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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
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Vocabulary Building
exercise 2-1 using deFiniTion Clues 1
Directions: Read each sentence and write a definition or synonym for each boldfaced word or phrase. Use the definition context clue to help you determine word
meaning.
1. The judge’s candor—his sharp, open frankness—shocked the jury.
frankness of expression
2.A chemical bond is a strong attractive force that holds two or more atoms
together.
a strong attractive force that holds atoms together
3. Hearing, technically known as audition, begins when a sound wave reaches
the outer ear.
hearing
4.A species is a group of animals or plants that share similar characteristics
and are able to interbreed.
a group of animals or plants that share similar characteristics and are able
to interbreed
5. Many diseases have latent periods, periods of time between the infection
and the first appearance of a symptom.
periods of time between an infection and the appearance of a symptom
exercise 2-2 using deFiniTion Clues 2
Directions: Read the following paragraphs and use definition clues to help you determine the meaning of each boldfaced word or phrase.
During adolescence (the period of growth from childhood to maturity), friendship
choices are directed overwhelmingly to other students in the same school. Adolescent
students may be involved in an informal network of friendship subsystems that operate
primarily within the boundaries of the school world.
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Cliques are relatively small, tightly knit groups of friends who spend considerable
and often exclusive time with each other. Although cliques are the most common
and important friendship structure for adolescents, not everyone belongs to one; in
fact, fewer than half of adolescents do. About 30 percent of students are liaisons—
individuals who have friends from several different cliques but belong to none. The
remaining students are social isolates—individuals with few friends. Schools also
contain crowds, which are loose associations of cliques that usually get together on
weekends.
—adapted from Rice and Dolgin, The Adolescent, pp. 250–251
1.adolescence the period of growth from childhood to maturity
2.cliques small, closely knit groups of friends who spend most or all of their time together
3.liaisons individuals who have friends from several cliques but belong to none
4. social isolates individuals with few friends
5.crowds loose associations of cliques that usually meet on weekends
exercise 2-3 using exAmPle Clues 1
Directions: Read each sentence and write a definition or synonym for each boldfaced
word or phrase. Use the example context clues to help you determine word meaning.
1. The child was reticent in every respect; she would not speak, refused to
answer questions, and avoided looking at anyone.
reserved; restrained
2. Instructors provide their students with feedback through test grades and
comments on papers.
information about performance or results
3. Clothing is available in a variety of fabrics, including cotton, wool,
polyester, and linen.
materials
4.
Involuntary reflexes, like breathing and beating of the heart, are easily
measured.
natural, necessary, unconscious bodily activities
5. The student had a difficult time distinguishing between homonyms—
words such as see and sea, wore and war, and deer and dear.
words with identical pronunciations but different spellings and meanings
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
exercise 2-4 using exAmPle Clues 2
Directions: Read the following paragraphs and use definition and example clues to
help you determine the meaning of each boldfaced word or phrase.
Freshwater lakes have three life zones. The littoral zone, nearest to shore, is
rich in light and nutrients and supports the most diverse community—from cattails and bulrushes close to shore, to water lilies and algae at the deepest reaches
of the zone. Inhabitants include snails, frogs, minnows, snakes, and turtles, as
well as two categories of the microscopic organisms called plankton: photosynthetic phytoplankton, including bacteria and algae, and non-photosynthetic
zooplankton, such as protists and tiny crustaceans.
The limnetic zone is the open-water region of a lake where enough light
penetrates to support photosynthesis. Inhabitants of the limnetic zone include cyanobacteria, zooplankton, small crustaceans, and fish. Below the limnetic zone lies
the profundal zone, which is too dark for photosynthesis. This zone is inhabited
primarily by decomposers and detritus feeders, such as bacteria, snails, and insect
larvae, and by fish that swim freely among the different zones.
—adapted from Audesirk et al., life on Earth, pp. 622–624, 632
1. littoral zone a lake zone near the shore in which abundant light and nutrients
support a diverse plant and animal community
2.phytoplankton photosynthesizing, microscopic organisms present in a lake’s
littoral zone
3.zooplankton non-photosynthesizing, microscopic organisms present in a
lake’s littoral zone
4. limnetic zone an open-water lake zone that allows enough light for
photosynthesis; it is inhabited by bacteria, zooplankton, crustaceans, and fish
5. profundal zone a deep, dark lake zone that does not support photosynthesis;
it is inhabited by decomposers, detritus feeders, and fish
6. The selection may contain words whose meanings you cannot guess from
context. List at least three of them here. Where might you find definitions
of these words? Answers will vary, but may include cattail, bulrush, protist, crustacean, detritus, and larvae. Definitions can be found in a general dictionary or biological dictionary.
