities in participating in physical activity Stuifbergen, et al (1990) identified several
potential perceived barriers to health promotion activities for persons with disabilities. They
categorized barriers as internal, such as lack of time, energy, or fatigue/ weakness. Barriers may
also be social or environmental factors (e.g. facilities not close by), which may affect one’s
ability to engage in health- promoting activities.
There are many barriers intrinsic and environmental, faced by people with disabilities when
participating in physical activity. Rimmer et al. (2004) cited several different categories of
barriers intrinsic and environmental, faced by people with disabilities when participating in
physical activity. These Peoples experience barriers to regular physical activity that differ from
those experienced by the general population, including lack of transportation to fitness centers,
lack of information available and accessible facilities and programs lack of accessible exercise
equipment and adequate space to move about, and the perception that fitness facilities are
unfriendly environments for those with a disability. These also supported by Smith, Austin et al.
xxiv
(2005) and identified two broad categories of barriers to physical activity for people with
disabilities. Intrinsic barriers resulting from an individual’s physical, emotional, and cognitive
limitations; residing within the individual; temporal or permanent; may arise or be related to
causes such as parental overprotection, inadequate educational opportunities, and segregation
from peers such as: Lack of knowledge, social ineffectiveness, health problems, physical and
psychological dependency, skill/challenge gaps, environmental barriers- often physical
e.g.
architectural, trees, mountains; or can be imposed by society or economic conditions e.g.
attitudinal barriers, ecological barriers and transportation barriers.
The Kaplan (2000) noted that the significantly lower rate of participation among people with
disabilities may be related to variety of environmental and personal barriers, including
architectural barriers, organizational policies and practices, discrimination, and social attitudes.
These barriers effectively reduce personal choice options, inhibit participation in healthy and
active life styles, and prevent people with stroke and other disabilities from fully participating in
their communities.
2.3.1 Internal Barriers
Intrinsic barriers include not having knowledge about the benefits of physical activity. There is
very little information available to people with disabilities about the benefits of activity for their
main condition or its potential in preventing secondary complications occurring. This lack of
knowledge can lead to uncertainty occurring for people with disabilities as to whether physical
activity is beneficial or harmful to the person’s condition (Health Education Authority 1998).
One of the most influential internal barriers addressed in the literature is the attitudes and
motivations of people with a disability, particularly self- consciousness and low levels of
confidence (Arthur and Finch, 1999). This lack of confidence and self- esteem has been reported
to manifest itself in the following ways; Feeling different from the majority of the population,
feeling unable to fit in at a sporting facility, self- consciousness or lack of confidence in asking
for help and assistance in a sporting environment, a fear of failure on the part of the person with
the disability can present another type of internal barrier particularly in the case of people who
have newly acquired their disability and with low self- esteem. The medical profession has been
identified as contributing to this lack of self- confidence in their ability to participate in physical
xxv
activities by people with a disability. The different life stages at which motivations, confidence
and attitudes to physical activity occur have also been discussed in the literature. Arthur and
Finch (1999) highlight certain key life stages or events that have the potential to contribute to
lower participation levels of physical activity amongst people with a disability, including leaving
school or training (in terms of getting out of the habit of doing sport and slowing down the
frequency of participation due to age), and periods following major personal trauma such as the
breakdown of a marriage or relationship or the death of a partner.
People with disabilities also face the barrier of their own attitude where they may feel frustrated
about lost abilities together with embarrassment and loss of dignity in front of others
participating in the activity (Health Education Authority 1998). And lack of time. Rimmer et al.
(2005) reported also several different categories of environmental facility barriers related to
participation in physical activity among people with physical disabilities; these barriers included
the built environment, cost of services or programs, equipment, policies, information, and
education and training of fitness facility staff.
Officially unemployed as opposed to non-disabled people, thus finance is a limiting factor in
what individual can spend on physical activities and leisure pursuits. Other financial barriers
include that of sports equipment. Arthur and Finch(1999) found that; whilst the financial cost
was not a major deterrent to taking part in physical activity, choice of activity and frequency of
participation were restricted because of cost.
2.3.2.1 Problems with Transportation
Transport is another major barrier as many people with disabilities do not have their own
transport and as a result have to rely on public transport or someone else to bring them to the
facility. Inaccessible transports systems, lack of public transport near facilities, disabled person
may have to pay more if forced to use a taxi, information on public transport, lack of awareness
of requirements by public transport staff, and community transport not including sports facilities
on routes (English Federation of Disability Sport, 2009). Transport to and from sporting venues
is a further barrier, as access to public transport can be restricted and the cost of other forms of
transport can be a barrier.
xxvi
2.3.2.2 Lack of Time
It has been shown that people with a disability can be inhibited from participating in sporting
activities due to a lack of time, especially those people who are in paid employment or training
and those responsible for childcare. Several issues relating to time have been discussed in the
literature (DePauw and Gavron, 1995). People with a disability are often required to travel longer
distances due to the lack of appropriate local facilities. They are also more time bound in their
physical activities due to a greater requirement for physical assistance and, consequently, a
greater reliance on other people. Furthermore, actually performing the activity simply takes
longer for people with certain types of disabilities.
2.3.2.3. Lack of Appropriate Facilities
Inaccessibility to facilities is an obstacle that hinders participation of people with disability, as
often buildings are not designed to accommodate people with disabilities i.e. ramps, doors,
changing facilities etc. Arthur and Finch(1999) found that poor physical access existing facilities
could present a barrier to the participation of people with a disability in physical activities,
specifically in terms of the inappropriate design of buildings lack of aids or adaptations to
equipment, the need to check beforehand that extra assistance is available and restricted access
times. Both Arthur and Finch (1999) and DePauw and Gavron (1995) raise the issue of a lack of
locally available facilities and by the blame for this at cuts in funding.
2.3.2.4 Lack of Trainers and Family
Additional barriers included the lack of trainers and family. In relation to participation in
exercise and physical activity, the attitudes of service providers was also identified as a problem,
in that it was perceived that they were often ignorant of the requirements of people with physical
and sensory disabilities (Health Education Authority 1998). Keith J. et al (2009) were indicates
that when persons with disabilities look to access community fitness or recreation facilities they
are looking for staff that are aware and knowledgeable about their disability and the special
considerations or contraindications related to exercise and the disability.
Families can also act as a barrier to participation, as they may not understand the benefits that
physical activity can bring to people with disabilities, while also fearing that injury or accidents
xxvii
may occur while participating in physical activity. Other barriers identified include lack of
qualified coaches and trainers who can train individuals or teams, due to the lack of training and
experience with people with disabilities. This problem is being slowly rectified through the
introduction of modules in relation to people with disabilities in coaching courses.
Moreover, the influence of family and friends in terms of providing practical assistance and
moral support has been shown to affect the confidence and self- esteem of people with disability.
Interestingly, Arthur and Finch (1999) reported that even the presence of a family dog could
increase confidence levels. Disability sports groups have been highlighted as an influence on
confidence, in terms of their ability to offer accessible facilities and to instill a sense of identity.
Arthur and Finch (1999) found that some sport facility staff lacked an appreciation of the issues
relating to disabled participation in sport and of the negative effect refusing membership or
access to facilities has on people with a disability. The attitudes of staff, whether through
experience or perception, were discouraging people with a disability from participating in
physical activities: An important aspect of accessible facilities encompassed the attitudes of
providers and staff at sports/leisure facilities, for example, from the point of view of the welcome
accorded and the extent of awareness that staff had of the needs of disabled people.
2.3.2.5 Policy Makers
The report of the Minster of Sport’s Review Group (1989) raised the issue of a lack of
knowledge and understanding on the part of policy makers regarding the issue of disability sport,
this at the time was felt to be leading to misconceptions and lack of a cohesive strategy. More
recently, Arthur and Finch(1999) referred to this lack of understanding on the part of policy
makers “regarding the inclusion or exclusion of people with particular impairments, or the
restriction, either directly and indirectly, on when they could take part”. Persons with disabilities
noted that facilities often lack policies relevant to them.
2.3.2.6 Other Sport Facility Users
The decision to participate can be influenced by the attitudes of many different people such as
the fitness center staff and management or people from the community who use the facility Keith
J. et al. (2009). Negative attitudes also include those of other facility users.
xxviii
2.3.2.7 Lack of Physical and Emotional Support
Not having someone to go with to the gym or sporting facility is another barrier (DePauw and
Gavron, 1995). According to Arthur and Finch (1999) this poses a greater problem for those
people with a disability who need some kind of physical, oral (help with communicating) or
visual assistance or moral support.
2.3.2.8 Socio- Cultural Barriers
Socio- cultural barriers refer to the specific social and cultural practices, beliefs and traditions
within a community or society which might encourage or discourage physical activity. Activity
amongst people with disabilities might be limited by socio- cultural stereotypes. Research
suggests, for example, that the result of segregating disability sports from the mainstream has
been two- fold. On the one hand the narrow range of disability sports visible in the media has
served to marginalize it. At the same time, restricting coverage to ‘serious or more competitive’
sport tends to give the impression that disability sport ‘is a realm accessible only to the gifted’ or
elite (Nixon, 2007).
Finally, the fitness and recreation center can be a complex environment filled with many
challenges for a person with disabilities. These challenges or barriers can be physical, social,
psychological, or economic in nature. As indicated by Keith Johnston, Garry Wheeler, and Scott
Rattray (2009) some of the most common barriers experienced by persons with disabilities are:
lack of accessible design in the facility (i.e., accessible routes, ramps, washrooms, changing
areas, etc) Lack of accessible design in equipment, lack of transportation to and from facilities,
attitudes of other community members or users of the facility (i.e., discomfort, negative
attitudes), attitudes of staff towards persons with disabilities, facility staff lacking knowledge
about disability and the special considerations around exercise, lack of confidence in abilities,
lack of knowledge about community resources (i.e., what is out there and what is available), lack
of skill with mobility aids (e.g. wheelchair, walker, cane, etc). Actual or perceived lack of social
support or sense of belonging, and lack of knowledge about exercise techniques.
The American National Center on Physical Activity and Disability(2006) summarizes the
common barriers person with disabilities faced as follow: Transportation to and from programs
or facilities, Economic factors ( a program or membership fee is not affordable), physical
xxix
barriers that remain in facilities or building structures due to improper interpretation of building
codes or non- compliance with guidelines, regulations, or laws, inadequately trained staff who
don’t know how to work with, talk to, or help people with disabilities; this includes knowledge
on how to adapt activities and how to market to these individuals, lack of availability of
accessible programs or other resources within a community, Poor social support. Parents, friends,
and family must be positive about the individual’s ability to participate in an activity and
regularly encourage that participation.
2.4 The Opportunity of PWDS to Participate in Physical Activity
Opportunities for participation at all levels are important for sport development. Persons with
disability should be provided with enough opportunities and support to perform sport and
physical activities adapted to their physical conditions. Auxter D.et al (2001) indicated that
person with disabilities need opportunities to express attained sport skills in competition.