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
exercise 2-5 using ConTrAsT Clues 1
Directions: Read each sentence and write a definition or synonym for each boldfaced word. Use the contrast context clue to help you determine word meaning.
1. Some city dwellers are affluent; others live in or near poverty.
wealthy; well-to-do
2. I am certain that the hotel will hold our reservation; however, if you are
­dubious, call to make sure.
doubtful
3. Although most experts concurred with the research findings, several
strongly disagreed.
agreed
4. The speaker denounced certain legal changes while praising other reforms.
condemned; spoke against
5. When the couple moved into their new home, they revamped the kitchen
and bathroom but did not change the rest of the rooms.
renovated; changed; updated
exercise 2-6 using ConTrAsT Clues 2
Directions: Read the following paragraph and use contrast clues to help you determine the meaning of each boldfaced word. Consult a dictionary, if necessary.
The Whigs chose General William Henry Harrison to run against President Martin Van Buren in 1840, using a specious but effective argument: General Harrison is a plain man of the people who lives in a log cabin. Contrast him with the
suave Van Buren, luxuriating amid “the Regal Splendor of the President’s Palace.” Harrison drinks ordinary hard cider with his hog meat and grits, while Van
Buren eschews plain food in favor of expensive foreign wines and fancy French
cuisine. The general’s furniture is unpretentious and sturdy; the president dines
off gold plates and treads on carpets that cost the people $5 a yard. In a country
where all are equal, the people will reject an aristocrat like Van Buren and put
their trust in General Harrison, a simple, brave, honest, public-spirited common
man. (In fact, Harrison came from a distinguished family, was well educated and
financially comfortable, and certainly did not live in a log cabin.)
—adapted from Carnes and Garraty, The American Nation, p. 267
1.specious misleading, deceptive
2.luxuriating living in luxury, indulging in fancy tastes
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
3.eschews rejects, turns away from; abstains from
4.unpretentious modest, plain, simple
5.aristocrat someone from high society, far from the “common man”
exercise 2-7 using Logic oF The PAssAge Clues 1
Directions: Read each sentence and write a definition or synonym for each boldfaced word. Use information provided in the context to help you determine the
word’s meaning.
1. The foreign students quickly assimilated many aspects of American culture.
incorporated; absorbed
2. The legal aid clinic was subsidized by city and county funds.
financially supported
3. When the bank robber reached his haven, he breathed a sigh of relief and
began to count his money.
place of safety
4. The teenager was intimidated by the presence of a police officer walking
the beat and decided not to spray-paint the school wall.
frightened; deterred
5. If the plan did not work, the colonel had a contingency plan ready.
future situation that cannot be predicted with certainty
exercise 2-8 using Logic oF The PAssAge Clues 2
Directions: Read the following paragraph and use the logic of the passage clues to
help you select the correct meaning of each boldfaced word or phrase.
Fashion is regarded as a national industry in France, and as such it is fostered,
protected, and financed by its government. The French fashion industry is supported by devoted and skilled dressmakers. Dressmaking is a most honorable profession in France; legions of well-trained seamstresses are available to execute a
designer’s work. A great spirit of cooperation exists among the allied trades; for
example, buttonmakers will provide the exact fastener that the designer requests
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
or needs. Entire cities such as Alencon, Chantilly, Valenciennes, and Calais exist to
support the fashion industry with their exquisite laces and trims.
—adapted from Marshall et al., Individuality in Clothing
Selection and Personal Appearance, p. 111
b 1. fostered
c 3. execute
a 2. legions
a. prevented
a. destroy
a. groups
b. promoted
b. combine
b. businesses
c. controlled
c. produce
c. programs
d. allowed
d. criticize
d. marketers
a 4. allied
d 5. exquisite
a. related
a. complicated
b. competitive
b. expensive
c. separated
c. basic
d. selected
d. beautiful
exercise 2-9 using PreFixes 1
Directions: Read the following paragraph and choose the correct prefix from the
box below to fill in the blank next to each boldfaced word part. One prefix will not
be used.
multi
uni
pseudo
tri
bi
sub
Neurons, or nerve cells, can be classified structurally according to the numUni
ber of axons and dendrites that project from the cell body. (1)
polar neurons have a single projection from the cell body and are rare in humans.
bi
(2)
polar neurons have two projections, an axon and a dendrite,
pseudo
extending from the cell body. Other sensory neurons are (3)
sub
unipolar neurons, a (4)
class of bipolar neurons. Although only
one projection seems to extend from the cell body of this type of neuron, there
Multi
are actually two projections that extend in opposite directions. (5)
polar neurons, the most common neurons, have multiple projections from the
cell body; one projection is an axon, all the others are dendrites.
—adapted from Germann and Stanfield, Principles of Human Physiology, p. 174
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
exercise 2-10 using PreFixes 2
Directions: Read each of the following sentences. Use your knowledge of prefixes
to fill in the blank and complete the word.
bi
1. A person who speaks two languages is
2. A letter or number written beneath a line of print is called a
3. The new sweater had a snag, and I returned it to the store because it was
im
perfect.
4. The flood damage was permanent and
5. I was not given the correct date and time; I was
6. People who speak several different languages are
7. A musical
8. I decided the magazine was uninteresting, so I
subscription.
9. Merchandise that does not pass factory inspection is considered
sub
standard and is sold at a discount in outlet stores.
inter
lingual.
ir
sub
script.
reversible.
mis
multi
informed.
lingual.
lude was played between the events in the ceremony.
dis
continued my
10.The tuition refund policy approved this week will apply to last year’s tuiretro
active to January 1 of last year.
tion as well; the policy will be
exercise 2-11 using RooTs 1
Directions: Use the list of common roots in Table 2-2 to determine the meanings
of the following words. Write a brief definition or synonym for each, checking a
dictionary if necessary.
1.photocopy
a duplicate copy or reproduction made photographically
2.visibility
ability to be seen
3.credentials
written evidence of one’s qualifications
4.speculate
to guess, reflect, take a risk
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
5.terrain
a tract of land; the character or quality of land
6.audition
hearing; a performance by an actor or artist trying out for a part
7.astrophysics
a study of the physics of the stars
8.chronicle
a record of events in time order or sequence
9.autograph
a person’s signature
10.geology
the study of earth
exercise 2-12 using RooTs 2
Directions: Read the following paragraph and choose the correct root from the box
below to fill in the blank next to each boldfaced word part. One root will not be
used.
bene
gyneco
voc
mit
bio
logy
People take different paths to their chosen profession. For example, Erin was
voc
ation after her
only 11 when she decided on medicine as her (1)
grandfather had a stroke. Although she knew she wanted to be in the medical
profession, she had a variety of options to consider. In college, Erin’s advisor sugbio
gested that she major in (2)
logy, the study of life, because the
bene
coursework would be (3)
ficial to someone planning a career in
medicine. Erin was also intrigued by the study of human behavior, so she minored
logy
in (4) socio
. During her senior year, Erin travelled to Haiti as part
of a health-care team. Through that experience, Erin realized that she was most
interested in medical issues facing women; she is now in medical school on her
gyneco logist.
way to becoming a (5)
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
exercise 2-13 using suFFixes 1
Directions: For each of the words listed, add a suffix so that the new word
will complete the sentence. Write the new word in the space provided. Check a
­dictionary if you are unsure of the spelling.
1.converse
Our phone
conversation
lasted ten minutes.
2.assist
The medical
assistant
labeled the patient’s blood samples.
3.qualify
The job applicant outlined his
interviewer.
qualifications
to the
4.intern
The doctor completed her
Center.
internship
at Memorial Medical
5.eat
We did not realize that the blossoms of the plant could be
eaten
.
6.audio
audible
She spoke so softly that her voice was not
.
7.season
It is usually very dry in July, but this year it has rained constantly. The
seasonable
.
weather isn’t very
8.permit
The professor granted me
permission
to miss her class.
9.instruct
The lecture on Freud was very
instructive
.
10.remember
The wealthy businessman donated the building in memory/remembrance
of his deceased father.
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CHAPTER 2 / Vocabulary Building
exercise 2-14 using SuFFixes 2
Directions: Read the following paragraph. For each pair of words in parentheses,
underline the word that correctly completes the sentence.
How do new species form? Most evolutionary (1) (biologists / biological) believe that the most common source of new species, especially among animals, has
been geographic isolation. When an (2) (impassable / impassor) barrier physically
separates different parts of a population, a new species may result. Such physical
separation could occur if, for example, some members of a population of landdwelling organisms drifted, swam, or flew to a remote (3) (oceany / oceanic) island.
Populations of water-dwelling organisms might be split when (4) (geological /
geologist) processes such as volcanism or continental drift create new land barriers
that divide previously (5) (continuous / continuation) seas or lakes. You can probably imagine many other scenarios that could lead to the geographic subdivision
of a population.
—adapted from Audesirk et al., Life on Earth, p. 237
exercise 2-15 undersTAnding Idioms
Directions: For each sentence, write the meaning of the idiomatic expression in
boldface.
1. The kidnapping of the twins from Utah in 1985 has turned into a cold
case.
a police investigation that was never solved
2. Jake decided to zero in on his goal of becoming a firefighter.
focus his attention on
3. I am trying to make an appointment with my academic advisor, but she’s
been hard to pin down.
get a decision from
4. The mystery novels of P. D. James blur the line between popular fiction
and literature.
make it difficult to tell the difference between
5.Milton saw red when someone rear-ended his car.
became angry
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