Although, all able-bodied and persons with disabilities focus on their quality of life and
wellbeing, persons with disabilities generally are less likely to have opportunities to be active,
making their health concerns due to inactivity greater than the able- bodied. (Block ME, 1995).
Sport and disability thematic Profile (2009) shows that in many counties, opportunities exist at
the grassroots level through to elite completion for people with a disability to display their
abilities in the domain of sport and physical activity. However, this is not uniform around the
world and whilst there has been progressive and positive change in quality of life for people with
disabilities in many developed couriers, often this progress is not reflected in developing
countries. Integration and inclusion of people with disabilities in mainstream sport has been a
key focus in recent decades and has created now opportunities for participation and competition.
Giving people with disabilities the through different sporting area is crucial given the additional
benefits, among others, for social inclusion and self- esteem they receive from sport and physical
activity.
The human right of persons with disabilities to enjoy and participate in sport is enshrined in
various international and national legal instruments. These instruments have ensured that persons
with disabilities enjoy their rights to sport and physical activity. The right to sport has become
more pronounced with each instrument. The 1982 World Programme of Action Concerning
xxx
Disabled Persons stressed that member states should encourage sport activities for persons with
disabilities by providing facilities and organizations. The 1993 Standard Rules on the
Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with disabilities emphasized that states should
undertake, among other things, measures to make recreational and sport facilities accessible, and
develop opportunities for the participation of person’s disabilities in sport activities.
As sport and disability thematic profile (2009) indicated opportunities for person with a
disability range from sport and disability specific would championships, regional multi sport
tournaments, selected evens for athletes with a disability in Olympic and some athletes with a
disability also play and compete in mainstream competitions against able bodied person. There
are now more than 17 international games for person with disabilities. The three largest
international disability sport competitions are the Special Olympics, Paralympics Games and
Deaflympics.
Individuals with disabilities, families, and professionals will be to look beyond “special:
recreation opportunities for persons with disabilities to the vast recreation resources that exist in
local communities. The possibilities are endless (Grystal Smith, 2005). We have to explore a
variety of resources and programs in the community. We don’t need to limit options to
specialized or segregated programs just for individuals with disabilities. While participation in
special programs is at times beneficial, regular programs offer a wider range of opportunities and
are offered at more locations.
Providing opportunities for people with a disability often means making adjustments to programs
and services. Disability sport organizations also provide opportunities for people with specific
disabilities. These allow opportunities for specializations in specific events; tailored coaching for
specific needs and pathways for elite sporting experiences. An
(Crystal Smith, 2005). Recent International and national and national laws have affirmed the
right of individuals with disabilities to be given the same options as other members of the
community. This includes the opportunity to choose from all recreation activities in a
community. An individual or family should not be limited to segregated or specialized activities
unless that is their choice.
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2.5 International Charters, Policies and Human Rights on Participation in Sports
and Physical Activities by PWDS
As cited on sport and disabilities thematic profile (2009) a number of international charters and
policies have had an impact on the area of disability sport and development. Early international
polices related sport and development began with the Council of Europe formulating a policy on
Sport for all that was passed in 1966 declaring that every individual shall have the right to
participate in sport.
In 1978, the United Nations Education Science and Cultural Organization adopted International
Charter of Physical Education and Sport which stated that every person is entitled to participate
in sport, including specifically women, young people, the elderly and those with a disability. The
United Nations declared 1981 the International Year of Disabled People and although there was
much debate over the term ‘disabled people’ this was the first step in raising global awareness
about [people with disabilities and some of the issues they were facing.
Sport in the United Nations (2006) convention on the Rights of Person with Disabilities states
that the practice of sport teachers onlookers that persons with disabilities are able to compete and
enjoy physical activity. In particular, sport. Provides equal opportunities for persons with
disabilities to be active and interact in a positive social circle enabling the mitigation of negative
factors which may be associated with the disability. By promoting “ability” rather than “
disability”, the individual is empowered and gains grater self-confidence that can be applied to
other realms of life, for example, employment, socialization through sport is particularly
valuable for persons with disabilities as they often remain in the home environment protected
and guarded by their families consumption in sport promotes peer interaction co operative
relationship and teamwork, disability sport programmes serve to strengthen participants both
mentally and physically, promote rehabilitation and facilitate capacity for self- help, sport can
promote the inclusion of girls and women which experience double stigmatization, involving
participants with and without disabilities in the same programmes increase understanding and
sensitivity about one another and can assist with preventing social exclusion, sports progrmmes
for persons with disabilities are a cost- effective method of rehabilitation and they are highly
therapeutic; improve motor skills and increase ability, self –sufficiency and self- confidence.
xxxii
The convention on the rights of persons with disabilities is a legally binding standard and
framework that aims to improve the lives of persons with disabilities. The document contains 50
articles, with article 30 specifically addressing the rights of PWDS in the context of recreation,
leisure and sporting activities (Wolff et al 2007). This article signifies the importance of treating
PWDS equally and the need for states to improve access to encourage inclusion of PWDS in
recreational, leisure and sporting activities (Ogi, 2007)
The UN convention providing the expectation that PWDS will not only participate in disabilityspecific sporting activities, but also in mainstream sports (Cevra, 2007). While the focus on
disability specific sports is important in improving the quality and availability of such sports for
PWDS, the inclusion of PWDS in mainstream sports will allow for greater social inclusion
accessibility and sensitization of the public regarding PWDS (Cvra, 2007).
Article 30 of the CPRD addresses equal participation of PWDS in recreational, leisure and
sporting activities. State parties shall take appropriate measures; To encourage and promote the
participation, to the fullest extent possible, of persons with disabilities in mainstream sporting
activities at all levels; to ensure that persons with disabilities have an opportunity to organize,
develop and participate in disability- specific sporting and recreational activities and, to this end,
encourage the provision, on an equal basis with others of appropriate instruction training and
resources: to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to sporting recreational and
tourism events and to ensure that children with disabilities have equal access with other
children to participation in play, recreation and leisure and sporting activities, including those
activities in the school system.
2.6. Disabilities in Ethiopia
Based on the global estimation of the World Health Organization (WHO 2006), 10% of the
world population disabled. This figure seems to be the default estimate for many governments.
The EFDR (2008) census indicates the total population has risen to 73, 918, 505, but this initial
summary document does not yet contain information on disability. Ethiopia’s Population and
Housing Census (1994) indicated a total population of 53, 477,265 of whom 991,916 were
disabled (1.85 Per cent of the Population) and Tirussew et.al(1995) cites figures from a national
baseline survey indicating that 2.95 percent of the population had sensory, motor and cognitive
xxxiii
disabilities. However, as the various sources that cite this statistic highlight, this is well below
the ten percent estimate that is so often used. In the overall disability condition up to date
statistical data and information is absent. It difficult to know the magnitude and extent of the
problem.
According to JIC (2002) the state of persons with disabilities in Ethiopia is worsen due to the
presence of diversified pre and post- natal disabling factors (like infectious diseases, difficulties
contingent to delivery, under- nutrition, malnutrition, harmful cultural practices, lack of proper
child care and management, civil war and periodic drought and famine) and the absence of early
primary and secondary preventive actions.
It is important for persons with disabilities to organize and associate in order to participate in day
– to day activities and make equal decision in life. Polices are being devised to so support
organizations of persons with disabilities and their activities. A study by the JICA (2002)
indicates that; there are 5 associations of persons with disabilities and 1 federation of which the 5
associations are members. These are: The 5 organizations are the Ethiopian Association of the
Physically Handicapped, the Ethiopian National Association of the Blind, the Ethiopian National
Association of the Deaf, the Support Organization of the Mentally Handicapped, and the
Ethiopian National Association of Ex-Leprosy Patient. The five associations are united in the
Ethiopian Federation of Person with Disabilities (EFPD).
2.7 Disability Sports in Ethiopia
The Ethiopia government has implemented and laified various policy measure and laws
regarding the disability issue. According to the government, the quality of life of persons with
disabilities should be improved, and society should be integrated according to the principle of
normalization.
Persons with disabilities have the right to learn the historical background of their country, the
right to participate in sports and recreations for their health and mental well-being and to interact
socially with others (JICA, 2002).
According to JICA (2002) accessibility to roads, buildings, transport facilities and other public
recreational areas have limited participation and integration of persons with disabilities in
xxxiv
society. Zeegers (2004) summarizes that despite 32 years of existence of the disability sport in
Ethiopia the researcher assume its development is in an undeveloped stage. Some disability
organizations in Addis Ababa have local groups that can serve as a very important resource that
helps with the support or advocacy that may be needed to participate in recreation opportunities.
However, it seems that only competitive segregated sports activities have been held in the
country. To develop a successfully socially integrated society, a specific plan with numerical
targets adopting the principle of normalization is crucial.
Zeegers (2004) said that disability organizations are not aware of the importance of disability
sports and as a consequence have failed to include disability sports in their agenda. NGOs
working in the field of disability don’t recognize the merits of disability sports either, or if there
is interest, they are not yet prepared to implement such a program. There are some both inclusive
and specialized recreation opportunities for person with disabilities in Addis Ababa. These
places are: Community centers, churches, private health and fitness clubs, dance studios,
museums and zoos and etc. Most of the times as there are no suitable roads and transportation
these places are not suitable for person with disabilities.
xxxv
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1. The Research Design
The main concern of this research is to investigate the factors that affect the participation of
physical activity for persons with disability, in some selected gymnasia in Addis Ababa. In
conducting the research a mixed approach that is both quantitative and qualitative research,
approaches were used. The researcher mainly employed questionnaires for data gathering as
instrument because it is easy to address many people and save time and money to collect data.
The questionnaires are designed to be answered by persons with disabilities (27 questions), the
organization working for person with disabilities (11-questions) and fitness centers coordinators
(16 questions)
3.2. Research Participants
Participants for the research are persons with visual and physical impairments; fitness centers
coordinators and organizations serving people with disabilities in A.A. Selection of participants
is done in consultation with the associations. The subjects of this research are 200(70 female and
130 male) persons with disabilities of which 96 from visually and 104 from physically impaired.
In additions, 8 organizations serving people with disability and 24 fitness center coordinators
from 12 fitness centers participated in this research, making 232 participants in all.
3.3 Sampling and Sampling Procedure
3.3.1 Target Group
The sample size taken from the group of the physically and visually impaired is 200(70 female
and 130 male) persons with disabilities of which with 96 of them were visually impaired and the
rest 104 were from physically impaired. The fact that women respondents were fewer than men
might show that the majority of women are still struggling to join the outside world due to lack
xxxvi
of education and job opportunities, or it may also be because there are less female impairments
than male.
The sampling methods of the study were based on availability of the study subjects. Even though
there is a list of members in some of the organizations, taking a statistically more appropriate
technique turned out to be impractical since members registered are not employees of the
organizations and could not be available at the time of the study. As a result, members who
visited these organizations during the period of data collection were asked to participate in the
research.
3.3.2. Organizations’ Representatives
The sampling method used is simple randomly sampling method. Out of twelve organizations,
workings for PWDS 8 voluntary organizations are participated in the study.
When the organizations agreed to participate in the study they received a letter explaining the
study and what was involved including the aims and objectives of the study, 8 questionnaires
returned for analysis.
3.3.3 Fitness Centers Representatives
The method is randomly sampling technique. The coordinators of twelve fitness centers
contacted out of Twenty-four gymnasiums, which have a license from Addis Ababa
Administration of sport commission to request approval for their fitness instructors to participate.
Twenty-four questionnaires were sent out to the fitness instructors to complete. All
questionnaires returned for analysis.
3.4 Instruments and Procedure of Data Collection
3.4.1 Instruments
In order to gather information the researcher used three main instruments of data collection
namely questionnaire, observation and interview, believing these will do in achieving the stated
objectives.
xxxvii
3.4.1.1 Questionnaire
The researcher mainly employed questionnaires for data gathering instruments because it is easy
to address many people and save time and money to collect data. The questionnaires were
designed so as to be answered by persons with disabilities, the organization working for person
with disabilities and fitness centers coordinators.
The researcher validated the instruments that were developed as follows; before the actual data
collection was started; the instruments were given to colleagues so as to get valuable comments
and criticisms on the strengths and weakness of the items. Based on the comments obtained,
necessary modifications were made and given to the thesis advisor for further comments,
criticisms and evaluation.
The questionnaire are pre- tested at the organizations of the Ethiopian National Association of
the Blind and Ethiopian handicap association among persons with visual and physical
impairments who had the same characteristics as those in the main study. The participants in the
pilot study were seven people with visual and nine people with physical impairments who
volunteered to participate. However, all were excluded from the main study. The purpose of this
test was to check the appropriateness of the items and to make the necessary corrections based on
the feedback obtained. Hence, some of the questions were refined. Internal consistency of the
tests was also computed. Thus, the instruments were found reliable to collect data for the main
study and then administered as scheduled.
3.4.1.2 Observation
Hancock (1998:89) noted that, “Because of the richness and credibility of information it can
provide, observation being a desirable part of data gathering instrument”. Therefore, to obtain
more information, observation of the Gym and instructors during practical situation was used as
data gathering instruments. For the purpose of observation, checklist was employed. Based on
this, the researcher observes a total of 12 Gyms and instructors using the checklist developed for
the purpose.
xxxviii
The observation were focusing on availability of Gym facilities and equipments, safety of the
environments, for PWDS and instructors ability and willing to provide adequate information and
exercise for PWDS in the center.
3.4.1.3. Interview
Interview is very useful instruments to understand reasons why and how things happen and the
way they are happening. Literature indicates that interviewing has three major forms. These are
structured, semi- structured, and unstructured.
The researcher conducted the interview to representative of an organization by preparing
structured interview, which are related to the plan and program of the organization in order to
improve participation of PWDS in physical activity.
3.5 Procedures
Before the data collection had been started relevant literature was reviewed to get adequate
information on the topic, objectives and research question were formulated to show the direction
of the study and data gathering tools were developed. The researcher adopted three steps in
collecting the data for the study. First, the questionnaire was distributed and collected, Next Gym
observations have taking the place. Finally, the interviewing with representative of an
organization-serving people with disabilities was conducted.
3.6. Data Analysis
The data collected through different tools were analyzed in line with the basic questions raised in
chapter one. After the collection and gathering of data from the respondents and from
observation directly, the next step is analyzing the given data.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed to analyze the data. The data obtained
from people with disabilities and fitness center representatives through closed ended
questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statements and explanations.
Whereas, the data obtained through open-ended questions and interviews were qualitatively
analyzed and summarized. In addition, the result of the study is reported using percentages.
xxxix
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
This chapter comprises three major parts. This first part presents the characteristics of the sample
respondents of the study and the analysis of major variables based on the responses obtained
from PWDS respondents, the second part of this chapter deals with the analysis of major
variables based on the responses obtained from disability organizations respondents and the third
parts of the chapter presents analysis of major variables based on responses obtained from
faintness centers coordinators respondents.
4.1 Characteristics of the Respondents
Four demographic variables of the respondents were gathered as background information. These
are: age, sex, education and types of disabilities summarized in the following table below.
Table 4.1.1 Characteristics of Respondents
Types
of
disability
Education
Age
Sex
Items
Male
Female
Total
<20
21-30
31-40
41-50
>51
Total
MA/MSc
BA/BSc
Diploma
Certificate
High school
Elementary
Other
Total
Visual impairments
Physical
impairment
Both
Total
PWD
N
130
70
200
6
75
92
23
4
200
3
46
54
16
69
12
200
96
104
%
65
35
100
3
37.5
46
11.5
2
100
1.5
23
27
8
34.5
6
100
48
52
200
100
xl
Respondent
Fitness center coordinators
N
%
21
87.5
3
12.5
24
100
16
66.6
7
29.2
1
4.2
24
100
2
8.3
9
37.5
10
41.7
3
12.5
24
100
-
-
-
From the data collected and tabulated, the following significant characteristics of the respondent
are presented
According to Table 1, 130 (65%) of the respondents are male PWD and 70(35%) of the
respondents are female. On the other hand as can be seen from the above table 21(87.5%) of the
respondents are male coordinators and 3 (12.5%) are female this shows that female participation
in gymnasiums coordinator or instructor are low.
Regarding to the age of PWD table 1 shows that large number of the respondents i.e. 75(37.5%)
and 92(46%) age are between 21-30 and 31-40 respectively. Only 4 (2%) of the respondents age
are above 51. Similarly, concerning to the age of gym coordinators 16(66.6%) and 7 (29.2%) are
between 21-30 and 31-40 respectively. This shows that the majority of gym coordinators are in
their active working age.
Concerning to their educational qualification, table 1 shows that 69(34.5%) of the PWDs
respondents were from high schools, 54(27%) were with from diploma, 46(23%) were with
BA/BCS and only 3(1.5%) were from second degree. Regarding to the educational qualification
of gym coordinators the majority of the respondents 10(41.7%) and 9(37.5%) are diploma and
BA/BSC respectively. However, 2(8.3%) and 3(12.5%) are MSC and Certificates respectively.
Table 1 shows that 96(48%) of the respondents are visual impairments and 104(52%) of them are
physical impairments.
xli
4.2 Presentation and Analysis of Data obtained from Questionnaires of PWDs
Table 4.2.1. Responses of PWD Related to the Participation and Feeling in
Physical Activity
No
1
2
3
4
5
Items
Do you participate in physical activity (PA) now?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
If your answer for the above question is “no” will you like to begin
participation in PA program?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t know
Total
Do you feel that you are athletic enough to be a part of an exercise group?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t know
Total
Do you worried about how your body looks when exercising around other
people?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t know
Total
In terms of PA, how would you describe your own lifestyle?
a. Very active
b. Active
c. Inactive
d. Very inactive
Total
No
%
64
136
200
32
68
100
102
77
21
200
51
38.5
10.5
100
162
38
200
81
19
100
51
149
200
25.5
74.5
100
20
51
106
23
200
10
25.5
53
11.5
100
Table 4.2.1 shows the feeling and participation of PWD in physical activity now. When asked
whether respondents currently participated in physical activity, of the total number of the
respondents of person with disabilities, 64(32%) were currently participating in physical
xlii
activities while 136(68%) were not participating. However, when asked person who are not
participating in physical activities if they would like to take part in physical activity,102(51%)
said yes, 77(38.5%) said no and rest 21(10%) said don’t know.
Concerning to item 3 the feelings of people with disabilities to participate in exercise program in
Addis Ababa according to table 4.2.1, 162(81%)of the participants was good enough but the rest
38(19%) of the respondents lack confidence.
Regarding to item 4 of table 4.2.1, 51(25.5%)of the respondents worried about how their body
looks when exercising and 149(74.5%)of the respondents don’t worried about how their body
looks when exercising around other people. This shows that the majority of the respondents
don’t worried when participating in physical activities together with other people.
In table 4.2.1, respondents responded to the question “in terms of PA, how would you describe
your own lifestyle?” A majority of the respondent 106(53%) rated that they considered their
lifestyle to be somewhat inactive, whereas, less number of them 20(10%) and 51(25%) responds
that they considered their lifestyle to be somewhat very active or active respectively. In addition,
23(11.5%) of the respondents consider their lifestyle to be very inactive.
xliii
Table 4.2.2 Perception and Attitude of PWDSs to physical activities
No
Items
1
How do you see participating in PA?
A. Interesting
B. Boring
C. Challenging
Total
Do you think that is difficult to participate in PA for you?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t know
Total
How do you think that participating in PA is a hard work or fatigue for you?
A. Strongly agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Do you believe that PWDS cannot participate in physical active?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
For your own physical activity, how important are physical activity clubs,
programs, or organized recreational events in your area?
A. Very important
B. Somewhat important
C. Not very important
D. Not at all important
Total
Have you ever discriminated by fitness providers and fitness center because
of your disability?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
How is your attitude towards participating in PA at gymnasium and
different areas
A. Excellent
B. Very good
C. Good
D. Fair
E. Poor
Total
2
3
4
5
6
7
xliv
No
%
186
9
5
200
93
4.5
2.5
100
42
150
8
200
21
75
4
100
13
34
12
109
32
200
6.5
17
6
54.5
16
100
17
183
200
8.5
91.5
100
73
102
13
12
200
36.5
51
6.5
6
100
61
139
200
30.5
69.5
100
102
87
10
1
200
51
43.5
5
0.5
100
Table 4.2.2 shows the perception and attitude of PWDS to physical activities. As indicated in the
first item 186 (93%) from all the respondents agreed on the interesting of participating in P.A.,9
(4.5%) of the respondents indicated that physical activities is boring and the rest 5(2.5%)
respondents answered that P.A. is challenging.
Table 4.2.2 also indicates the respondents who responded to the item number two related to the
perception towards the difficulty in the participation of physical activities by PWDS. As can be
seen from the table, 150 (75%) of respondents agreed that it is not difficult to participate in P.A
for PWDs and only 42(35%) of the respondents agree on the assertion. One can also observe
from the third item presented in Table 4.3 that 141(70.5%) respondents had disagree or strongly
disagree participation in P.A. Only 47(23.5%) of them agree or strongly agree participation in
P.A tires & hard work them and fatigued by it.
In response to item four as can be seen from the table, 183(91.5%) respondents agreed that
PWDS can participate in physical activity. Respondents were also asked about the importance of
physical activity clubs, programs, or organized recreational events in their area. As indicated in
above table of item five 175(87%) of the respondents agreed on the importance of the clubs,
programs or organized recreational events and the rest 25(12.5%) of the total respondents do not
agree.
Concerning the last item, of the total of 200 respondents of person with disability 61(30.5%) said
they were discriminated by fitness providers and fitness center because of their disability,
whereas the rest 139(69.5%)said ‘no’.
As can be seen from item 7 of table 4.2.2 the majority of the respondents 102(51%) and
87(43.5%) those who responded “Excellent and Very Good” indicated that they do have a better
attitude towards participating in gymnasiums and other places.
xlv
Table 4.2.3 Access to information by different means
No
Items
1
Do you have enough information of PA you could get to?
A. Yes
64
B. No
136
C. Not sure
Total
200
Do you get better information about the type of physical activity that
PWDS can participate in?
A. Yes
41
B. No
159
Total
200
Do you think that knowing the health risks of inactivity will make you
actually change your levels of exercise?
A. Yes
167
B. No
32
C. Don’t know
1
Total
200
2
3
No
%
32
68
100
20.5
79.5
100
83.5
16
0.5
100
According to table, 4.2.3 of item 1 above, the respondents were asked whether they have enough
information of PA that they could get to or not. About 136(68%) of the respondents said no.
about 64 (32%) of the respondents, on the contrary said that they have enough information,
whereas none of the respondents says do not surely.
Regarding to the statistics in the second item of table 4.2.3 above, 159(79.5%) of the respondents
said that they do not get better information about the type of physical activity that PWDS can
participate in. about 41(20.5%) of them however, said that they can get better information about
the type of physical activity that PWDS can participate in.
Based on the statistics in the item of table 4.2.3 above, the majority 167(83.5%) of the
respondents said that they may change their behaviors due to specific knowledge of health
problems caused by inactivity. Fewer people 32(16%) stated that knowing health concerns
xlvi
inactivity will not change their behaviors, whereas 1(0.5%) of the total respondent do not know
the issue.
Table 4.2.4 The condition of facilities and equipment
No
Variable questions
1
In general, how would you rate the condition of public recreation facilitates
in your area for PWDs? Would you say …...?
A. Excellent
B. Very Good
C. Good
D. Fair
E. Poor
Total
Are there suitable access routes to the fitness centers for PWDs in your
surrounding?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Do fitness centers and playgrounds easily accessible for you in your
surroundings?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
2
3
No
%
5
6
10
22
157
200
2.5
3
5
11
78.5
100
30
170
200
15
85
100
30
170
200
15
85
100
In table 4.2.4, respondents of PWDS were asked to rate generally the condition of the public
recreation facilities in their area. The majority 157(78.5%) of the participants indicated that the
condition of the public recreation facilities in Addis Ababa is poor, while 10(5%) and 22(11%)
of the respondents thinks that the situation is good and fair respectively. However, 5 (2.5%) and
6(3%) of the participants shows that the condition of the public recreation facilities in Addis
Ababa stats is excellent and very good respectively.
As indicated in the same table, the suitability of access routes for the person with disabilities to
the sport fields and fitness centers are challenging as rated by the majority 170(85%) of the
respondents. Only few 30(15%) respondents of person with disabilities cited the accesses are
suitable.
xlvii
According to the third item of table 4.2.4, 170(85%) of the respondents indicated that the fitness
centers and play grounds are not easily accessible to PWDs and only 30(15%) agrees with the
statement.
Table 4.2.5 Motivation to participation in physical activity
No
Items
1
Do you have a friend with disability who participates in any form of physical
activity?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Do you have a family member(s) who participate(s) In any form of P.A?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
If you have an opportunity to visit PWDS to take part in PA of your choice, will
you initiated to be more participant and active?
2
3
A. Yes
B. No
Total
No
%
108
92
200
54
46
100
77
123
200
38.5
61.5
100
184
16
200
92
8
100
Item one of table 4.2.5 indicates that 108(54%) of the participants responded to the question of
having a friend with disability who participated in physical activity. However, 92(46%) of the
respondents indicates that they do not have a friend with disability who participate in any form of
PA.
Regarding to the second item 123(61.5%) of the respondents had no family members who
participated in any form of physical activities and only 77(38.5%) had a family member that
participated in sports and physical activity.
The third item shows that the majority 184(92%) of the PWDS said that they initiated to be more
participant and active and 16(8%) disagrees to the statement.
xlviii
Table 4.2.6 Support and opportunity by fitness centers coordinators, family and
government.
No
1
2
3
4
5
Items
Do you think that support by appropriately trained fitness centers staff or
coaches for PWDS could have a significant impact on participation in
PA?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Do you think that an exercise instructor in a fitness center would know
how to set up an exercise program to meet your needs?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
How does living with your family make a difference in your physical
activity level?
A. Very encouraging
B. Encouraging
C. Discouraging
D. Very discouraging
Total
Do you think PWDS have got equal opportunity as of other people
without disability regarding participation in PA?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Are there any governmental or nongovernmental bodies, which provide
support and encouragement for you to participate in any of physical
activity at any level?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
No
%
144
56
200
72
28
100
25
175
200
12.5
87.5
100
41
129
22
8
200
20.5
64.5
11
4
100
9
191
200
4.5
95.5
100
50
150
200
25
75
100
As can be seen from item one of table 4.2.6 the majority of participants 144(72%) of the
respondents indicated they think that support by appropriately trained fitness centers staff or
coaches for PWDS could have a significant impact on participation in PA. furthermore, the rest
56(28%) of the respondents said on.
xlix
Regarding to the second item of the above table PWDs perceive the fitness center instructors
knowledge to set up an exercise programs. The majority of the participants, 175(85%) perceive
fitness centers instructors do not knows how to set up an exercise program and the rest
22(12.5%) say yes.
Item three as indicated in the same table, the majority of the respondents 129(64.5%) and
41(20.5%) rated “encouraging and very encouraging” respectively. Whereas, 22(11%) and 8
(4%) of the participant rated “discouraging and very discouraging” respectively.
Results in item 4 of table 4.2.6 indicates that PWDS haven’t get equal opportunity as of other
people without disability regarding participation in PA as rated by 191(95.5%). While,9 (4.5%)
says that they get equal opportunity as of other people without disability regarding participation
in PA
Respondents were asked to indicate whether they get support and encouragement or not from
governmental or non-governmental bodies. As indicated in Table 4.2.6 as reported by the
majority 150 (75%) of the respondents assured that there was no support and encouragement
rendered to PWDS.
l
Table 4.2.7 Purpose of participation in physical activity
No
Items
A
It’s good for my health
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
To be with friends
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
A chance to meet people to make friends
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Just to enjoy myself
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Helps relieve stress
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
To lose weight
B
C
D
E
F
li
No
%
98
87
11
4
200
49
43.5
5.5
2
100
77
65
36
13
9
200
38.5
32.5
18
6.5
4.5
100
71
82
31
11
5
200
35.5
41
15.5
5.5
2.5
100
55
62
71
8
4
200
27.5
31
35.5
4
2
100
87
78
30
5
200
43.5
39
15
2.5
100
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
G
H
I
J
Strongly Agree
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Total
To reduce the effects of my disability
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Reduce risk of coronary artery disease
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Reduce risk of high blood pressure
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Improves muscle strength
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
K
Total
To relax my self
a. Strongly Agree
b. Agree
c. Undecided
d. Disagree
e. Strongly Disagree
Total
lii
34
53
66
43
4
200
17
26.5
33
21.5
2
100
36
44
70
43
7
200
18
22
35
21.5
3.5
100
81
75
38
2
4
200
40.5
37.5
19
1
2
100
79
61
47
9
4
200
39.5
30.5
23.5
4.5
2
100
77
93
30
38.5
46.5
15
200
100
83
47
55
15
200
41.5
23.5
27.5
7.5
100
Table 4.2.7 shows the purposes of PA. In this part there are 11 purposes assumed to be the
purposes of participating in PA. Among these purposes, the researcher selects four of them to
discuss. The points are selected because most participants strongly agree to the statements.
A. It’s good for my health 49%
B. It helps to relives stress 43.5%
C. To relax myself 41.5%
D. Reduce risk of coronary artery disease 40.5%
As can be seen in the above responses the majority of the participants said that doing regular PA
is good for their health rated by 49% of them. 43.5% of the respondents also indicated that
regular PA helps PWDs to relives stress. 41.5% and 40.5% of the respondents also strongly
agreed that PA is important to relax and reduce the risk of coronary artery diseases respectively.
Table 4.2.8 Factors affecting the participation of PA for persons with PWDs
No
A
B
C
Items
Cost of the exercise program
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Lack of transportation
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Lack of time
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
liii
No
%
110
78
12
200
55
39
6
100
45
61
53
23
18
200
22.5
30.5
26.5
11.5
9
100
23
27
43
65
11.5
13.5
21.5
32.5
E. Strongly Disagree
D
E
F
G
H
I
Total
Lack of support from friends or family to exercise
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Lack of accessible facility in gymnasium
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Exercise is boring or monotonous
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Exercise will not improve my condition
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Don’t know how to exercise
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Don’t know where to exercise
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
liv
42
200
21
100
83
92
15
7
3
200
41.5
46
7.5
3.
1.5
100
32
43
45
38
42
200
16
21.5
22.5
19
21
100
14
24
45
67
50
200
7
12
22.5
33.5
25
100
62
23
30
28
57
200
31
11.5
15
14
28.5
100
96
83
17
4
200
48
41.5
8.5
2
100
45
57
27
22.5
28.5
13.5
44
22
E. Strongly Disagree
27
200
Total
13.5
100
Some of the factors that affect the participation of PWDs in PA are listed in the above table
among the factors the researcher selects 3 major factors. The factors are selected based on the
responses of the participants to be most significantly affecting factors in the participation of PA
by PWDs.
A. Cost of exercise program rated by 55% of the respondents.
B. Do not know how to exercise rated by 48% of the respondents.
C. Lack of support from friends or family to exercise rated by 41.5% of the respondents.
Based on the above table the most hindering factor that affect the participation of PWDS in PA is
cost of exercise program rated by 55% of the respondents. The second major factor that affects
their participation is do not know how to exercise indicated by 48% of the respondents and the
third affecting factor is lack of support from friends or families to exercise, rated by 41.5%.
4.3 Presentation and Analysis of date obtained from Questionnaires of
representatives of an organization working for PWDs.
Eight questionnaires were sent to disability serving organizations across Addis Ababa. All
questionnaires were filled and returned. A 100% response rate was achieved. An open and close
ended questions invited organizations to be more specific in identifying any effort they made to
support person with disability participate in physical activity. Of the eight organizations that
returned the questionnaire, five were nongovernmental while the rest three are form
governmental organizations.
Table 4.3.1 Purposes of physical activity and inclusion
No
Items
1
Does your organization believe that physical activity (PA) is essential
for person with disabilities PWDs?
2
No
A. Yes
8
B. No
Total
8
Does your organization include PA as a program for PWDs to be
active and used as inclusive tools?
lv
%
100
100
A. Yes
B. No
Total
2
6
8
25
75
100
In table 4.3.1 we can see that all eight (100%) of the respondents indicated that physical activity
is essential for person with disabilities and none of the organization said it is not essential.
Regarding to the second item of the above table only 2(25%) out of eight organizations used PA
participation for people with disabilities as a tool to social inclusion and health promotion
agendas. Whereas, the majority 8(75%) of the respondents disagrees to the statement.
Table 4.3.2: Availability of Fitness centers
No
No
Items
1
Does your organization think there are sufficient numbers of fitness centers
available for PWDs in Addis Ababa?
A. Yes
2
B. No
6
Total
8
%
25
75
100
As can be seen in the above tables how organizations see the availability of fitness centers for
person with disabilities. It can be clearly seen that most 6 (75%) of the respondent cited as there
are lack of fitness centers for these groups of person, While 2(25%) of the organization agreed
on the presence of sufficient fitness centers for person with disabilities.
Table 4.3.3 Opportunities to participate in physical activity
No
1
2
3
Items
Does you organization think that PWDs have opportunities to participate in PA?
N
%
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Does your organization believe PWDs get equal attention to participate in PA as that of
person without disabilities in Addis Ababa?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Have your organization make any efforts to tailored coaching and instructors for specific
needs of PWDs to increase their participation in PA?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
2
6
8
25
75
100
8
8
100
100
3
5
8
37.5
62.5
100
lvi
4
Does your organization think that PWDS used most of the opportunities they have to
participate in PA?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
8
8
100
100
Concerning to item one of the table 4.3.3 from the eight respondents, 6 (75%) of participants
indicated that the organization do not think person with disabilities have the opportunity to
participate in physical activities. However, insignificant number 2 (25%) of the respondents
believe that they have opportunities.
Item two of tables 4.3.3, these section respondents were asked whether PWDs get equal attention
to participate in PA as that of person without disabilities. All 100% of the respondents’ believe
that person with disabilities haven’t got equal attention as that of persons without disability.
The 3rd item requires each respondent to tell whether organization has made any efforts to
tailored coaching and instructors for specific needs of PWDS to increase their participation in PA
or not. 5(62.5%) of the respondents disagree to the statement and the rest 3(37.5%) agrees to the
assertion.
Regarding to item four of table 4.3.3, all of the respondents believed that PWDSs have not used
most of the opportunities they have.
Table 4.3.4 Support and Relationship of organization with different bodies
No
1
2
3
Items
No
%
3
5
8
37.5
62.5
100
5
3
8
37.5
62.5
100
As an organization have you gave any supports for PWDs to
make them participate in PA?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Does your organization have any links with community sport and
fitness centers currently to help PWDS participation in PA?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Is there an established network of PWDs organizations to promote
capacity development and knowledge exchange of PA for PWDS in
lvii
Addis Ababa?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t Know
Total
4
4
8
50
50
100
In table 4.3.4 above, respondents were asked whether organizations have given any supports for
PWDS to make them participate in PA and sport, Based on the responses presented above, 5
(62.5%) of the organizations do not given supports and makes efforts. However, 3(37.5%) said
that they have given supports and makes efforts.
Concerning to item two of the above table 5(62.5%) of the respondents answered ‘Yes’ whereas
the rest 3 (37.5%) said ‘No’.
On the other hand one can also observe from the 3rd item presented in table 4.3.4 that 4 (50%) of
the respondents had established network of disabled peoples’ organizations to promote capacity
development and knowledge exchange of PA for PWDS in Addis Ababa. Similarly four (50%)
of them had not established network of disabled peoples’ organizations to promote capacity
development and knowledge exchange of PA for PWDS.
Table 4.3.5 Factors affecting the participation of PA for PWDs
(rated by
representatives of disability organization and fitness center coordinators)
Respondents
No
A
B
Representatives of
Disability
organization(N=8)
Items
Cost of the exercise program
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Lack of transportation
A. Strongly Agree
lviii
Fitness center coordinators
(N=24)
No
%
No
%
7
1
8
87.5
12.5
100
12
8
2
2
24
50
33.3
8.3
8.3
100
5
62.5
9
37.5
C
D
E
F
G
B.
C.
D.
E.
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
2
1
8
25
12.5
100
7
6
1
1
24
29.2
25
4.2
4.2
100
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Undecided
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
1
1
4
2
8
12.5
12.5
50
25
100
3
5
8
7
1
24
12.5
20.8
33.3
29.2
4.2
100
3
3
1
1
8
37.5
37.5
12.5
12.5
100
5
5
12
1
1
24
20.8
20.8
50
4.2
4.2
100
5
2
1
8
62.5
25
12.5
25
100
12
8
2
2
24
50
33.3
8.3
8.3
100
4
3
1
8
50
37.5
12.5
100
3
2
5
6
8
24
12.5
8.3
20.8
25
33.3
100
2
2
2
25
25
25
4
3
5
16.7
12.5
20.8
2
8
25
100
8
4
24
33.3
16.7
100
Total
Lack of time
Total
Lack of support from friends or family to exercise
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Lack of accessible facility in gymnasium
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Don’t know how to exercise
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Don’t know where to exercise
A. Strongly Agree
B. Agree
C. Undecided
D. Disagree
E. Strongly Disagree
Total
Some of the factors that affect the participation of PWDs in PA are listed in the above table
among the factors the researcher selects 3 major factors. The factors are selected based on the
responses of representatives of disability organization and fitness center coordinators. They
lix
similarly agree to the following most significantly affecting factors in the participation of PA by
PWDs.
A. Cost of exercise program.
B. Lack of transportation.
C. Lack of accessible facilities in the gymnasiums.
Based on the above table the most hindering factor that affect the participation of PWDS in PA is
cost of exercise program rated by 87.5% of representatives of disability organization and 50%
fitness center coordinators. The result from the questionnaires of PWDs also indicates these as
the most hindering factor. The second major factor that affects the participation of PWDs in PA
is lack of transportation indicated by 62.5% and 37.5% of representatives of disability
organization and fitness center coordinators respectively. In addition, the third affecting factor is
lack of accessible facilities in the gymnasiums, rated by 62.5% and 50% of representatives of
disability organization and fitness center coordinators respectively. Whereas, the 2nd and the 3rd
most affecting factor indicated by PWDs are do not know how to exercise and lack of support
from friends or family to exercise respectively.
4.4 Presentation and Analysis of date obtained from Interviews of
representatives of an organization working for PWDs.
The researcher also raised four-structured interview for the representatives of an organizations.
The first question is “what has been done to ensure PWDS equal participation in PA?” The
participants responded this question differently. In order to avoid unnecessary repetition, the
researcher groups the responses into two main groups. The first group 6 out of 8 participant from
the representatives of the disability organizations suggestions that to help person with disabilities
participation PA: offering information, giving free of charge training, making sport committee of
disabilities and discussion with different bodies to enhance their participation in different sports.
In contrary to this, the second group 2 out of 8 respondents from representative of an
organization sated that nothing has been done to ensure equal participation in their organization.
The researcher also asked respondents to give their opinions on what has to be done to give
better public education at different level to minimize social prejudice on the participation of
lx
PWDs in physical activity. The responses provided by the respondents were: “We have presented
different talent shows by the person with disabilities at different circumstances to the public in
order to convince those people with disabilities as they can able to do PA”. “We have been
preparing sport related competitions and festivals among PWDs and also making to be
announced through different media”, “Preparing sport days, distributing pamphlets, organizing
panel discussions and awareness raising activities on disability sports at different level.”
The 3rd interview question is about the opportunities and technical support that have been opened
up through the work of their organization for PWDs to participate in PA. Six out of eight
representatives elaborated that their organization gave opportunities to people with disability to
be an assistant coach, help them to participate in completion, try to fulfill materials, making a
welcoming and friendly environment, try to communicate and discuss on disability sports with
different organization. They also added that PWDs have different opportunities around their
surroundings. For example like private health and fitness clubs, clearing the house and playing
table tennis as these activities do not really need special equipments and can get easily without
payments.
Finally, the researcher gave the opportunity for the organization to give their own suggestions
and recommendations with regard to improve the participation of PWDs in PA in Addis Ababa.
In general their suggestions were: Some respondents considered the community facilities for
PWDS as being particularly poor and suggests about the need to improve-including playgrounds
and to make them inclusive, different bodies have to know PA is very important tool for
inclusion of PWDs in to the community and have to develop different programs and struggle for
its implementation, increasing information about physical activity for PWDs, improve or provide
better access, improved co-ordination and work between voluntary agencies and the government
in areas affecting people with disabilities, giving appropriate training for personal assistants or
coaches how to assist and provision of facilities for people with disabilities to use, need for more
training and educating of people in relation to disabilities, to increase awareness on the
importance of PA to PWDSs, to help fitness instructors to know about disabilities and method of
helping these people, all have to know the law and polices concerning rights of person with
disability and struggle for its implementations, concerned bodies have to give emphases to better
transportation to sport fields and fitness centers and focus on disability specific exercise to attract
lxi
these people, incentive should be given to encourage their participation and give many
opportunities to a participate in different competitions.
4.5 Presentation and Analysis of date obtained from Questionnaires of Fitness
Centre Coordinators.
Twenty-four fitness centers coordinators who worked in twelve fitness centers were asked to
complete a questionnaire to ascertain if fitness centers, the level of staff training and the
opportunities they opened for PWDs adapt integration measures.
Table 4.5.1: Participation of PWDs and promotion of fitness centers to increase
their participation.
No
Items
1
Does your fitness centre currently have any members (new/old) of person
with disabilities (PWDS)?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t know
2
3
4
5
Total
How do PWDS participate in exercise classes from person without disabilities
members in your fitness center?
A. Integrated
B. Separated
C. Conditioned
Total
Does your fitness center provide opportunities for PWDS to participate in
physical activity?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Have you made any efforts to provide welcoming environments to help PDS
participate in your fitness center
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Does your fitness center provide enough promotion to encourage PWDS to
participate in activities?
A. Yes
lxii
No
%
2
22
24
8.3
91.7
100
1
2
21
24
4.2
8.3
87.5
100
12
12
24
50
50
100
2
22
24
8.3
91.7
100
2
8.3
B. No
Total
Have you offered any kind of essential provisions for PWDS to use your
fitness center?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
6
22
24
91.7
100
1
23
24
4.2
95.8
100
In the above table, 4.5.1 respondents were asked to state whether any people with disabilities
were members of their fitness centre. The majority of the respondents 22(91.7) responded that
they have no. Whereas 2 (8.3%) stated that they have members who had a physical or visual
impairments. Regarding to the second item of table 4.5.1 about 2(8.3%) of the sample reported
that they provided separate exercise classes; only 1(4.2%) said that they had inclusion classes for
persons with disabilities. But a significant number of the participant 21(87.5%) indicated that
they are conditioned.
Concerning to item 3, 50% of the of the respondents agree and the rest 50% disagrees to the
statement. Regarding to the 4th item the majority 22(91.7%) of the respondents indicated that
they don’t made any efforts to provide welcoming environments to help PDS participate in your
fitness center. Whereas, only 2(8.3%) of the participants said that they made an efforts to provide
welcoming environments to help PDS participate 9in your fitness center.
The fitness centers coordinators were asked if the fitness centers they worked in provide enough
promotion to people with disabilities to attend their fitness center. 22(91.7%) said “No” and
2(8.3%) stated that they do something to encourage participation among people with disabilities
in physical activities.
Regarding to the last item 1(4.2%) of the respondents have been offering special provision and
the rest 95.8 (66.7%) of the respondents don’t have any provision.
Table 4.5.2 Opportunities accessible to encourage participation
No
1
Items
Do you consider PWDs in your fitness center?
A. Yes
B. No
lxiii
No
%
20
4
83.3
16.7
2
Totally
Do your fitness center offer disability specific activities?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
24
100
22
2
24
91.7
8.3
100
As can be seen in table 4.5.2 of item one shows weather the fitness centers consider persons with
disabilities. 20(83%) of the respondents reported that they considered PWDS in their fitness
centers; however only 4(16.5%) of them not.
Regarding to item 2 the majority of respondents 22(91.7%) stated that their fitness centre offer
disability specific activities. Whereas 2(8.3%) of them did not offer disability specific activities.
Table 4.5.3 Accessibility and facility
No
Items
1
Is the fitness center wide enough for someone in a wheelchair and with a
mobility aid to turn around?
A. Yes
B. No
2
Total
Are there enough materials available in other formats (audio, Braille) for
PWDS?
A. Yes
B. No
3
Total
Can the equipment be modified or adjusted to accommodate the needs of
PWDS?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Don’t Know
4
Total
Have you made your facilities and services easily accessible for PWDS in
your fitness center?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
No
%
12
12
24
50
50
100
4
20
24
16.7
83.3
100
6
18
24
25
75
100
2
22
24
8.3
91.7
100
Concerning to table 4.5.3 of item 1, 12 (50%) of the respondents agreed that their fitness centers
are wide enough for someone in a wheelchair and with mobility aid to turn around and use the
lxiv
facilities. Whereas, the rest said ‘No’. But the observation result reject the results of the
questionnaires because in my observation only 2 out of 8 of the observed gymnasiums are wide
enough for someone in a wheelchair and with mobility aid to turn around and use the facilities.
Regarding to item 2, 20(83.3%) of coordinators of the fitness centers respondents said no
materials available in other formats (audio, Braille) for PWDS.
The 3rd item in table 4.5.3 asks whether the equipment can be modified or adjusted to
accommodate the needs of PWDS. Out of the coordinators of the fitness centers respondents, 18
(75%) reported that equipment cannot be modified or adjusted to accommodate the needs of
PWDs. However, 6(25%) of the respondents reported that the equipments are modified or
adjusted to accommodate the needs of PWDs. The observation result also strengthen this result.
As indicated in the fourth item 22 (91.7%) of the respondents have not made their facilities and
services easily accessible for person with disabilities in their fitness center. Only 2 (8.3%) of the
respondents agrees to the statement.
Table 4.5.4 Specialized Training and Knowledge of the staff members
No
Items
1
Had you received any special training in adapted physical activity or physical
activities training for PWDS?
A. Yes
B. No
2
Total
Does your staff members know how to assist someone with disabilities pursue
their exercise goals?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
No
%
6
18
24
25
75
100
12
12
24
50
50
100
As can be observed in the above table 4.5.4 respondents were asked if they had received or taken
special training in adapted physical activities, only 6(25%) of the respondents stated that they
had received training in relation to adapted physical activity or physical activity training for
people with disabilities. However, 18(75%) of the participants had not received any training in
adapted physical activities for PWDS.
lxv
Concerning to the 2nd item of table 4.5.4 the fitness centers coordinators were asked if the staff
members know how to assist someone with disabilities reach in for their exercise goals. The
responses of the participants are fifty-fifty for both choices.
Table 4.5.5 Relationships with different organizations
No
Items
1
Does your fitness centre have any contact with different organizations doing
for PWDS?
A. Yes
B. No
Total
No
%
24
24
100
100
As can be observed in the above table in terms of emergent relationships the researcher wanted
to know about any links that the fitness centers had, none of the respondents stated that their
fitness centre had developed relationships with different organizations doing for PWDs.
4.6 Presentation and Analysis of date obtained from observation checklist
Table 4.6.1 Observation checklist of 12 gymnasiums in Addis Abeba.
No
Items
1
Comfortable transportation for wheel chair in the center
A. Yes
B. No
2
Total
Available gymnasium facilities and equipments and its appropriate
PWDs.
A. Yes
B. No
3
Total
Environment is safe and conducive for PWDs to practice
A. Yes
B. No
4
Total
Enough space for someone in wheel chair to turn around in the center
A. Yes
B. No
Total
lxvi
No
%
2
10
12
16.7
83.3
100
2
10
12
16.7
83.3
100
3
9
12
25
75
100
2
10
12
16.7
83.3
100
for
5
6
Instructor ability to identify individual difference
A. Yes
B. No
Total
Easily accessible facilities and service for PWDs in the center
A. Yes
B. No
Total
2
10
12
16.7
83.3
100
2
10
12
16.7
83.3
100
As can observed from the above table the majority of gymnasiums in Addis Ababa are not
comfortable and suitable for PWDs. Regarding to item 1 and 3 only 2 (16.7%) of the
gymnasiums are comfortable transportation for wheel chair in the center. Concerning to available
gymnasium facilities, equipments, and its appropriateness for PWDs only 2 out of 12
gymnasiums have available gym facilities and equipments appropriate for PWDs. Regarding to
instructor ability to identify individual difference only 2(16.7%) of the instructors have ability to
identify individual difference.
4.7 DISCUSSION
In this part, the findings of the study are discussed in relation to previous relevant literature to
give inferences. The study was aimed to investigate the major factors affecting PWDs in the
participation of physical activity in Addis Ababa. 232 respondents completed questionnaires.
Interview was carried out for eight representatives of PWDs organization and observation
checklist was analyzed.
4.7.1 Physical Activity Participation and Perception
In relation to the literature reviewed by Heath & Fentem (1997) the disabling effects of inactivity
and the benefits of physical activity; this study revealed that over 72% of the respondents stating
that physical activity is very important. However, the results of the study showed that even if
they underline the benefit of participating in sport and physical activity; more than 67% of the
participants of PWDSs are not participating in sports and physical activities at the moment. This
finding highlights the need for people with disabilities to increase their level of physical activity.
All (100%) of the respondents from the representative of the organization also support the
importance of participation for PWDS. As the office of the UN resident coordinator (2009)
indicates socialization through sport is particularly valuable for people with disabilities as they
lxvii
often remain in the home environment, protected and guarded by their families. But only 44.4%
of the responded organizations used sport and physical activities as inclusion tools. Health
Canada (2002) and blinder & Taub (1999) also strongly stresses the benefit of sport participation
of persons with a disability; participating in sport and physical activity helps to overcome social
isolation, become more self- reliant and increased social integration and inclusion by PWDS.
Among participants of PWDSs in this study, most 155(76.0%) from both group of visually and
physically impaired respondents, Walking to/from school/work was selected as the most popular
activity that they would likely to do. We can see from above response the range of activities was
much narrower, indicating a lack of choice. This may indicate that people with disabilities
experience barriers to participation in physical activity. There is a need for people with
disabilities, to be encouraged and supported in becoming physically active. Emphasis should be
placed on increased opportunities made available to PWDS to take part in activities of their
choice, so they can experience new sports and activities that they may enjoy but usually would
not get the chance. As indicated in physical activity and Fitness research, (1999) by participating
in exercise, people actually build stamina that makes the demands of daily living easier thus
laving extra energy at the end of the day for additional social activates.
This study found out that PWDS considered health benefits and socialization making of physical
activity to be very important. According to PWDS respondents physical activities are essential
for their health and a chance to meet people. These were the most important benefits and main
physical activity motivators of physical activity for PWDS in this study. Hence, directing
physical activity designs toward activates that PWDS are interested in, and can do together. This
helps to enhance the possibility of those PWDS to continue in participating in physical activity
and used as tools for integrating people with disabilities in to the community. This makes it
interesting and important for the concerned bodies to use benefits of physical activity to
encourage and motivate people with disabilities for physical activity participation in the future
for inclusion and interventions.
A review by Durstine, et al (2000) highlighted the importance of exercising for physiological
well being of people with viabilities (to reduce heart-rate and blood pressure; maintain and
enhance healthy bone density, muscles, and joints; improve muscular strength and endurance;
and increase flexibility). However, the respondents of PWDSs rated exercising reduce risk of
lxviii
high blood pressure and coronary artery disase as one of the last important benefits of
participating in physical activity. This may be arising from low awareness of about the
advantages of physical activities for physiological wellbeing.
Most 67(62.0%) of the respondents of physically and 43 (44.8%) of the respondents of visually
impaired had friends and family members who encouraged them to participate in sport and
physical activity. The role of parents and friends in encouraging people with disability is
fundamental in every area of development. The evidence shows that parents are highly
influential and are capable of both encouraging and discouraging in participation. A motivator
for participation in sport was the presence of a supporting encouraging and inspiring family
alongside their practical support. Interestingly, Arthur and Finch (1999) reported that even the
presence of a family dog could increase confidence levels. It is very important to make social
concoctions with peers and the role of friends in the lives of most of the PWDS. Thus, activities
using social support to participation in physical activity may help these people to be more
participant. Although PWDSs have encouragement from parents and friends to participate in
physical activity, they seem to have more of the perceived barriers that prevent them from
participation.
The majority of respondents are appreciating the health benefits and agreeing that it is enjoyable
to be physically active, it shows that those respondents have positive attitudes towards physical
activity. This suggests that efforts to increase participation are best focused on making it easier
for people such as advising on how exercise can be fitted in to their daily practice rather than
telling them of the benefits
4.7.2 Factors affecting the participation of PWDs on Physical Activity
More recent research has been conducted on identifying the factors affecting persons with
disabilities in participating in physical activity. Steenburgen et al., (1990) identified several
potential perceived factors to health promotion activates for persons with disabilities. They
categorized factors as internal, such as lack of time, energy, or fatigue/weakness. Factors may
also be social or environmental factors(e.g. facilities not close by), which may affect one’s
ability to engage in health promoting activities, Remarket al. (2004) also reported several
different categories of factors intrinsic and environmental faced by people with disabilities when
lxix
participating in physical activity including lack of transportation for fitness centers, lack of
information on unavailable and accessible facilities and programs, lack of accessible exercise
equipment and adequate space to move about, and the perception that fitness facilities are
unfriendly environments for those with a disability.
The majority of the PWDS were less active now for a variety of reasons. The findings from the
questionnaires of PWDS revealed that the majority of person with disabilities in Addis Ababa is
less active because of cost of exercise program rated by 55% of the respondents, do not know
how to exercise rated by 48% of the respondents and lack of support from friends or family to
exercise rated by 41.5% of the respondents
In addition to the questionnaires of PWDS gymnasium coordinators and representatives of the
organization of PWDs reported that the participation of PWDs are affected by the following
major factors: Cost of exercise program, lack of transportation, lack of accessible facilities in the
gymnasiums indicated by the majority of them.
Some of the scholars like Aidan Sonnet (2010) indicated that membership and transportation
costs are the primary factors directly affecting PWDSs ability to access recreation and fitness
facilities. Health education Authority (1998) also indicated that disabled adults are four times
more likely to be officially unemployed as opposed to non disabled people. Thus, finance could
be limiting factor in what individuals can spend on physical activities and leisure pursuits.
Because of these and other factors, it is difficult for PWDSs to cover the cost they may be asked
to pay.
Finally, the substantial amount of personal and environmental factors that the participants with
disabilities, fitness center coordinators and organizations serving disability reports leads to
several suggestions for helping PWDS. Identifying these factors will help the concerned bodies
formulate different and suitable programs. Adopting physical activity programs for persons with
disabilities is clearly needed to remove as many personal and environmental factors as possible.
4.7.3 Opportunity to Participate in Physical Activity
Increasing opportunities of participation for people with disabilities is an important part of the
social inclusion. As it was indicated in the above discussion many individuals with disabilities
lxx
are still encounter many factors making them with limited opportunities for participation in
physical activities.
Organizations, fitness centers and sport providers needs to cooperate at every levels in order to
provide organized and appropriate physical activity and sport opportunities for all. Partnership
working is the most important approach in providing opportunities for people with disability, to
link organizations with one another, to compliment provision and to access different services. As
it was indicate in the research, 37.5% of disability organizations said that they have made links
with different organizations. These linkages of the organizations can help PWDS get appropriate
information and increasing different opportunities and raising the number of people with
disabilities participating in sport and physical activities. Contrary to this, none of the fitness
centers made any relationship with each other and made no promotion. This can minimize an
opportunity for people with disabilities to become involved in PA when these fitness centers are
working together strategically, they could promote coordination and cooperation between total
clubs and associations. So that PWDSs are encouraged to engage in active leisure and sports
through enhancing awareness of the benefits of physical activity and increase the opportunity to
participate in physical activity
lxxi
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter deals with summery, conclusion and recommendations. In this section first a
summary of the study and major findings are made. Second, conclusions of the fundamental
findings are drawn. Finally, some possible recommendations forwarded based on the findings of
the study.
5.1 Summary
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the major factors affecting PWDs in the
participation of physical activity in Addis Ababa. .
In order to achieve the purpose of the study the following basic research questions were raised
What is the level of awareness of disable people and fitness instructors in
participating in physical activities and exercise?
What are the major challenges that affect the participation of gym activities for
disable peoples?
Are there any monitoring mechanisms to help disable people in the fitness center to
make them participate in different activities?
What is the attitude of disable people and gym members towards participating in
physical activities?
Do the Gymnasia in Addis Ababa ready to give service for all kinds of clients?
To what extent lacks of necessary facility and equipment affects the activity in the
Gymnasia?
The method employed for the study is a mixed approach, which is both quantitative and
qualitative research approaches are used. 200 PWDS, 8 organization-serving disabilities, 12
lxxii
fitness centers and twenty-four fitness center coordinator respondents were participated in the
study. The sampling technique used in this study is simple random sampling by lottery method.
The collected data were analyzed using frequency count and percentages. Based on the results of
the data analysis, the major findings of the study summarized as follows.
•
The overall participation in physical activity by PWD is low in all settings. With the
total number of the respondents of person with disabilities, 64(32%) were currently
participating in physical activities, while 136(68%) were not participating. However,
when asked person who are not participating in physical activities if they would like
to take part in physical activity, 102(51%) said yes, 77(38.5%) said no and rest
21(10%) said do not know.
•
Concerning to the feelings of people with disabilities to participate in exercise
program in Addis Ababa 162(81%)of the participants were good enough but the rest
38(19%) of the respondents lack confidence.
•
According to the results of the study that the majority of person with disabilities had
good perception and attitude towards the benefit of physical activity
•
The majority of the respondents assured that if they have got an opportunity to visit
PWDS to take part in PA of their choice, they will be initiated to be more participant
and active.
•
As to the major reasons blamed for the low participation of PWDs in physical activity
most PWDs rated the following factors as the most serious ones;
Cost of exercise program.
Do not know how to exercise
Lack of support from friends or family to exercise
•
In addition to PWDs the majority of gymnasium coordinators and representatives of
PWDs organizations also rated the following factors as the most serious ones;
Cost of exercise program
Lack of transportation
Lack of accessible facilities in the gymnasiums
lxxiii
•
8 (100%) of the organizations believe that physical activity is essential for person with
disabilities. Only 25% of the organizations include PA as a program for PWDS to be
active and used as inclusive tools. 75% of the organizations do not think the presence of
sufficient numbers of fitness centers available for PWDS in Addis Ababa. None of the
organizations thinks that PWDS used most of the opportunities. 62.5% of the
organizations have made links with community sport and fitness centers to help PWDS
participation in sport and PA. Only 62.5% of the organizations have been given supports
for PWDS to make them participate in PA.
•
Separated exercise classes were available in two (8.3%) of fitness centers. Only 25% of
fitness centers questioned stated the staff members received training in adapted physical
activity or physical activates training for people with disabilities.
•
Concerning to the purposes of PA the majority of the participants select the following as
the most important purposes.
•
It’s good for my health 49%
•
It helps to relives stress 43.5%
•
To relax myself 41.5%
•
Reduce risk of coronary artery disease 40.5%
5.2 Conclusions
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the major factors affecting PWDs in the
participation of physical activity in Addis Ababa. The findings of the study identify and conclude
the following.
As the results of the study revealed, the majority of PWDs were not taking part in physical
activity. However, most of the participants want to start participating in physical activity if they
would have opportunities or conditions are set. They have a good knowledge only about the
purposes of PA and have positive perception and attitude towards physical activities. Therefore,
what is more important is not telling them about the importance of physical activities rather
providing them with more opportunities according to their needs and abilities.
lxxiv
According to the results of the study, persons with disabilities do not access quality physical
activity opportunities in the same manner as that of persons without a disability. Person with
disabilities do not have the opportunity to participate in a disability specific sport activities in
Addis Ababa. The majority of the fitness centers in Addis Ababa are not fully accessible. In
order to help and encourage the participation of these people, fitness centers need to improve the
situation of their facility.
The findings indicate that the participation in physical activity among people with disabilities is
low and they encounter multitude of factors to participate in the types of physical activity they
need to maintain. The most identified factors indicated by PWDs were cost of exercise program,
do not know how to exercise and lack of support from friends or family to exercise. In addition
to PWDs, gymnasium coordinators and representatives of PWDs organizations also indicated the
following factors as the most serious ones; Cost of exercise program, lack of transportation, lack
of accessible facilities in the gymnasiums. Then taking this all into consideration or dealt with in
order to develop intervention strategies and to minimize the factors may be caused by inadequate
promotion and a lack of coordination between fitness centers and organization, that results
people not knowing where, how to exercise and to increase knowledge of available opportunities
and increasing effort to provide opportunities for accessible, cheap and high quality activities in
their surroundings.
Generally, person with a disability are interested in becoming more active but are limited in
doing so because of their inability to overcome several factors to increased physical activity
participation. Indeed, the result of the study shows that participation rates for person with
disability are significantly lower. Therefore, the study concludes that in order to meet the needs
of PWDS the problems need to be alleviated though cooperation among governmental and nongovernmental bodies.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions made above, the researcher forwarded suggestions to
solve problems for the participation of PWDs in Addis Ababa.
Providing more choices and programs for participation in physical activities to
minimize several factors which limit participation of PWDS in physical activities.
lxxv
Ensuring the environment and facilities to be conducive and easily accessible to
people with disabilities, such as offering safe, accessible, and attractive trails for
wheelchair activities.
In order to increase physical activity participation based on the needs of PWDS,
strategies which focus on activities that could help to overcome their constraints to
physical activity should be developed.
In order to make activities safer and more enjoyable for the disabled, more
professionals trained in adapted physical activity are in need. There is a need to
expand the adapted physical activity training programs for coaches and fitness
centers instructors so that they can address individual needs.
Governmental, non-governmental bodies and fitness centers should work together
to encourage physical activity participation, make fitness facilities more accessible
for people with disabilities, and advocate about the nature and type of PA that
disabled people can able to participate.
Increasing public awareness of the rights of persons with disabilities for ensuring
their full participation in society to physical activity.
The sport commission could take up a stronger leadership role by formulating plain
policies, principles and procedures that ensure inclusion of people with disabilities
and should monitor closely the provision of adequate access in the building of new
sport and facilities and in the upgrading of the existing ones.
Awareness rising actions need to be done at different levels for PWDs enable to
find out possible opportunities in their surroundings. An organization, fitness
centers and sport providers needs to cooperate at every level in order to provide
organized and appropriate physical activity.
Since much investigations have not been made on factors affecting persons with
disabilities to participate in physical activities, further studies should be carried out.
lxxvi
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lxxxi
Appendix A
Addis Ababa University
School of Graduate Studies
Department of Sport Sciences
A questionnaire to be filled by persons with disabilities
Dear respondents:
I am conducting a study on the major factors that affect the participation of persons with
disabilities in physical activity focusing on in some selected gymnasium of Addis Ababa.
I would like to ask you a number of questions. It will only take a few minutes to complete
and your responses will be kept strictly private and confidential. Please complete the
questionnaire by circling the number, which corresponds to your answer and by stating
your answers fully when the space is provided.
Note: 1. you are not required to write your name
1. All questions raised here are equally important to attain the objective of the
study. So, it is of great help not to leave any question unanswered or
uncompleted.
Thank you in Advance for your cooperation!
PART ONE:
Background information
1.1
Age: _________________
1.2
Sex:
1.3
Educational qualification
a. Male
b. Female
a. PHD
b. MA/MSC
c. BA/BSC
d. Diploma
e. Certificate
f. High school
a. Elementary
h. Other ____________________________
1.4 Disability:
a. visually impaired
b. physically handicapped c. both
lxxxii
PART TWO
1. Do you participate in physical activity (PA) now?
a. Yes
b. No
(If No, please state why?) _________________________________
2. If your answer for the above question is ‘No’ would you like to begin participation in
Physical activity program?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don’t decided
3. Do you have a friend with disability who participates in any form of Physical activity?
a. Yes
b. No
4. Do you have a family member(s) who participate (s) in any form of Physical activity?
a. Yes
b. No
5. Do you have enough information of Physical activity that could get to?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don’t know
6. Do you think that it is difficult to participate in Physical activity for you?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don’t know
7. Do you believe that Person with disability cannot participate in physical activity?
a. Yes
b. No
8. Do you think that knowing the health risks of being inactive will make you actually
change your levels of exercise?
a. Yes
b. No
c. I don’t know
9. Do fitness centers and play grounds easily accessible for you in your surroundings?
a. Yes
b. No
10. In general, how would you rate the condition of public recreation facilities in your area
for Person with disability? Would you say. . . ?
a. Excellent
b. V.good
d. Fair
e. Poor
c. Good
11. Do you feel that you are athletic enough to be a part of exercise group?
a. Yes
b. No
12. Do you worried about how your body looks when exercising around other people?
a. Yes
b. No
13. Do you get better information about the type of physical activity. that Person with
disability can participate in?
a. Yes
b. no
lxxxiii
14. Are there suitable access routes to the fitness centers for Person with disability in your
surroundings?
a. Yes
b. no
15. If you have an opportunity to visit Person with disability to take part in physical activity
of your choice, will you initiate to be more participant and active?
a. Yes
b. no
16. Have you ever discriminated by fitness providers and fitness center because of your
disability?
a. Yes
b. no
17. Do you think Person with disability have equal opportunity as of other people without
disabilities regarding participation in physical activity?
a. Yes
b. no
18. Do you think that support by appropriately trained fitness centers staff or coaches for
Person with disability could have a significant impact on participation of physical
activity?
a. Yes
b. no
19. Do you think that an exercise instructor in a fitness center would know how to get up an
exercise program to meet your need?
A. yes
b. no
20. Are there any governmental or nongovernmental bodies, which provide support and
encouragement for you to participate in any P.A. at any level?
a. Yes
b. No
21. For your own physical activities how important are physical activity clubs, programs, or
organized recreational events in your area.
A. very important
b. somewhat important
C. Not very important
d. not at all important
22. In terms of physical activity how would you describe your own life style?
a. very active
b. active
c. inactive
d. very inactive
lxxxiv
23. How do you see participating in Physical activity?
a. interesting
b. boring
c. challenging
24. How does living with your family support you to participate in Physical activity?
a. very encouraging
b. encouraging
c. discouraging
d. very discouraging
25. How do you think that participating in Physical activity is a hard work or fatigue for you?
a. strongly agree
b. agree
c. undecided
d. disagree
e. strongly disagree
26. How is your attitude towards participating in Physical activity at gymnasium and different
areas?
a. Excellent
b. v.good
d. fair
e. poor
c. good
PART THREE
Item related to factors that affect participation of physical activity
27. Some of the factors that may affect participation of Physical activity are listed bellow, please
mark ‘x’ in the space provided in accordance to the given alternatives
(N.B. 5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=undecided,2=disagree, 1=strongly disagree
No
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Factors that affect participation of P.A
5
Cost of the exercise program
Lack of transportation
Lack of time
Lack of support from friends or family to exercise
Lack of accessible facility
Exercise is boring or monotonous
Exercise will not improve my condition
Don’t know how to exercise
Don’t know where to exercise
Other
lxxxv
4
3
2
1
PART FOUR
Item related to purpose of P.A.
28. Some of the purpose of Physical activity are listed below please mark ‘x’ in the space
provided in accordance to the given alternatives
N.B. 5=strongly agree, 4=agree, 3=undecided, 2=disagree,1=strongly disagree
No
Purpose of P.A
5
A
It is good for my health
B
To be with a friends
C
A chance to meet people to make a friends
D
Just to enjoy myself
E
Helps relieve stress
F
To lose weight
G
To help relax my self
H
To reduce the effects of my disability
I
Reduce risk of coronary artery disease
J
Reduce risk of high blood pressure
K
Improves muscle strength
4
3
Other please specify:
Thank you for completing they questionnaire!
lxxxvi
2
1
Appendix B
Addis Ababa University
School of graduate studies
Department of sport sciences
A questionnaire to be filled by representative of an organization
Dear respondents:
This questionnaire is designed to collect data on the major factors that affect participation of
persons with disability in physical activity focusing on some selected gymnasium of Addis
Ababa. The researcher recognizes your time scarcity and work burden. The success of this study,
however, depends on your kind cooperate and genuine response. Therefore, you are kindly
requested to answer all items provided in the questionnaire.
Note: 1. you are not required to write your name
2. All questions raised here are equally important to attain the objective of the study, so, it
is great help not to leave any question unanswered or uncompleted.
Thank you in advance for your cooperation!
PART ONE
Back ground information
2. Organization
A. governmental
B. non governmental
2. years of establishment
lxxxvii
PART TWO
1. Does your organization believe that physical activity is essential for PWD?
A. Yes
B. no
2. Does your organization think there are sufficient numbers of fitness centers available for
PWD is Addis Ababa?
A. Yes
B. no
3. Does your organization believe PWD get equal attention to participate in physical activity
as that of person without disabilities in Addis Ababa?
A. Yes
B. no
If your answer is ‘no’ way?
4. As an organization have you gave any supports for pwd to make them participate in
Physical activity?
A. Yes
B. no
If ‘yes’ what kinds of supports you provide?
5. Does your organization include Physical activity as a program for PWD to be active &
used as inclusive tools?
a. Yes
b. No
6. Have your organization make any efforts to tailored coaching and instructors for specific
needs of PWD to increase their participation in P.A?
a. Yes
b. No
7. Does your organization have any link with community sport and fitness centers currently
to help PWD participation in Physical activity?
a. Yes
b.No
8. Is there an established network of disabled peoples’ organization to promote capacity
development and knowledge exchange of Physical activity for PWD in Addis Ababa?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don’t Know
lxxxviii
9. Does your organization think that PWD have opportunities to participate in Physical
activity?
a. Yes
b. No
10. Does your organization think that PWD used most of the opportunities they have to
participate in Physical activity?
a. Yes
b. No
If No why _______________________________________________
PART THREE
Items related to the factors that affect participation of Phsical activity
11. Some of the major factors that may affect the participation of physical activity for PWD
are listed below, please mark ‘x’ in the space provided in accordance to the given
alternative
(N.B 5= Strongly agree, 4= Agree, 3= Undecided, 2= Disagree, 1= Strongly disagree )
No
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Factors that affect participation of P.A
Cost of the exercise program
Lack of transportation
Lack of time
Lack of support from friends or family to exercise
Lack of accessible facility
Don’t know how to exercise
Don’t know where to exercise
5
4
Other _________________________________________________________________
Thank you for completing this question!
lxxxix
3
2
1
Appendix C
Addis Ababa University
School of Graduate Studies
Department of Sport Sciences
A questionnaire to be filled by fitness center coordinators
Dear respondents:
I am conducting study on the major factors that affect participation of persons with disability in
physical activity focusing on some selected gym of Addis Ababa. I would like to ask you a
number of questions. It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your response will be kept
strictly private and confidential. Please complete the questionnaire by circling the number, which
corresponds to your answer and by stating your answers fully when the space is provided.
NOTE
1. You are not required to write your name
2. All questions raised here are equally important to attain the objectives of the study. So, it
is of great help not to leave any question unanswered or uncompleted
Thank you in advance for
Your cooperation!
PART ONE
Background information
2. Name of your fitness center: ___________________________________
3. Your Age: ________________
4. Sex:
Male
B. Female
5. Educational qualification:
a. PHD
b. MA/MSC
e. certificate f. high school
c. BA/BSC
d. Diploma
h. Other _____________________
xc
PART TWO
1. Does your fitness centre currently have any members (new/ old) of person with
disabilities (PWD)?
a. Yes
b.
No
c. Don’t know
If no, why? _______________________________________
2. Do you consider person with disabilities in your fitness center?
a. Yes
b. No
3. How do person with disabilities participate in exercise classes from person without
disabilities members in your fitness center?
a. Integrated
b. Separated
c. Conditioned
4. Do your fitness centers offer specific activities?
a. Yes
b. No
5. Is the fitness center wide enough for someone in a wheel chair & with a mobility aid to
turn around?
a. Yes
b. No
6. Does your staff members know how to assist someone with disabilities pursue their
exercise goals?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don’t know
7. Are there enough materials available for person with disabilities?
a. Yes
b. No
8. Can the equipment be modified or adjusted to accommodate the needs of person with
disabilities?
a. Yes
b. No
9. Have you received any special training in adapted physical activity or physical activities
training for person with disabilities ?
a. Yes
b. No
10. Does your fitness center provide enough promotion to encourage person with disabilities
to participate in activities?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, what have you done? ____________________________
xci
11. Does your fitness center have any contact with different organizations doing for person
with disabilities?
a. Yes
b. No
12. Does your fitness center provided opportunities for person with disabilities to participate
in physical activity?
a. Yes
b. No
If No, what is your reason? _________________________________________
13. Have you made any efforts to provide welcoming environments to help person with
disabilities participate in your fitness center?
a. Yes
b. No
If Yes, what effort? ________________________________________________
14. Have you made your facilities and services easily accessible for PWD in your fitness
center?
a. Yes
b. No
15. Have your offered any kind of essential provisions for PWD to use your fitness center?
a. Yes
b. No
If yes, mention it please_________________________________________
PART THREE
Items related to the factors that affect participation of physical activity.
16. Some of the major factors that may affect the participation of gym activity for person
with disabilities are listed below, please mark ‘x’ in the space provided in accordance to
the given alternative
N.B.
5= Strongly agree, 4= Agree, 3= Undecided, 2= Disagree, 1= Strongly disagree)
Factors that affect participation of P.A
No
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
5
4
3
2
Cost of the exercise program
Lack of transportation
Lack of time
Lack of support from friends or family to exercise
Lack of accessible facility & equipment
Don’t know how to exercise
Don’t know where to exercise
Other factor ___________________________________________________________
Thank you very much for completing this Questionnaire
xcii
1
Appendix D
Addis Ababa University
School of Graduate Studies
Department of Sport Science
Structured interview guide administered to representative of an organization
PART ONE: personal information
1. Organization ---------------------------------------2. Age ---------------3. Sex ---------------4. Years of establishment------------PART TWO:
1. What does your organization has been done to ensure PWd equal participation in P.A?
2. What does your organization has been done to give better public education at different
level to minimize social prejudice on the participation of PWD in P.A.?
3. What opportunities have been opened by your organization for PWD to participate in
P.A.?
4. What are your suggestion and recommendation with regard to the improvement of
participation of PWDS in p.a.?
xciii
Appendix E
Addis Ababa University
School of Graduate Studies
Department of Sport Science
Observation guide format to check the factors that affect participation of physical activity
for persons with disabilities
Date
Fitness center
No Item
Yes
1
Conformable transportation for wheel chair in the center
2
Available GYM facilities and equipment and its appropriate for PWD
3
Environment is safe and conductive for PWDS to practice
4
Enough space for someone in wheelchair to turn around in the centre
5
Instructors ability of identify individual differences
6
Easily accessible facilities and service for PWD in the center
xciv
No
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12.
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13.
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15.
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16.
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17.
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18.
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19.
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•••/• •••••/•?
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20.
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•••• •••••• •••• ••• •••?
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21.
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22.
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23.
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24.
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25.
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26.
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27.
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• ‘x’ ••••
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5 = ••• ••••••
4 = ••••••
3 = •••• •••••
2 = ••••••
1 = •••• ••••••
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5
4
3
2
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••••••
••• •••••• ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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1
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28.
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5 = ••• ••••••
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3 = •••• •••••
2 = ••••••
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1 = •••• ••••••
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5
4
3
2
•••• •••••
•• •• ••••• _________________________
••• •••• ••••• ••••••• •••••••!
DECLARATION
xcix
1
This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university
and that all sources of materials used for the thesis are acknowledged.
Name: Netsanet Kassa
Date:_________________
Signature:-_____________
This Thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university
adviser.
Adviser name:- Wondemu Tadesse (Ass.Pro.)
Date:-____________________
Signature:-________________
c